Appendix A Command Line Editing

This appendix describes GNU’s command line editing interface. Often during an interactive session you will type in a long line of text, only to notice that the first word on the line is misspelled. The Readline library gives you a set of commands for manipulating the text as you type it in, allowing you to just fix your typo, and not forcing you to retype the majority of the line. Using these editing commands, you move the cursor to the place that needs correction, and delete or insert the text of the corrections. Then, when you are satisfied with the line, you simply press <RETURN>. You do not have to be at the end of the line to press <RETURN>; the entire line will be accepted in any case.

A.1 Conventions on Notation

In this Appendix, the following notation is used to describe keystrokes.

The text C-k is read as ‘Control-K’ and describes the character produced when the Control key is depressed and the <k> key is struck.

The text M-k is read as ‘Meta-K’ and describes the character produced when the meta key (if you have one) is depressed, and the <k> key is struck. If you do not have a meta key, it is equivalent to type <ESC> first, and then type <k>. Either process is known as metafying the <k> key.

The text M-C-k is read as ‘Meta-Control-k’ and describes the character produced by metafying C-k.

In addition, several keys have their own names. Specifically, <DEL>, <ESC>, <LFD>, <SPC>, <RET>, and <TAB> all stand for themselves when seen in this text, or in an init file (see section Readline Init File, for more info).

A.2 Readline Interaction

A.2.1 Bare Essentials

In order to enter characters into the line, simply type them. The typed character appears where the cursor was, and then the cursor moves one space to the right. If you mistype a character, you can use <DEL> to back up, and delete the mistyped character.

Sometimes you may miss typing a character that you wanted to type, and not notice your error until you have typed several other characters. In that case, you can type C-b to move the cursor to the left, and then correct your mistake. Aftwerwards, you can move the cursor to the right with C-f.

When you add text in the middle of a line, you will notice that characters to the right of the cursor get ‘pushed over’ to make room for the text that you have inserted. Likewise, when you delete text behind the cursor, characters to the right of the cursor get ‘pulled back’ to fill in the blank space created by the removal of the text. A list of the basic bare essentials for editing the text of an input line follows.

C-b

Move back one character.

C-f

Move forward one character.

<DEL>

Delete the character to the left of the cursor.

C-d

Delete the character underneath the cursor.

c

Insert an ordinary printing character c into the line at the cursor.

C-_

Undo the last thing that you did. You can undo all the way back to an empty line.

A.2.2 Movement Commands

The above table describes the most basic possible keystrokes that you need in order to do editing of the input line. For your convenience, many other commands have been added in addition to C-b, C-f, C-d, and <DEL>. Here are some commands for moving more rapidly about the line.

C-a

Move to the start of the line.

C-e

Move to the end of the line.

M-f

Move forward a word.

M-b

Move backward a word.

C-l

Clear the screen, reprinting the current line at the top.

Notice how C-f moves forward a character, while M-f moves forward a word. It is a loose convention that control keystrokes operate on characters while meta keystrokes operate on words.

A.2.3 Killing Commands

Killing text means to delete the text from the line, but to save it away for later use, usually by yanking it back into the line. If the description for a command says that it ‘kills’ text, then you can be sure that you can get the text back in a different (or the same) place later.

Here is the list of commands for killing text.

C-k

Kill the text from the current cursor position to the end of the line.

M-d

Kill from the cursor to the end of the current word, or if between words, to the end of the next word.

M-<DEL>

Kill from the cursor the start ofthe previous word, or if between words, to the start of the previous word.

C-w

Kill from the cursor to the previous whitespace. This is different than M-<DEL> because the word boundaries differ.

And, here is how to yank the text back into the line. Yanking is

C-y

Yank the most recently killed text back into the buffer at the cursor.

M-y

Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top. You can only do this if the prior command is C-y or M-y.

When you use a kill command, the text is saved in a kill-ring. Any number of consecutive kills save all of the killed text together, so that when you yank it back, you get it in one clean sweep. The kill ring is not line specific; the text that you killed on a previously typed line is available to be yanked back later, when you are typing another line.

A.2.4 Arguments

You can pass numeric arguments to Readline commands. Sometimes the argument acts as a repeat count, other times it is the sign of the argument that is significant. If you pass a negative argument to a command which normally acts in a forward direction, that command will act in a backward direction. For example, to kill text back to the start of the line, you might type M-- C-k.

The general way to pass numeric arguments to a command is to type meta digits before the command. If the first ‘digit’ you type is a minus sign (-), then the sign of the argument will be negative. Once you have typed one meta digit to get the argument started, you can type the remainder of the digits, and then the command. For example, to give the C-d command an argument of 10, you could type M-1 0 C-d.

A.3 Readline Init File

Although the Readline library comes with a set of Emacs-like keybindings, it is possible that you would like to use a different set of keybindings. You can customize programs that use Readline by putting commands in an init file in your home directory. The name of this file is ‘~/.inputrc’.

When a program which uses the Readline library starts up, it reads the file ‘~/.inputrc’, and sets the keybindings.

A.3.1 Readline Init Syntax

You can start up with a vi-like editing mode by placing

set editing-mode vi

in your ‘~/.inputrc’ file.

You can have Readline use a single line for display, scrolling the input between the two edges of the screen by placing

set horizontal-scroll-mode On

in your ‘~/.inputrc’ file.

