subject: CREATING GRAPHS overview: With PC-Type II you can create numerous graphs. These graphs can be printed on Epson, IBM Pro Printer, Okidata and LaserJet printers. Graphs include pie charts, vertical and horizontal bar charts, and line and scatter diagrams. You can have up to 100 variables with 100 points apiece. You can display cumulative graphs for bar charts and line diagrams. Pie charts may be displayed singly, or two at a time. Within the graphics package, you can superimpose a grid and display your data logarithmically. Slices of pies may be selectively exploded. You can define the aspect ratios of both your monitor and your printer so that pies will appear round on both. You can also select colors if you have an EGA or VGA color monitor. PC-Type II prompts you for the information required for your graph and creates a file called GRAPH.ME in your default directory. It then switches to the program PCG2.EXE which reads the GRAPH.ME file. Within PCG2.EXE you may move from one representation of the data to another, (e.g. from a line diagram to bar chart), print the graphs, etc. When you are finished and leave the PCG2 program, you are returned to PC-Type II. This section describes how to define the data for PC-Type II to create the GRAPH.ME file. The sample shown below will be used to describe this process. To learn how to operate PCG2.EXE, refer to PCG2 in the "Other Programs" section of this manual. 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� � � � Comparative Intnl Sales � � (By city & Month) � � � � (86) � � Jan Feb Mar � � 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� � � � Philly� 10 50 22 � 82 � � Montreal� 20 80 -10 � 90 � � Paris� 30 20 40 � 90 � � Moscow� 40 15 60 � 115 � � Redmond�100 30 15 � 145 � � Lima� 60 110 99 � 269 � � Bonn� 20 33 122 � 175 � � 컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컵컴컴 � � Totals 280 338 348 � 966 � � � 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 158 subject: GRAPH MODE discussion: To enter the GRAPH Definition Mode, select the option "(G)raph" from the Main Menu. When you do so, the following window will appear: �袴袴袴袴袴袴袴袴袴袴袴袴袴袴袴袴袴� � In GRAPH mode. � � � � Only screen movement keys active.� � Requests for information will be � � made on the command line. � � Press a key to continue. � 훤袴袴袴袴袴袴袴袴袴袴袴袴袴袴袴袴暠 Once in this mode, you cannot alter your file. The entire purpose of this mode is to define where the data to be graphed is located within your file. The cursor movement keys will operate, such as PgUp, PgDn, and the arrow keys. The highlighting keystrokes are also operable. You may exit the GRAPH Definition Mode by pressing the Esc key at any time. If you do so, you will be asked to confirm exiting the mode by answering Yes or No before you will be returned to PC-Type II's normal edit mode. graph.me: The data to be graphed will be saved in an ASCII file called GRAPH.ME on your default drive. The data in GRAPH.ME is used by PCG2.EXE to create the graph(s). GRAPH.ME can be edited directly by PC-Type II and rerun without having to redefine the graphics data via the GRAPH Definition Mode of PC-Type II. After pressing a key to exit the window shown above, PC-Type II checks to see if GRAPH.ME already exists on your default drive. If such a file does exist, then the window below will be shown: 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴커 � Question: � 팠袴袴袴袴袴袴袴袴袴袴袴袴袴袴袴袴孤 � � � Create new GRAPH.ME file or � � go directly to PCG2? � � Press C for Create or P for PCG2 � 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴켸 By pressing P, the GRAPH.ME file will be rerun by PCG2.EXE with no further ado. If you wish to define new data, however, then press C and a new GRAPH.ME file will be created by answering the questions which follow. (If no GRAPH.ME file exists on your default drive, this question will not be asked.) 159 subject: DEFINING VALUES TO BE GRAPHED discussion: The first information requested is the location of the values to be graphed with the message: Mark DATA to be graphed with CtrlB. F10 when done. This is accomplished by moving the cursor to opposite corners of the set of data values to be graphed and pressing Ctrl B at each of the two locations. In the examples below, these locations are shown by the "�" and '�' characters. (The examples are extracted from the sample PC-Type II file shown at the bottom of the Overview page of this section.) �컴컴컴컴컴컴컴커 � 10 50 22� In this example, multiple groups of � 20 80 -10� data (variables) are defined. Each � 30 20 40� row constitutes a group of data � 40 15 60� consisting of three points. In this �100 30 15� case, a group is a set of monthly � 60 110 99� sales figures for a particular city. � 20 33 122� 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� �컴컴컴컴컴컴컴커 If only one group is to be graphed, � 40 15 60� then you may mark a single row as 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� shown to the left, or a single �컴커 column as below. Many of the � 22� following questions depend upon �-10� which type of value marking was � 40� made. Once the values have been � 60� defined by the Ctrl Bs, press F10 to � 15� continue to the next step. 