|Cษอออออออออออหออออออออออออออออออออออออออออออออออออออออออออออออออออออหอออออออออออป |Cบ |5Brainware|C บ ^1 Grammarama |C บ |5Brainware|C บ |Cศอออออออออออสออออออออออออออออออออออออออออออออออออออออออออออออออออออสอออออออออออผ ^Cby ^CMarie Kalmbach ^Cand ^CGeorge Leritte ^1NOTE:^0 If you have a black and white (monochrome) monitor, use the ^1GO M^0 command when running BBD to avoid any problems using Grammarama. When using Grammarama outside BBB type ^1GRAMMAR M^0 if you have a monochrome monitor. Welcome to the world of GRAMMARAMA, a do-it-yourself instructional program intended to provide practice in recognizing the major grammatical elements of English. ^1MAIN MENU There are three options on the Main Menu: 1. About GRAMMARAMA - Program information and copyright data are displayed. 2. Begin Grammar Lesson - After a grammar level and a lesson length are selected, a series of grammar questions will be presented. Some questions are multiple choice. Other questions ask you to highlight a particular grammatical element. When the lesson is finished, your final score is shown, and you will be given a chance to review your answers. 3. Exit Program - You will be returned to the Big Blue Disk main menu or to DOS. ^1GRAMMAR LEVEL You may choose from six grammar levels: 1 = Novice 4 = Expert 2 = Amateur 5 = Master 3 = Apprentice 6 = Genius As the level number increases, the grammar questions become more difficult. ^1LESSON LENGTH You may choose from four lesson lengths: 5 Question QUIZ 20 Question EXAM 10 Question TEST 50 Question FINAL Make the lesson as long or as short as you like. ^1GRAMMAR LESSON Two different types of questions will be asked during the grammar lesson: 1. Multiple Choice Questions - A question will be asked about the highlighted part of the sentence. Use the ARROW keys to highlight the appropriate choice. Press the ENTER key to see if your choice is correct. 2. Highlight Questions - You will be asked to highlight a particular grammatical part in the given sentence. Use the ARROW keys to move to the appropriate part. Use the SPACE bar to highlight your answer. Press ENTER to see if your answer is correct. Press F2 to see your score during the lesson. When the lesson is over, the final score will be displayed, and you can review your answers. ^1LESSON REVIEW A snapshot of each question in the lesson will be displayed showing the feedback message that indicates if your answer was correct or incorrect. Use the PageUp and PageDown keys to go back and forth in the review. ^1ACTIVE KEYS F1 - displays helpful information F2 - displays the intermediate score during a lesson ESC - returns you to the main menu ARROW keys - moves the highlight bar to the desired option ENTER key - activates the highlighted option or submits an answer SPACE bar - toggles the highlighting function ON or OFF PgUp, PgDn - pages through each question in the review ^C^1Some Additional Words About GRAMMARAMA ^Cby ^CMichael V. Williams, Ph.D. ^CProfessor of Literature and Language ^CLouisiana State University The grammarian Paul Roberts once remarked that while at first glance grammar might be thought of as comprising a series of water-tight compartments, these compartments would always be found, on closer inspection, to leak. What Roberts was referring to was the fact that a word in context may defy a simple or one-dimensional classification. For example, "driving" might justifiably be called a verbal, a participle, an adjective, or any combination of these. Moreover, there has always been an arbitrary aspect to the study of grammar, and grammarians sometimes disagree as to classifications or designations of words. That is in part because a language, like a pie, may be divided in different ways. The terms used in this program are for the most part the traditional ones familiar to generations of teachers and academicians. Users unfamiliar with grammatical terminology may wish to consult a handbook or dictionary. While the inclusion of a comprehensive glossary of terms would have been an admittedly useful adjunct, limitations of space in the present format prohibited such an inclusion. This omission need not discourage prospective users, however, since the meaning of terms should become self-evident with continued use of the program. No presentation of grammar is without its own idiosyncratic frame of reference, its own character and stamp, and this is also true of GRAMMARAMA. We therefore suggest that before beginning, users take note of the following points concerning our construction of certain terms: ^1VERBS By verb we mean finite verb, one or more verb-words capable of completing a statement, in contrast to verbals, or words derived from verbs but in a given context unable to complete a statement. Verbals may appear as gerunds, participles, or infinitives (except where an infinitive follows a modal or modal-equivalent, in which case it is considered part of the finite verb). Note these examples: a) The man ^1WENT^0 to town. (finite verb) b) She ^1SHOULD HAVE COME^0 sooner. (finite verb) c) Gerald ^1HAD TO WORK^0 on Saturday. (finite verb) d) ^1CLAPPING^0 and ^1CHEERING^0 their ^1BELEAGUERED^0 team, the fans seemed strangely oblivious to the DISAPPOINTING score. (participial verbals) Verbs are transitive if they introduce direct objects; otherwise they are intransitive. Aspect of verbs, when cited at all, is given as part of the tense designation, as present tense progressive, past tense emphatic, etc. ^1DIRECT OBJECTS Direct objects may occur as simple nouns or pronouns, as phrases, or as entire dependent clauses (some of which may in turn have direct objects of their own). Direct objects should be distinguished in these exercises from verbal objects, as in these examples: a) She had never heard such a loud ^1NOISE^0 in her life. (noun as direct object) b) I like to ^1WALK ALONE IN THE WOODS^0. (infinitive phrase as direct object) c) James said ^1THAT HE WANTED TO STAY AT HOME TODAY^0. (dependent noun clause as direct object) d) Having quickly finished ^1LUNCH^0, we returned to the office. (simple object of the participial verbal ^1"having finished"^0) e) James said that he wanted to read the ^1NEWSPAPER^0. (simple object of the infinitive verbal ^1"to read"^0) ^1CONCRETE AND ABSTRACT NOUNS Differentiating between these may occasionally prove problematic and open to interpretation. In these exercises, concrete nouns are those which are perceptible to any of the five senses; other nouns are classed as abstract. ^1POSSESSIVE PRONOUN vs. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE Some grammarians classify words such as ^1my, mine, your, yours, etc.^0 as ^1POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS^0 only. In GRAMMARAMA a distinction is made. If such a word is used to modify a noun, it is considered to be a ^1POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE.^0 If such a word takes the place of a noun, then it is a ^1POSSESSIVE PRONOUN.^0 For example: a) Please take ^1MY^0 books to the library. (possessive adjective) b) Is this Fred's dog or is it ^1YOURS^0? (possessive pronoun) ^1ADVERBIAL This designates an adverbial noun of time and its modifier(s) when these are not governed by a preposition, as in "We had a wonderful time at the party ^1LAST NIGHT^0." ^1VOCATIVE This designates a noun of address, as in "^1HARRY^0, please open the door." ^1Outside BBD To run this program outside the ^1Big Blue Disk^0 menu, type: ^1GRAMMAR^0. DISK FILES THIS PROGRAM USES: ^FGRAMMAR.EXE