(The latest version of this document is at http://www.milkywaygalaxy.freeservers.com. You may want to check there for changes).
The purpose of this document is to provide you with a comprehensive list of URL pointers and programming tips on C++. Also, this document provides a Java-like String class, string tokenizer, memory functions and many other functions, which can be used in general C++ applications. C++ and Java is often used concurrently in many software projects. Programmers jump back and forth between C++ and Java will find this Java-like classes very helpful. Various examples are given which demonstrate the usage of this library and the Standard C++ Library.
This document is not a textbook on C++, and there are already several excellent on-line text books on the internet. Since C++ is being used for a long time there are very large number of C++ documents/articles/tutorials on Internet. If you are new to C++ and you never programmed in C++, then it is strongly suggested that you first either read an online C++ textbook given in chapter C++ Online Textbooks or you buy a C++ book from online bookstores such as Amazon or barnes.
As someone said - Leave the C/C++ programming to system engineers who write operating system, device drivers and fast response real-time programming, you should use Java/PHP-scripting as speed of the computers in year 2005 will be several billion times faster than computers of year 2002!! Hardware is getting cheaper and faster.
C++ is one of the most powerful languages and will be used for a long time in the future in spite of emergence of Java or PHP-scripting. Programs which need real-time ultra fast response use C/C++. C++ runs extremely fast and is in fact 10 to 20 times FASTER than Java. Java is the "offspring" of C++. The only complaint against Java is - "Java is GOD DAMN SLOW" . Java byte-code is slower when running in a VM than the equivalent natively compiled code. Java runs faster with JIT (Just-In-Time) compiler, but it is still slower than C++. And optimized C/C++ program is about 3 to 4 times faster than Java compiled to native code with JIT compiler or ahead-of-time compiler!! Then, why do people use Java? Because it is pure object oriented and is easier to program in Java, as Java automates memory management, and programmers do not directly deal with memory allocations. This document attempts to automate the memory management in C++ to make it much more easy to use. The library given here will make C++ look like Java and will enable C++ to compete with the Java language.
Because of manual memory allocations, debugging the C++ programs consumes a major portion of time. This document will give you some better ideas and tips to reduce the debugging time.
When should you use C++ and when you should use Java/PHP?
Bottom line is, you use C++:
NOTE: There are lot of improvements in Java compilers (JIT and ahead-of-time). Java programs can be compiled with GNU GCJ http://gcc.gnu.org/java, GCJ is a portable, optimizing, ahead-of-time compiler for the Java programming language. It can compile - Java source code directly to native machine code, Java source code to Java bytecode (class files), and Java bytecode to native machine code.
The Java native code compiler "gnu GCJ" is very rapidly maturing and in near future everybody will be programming in Java instead of C++. Special optimizers in gnu GCJ compiler can make Java programs as fast as C++ programs. The gnu GCJ compiler is 2-3 years away in becoming the defacto compiler on all platforms (initially on Linux and then on MS Windows).
GCJ resources:
Language choice is very difficult. There are too many parameters - people, people skills, cost, tools, politics (even national politics) and influence of businessmen/commercial companies. The best language based on technical merits does not get selected simply due to political decisions!
See the language comparison chart of David Wheeler at Ada comparison chart. Ada got 93%, Java 72%, C++ 68% and C got 53%. C++ and Java are closer in points (only 4% difference). Development costs of Ada is half of C++ as per Stephen F. Zeigler. Ada95 is available at -
The C++ compiler is lot more complex than a C compiler and C++ programs may run bit slower than C programs. The C compiler is very mature and seasoned.
On some system, you can use compiler options, to optimize the code generated.
Nowadays, C is primarily used for low level systems programming to develop operating systems, device drivers and applications which must perform fast.
Note: Using the String, StringBuffer, StringTokenizer and StringReader classes given in this howto, you can code in C++ which "exactly" looks like Java. Parts of this document tries to close the gap between C++ and Java, by imitating Java classes in C++. Java programmers who jump to and fro from C++ to Java will like this String class.
If you want to bypass the edit-compile-debug-compile cycle of C++ then see scripting languages like PHP which can be used for web development and for general purpose programming. Scripting languages like PHP, PERL enable rapid application development. PHP has some features of object-oriented programming. PHP is at http://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/PHP-HOWTO.html.
Since C++ is super-set of C, it has all the "bad" features of C. Manual allocation and deallocation of memory is tedious and error prone (see Garbage Collector for C++).
In C programming - memory leaks, memory overflows are very common due to usage of features like -
Datatype char * and char[]
String functions like strcpy, strcat, strncpy, strncat, etc..
Memory functions like malloc, realloc, strdup, etc..
The usage of char * and strcpy causes horrible memory problems due to "overflow", "fence past errors", "memory corruption", "step-on-others-toe" (hurting other variable's memory locations) or "memory leaks". The memory problems are extremely hard to debug and are very time consuming to fix and trouble-shoot. Memory problems bring down the productivity of programmers. This document helps in increasing the productivity of programmers via different methods addressed to solve the memory defects in C++. Memory related bugs are very tough to crack, and even experienced programmers take several days or weeks to debug memory related problems. Memory bugs may be hide inside the code for several months and can cause unexpected program crashes. The memory bugs due to usage of char * and pointers in C/C++ is costing $2 billion every year in time lost due to debugging and downtime of programs. If you use char * and pointers in C++ then it is a very costly affair, especially if your program size is greater than 10,000 lines of code.
Hence, the following techniques are proposed to overcome the faults of C. Give preference in the following order -
To use "C char *", you would put all your C programs in a separate file and link to C++ programs using the linkage-specification statement extern "C" -
extern "C" {
#include <some_c_header.h>
}
extern "C" {
comp();
some_c_function();
}
The extern "C" is a linkage specification and is a flag that everything within the enclosing block (brace-surrounded) uses C linkage, not C++ linkage.
The 'String class' utilizes the constructor and destructor features to automate memory management and provides access to functions like ltrim, substring, etc..
See also related string class in your C++ compiler. The string class is part of the Standard C++ Library library and provides many string manipulation functions.
Because the C++ 'string class' and 'String class' library provides many string manipulation functions, there is less need to use the character pointer approach to write your own string functions. Also, C++ programmers must be encouraged to use 'new', 'delete' operators instead of using 'malloc' or 'free'.
Both string classes does everything that char * or char [] does. One of the added benefits is that you do not have to worry about the memory problems and memory allocation at all.