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◆( B ¢ SUB. ATTACK¢ -----------¢ 9מ} ¢ This is a game that is loaded by¢ pressing the SPACE BAR. ¢ ¢ Th9נ}e Sub. is on the prowl to destroy¢ enemy shipping. You enlist on the¢ Sub. for submarine duty. The first¢ commander 9ס}is RON FETZER. ¢ ¢ If you sink more ship tonnage than¢ RON then you wi9ע}ll become the SUB.¢ COMMANDER and your kill score will be¢ saved by the game and always shown.¢ You will remain the COMMAN9פ}DER as long¢ as you have the highest score. You¢ can erase your data if you want to¢ and start all over again. ;≡} ARRAYS¢ ======¢¢ by Ron Fetzer¢¢ There are 3 kinds of arrays that¢ we use in =ק}TURBO-BASIC or ATARI BASIC:¢ 1)One dimensional number array¢ 2)Two dimensional number array¢ or MATRIX¢ =ר} 3)String Arrays(Pseudo-String¢ Array)¢¢ Arrays are also called¢ Subscripted Variables. P(2) = "P su=ש}b¢ 2". The P is the variable and the 2¢ is the subscript. The subscript is¢ always in parenthesis P(3), P(4)¢ etc.¢=ת}¢ Arrays are very useful in¢ manipulating numbers and strings. It¢ is the ONLY way you can sort numbers¢ or alp=ן}habetize strings. You also save¢ on variable names, you can save¢ numbers or words in a program, you¢ can handle lar=ך}ge amounts of numbers¢ or strings and you can speed up your¢ program execution. This is a¢ very useful techniqu=ם}e and is¢ frequently used in many programs.¢¢ ONE DIMENSIONAL ARRAYS¢ ----------------------¢¢ You =ף} can think of a ONE¢ DIMENSIONAL ARRAY as a string of¢ pearls. Each pearl is an element of¢ the array.¢¢ =ץ} PEARL NECKLACE¢¢ -O----O----O----O----O----O----O-¢¢ Element #¢ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6¢ Value $¢ $25 $=§}33 $42 $50 $38 $28 $22¢¢¢ In number arrays the 1st element¢ is 0. In the example above we have 7 ¢ elments from 0 t=∧}o 6. When we use an¢ array we must DIM it. The DIM also¢ starts with 0, in effect we¢ dimensioned for 7 eleme=∞}nts or pearls¢ if we use DIM P(6). The form of an¢ array is:¢¢ P(X) = V¢¢ P = The name of the array. You mus=α}t¢ DIM it for the number of¢ elements you are going to have¢ in your array.¢¢ X = The element numbers. Usually¢ =β} a FOR - NEXT LOOP¢¢ V = Inputs the value into each¢ element as the loop executes¢¢ ELEMENTS AND THEIR VALUE¢¢ P(=Γ}0)=25, P(1)=33, P(2)=42, P(3)=50,¢ P(4)=38, P(5)=28, P(6)=22¢¢ Please key in the short demo¢ program to see how it w=π}orks¢¢ 10 CLS:?:?¢ 20 DIM P(6)¢ 30 FOR X = 0 TO 6¢ 40 INPUT "THE VALUE OF EACH"¢ PEARL";V¢ 5=Σ}0 P(X)=V:REM <-- ARRAY¢ 60 NEXT X¢ 70 PAUSE 60¢ 80 ? "LETS SEE IF IT WORKED"¢ 90 ?:INPUT "WHAT PEARL DO Y=σ}OU¢ WANT TO SEE(0-6)";S¢ 100 ? P(S):REM <-- ARRAY¢ 110 GOTO 90¢¢ You now can call up any pearl or¢ ele=µ}ment in the array and see its¢ value.¢¢ You also can print out all the¢ values of the pearls or elements¢ automat=τ}ically. Change lines 90 to 110¢ as follows:¢¢ 90 ?: FOR Y = 0 TO 6¢ 100 ? "PEARL #";Y;" = ";P(Y):¢ REM P(Y)=Φ} IS THE ARRAY¢ 110 NEXT Y¢¢¢ 2 DIMENSIONAL ARRAY OR MATRIX¢ -----------------------------¢¢ 2 Dimensional =Θ} arrays or Double¢ Subscripted Variables are also called¢ a MATRIX. A matrix is a grid where¢ you have columns and rows.¢ =Ω} For example lets take a bowling¢ team of 3 members and each one plays¢ 4 games. This is how you can¢ visualiz=δ}e the matrix:¢¢ BOWLERS¢¢ 1 2 3 ¢ ---- ---- ----¢ B(0,0)|2=∮}50|B(0,1)|220|B(0,2)|240|¢ G ---- ---- ----¢ ---- ---- ----¢ A B(1,0)|210|B(1,1)|190|=ϕ}B(1,2)|250|¢ ---- ---- ----¢ M ---- ---- ----¢ B(2,0)|240|B(2,1)|230|B(2.2)|270|¢ E=∈} ---- ---- ----¢ ---- ---- ----¢ S B(3,0)|220|B(3,1)|200|B(3,2)|260|¢ ---- =∩} ---- ----¢ In a matrix the first element¢ also starts with 0. In the example¢ above we have a matrix a=≡}nd we must¢ DIM it DIM(2,3). The 2 in the DIM is¢ the 3 bowlers (0 to 2). The 3 in the¢ DIM is the 4 games (0 to 3). We =±}have¢ a total of 3 x 4 or 12 elements in¢ this 2 dimensional array.