рун цALC 64 бY тRENT бUSCH ц-64 рун цалц 64, AN ELECTRONIC SPREADSHEET PROGRAM FOR THE ц-64, CAN BE USED FOR CALCULATIONS THAT RANGE FROM CHECKBOOK BALANCING TO COMPLEX INVESTMENT ANALYSIS. аFTER LOADING AND RUNNING рун цALC 64, EXAMINE THE DISPLAY. тHE FLASHING CURSOR AT THE TOP-LEFT OF THE SCREEN IS ON THE DATA-ENTRY LINE. рUNNING ACROSS THE SCREEN BELOW IT IS A SOLID COMMENT LINE THAT THE PROGRAM USES TO DISPLAY IMPORTANT INFORMATION. тHE INITIAL SCREEN ALSO DISPLAYS THE NUMBERS 0, 1 AND 2, WHICH REPRESENT COLUMNS, AND THE LETTERS а-т, WHICH IDENTIFY THE ROWS. еACH COLUMN CAN HOLD A MAXIMUM OF NINE CHARACTERS. тHE SPREADSHEET HAS A TOTAL OF 30 COLUMNS AND 26 ROWS, BUT ONLY THREE COLUMNS AND 20 ROWS ARE VISIBLE AT A TIME. тHE CURSOR KEYS LET YOU MOVE THIS "WINDOW" AROUND THE SPREADSHEET. пRESS THE CURSOR-DOWN KEY, AND THE QUICKLY REDRAWN DISPLAY SHOWS ROWS б-у. тHE INTERSECTION OF A SPREADSHEET COLUMN AND ROW IS CALLED A CELL, DESIGNATED BY THE ROW LETTER AND COLUMN NUMBER. рун цALC 64 PROVIDES 780 CELLS: а0-з29. пRESSING THE HOME KEY AT ANY TIME WILL RETURN THE WINDOW TO THE INITIAL а0 POSITION. тO ENTER INFORMATION INTO A CELL, FIRST TYPE IN THE CELL LOCATION, WITH THE ROW FIRST, THE COLUMN SECOND, AND NO SPACES BETWEEN THE CHARACTERS. тHEN TYPE A COLON AND YOUR TEXT OR NUMERIC DATA, UP TO NINE CHARACTERS IN LENGTH. тHE NINE CHARACTERS INCLUDE CONTROL CODES, WHICH EACH COUNT AS ONE. аS EXAMPLES OF CELL INPUT, а0:будгет 88 WOULD ENTER A LABEL IN CELL а0, AND ц12:250 WOULD ENTER THE VALUE 250 IN CELL ц12. нUMERIC INFORMATION MUST BEGIN WITH A NUMBER OR A PLUS OR MINUS SIGN. тEXT INFORMATION CAN INCLUDE ALMOST ANY CHARACTER, BUT MUSTN'T BEGIN WITH A NUMBER OR A PLUS OR MINUS SIGN. аFTER TYPING THE INFORMATION YOU WANT IN A CELL, PRESS THE RETURN KEY. иF YOU TYPED EVERYTHING CORRECTLY, THE DATA SHOULD APPEAR IN THE PROPER CELL. иT'S VERY IMPORTANT THAT YOU ENTER INFORMATION BY THE PROPER METHOD. иF YOU DON'T, рун цALC 64 DISPLAYS AN ERROR MESSAGE ON THE COMMENT LINE TO HELP YOU LOCATE THE PROBLEM. вHEN YOU'RE READY TO ENTER THE LINE AGAIN, PRESS ANY KEY AND JUST RETYPE IT. нUMERIC DATA IS AUTOMATICALLY ALIGNED FLUSH-RIGHT IN A CELL, AND TEXT DATA IS ALIGNED FLUSH-LEFT. ыOU CAN INSERT SPACES TO MOVE THE TEXT OVER IF YOU WANT. тO CLEAR A CELL, ENTER THE CELL COORDINATES, FOLLOWED BY A COLON, AND THEN PRESS RETURN. тHIS PROCEDURE WILL CLEAR TEXT, BUT NOT FORMULAS. тO CLEAR THE ENTIRE SPREADSHEET, PRESS