읕컴� To distinguish different columns of data, PC-Type II asks: Define columns as: aabbbb cccc. Then press Enter. 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� A field will appear within the area � 10 50 22� you marked (shown at the left with � 20 80 -10� the '�' characters.). Mark each � 30 20 40� column with a set of repeating � 40 15 60� characters. If a column is not to �100 30 15� be graphed, leave spaces in the � 60 110 99� field. If only one column exists, 튮aabbbbbbcccccc� fill it in. These column 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� definitions are also used for the column identifiers. The values defined are then given a meaning: Enter content of data being graphed e.g. SALES in $: In our example we entered "Sales in $". 160 subject: DEFINING COLUMN LABELS for the GRAPH discussion: Column labels and the column category heading will be truncated if they exceed 12 characters in length. If you only define one column, the questions on this page will not be asked. After the data values are defined, you must identify the labels which go with the columns you marked. You are prompted for this data with the message: Mark COL identifiers with CtrlB. Press F10 when done. In our example, you would mark the three months by pressing CtrlB at the � and � characters. (Actually, you can move to the appropriate line and press Ctrl L). The label data in the marked area will be separated by the same column definition information you provided above. For this reason, you should be sure to define the columns wide enough to include the column labels which are assumed to line up exactly. �컴컴컴컴컴컴컴커 쿕an Feb Mar� 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� After marking the column labels, press F10 and respond to the data request: Enter COL category - e.g. Months: In our example, we typed "Months". Suppose for a moment that the column label data we marked was not the months shown above, but the values: �컴컴컴컴컴컴컴커 �1.0 2.0 3.4� 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� Then we would be asked: 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� � Question: � 팠袴袴袴袴袴袴袴袴袴袴袴袴� � All Column IDs numeric. � � Use as Text or Value? � � Press T or V � 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� If we pressed T, then the column labels would be treated as text and separated by equal distances when placed on the X-axis of a Line or Scatter diagram. However, if we pressed V, then the column label values would be treated as numeric values on the X-axis of a Line or Scatter diagram, and their points would be plotted according to the values defined. (For this example we defined the category title as "Values".) 161 subject: DEFINING ROW LABELS for the GRAPH discussion: If you only define one row, the questions on this page will not be asked. (Row labels and the row category heading will be truncated if they exceed 12 characters in length.) You must identify the labels which go with the rows you marked. You are prompted for this data with the message: Mark ROW identifiers with CtrlB. Press F10 when done. �컴컴컴컴� � Philly� 쿘ontreal� � Paris� � Moscow� � Redmond� � Lima� � Bonn� 읕컴컴컴캬 In our example, we marked the row labels as shown by pressing CtrlB at the � and � characters. The row labels must be on the same row as the data they represent. For this reason, PC-Type II only needs to know the size and offset on the row where the row labels are to be found. This could be done by only marking "Montreal" as: �컴컴컴컴� 쿘ontreal� 읕컴컴컴캬 After marking the row labels, press F10 and then respond to the data request: Enter ROW category - e.g. Months: In our example, we typed "Cities", then pressed the Enter key. Unlike column labels, row labels are always treated as text. 162 subject: DEFINING TITLES title: The graph's title may be up to 40 characters in length. You may highlight the title with Ctrl B's or type in the title separately by responding to the prompt: Highlight the graph TITLE then F10, or F10 first and type one in. �컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴커 쿎omparative Intnl Sales� 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� In our example, we highlighted the title by pressing CtrlB at the � and � characters. Then we pressed F10. Alternatively, we could have pressed F10 without highlighting any data. In this case a field would be made available with the prompt "Enter graph title:". You could then type in the desired title and