¢¢ The bowling score for the 4¢ games were as=≥} follows:¢¢ BOWLER 1 BOWLER 2 BOWLER 3¢ -------- -------- --------¢¢ 250 220 240¢ 210 =≤} 190 250¢ 240 230 270¢ 220 200 260¢¢ In the matrix the first element¢ is (0,0=⌠}). We normally do not consider¢ 0 a number but the computer does not¢ make that distinction.¢¢ Please key in this sho=⌡}rt demo¢ program to see how it works¢¢ 10 CLS:?:?¢ 20 DIM B(2,3)¢ 30 FOR X=0 TO 2¢ 40 FOR Y=0 TO 3¢ =÷} 50 ? "BOWLER ";X+1;" GAME #";¢ Y+1¢ 60 INPUT "SCORE PLEASE ";S¢ 70 B(X,Y)=S:REM <--MATRIX¢ 80 ?¢ =≈} 90 NEXT Y¢ 100 NEXT X¢ 110 ?:PAUSE 60¢ 120 ? "LETS SEE IF IT WORKED"¢ 130 INPUT "WHAT BOWLER(1-3)";P¢ =°} 140 INPUT "WHAT GAME(1-4)";G¢ 150 ? " ";B(P-1,G-1):REM¢ MATRIX¢ 160 GOTO 130¢¢ We use nested l=∙}oops to load the¢ matrix. The first element to get¢ loaded is B(0,0). In line 50 we use¢ X+1 for the bowler - if the l=·}oop is 0¢ then the bowler becomes 0+1 or 1. We¢ did the same thing for the games Y+1¢ so when the loop furnishes a 0 is=√}¢ becomes 0+1 or 1. We did the same¢ thing in line 150 except in reverse¢ so the matrix will find the right¢ elemen=ⁿ}t. When you answer for the¢ bowler 1 it becomes P-1 or 1-1 or 0¢ so the right element is accessed. The¢ same is done f=²}or the game G-1 becomes¢ 1-1 or 0.¢¢ ELEMENTS AND THEIR VALUES¢¢ B(0,0)=250 B(0,1)=220 B(0,2)=240¢ B(1,0)=210 B(1,1)=³}=190 B(1,2)=250¢ B(2,0)=240 B(2,1)=230 B(2,2)=270¢ B(3,0)=220 B(3,1)=200 B(3,2)=260¢¢ You also can print out all =¯}the¢ bowling scores or elements¢ automatically. Please change lines¢ 130 to 180 as follows:¢¢ 130 FOR T=0 > }TO 2¢ 140 FOR K=0 TO 3¢ 150 ? "BOWLER ";T+1;" GAME #";¢ K+1;¢ 160 ? " = ";B(T,K):REM<--MATRIX¢ 1>⇧}70 NEXT K¢ 180 NEXT T¢¢ As a practical matter most¢ programmers do no use element 0¢ either in an a>⇩}rray or a matrix¢ because it complicates the program.¢ DIM the array or matrix for the¢ number of elements you ha>⇨}ve. The FOR¢ - NEXT loop starts with 1 instead of¢ 0. See the program below.¢¢ 10 --¢ 20 CLS:?:?¢ 30 DIM B(3,>⇦}4)¢ 40 FOR X = 1 TO 3¢ 50 FOR Y = 1 TO 4¢ 60 ? "BOWLER ";X;" GAME #";Y¢ 70 INPUT "SCORE PLEASE ";S¢ >❎}80 B(X,Y)=S:REM <--MATRIX¢ 90 ?¢ 100 NEXT Y¢ 110 NEXT X¢ 120 PAUSE 60¢ 130 --¢ 140 ? "LET'S SEE>╱} IF IT WORKED?"¢ 150 FOR T = 1 TO 3¢ 160 FOR K = 1 TO 4¢ 170 ? "BOWLER ";T;" GAME #";K;¢ 180 ?" = ";B(T,K>◆}):REM<--MATRIX¢ 190 NEXT K¢ 200 NEXT T¢¢¢ STRING ARRAYS¢ -------------¢¢ TURBO-BASIC >✓}and ATARI BASIC do¢ not allow string arrays. This is no¢ big problem. We create a PSEUDO¢ STRING ARRAY that looks an> }d acts like¢ a normal string array. We take a long¢ string and chop it into equal pieces.¢ In order to create this PSEUDO STR>
}ING¢ ARRAY we must do certain things.¢¢ 1)Decide how many elements we¢ need¢ 2)The length of each element¢ >♪} 3)Calculate the end of the¢ FOR-NEXT loop and the STEP¢¢ For example, we want to create a¢ string array that > }has 7 elements and¢ each element is 10 letters long. We¢ will call the main string X$. To find¢ out how much to DIM X$ >}we multiply¢ the number of elements times the¢ length of each element (7 x 10 = 70).