SHIFT/CLEAR AND ANSWER ы TO THE QUESTION ON THE COMMENT LINE. тHE REAL POWER OF рун цALC 64 LIES IN ITS ABILITY TO PERFORM MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS USING THE DATA IN THE CELLS. фOR EXAMPLE, YOU CAN ADD CELL а0 TO CELL аL AND PLACE THE ANSWER IN CELL а2 BY PUTTING THE FORMULA а0+а1 IN CELL а2. хERE'S THE PROPER FORMAT: а2:[ф1]а0+а1 тHE ф1 APPEARS AS A REVERSE ф AND IS PRINTED BY PRESSING THE ф1 KEY (DON'T TYPE THE BRACKETS). тHIS KEY ACCESSES SPECIAL FEATURES OF рун цALC 64. иF YOU FORGET TO PRESS ф1 WHEN ENTERING A FORMULA, THE FORMULA WILL BE DISPLAYED IN THE CELL AS TEXT. иF YOU DO PRESS ф1, THE RESULT OF THE COMPUTATION WILL APPEAR IN THE CELL. вHEN TYPING IN A FORMULA, LEAVE OUT ALL SPACES AND ENTER THE CELL FIRST AND THE FORMULA SECOND. а SPECIAL жIEW COMMAND LETS YOU VIEW THE FORMULA IN A PARTICULAR CELL. тHIS IS THE ONLY WAY TO VIEW FORMULAS THAT ARE MORE THAN NINE CHARACTERS LONG. аS AN EXAMPLE OF THIS COMMAND, IF YOU ENTER а2:[ф1]ж AND THERE'S A FORMULA IN CELL а2, IT'LL BE PRINTED ON THE COMMENT LINE, ALONG WITH THE FULL VALUE OF THE NUMERIC DATA IN THE CELL. рун цALC 64 FILLS A CELL WITH ASTERISKS WHEN IT CONTAINS A FORMULA THAT'S MORE THAN NINE CHARACTERS LONG. тHE ASTERISKS ALERT YOU TO USE THE жIEW COMMAND TO EXAMINE THE CONTENTS OF THE CELL. рун цALC 64 CAN PERFORM THE FOLLOWING MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS WITH CELLS AND CONSTANTS--ADDITION, SUBTRACTION, MULTIPLICATION, DIVISION AND EXPONENTIATION. тHE PROGRAM DOESN'T HANDLE COMPLEX FORMULAS, BUT YOU CAN DO INVOLVED COMPUTATIONS BY STORING AN INTERMEDIATE ANSWER IN A SPARE CELL. цALCULATIONS ARE TRIGGERED BY PRESSING THE LEFT-ARROW KEY AT THE TOP-LEFT CORNER OF THE KEYBOARD. тHE CALCULATIONS TAKE A WHILE, DEPENDING ON THE NUMBER OF FORMULAS IN THE SPREADSHEET. пRESS THE LEFT-ARROW KEY TWICE IF YOU HAVE A FORMULA WITHIN A FORMULA. аFTER THE PROGRAM HAS COMPLETED ALL COMPUTATIONS, THE SPREADSHEET IS REDRAWN, WITH THE RESULTS DISPLAYED IN THE PROPER CELLS. аN ERROR MESSAGE WILL APPEAR IF YOU ATTEMPT TO DIVIDE BY ZERO, AND, IF A RESULT OF EXPONENTIATION IS TOO LARGE, AN OVERFLOW NOTE WILL APPEAR IN THE AFFECTED CELL. рун цALC 64 PROVIDES THE FOLLOWING SPECIAL FORMULAS, PRESENTED HERE WITH SAMPLE DATA INSERTED. а1:[ф1]сума2..з2 PLACES THE SUM OF CELLS а2 THROUGH з2 IN а1. з29:[ф1]ажгб3..б12 CALCULATES THE AVERAGE OF CELLS б3 THROUGH б12 AND PLACES THE ANSWER IN CELL з29. ц12:[ф1]минд0..