press the Enter key. subtitle: The graph's subtitle may be up to 40 characters in length. You may highlight the subtitle on the graph with Ctrl Bs or type in the subtitle separately by responding to the prompt: Highlight the SUBTITLE then F10, or F10 first and type one in. �컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴커 �(By city & Month)� 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� In our example, we highlighted the subtitle by pressing CtrlB at the � and � characters. Then we pressed F10. Alternatively, we could have pressed F10 without highlighting any data. In this case a field would be made available with the prompt "Enter subtitle:". You could then type in the desired subtitle and press the Enter key. (If no subtitle is desired, use this option and press Enter without keying in any text.) 163 subject: INITIAL TYPE OF GRAPH AND SETTING BOUNDS graph type: You are now ready to select the initial type of graph to display when PCG2 is called. Select the graph type from the menu shown below. 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴커 쿒raph Type: � 팠袴袴袴袴袴袴袴孤 �(H)orizontal Bar� �(L)ine � �(P)ie � �(S)catter � �(V)ertical Bar � 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴켸 Once inside PCG2 you can, of course, switch from one type of graph to another. setting bounds: This option only occurs if multiple columns were defined with numeric column labels. If the first column label is a value greater than 0, you will be asked: 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴커 � Question: � 팠袴袴袴袴袴袴袴袴袴袴袴袴袴孤 � � � Min X value > 0. � � Graph from X=Zero or X=Min � � Press Z or M � � � 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴켸 A line or scatter diagram of such a graph will normally start with the left-most point on the X-axis equal to zero. Since the first value was greater than 0, the graph will not begin at the left of the graphics screen. This question permits you to begin the X-axis at the minimum X value supplied as a column label if you press M. A special "BOUND:" record is added to the GRAPH.ME file in this case, and the MENU option "(B)OUND" will appear in PCG2. Pressing B in the PCG2 menu will toggle you between the standard representation and the "bound" representation. 164 subject: SAMPLE GRAPH.ME FILES discussion: The GRAPH.ME file presented below represents the end product of the definitions made in our sample graph in this section. (See PCG2 in "Other Programs" for a description of the GRAPH.ME file.) 캰ARMS:L 캴ITLE:Comparative Intnl Sales 캴ITLES:(By city & Month) TITLEV:Sales in $ 캴ITLEC:Months 캴ITLEG:Cities 캴ITLEG:Philly 캴ITLEG:Montreal 캴ITLEG:Paris 캴ITLEG:Moscow 캴ITLEG:Redmond 캴ITLEG:Lima 캴ITLEG:Bonn �10,20,30,40,100,60,20:Jan �50,80,20,15,30,110,33:Feb �22,-10,40,60,15,99,122:Mar The display below shows how the information would be placed in the actual line graph. Note that the location of all the data depends upon the type of graph being shown. 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴커 � � � Comparative Intnl Sales � � (By city & Month) � � 125 � . � � � Cities � � S 100 � . . . .. Philly � � a � . .. Montreal � � l 75 � .. Paris � � e � . Data points . .. Moscow � � s 50 � . . .. Redmond � � � . . . .. Lima � � i 25 � . . .. Bonn � � n � . . . � � 0 � � � $ � . � � -25 좔컫컴컴컴컴컴쩡컴컴컴컴컫컴 � � Jan Feb Mar � � � � Months � � � 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴켸 165 bound: In our example, we discussed what happens if the column labels are numeric and are to be treated as values. The net result of this case would be the modification of four lines in the GRAPH.ME file and the addition of another line as shown. 캴ITLEC:Values �10,20,30,40,100,60,20:#1. �50,80,20,15,30,110,33:#2. �22,-10,40,60,15,99,122:#3.4 캛OUND:3.4,1,122,-10,0,358 The TITLEC: line is different because we entered the column category heading as "Values" instead of "Months". Note that "Jan", "Feb" and "Mar" on the three data lines have been replaced with #1., #2. and #3.4. The "#" character implies that the data which follows is to be interpreted by PCG2 as numeric data, not text. Finally, the "BOUND:" line is added at the end of the file. Notice that the maximum and minimum values of X are the first two entries on the line. The display below shows how this data will change the line graph from that shown on the previous page. 旼컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� � � � Comparative Intnl Sales � � (By city & Month) � � 125 � . � � � Cities � � S 100 � . . . .. Philly � � a � . .. Montreal � � l 75 � .. Paris � � e � . Data points . .. Moscow � � s 50 � . . .. Redmond � � � . . . .. Lima � � i 25 � . . .. Bonn � � n � . . . � � 0 � � � $ � . � � -25 좔컫컴컴컴컴쩡컴컴컴컴컴컫컴 � � 1.0 2.0 3.4 � � � � Values � � � 읕컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴컴� 166