¢ We now DIM X$(70). The FOR-NEXT l>}oop¢ starts with 1 and ends with the DIM¢ in this case 70. The step is the¢ element length(10) 'FOR N = 1 TO 70¢ STE>}P 10¢¢ Since the words we put into the¢ string array will be shorter than 10¢ letters, we use PAD$ which has 10¢ e>⓪}mpty spaces to pad each substring or¢ element so it is 10 letters long. We¢ can visualize this as follows:¢¢ >①} X$¢¢ -----------------------------------¢ | | | | | | | |¢ |EL 1|EL 2|EL 3|EL 4|EL 5|EL 6|EL7|¢ | >②} | | | | | | |¢ -----------------------------------¢ 1 10 20 30 40 50 60 70¢¢ Elements >③}or substrings start and¢ end as follows:¢¢ ELEMENTS OR SUBSTRINGS¢¢ Element 1 = 1 to 10¢ Element 2 = 11 to >④}20¢ Element 3 = 21 to 30¢ Element 4 = 31 to 40¢ Element 5 = 41 to 50¢ Element 6 = 51 to 60¢ Element >⑤}7 = 61 to 70¢¢ It looks as if each element is¢ only 9 letters long. These numbers¢ are inclusive so each one i>⑥}s 10¢ letters long¢¢ If we have a FOR-NEXT-STEP loop¢ we can generate these numbers.¢¢ 10 FOR N = 1 TO 70 STEP 10>⑦}¢ 20 ? N, N+9¢ 30 NEXT N¢¢ The result of this loop is as¢ follows:¢¢ 1 10¢ 11 20¢ 21 >⑧}30¢ 31 40¢ 41 50¢ 51 60¢ 61 70¢¢ This is the way the program¢ would look. Please key i>⑨}n this short¢ demo program.¢¢ 10 --¢ 20 CLS:?:?¢ 30 DIM X$(70),SUB$(10),PAD$(10)¢ 40 PAD$=" ":REM>ə} FOR¢ PADDING THE SUBSTRING 10¢ SPACES¢ 50 REM ASSIGNING PSEUDO STRING¢ ARRAY VALUES¢ 60 FO>}R N = 1 TO 70 STEP 10¢ 70 INPUT "GIVE ME A WORD(MAX¢ 10 LETTRS)";SUB$:?¢ 80 SL=LEN(SUB$):REM LENGTH OF¢ >} WORD¢ 90 IF SL<10 THEN¢ SUB$(SL+1)=PAD$:REM PAD TO¢ 10 LETTERS¢ 100 X$(N,N+9)=SUB$:REM PUT¢ >} VALUE INTO ELEMENTS¢ 110 NEXT N¢ 120 --¢ 130 ?:?¢ 140 REM DISPLAY PSEUDO STRING ¢ ARRAY¢ >} 150 FOR N=1 TO 70 STEP 10¢ 160 K=K+1:REM COUNTER¢ 170 ? "ELEMENT ";K;" = ";¢ X$(N,N+9)¢ 180 NEXT>} N¢ 190 --¢¢ A line by line explanation of¢ this program is as follows:¢¢ 10 Draw 30 dashes¢ 20 Clear the screen> }¢ 30 Dim X$ for the total amount of¢ all the elements. The SUB$ is¢ the length of an element. The¢ PAD$ is the lengt>!}h of an element¢ 40 PAD$ = is the length of an¢ element(10). It is used to pad¢ a word that is too short - less¢ tha>"}n 10 letters¢ 50 Rem explanation¢ 60 FOR-NEXT-loop. It starts with 1¢ and ends with the number of¢ elements(7) times th>#}e length of¢ each element(10) or (7x10=70).The¢ step is the length of the¢ element(10)¢ 70 INPUT the words¢ 80 Find >$}out how long each word is.¢ 90 Pad each word to 10 characters¢ 100 Fill the elements or the SUB$¢ with words. The sub str>%}ings or¢ elements are 1-10, 11-20, 21-30,¢ 31-40, 41-50, 51-60, 61-70¢ 110 End of loop¢ 120 Draw 30 dashes¢ 130 Print>&}¢ 140 Rem explanation¢ 150 FOR-NEXT loop. See explanation¢ on line 60¢ 160 A counter that counts the number¢ of eleme>'}nts in the array¢ 170 Print the elements in X$(N,N+9)¢ The substrings or elements in X$¢ are 1-10, 11-20, 21-30, 31-4>(}0,¢ 41-50, 51-60, 61-70¢ 180 End of loop¢ 190 Draw 30 dashes¢¢ You can also print out¢ individual element>)}s of the string¢ array. Please change the following¢ lines.¢¢ 150 N = 0¢ 160 INPUT "WHAT ELEMENT DO YOU¢ >*} WANT TO SEE";N¢ 170 ? "ELEMENT ";N;" = ";¢ X$(N*10-9,N*10)¢ 180 GOTO 150¢¢ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> END <<<<<<>+}<<<<<<<<<<¢¢ SEE";N¢ 170 ? "ELEMENT ";N;" = ";¢ X$(N*10-9,N*10)¢ 180 GOTO 150¢¢ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> END <<<<<<< SORTING NUMBERS¢ ===============¢¢ by Ron Fetzer¢¢ The Bubble Sort¢¢ We B-}will use a bubble sort¢ because it is the easiest to¢ understand. We first load the numbers¢ into a number arrB.}ay. In this sort 2¢ elements of the array are examined¢ during each pass of the loops. They¢ are switched if they are noB/}t in the¢ right order - low to high. If they¢ are in the right order the loop keeps¢ on going. A bubble sort is slow bB0}ut¢ it is fine if you don't have too many¢ numbers.