The syntax for controlling keybindings in the ‘~/.inputrc’ file is simple. First you have to know the name of the command that you want to change. The following pages contain tables of the command name, the default keybinding, and a short description of what the command does.

Once you know the name of the command, simply place the name of the key you wish to bind the command to, a colon, and then the name of the command on a line in the ‘~/.inputrc’ file. Here is an example:

# This is a comment line.
Meta-Rubout:	backward-kill-word
Control-u:	universal-argument

A.3.1.1 Moving

beginning-of-line (C-a)

Move to the start of the current line.

end-of-line (C-e)

Move to the end of the line.

forward-char (C-f)

Move forward a character.

backward-char (C-b)

Move back a character.

forward-word (M-f)

Move forward to the end of the next word.

backward-word (M-b)

Move back to the start of this, or the previous, word.

clear-screen (C-l)

Clear the screen leaving the current line at the top of the screen.

A.3.1.2 Using the History

accept-line (Newline, Return)

Accept the line regardless of where the cursor is. If this line is non-empty, add it to the history list. If this line was a history line, then restore the history line to its original state.

previous-history (C-p)

Move ‘up’ through the history list.

next-history (C-n)

Move ‘down’ through the history list.

beginning-of-history (M-<)

Move to the first line in the history.

end-of-history (M->)

Move to the end of the input history, i.e., the line you are entering!

reverse-search-history (C-r)

Search backward starting at the current line and moving ‘up’ through the history as necessary. This is an incremental search.

forward-search-history (C-s)

Search forward starting at the current line and moving ‘down’ through the the history as neccessary.

A.3.1.3 Changing Text

delete-char (C-d)

Delete the character under the cursor. If the cursor is at the beginning of the line, and there are no characters in the line, and the last character typed was not C-d, then return EOF.

backward-delete-char (Rubout)

Delete the character behind the cursor. A numeric arg says to kill the characters instead of deleting them.

quoted-insert (C-q, C-v)

Add the next character that you type to the line verbatim. This is how to insert things like C-q for example.

tab-insert (M-TAB)

Insert a tab character.

self-insert (a, b, A, 1, !, ...)

Insert an ordinary printing character into the line.

transpose-chars (C-t)

Drag the character before point forward over the character at point. Point moves forward as well. If point is at the end of the line, then transpose the two characters before point. Negative args don’t work.

transpose-words (M-t)

Drag the word behind the cursor past the word in front of the cursor moving the cursor over that word as well.

upcase-word (M-u)

Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, do the previous word, but do not move point.

downcase-word (M-l)

Lowercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, do the previous word, but do not move point.

capitalize-word (M-c)

Uppercase the current (or following) word. With a negative argument, do the previous word, but do not move point.

A.3.1.4 Killing And Yanking

kill-line (C-k)

Kill the text from the current cursor position to the end of the line.

backward-kill-line ()

Kill backward to the beginning of the line. This is normally unbound.

kill-word (M-d)

Kill from the cursor to the end of the current word, or if between words, to the end of the next word.

backward-kill-word (M-DEL)

Kill the word behind the cursor.

unix-line-discard (C-u)

Kill the entire line. This is similar to the use of the Unix kill character (often also <C-u>), save that here the killed text can be retrieved later (since it goes on the kill-ring).

unix-word-rubout (C-w)

Kill the current word, like the Unix word erase character. The killed text goes on the kill-ring. This is different than backward-kill-word because the word boundaries differ.

yank (C-y)

Yank the top of the kill ring into the buffer at point.

yank-pop (M-y)

Rotate the kill-ring, and yank the new top. You can only do this if the prior command is yank or yank-pop.

A.3.1.5 Numeric Arguments

digit-argument (M-0, M-1, ... M--)

Add this digit to the argument already accumulating, or start a new argument. M-- starts a negative argument.

universal-argument ()

Do what <C-u> does in emacs. By default, this is not bound to any keys.

A.3.1.6 Letting Readline Type

complete (TAB)

Attempt to do completion on the text before point. This is implementation defined. Generally, if you are typing a filename argument, you can do filename completion; if you are typing a command, you can do command completion, if you are typing in a symbol to GDB, you can do symbol name completion, if you are typing in a variable to Bash, you can do variable name completion...

possible-completions (M-?)

List the possible completions of the text before point.

A.3.1.7 Other Commands

abort (C-g)

The line editing commands reverse-search-history (C-r) and forward-search-history (C-s go into a separate input mode; you can abort the search, and return to normal input mode, by using the abort (C-g) command.

do-uppercase-version (M-a, M-b, …)

Run the command that is bound to your uppercase brother.

prefix-meta (<ESC>)

Make the next character that you type be metafied. This is for people without a meta key. <ESC>-f is equivalent to M-f.

undo (C-_)

Incremental undo, separately remembered for each line.

revert-line (M-r)

Undo all changes made to this line. This is like typing the ‘undo’ command enough times to get back to the beginning.

A.3.2 Readline vi Mode

While the Readline library does not have a full set of vi editing functions, it does contain enough to allow simple editing of the line.

In order to switch interactively between Emacs and vi editing modes, use the command M-C-j (toggle-editing-mode).

When you enter a line in vi mode, you are already in “insertion” mode, as if you had typed an i. Pressing <ESC> switches you into “edit” mode, where you can edit the text of the line with the standard vi movement keys, move to previous history lines with k, to following lines with j, and so forth.

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