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- CHAP02.TXT
- Version 1.00 12/24/84
- Leonard Gilberg 74126,2044
- Robert Flagg 72466,2332
-
- Chapter 2 - How to "Assemble" a File
-
- An assembly-language source code file (.ASM extension) is a
- list of instructions written using the abbreviated ("mnemonic")
- commands built into a particular microprocessor. The KayPro uses a
- Zilog Z-80 microprocessor and there are many others, all with their own
- special set of mnemonic instructions.
-
- An "assembler" is a translating program for converting the
- mnemonic commands into machine language, which consists of a series of
- "1s" and "0s" and is the only language understood by any computer.
- Common assemblers include ASM, LASM3 and Z80ASM.
-
- Many public domain programs are written in an earlier assembly
- language, that of the Intel 8080, the first widely used hobbyist
- microprocessor. A Z-80 can understand all 8080 mnemonics, but since a
- Z-80 microprocessor has many additional instructions, an 8080
- microprocessor cannot understand and run Z-80 source code. ASM, the
- Digital Research assembler that usually comes with a KayPro's CP/M
- operating system, cannot assemble Z-80 source code. LASM3, a public
- domain assembler, can handle part of the Z-80 mnemonics, but for purely
- Z-80 source code, an assembler such as Z80ASM by SLR must be used.
-
- For practical purposes, ASM (or better yet LASM3) will handle
- the tasks needed by most users, such as preparing custom patches for
- WordStar, making different printers work properly and making other
- minor changes in the system. This is because the source of most of the
- programs for these applications arise in the public domain and are
- purposely written in 8080 mnemonics for the broadest possible use.
-
- For more detailed information on microprocessors and assembly
- language programming than provided in this introductory text, we
- suggest the following as a beginning bibliography:
-
- Introduction to Microcomputers, by Adam Osborne
- Vol 0 - The Beginner's Book
- Vol 1 - Basic Concepts
- Vol 2 - Some Real Microprocessors (1978 ed.)
- Vol 3 - Some Real Support Devices (1978 ed.)
- Vol 2 1978-79 Update Series
- Vol 3 1978-79 Update Series
-
- Z80 Assembly Language Programming, by Lance Leventhal
-
- The foregoing are all published by Osborne/McGraw-Hill.
-
- Actual assembly and creation of a .COM ("executable"):
-
- 1. Start with a disk containing the source code, an
- assembler (such as "ASM") and LOAD.COM.
-
- 2. The usual command is
-
- A>ASM Filename
-
- which will result in the creation of the following files:
-
- Filename.hex Filename.prn
-
- In this case, ASM will look for the source file on the same disk and
- put the new files on the same disk where ASM.COM is (A>). The file
- with the ".PRN" extension will normally not be used and takes up a lot
- of room. (It's purpose is to list each instruction in the source code,
- its translation and its location in memory in the hexadecimal file.)
- If you use the command:
-
- A>ASM Filename.AAZ
-
- ASM.COM will look for the source code on A drive, put the new .HEX
- file on A drive and the "Z" says "don't bother making a .PRN file." If
- all you want is a .HEX file, you've got it. Just save the source
- code (.ASM file) as a backup for potential further use.
-
- 3. If you want a .COM file, give the command:
-
- A>LOAD Filename
-
- and LOAD.COM will take the .HEX file you just made and make a .COM
- file from that. A .HEX file will not execute. It must first be
- LOADed using LOAD, which converts it to a .COM file which will execute
- when the name of the file is typed.
- s:
-
- Filename.hex Filename.prn
-
- In this case, ASM will look for the source file on the sa