¢¢ This sort uses nested loops. The¢ outer loop is the same as the nB1}umber¢ of elements of the array. The inner¢ loop is ONE LESS than the elements of¢ the array. The switching is done¢ bB2}etween these 2 loops. In our program¢ it is lines # 140 to 170.¢¢ Lets enter these 4 numbers into¢ the bubble sort andB3} see how they are¢ processed. The numbers are: 3,2,7,1¢ Between the outer loop(4) and the¢ inner loop(3) we have (4xB4}3=12) 12¢ passes of the loops. The bubble sort¢ arranges the 2 elements from low to¢ high. If these 2 elements are out oB5}f¢ order, it switches them. The array¢ starts out as: 3,2,1,7¢¢ PASS NUMBERS ACTION ELEMENT ORDER¢ ---- ------- ------ B6} -------------¢¢ 1 [3,2],7,1 SWITCH 2,3 2,3,7,1¢ 2 2,[3,7],1 OK 2,3,7,1¢ 3 2,3,[7,1] SWITCH 1,7 2,3,1,7¢ 4 B7}[2,3],1,7 OK 2,3,1,7¢ 5 2,[3,1],7 SWITCH 1,3 2,1,3,7¢ 6 2,1,[3,7] OK 2,1,3,7¢ 7 [2,1],3,7 SWITCH 1,B8}2 1,2,3,7¢ 8 1,[2,3],7 OK 1,2,3,7¢ 9-12 OK 1,2,3,7¢¢ If we want to sort in reverse¢ ordB9}er from HIGH to LOW than we can¢ change the greater sign(>) in line¢ 140 to less(<).¢¢ Please key in this short B:} demo¢ program to see how it works. ¢¢ 10 --¢ 20 REM PUT NUMBERS INTO ARRAY¢ 30 CLS:?:?¢ 40 INPUT "HOW MAB;}NY NUMBERS TO¢ SORT";K¢ 50 DIM A(K):?¢ 60 FOR X = 1 TO K¢ 70 INPUT "GIVE ME A NUMBER";N¢ 80 A(X)=B<}N:REM<--ARRAY¢ 90 NEXT X¢ 100 --¢ 110 REM BUBBLE SORT¢ 120 FOR T = 1 TO K¢ 130 FOR Y = 1 TO K-1¢ B=} 140 IF A(Y+1)>=A(Y) THEN 180¢ 150 TEMP = A(Y)¢ 160 A(Y) = A(Y+1)¢ 170 A(Y+1) = TEMP¢ 180 NEXT Y¢ 1B>}90 NEXT T¢ 200 --¢ 210 REM PRINT SORTED NUMBERS¢ 220 ?:? "SORTED NUMBERS":?¢ 230 FOR L = 1 TO K¢ 240B?} ? A(L);" ";:REM<--ARRAY¢ 250 NEXT L¢ 260 --¢¢ MINI SORT¢¢ The MINI sort is faster than the¢ bubB@}ble sort. This sort finds the¢ minimum valued element and places it¢ in the first position of the array.¢ It keeps oBA}n doing this until all¢ elements are arranged from LOW to¢ HIGH. In our program in line 50 we¢ use E=K. K is the BB}number of elements¢ we have. The sort reduces K to 1. We¢ need the value of K to print out the¢ array, therefore we make itBC} equal to¢ E.¢¢ Please key in this short demo¢ program to see how it works.¢¢ 10 --¢ 20 REM PUT NUMBERS INBD} THE ARRAY¢ 30 CLS:?:?:K=0¢ 40 INPUT "HOW MANY NUMBERS TO¢ SORT";K¢ 50 DIM A(K):E=K¢ 60 FOR X = 1BE} TO K¢ 70 INPUT "GIVE ME A NUMBER";N¢ 80 A(X)=N:REM<--ARRAY¢ 90 NEXT X¢ 100 --¢ 110 REM MINI SORT¢ BF} 120 Y=A(1):Z=1¢ 130 FOR R = 2 TO K¢ 140 IF A(R)>=Y THEN Y=A(R):¢ Z=R¢ 150 NEXT R¢ 160 SS=A(KBG}):A(K)=A(Z):A(Z)=SS¢ 170 K=K-1:IF K>1 THEN 120¢ 180 --¢ 190 REM PRINT SORTED NUMBERS¢ 200 ?:? "SORTED NUMBH}BERS"¢ 210 FOR T = 1 TO E¢ 220 ? A(T);" ";¢ 230 NEXT T¢ 240 --¢¢ SORTING STRING ARRAYS¢ =BI}====================¢¢ THE STRING BUBBLE SORT¢¢ For a full understanding of a¢ STRING BUBBLE SORT please reBJ}ad the¢ section on PSEUDO STRING ARRAYS and¢ BUBBLE SORT first.¢¢ First we set up a PSEUDO STRING¢ ARRAY. Without a BK} string array you¢ cannot sort strings. We are going to¢ enter 4 words:¢¢ ZERO¢ ALL¢ HOUSE¢ COMPUTER¢¢BL} A String Bubble Sort works the¢ same way as a number Bubble Sort,¢ except each element is longer. We¢ switch BM} elements if they are not in¢ the right order - small to large. The¢ elements or substrings in this¢ demonstration aBN}re:¢¢ 1 to 10 (ZERO------)¢ 11 to 20 (ALL-------)¢ 21 to 30 (HOUSE-----)¢ 31 to 40 (COMPUTER--)¢¢ The cBO}onfusion comes when we have¢ to specify the substrings or elements¢ for switching. In order to clarify¢ this we use liBP}ne 180 to assign¢ variables to these values.¢¢ B(beginning)=Y¢ E(ending)=Y+9¢ BB(begin next higher elemt)=Y+BQ}10¢ EE(end higher elemt)=Y+(10+9)¢¢ Please type in this short demo¢ program to see how it works.¢¢ 10 --¢ BR} 20 REM INPUT WORDS INTO ARRAY¢ 30 CLS:?¢ 40 INPUT "HOW MANY WORDS TO¢ SORT";K¢ 50 DIM A$(K*10),SUB$(BS}10),¢ PAD$(10),TEMP$(10)¢ 60 PAD$=" ":REM 10¢ SPACES¢ 70 ?:? "MAX. LETTERS = 10":?¢ 8BT}0 FOR N=1 TO K*10 STEP 10¢ 90 INPUT "GIVE ME A WORD";SUB$¢ 100 SL=LEN(SUB$)¢ 110 IF SL<10 THEN SUB$(SL+1)=¢ BU} PAD$¢ 120 A$(N,N+9)=SUB$¢ 130 NEXT N¢ 140 --¢ 150 REM STRING BUBBLE SORT¢ 160 FOR T=1 TO K*10 STEP 10BV}¢ 170 FOR Y=1 TO (K*10)-10¢ STEP 10¢ 180 B=Y:E=Y+9:BB=Y+10:¢ EE=Y+(10+9)¢ 190 IF A$(BB,EE)>=A$(B,BW}E)¢ THEN 230¢ 200 TEMP$=A$(B,E)¢ 210 A$(B,E)=A$(BB,EE)¢ 220 A$(BB,EE)=TEMP$¢ 230 NEXT Y¢ 240 NEXTBX} T¢ 250 --¢ 260 REM PRINT SORTED WORDS¢ 270 ?:? "SORTED WORDS:":?¢ 280 FOR L=1 TO K*10 STEP 10¢ 290 ? A$(BY}L,L+9)¢ 300 NEXT L¢ 310 --¢¢ A line by line explanation of¢ this program is as follows:¢¢ 10-140 See the sectBZ}ion on PSEUDO¢ STRING ARRAYS¢ 150 REM explanation¢ 160 Outer Bubble Sort loop.¢ K=number of words X the element¢ B[}length. STEP = element length¢ 170 Inner loop must be 1 element ¢ less than the outer loop. That¢ is why we have (K*1B\}0)-10¢ 180-220 We examine each element. If¢ the 2nd element is larger than¢ the first element then it is OK.¢ (smB]}all to large) - no switching.¢ If it is not in the right order¢ then we do the switching, just¢ as we did with thB^}e number¢ bubble sort.¢ 230 End of inner loop¢ 240 End of outer loop¢ 250 30 dashes¢ 260 REM explanation¢ 270 Print¢ 280 B_}Loop to display sorted words¢ 290 Print sorted words¢ 300 End of loop¢ 310 30 dashes¢¢ If you want to sort larger¢B`} strings lets say 20 characters long¢ then change every reference from 10¢ to 20. They are in lines 50, 60, 70,¢ 80, 11Ba}0, 120(N,N+19), 160, 170¢ (E=Y+19, BB=Y+20, EE=Y+(20+19), 180,¢ 280 (A$=L,L+19)¢¢ If you want to sort from Z to Bb}A¢ then change the (>) in line 190 to¢ (<)¢¢¢ THE SHELL STRING SORT¢ ---------------------¢¢ The SHEBc}LL SORT is much faster¢ than the BUBBLE SORT. The reason it¢ is faster is that the number of¢ comparisons to be maBd}de is reduced.¢ If you try to sort 2 words or less¢ than you will get an error because in¢ line 90 the FOR-NEXT loop becBe}omes an¢ illegal reverse loop (FOR T=1 TO 0)¢¢ In line 210 we assign variables¢ to the element beginning and¢Bf} endings.¢¢ B(beginning of element)=Y*10-9¢ E(ending of element)=Y*10¢ BB(Next higher elmt)=Z*10-9¢ EE(EnBg}ding element)=Z*10¢¢ Please key in this short demo¢ program to see how it works.¢¢ 10 --¢ 20 REM INPUT STRIBh}NG ARRAY¢ 30 CLS:?¢ 40 INPUT "HOW MANY WORDS TO ¢ SORT";K¢ 50 DIM A$(K*10),SUB$(10),¢ PAD$(10)Bi},TEMP$(10)¢ 60 PAD$=" ":REM 10¢ SPACES¢ 70 ?:? "MAX. NUMBER OF LETTERS¢ = 10":?¢ 80 FBj}OR N=1 TO K*10 STEP 10¢ 90 INPUT "GIVE ME A WORD";¢ SUB$¢ 100 SL=LEN(SUB$)¢ 110 IF SL<10 THEN SUB$(SL+1)Bk}=¢ PAD$¢ 120 A$(N,N+9)=SUB$¢ 130 NEXT N¢ 140 --¢ 150 REM SHELL SORT¢ 160 X=1¢ 170 X=2*X:IF X<Bl}=K THEN 170¢ 180 X=INT(X/2):IF X=0 THEN 300¢ 190 FOR T=1 TO K-X:Y=T¢ 200 Z=Y+X¢ 210 B=Y*10-9:E=Y*10:BB=Z*10-9Bm}:¢ EE=Z*10¢ 220 IF A$(B,E)<=A$(BB,EE) THEN ¢ 270¢ 230 TEMP$=A$(B,E)¢ 240 A$(B,E)=A$(BB,EE)¢ 2Bn}50 A$(BB,EE)=TEMP$¢ 260 Y=Y-X:IF Y>0 THEN 200¢ 270 NEXT T:GOTO 180¢ 280 --¢ 290 REM PRINT SORTED WORDS¢ 3Bo}00 ?:? "SORTED WORDS:":?¢ 310 FOR L=1 TO K*10 STEP 10¢ 320 ? A$(L,L+9)¢ 330 NEXT L¢ 340 --¢¢ If you wBp}ant to sort larger¢ strings, lets say you want 20¢ characters, please change every¢ reference from 10 to 20Bq}. They are in¢ liness: 50, 60, 70, 80, 110,¢ 120(N,N+19), 210(B=Y*20-19, E=Y*20)¢ and the same for BB and EE,Br} 310,¢ 320(L,L+19).¢¢¢ RELATIONAL BUBBLE SORT¢ ----------------------¢¢ A relational sort is if you have¢ Bs}2 arrays and they are related to each¢ other in some way and the¢ relationship has to be maintained.¢ For instBt}ance, we want to write a¢ telephone directory program. In one¢ array we store the names and in the¢ other we store Bu}the phone numbers. We¢ are going to sort the names but the¢ phone numbers always have to be¢ switched with the name Bv}so the proper¢ relationship is maintained.¢¢ When we sort with the Bubble¢ Sort the switching is done in lines¢ 24Bw}0, 250, and 260. It is done as¢ follows:¢¢ 240 TEMP$=A$(B,E):TEMP1$=¢ B$(B,E)¢ 250 A$(B,E)=A$(BB,EE):Bx}B$(B,E)=¢ B$(BB,EE)¢ 260 A$(BB,EE)=TEMP$:B$(BB,EE)=¢ TEMP1$¢¢ A$ is the name array and B$ is¢ tBy}he phone number string array. TEMP$¢ is in the name array and TEMP1$ is in¢ the phone number array. As we switch¢ each namBz}e during a sort so we also¢ switch the phone number array so it¢ maintains its proper relationship.¢¢ We use a stB{}ring array for the¢ numbers because many people use a '-'¢ in their phone numbers and a number¢ array would not accept it. B|} A second¢ reason is that if a number becomes¢ too large it is expressed in¢ scientific notation. ¢¢ In ourB}} demo program we DIM each¢ element of the name and phone number¢ array to 10 to make it simpler to¢ understand.¢¢ B~}Please key in this short demo¢ program to see how it works.¢¢ 10 --¢ 20 REM INPUT NAMES AND NUMBERS¢ INTB}O THE STRING ARRAYS¢ 30 CLS:?¢ 40 INPUT "HOW MANY PHONE¢ NUMBERS TO SORT";K¢ 50 DIM A$(K*10),B$(K*10),BÇ}¢ SUB$(10),SUB1$(10),PAD$(10)¢ TEMP$(10),TEMP1$(10)¢ 60 PAD$=" ":REM 10 ¢ SPACES¢ Bü}70 ?:? "MAX. LETTERS OR¢ NUMBERS = 10":?¢ 80 FOR N=1 TO K*10 STEP 10¢ 90 INPUT "GIVE ME THE NAME";¢ Bé} SUB$¢ 100 INPUT "GIVE ME THE NUMBER";¢ SUB1$¢ 110 ?:SL=LEN(SUB$)¢ 120 SL1=LEN(SUB1$)¢ 130 IF SL<10 TBâ}HEN SUB$(SL+1)=¢ PAD$¢ 140 IF SL1<10 THEN SUB1$(SL1+1)=¢ PAD$¢ 150 A$(N,N+9)=SUB$¢ 160 B$(N,N+9)=Bä}SUB1$¢ 170 NEXT N¢ 180 --¢ 190 REM RELATIONAL BUBBLE SORT¢ 200 FOR T=1 TO K*10 STEP 10¢ 210 FOR Y=1 TO (KBà}*10)-10 STEP 10¢ 220 B=Y:E=Y+9:BB=Y+10:¢ EE=Y+(10+9)¢ 230 IF A$(BB,EE)>=A$(B,E) THEN¢ 270¢ 240 TEBå}MP$=A$(B,E):TEMP1$=¢ B$(B,E)¢ 250 A$(B,E)=A$(BB,EE):B$(B,E)=¢ B$(BB,EE)¢ 260 A$(BB,EE)=TEMP$:B$(BB,EEBç})=¢ TEMP1$¢ 270 NEXT Y¢ 280 NEXT T¢ 290 --¢ 300 CLS¢ 310 REM PRINT OUT SORTED PHONE¢ LISTBê}¢ 320 ?:? " TELEPHONE LIST":?¢ 330 FOR L=1 TO K*10 STEP 10¢ 340 ? A$(L,L+9);B$(L,L+9)¢ 350 NEXT L¢ 360Bë} --¢¢ The two arrays can use the same¢ PAD$ (ln #60) because they are the¢ same size. They can use the same¢ beBè}ginning and ending element numbers¢ because they are the same size (ln¢ #220)¢¢ If you want a printed list please¢ chBï}ange lines 320 and 340 from PRINT¢ to LPRINT.¢¢ In a similar manner you could¢ have a relational sort between Bî}a¢ number array and a string array. For¢ example you want to sort by score a¢ bowling league. The sort would be¢ done Bì} on the scores(number sort) and¢ the names would have to maintain¢ their relationship to the score.¢¢ To get a cleaBÄ}r understanding of¢ relational sorts, please read the¢ section on ARRAYS, PSEUDO STRING¢ ARRAYS, NUMBER BUBBLE SORBÅ}T and STRING¢ BUBBLE¢ ¢ ADDENDUM¢ --------¢¢ Sometimes BÉ}it is necessary to¢ construct a string array in a¢ different manner than I have shown.¢ For example we want a Bæ} string array¢ with 21 letters. This is an alternate¢ way of doing it. ¢¢ 10 DIM ARRAY$(5*21),B$(21),¢ PAD$(2BÆ}1)¢ 20 FOR X=1 TO 5¢ 30 PAD$=" "¢ 40 INPUT "GIVE ME A NAME";B$¢ 50 BL=LEN(B$):IF BL<2Bô}1 THEN¢ B$(BL+1)=PAD$¢ 60 ARRAY$(X*21-20,X*21)=¢ B$:REM ARRAY¢ 70 NEXT X¢¢ In line 60 X*21-2Bö}0,X*21. This¢ will create the element length that¢ we previously used a FOR-NEXT-STEP¢ LOOP for. In all other respectBò}s the¢ program remains the same. For¢ example, when X=1 the elements will¢ be (1*21)21-20 or 1 the other number¢ wBû}ill be (1*21)or 21. Thus the element¢ length will be 1 to 21 on the first¢ pass of the loop. In a similar manner¢ all the oBù}ther element numbers will be¢ generated.¢¢ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> END <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<¢¢ f the loop. In a similar manner¢ all the o@ S QUICK-DOCS by Ron Fetzer - member of¢ the OL' HACKERS ATARI U.G. INC. NY.¢ USA. ¢ FÖ} ¢ ¢ ¢ THE TREAFÜ}SURER'S REPORT ¢ ¢ ¢ F¢} ¢ This program is designed to be¢ used by the treasurers of clubs,¢ fraternal organizations, F£}sports¢ organizations, charitable¢ organizations and individuals. ¢ ¢ F¥} The program is very intuative¢ and easy to use. It is completely¢ menu driven. It also is heavily error¢ protecteFß}d. The program can handle up¢ to 200 INCOME ITEMS and up to 200¢ EXPENSE ITEMS. It requires the TURBO-¢ BASIC XL LANGUAGFƒ}E ¢ ¢ The menu is self explanatory.¢ You start the programFá} by going to¢ "START PROGRAM". After the Menu you¢ are directed to an INFORMATION¢ SCREEN. When you are finishedFí} with¢ that screen then you start with the¢ INCOME section. You first enter a¢ description of the income item and¢ tFó}hen the amount. DO NOT USE [, or $]¢ with your numbers. Keep on going¢ until you have entered all the income¢ items. WFú}hen you want to go to the¢ EXPENSE section just enter "00" for¢ the amount. You can leave the INCOME¢ NAME empty or jFñ}ust enter for the¢ INCOME NAME any letter you want. This¢ name will not be recorded by the¢ program. FÑ} ¢ ¢ On the EXPENSE SECTION you¢ repeat the same thing you did forFª} the¢ income section. When you have reached¢ the end of all of your expense items¢ enter "00" for the amount and you¢ wiFº}ll go to the MENU. You can also¢ erase the last entry by typing '**'.¢ ¢ You nF¿}ow can VIEW the TREASURER'S¢ REPORT on the screen or print it. In¢ the PRINT section of the program you¢ can ask for multipF⌐}le copies of the¢ report. ¢ ¢ When you SAVE, LOADF¬} or ERASE A¢ FILE it will be done only on Drive¢ #1. DO NOT enter the drive number it¢ has been done already by F½}the¢ program. A loaded file can only be¢ VIEWED or PRINTED. ¢ ¢ F¼} Take also a look at the¢ DIRECTORY option. It gives you much¢ more information then just the file¢ names. F¡} ¢ ¢ The printer control codes are¢ for EPSON printerF«}s and are very¢ universal. If you have to change the¢ control codes for your printer see¢ line #1330 - 1380. They aF»}re clearly¢ inidcated. Check also in the PRINT¢ module where else they can occur. ¢ Fã} ¢ If you live in a country other¢ than the USA you might want to change¢ the "$" to the symbol of your¢ counFõ}tries currency. The "$" appears¢ in the following lines: 530, 630,¢ 790, 1000, 1010, 1040, 1120, 1130,¢ 1160, 1170, FØ}1520, 1550, 1580, 1600,¢ 1640, 1670, 1690 and 1700. ¢ This program Fø} runs only with¢ TURBO BASIC. Hit the RESET key and¢ and type in RUN "D:TREASRPT.TUR" ¢ Fœ} ¢ You can make yourself an auto-¢ run disk by: 1)Format a disk and put¢ DOS on it. 2)Copy from this side tFŒ}he¢ AUTORUN.SYS file(TURBO BASIC) to your¢ newly created disk. 3)Copy the file¢ TREASRPT.TUR and rename it TREASRPT.¢ ARB.FÀ} ¢ ¢ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>END<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<¢ FÃ} ¢ G.} ⇧7⇩8⇩X❎Σ9·9SCRN_CכDIM_SCקMENרעBDñENñPADñARñMON¿INñBRñCASH¿NBñCNñTDñNBDñSPñKEYñCBNñNUלDIRCקINCלVIEתPRNקSVדLOגFINחOאIIJלLכEIJEJ¨}כמTOTIמCBכםHALקEBכתTOTEןSTARקCRñEñRESñRCñEXñDBLñDLSñDLOñRñFFñDBSñDBOñWORDñYNñפכןCסביCCכCHR4¿CLכARœRסFNñDKñFכLFNñLהDLñLDFNñTEMJ´}PñCASזTEM1ñMOמERAצDñEFNñYñXYZñVEñSECñDSקDSיVדFלOהUצFREחIJXםDDñXYםEQñNאOBñOBכ IJ ²< IJ⇧Å? IJ⇩\A ⇨@⇦ ü⇦ ④ ü❎④ ④ üJ†}╱( ④ ü◆< áA✓ץח ⇧ ü Æ④ ④ ü
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❎❎T Ç③③⑨♪D:LABEL.TUR⑥@⇧ <@⇧ ,4⇧Y)ü7@⇧ T ` Quick-Docs by Ron Fetzer¢ ¢ ¢ The DISK LABEL [ש} program prints¢ an alphabetical list of your disk¢ directory on 3.5 x 15/16 size¢ pressure sensitive labels. [ת} ¢ ¢ The program can print 27 file¢ names on one label. If there ar[ן}e¢ more than 27 names it will print it¢ on a second label. The program can¢ handle a total of 54 files. The¢ progr[ך}am will ignore the following¢ file names: DOS.SYS, DUP.SYS and¢ RAMDISK.COM. ¢ [ם} ¢ The program will search for the¢ disk title that was placed on the¢ disk with the CATA[ף}LOGER program.¢ This title will be printed on the¢ first line with the disk density¢ information and the number[ץ} of K-¢ bytes of free disk space. If there¢ is no disk title on the disk then¢ the program will ask you for a[§}¢ title. ¢ ¢ To adjust the labels correctly¢ in you[∧}r printer use the LABEL ADJUST¢ section. Move your label either up¢ or down until it is in the right¢ position. On[∞}ce you have found the¢ correct position make a dot with¢ WHITEOUT on your tractor feed¢ housing. Now you will [α}have a position¢ indicator of where the beginning of¢ the labels are to be placed. ¢ [β} ¢ If your printer is not an EPSON¢ or COMPATIBLE or an ATARI then you¢ must put into the program YOUR¢[Γ} PRINTER control characters. Please¢ unlock the program and list it. In¢ lines 470, 480, 490 remove the REM.¢ In lin[π}e 470 put in the printer¢ control characters for 6/72 line¢ spacing. In line 480 put in the¢ control charac[Σ}ters for compressed or¢ condensed. In line 490 put in the¢ control characters for superscript.¢ See the example: 470 I[σ}F NN=3 THEN¢ LPRINT CHR$(27);"A";CHR$(6). 480 IF¢ NN=3 THEN LPRINT CHR$(27);CHR$(20). ¢ 490 IF NN=3 THEN [µ}LPRINT¢ CHR$(27);"R";CHR$(0). Also look at¢ lines 390-450 to see how it is done.¢ In line 2360 remove the REM¢ [τ}statement and type in the reverse¢ line feed code for your printer.¢ Example: 2360 LPRINT¢ "*******[Φ}**";CHR$(27);CHR$(10). (Be ¢ sure to remove the colon - keep the¢ semi colon). Also look at lines 1930¢ and 2150 for gu[Θ}idance. When you have¢ done this save your program with¢ SAVE "D:LABEL.TUR". ¢ [Ω} ¢ If you want this program to be¢ free standing on another disk copy¢ the file named "LABEL.TUR" [δ} on a¢ TURBO BASIC disk and call it¢ "LABEL.ARB". ¢ ¢ [∮} To use this program hit the¢ RESET key and type in RUN "D:LABEL.¢ TUR". ¢ [ϕ} ¢ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>END<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<¢ ¢ ¢ X l ¢ ¢ >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>END<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< ¢ S∩} ¢ <<<< ¢ P ] ¢ ¢ Use your joystick in port #1. If you¢ get hit by 3 depth charges then the¢ sub;±} is destroyed and the game is¢ over. GOOD LUCK! ¢ ¢ >>>>>>>>>>;≥}>>>>>>END<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<¢ ¢ ¢¢ ¢ >>>>>>>>>>8 l ¯