г0 SEARCHES FOR THE MINIMUM NUMBER IN CELLS д0 THROUGH г0 AND PLACES THE ANSWER IN CELL ц12. ф5:[ф1]маьз0..з29 RETURNS THE MAXIMUM VALUE IN A RANGE. тHESE FORMULAS WORK ONLY ON A RANGE OF CELLS IN ONE ROW OR IN ONE COLUMN. тHEY WILL NOT WORK ON DIAGONAL GROUPINGS OF CELLS. рун цALC 64 ALSO PROVIDES THE FOLLOWING SPECIAL COMMANDS, AGAIN PRESENTED WITH SAMPLE DATA. а:[ф1]т LEAVES ROW а AND COLUMN 0 TITLES DISPLAYED ON THE SCREEN, SO YOU CAN SEE WHAT EACH CELL IS SUPPOSED TO BE AS YOU MOVE THE WINDOW AROUND. ыOU MUST USE CELL а0 IN THIS COMMAND. а0:[ф1]о TURNS OFF THE TITLE MODE. тHE CELL MUST BE а0. ц15:[ф1]а CLEARS A SINGLE CELL OF FORMULA, TEXT AND NUMERIC DATA. ф25:[ф1]й JUMPS THE DISPLAY WINDOW TO A PARTICULAR AREA OF THE SPREADSHEET. сOMETIMES THIS IS FASTER AND EASIER THAN USING THE CURSOR KEYS. д3:[ф1]цопд4-д29 COPIES THE CONTENTS OF A CELL, WHICH IS HANDY WHEN YOU HAVE TO ENTER LOTS OF IDENTICAL INFORMATION. иN THIS EXAMPLE, THE CONTENTS OF CELL д3 WILL BE COPIED INTO CELLS д4 THROUGH д29. оNLY TEXT AND NUMERIC INFORMATION CAN BE COPIED IN THIS WAY; FORMULAS MUST BE TYPED IN INDIVIDUALLY. тHIS COMMAND WORKS WITH ROWS OR COLUMNS. фунцтионЮкеыс ф1--тHIS KEY'S ROLE IN ENTERING FORMULAS HAS ALREADY BEEN DISCUSSED. ф2--сHOWS FORMULA RESULTS ON THE COMMENT LINE TO AN ACCURACY OF UP TO SIX DECIMAL PLACES. рун цALC 64 DEFAULTS TO ROUNDING FORMULA RESULTS TO TWO DECIMAL PLACES. тO CHANGE THIS, PRESS ф2 AND THEN A NUMBER FROM 0 TO 6 TO INDICATE THE NUMBER OF DECIMAL PLACES YOU WANT. тHIS COMMAND DOESN'T AFFECT THE ACCURACY OF THE CALCULATIONS, AND YOU CAN ALWAYS USE THE жIEW COMMAND TO SEE THE ACTUAL VALUE. аS MENTIONED, THIS PRECISION SETTING PERTAINS ONLY TO NUMBERS THAT ARE THE RESULTS OF FORMULAS. оTHER NUMERIC DATA MUST BE TYPED IN JUST AS YOU WANT IT. ф3--лOADS THE SPREADSHEET TEMPLATE FROM DISK. ф4--сAVES THE TEMPLATE TO DISK. пICK A FILENAME THAT SUGGESTS THE SUBJECT OF THE DATA THE TEMPLATE HOLDS. ф5--пRINTS THE SPREADSHEET TEMPLATE ON PAPER. ыOU CAN PRINT THE WHOLE TEMPLATE, OR JUST A PORTION OF IT BY ENTERING THE COORDINATES OF THE TOP-LEFT AND BOTTOM-RIGHT CELLS YOU WANT. иF YOU SPECIFY MORE THAN SEVEN COLUMNS, рун цALC 64 WILL AUTOMATICALLY BREAK THE PRINTOUT INTO SECTIONS. ф6--пRINTS THE FORMULAS IN THE TEMPLATE ON PAPER. ф7--цHANGES THE BACKGROUND SCREEN COLOR. ф8--цHANGES THE BORDER COLOR. цONTROL KEY/1-8--цHANGES THE TEXT COLOR. аFTER YOU ENTER ANY COLOR CHANGE, PRESS RETURN; IGNORE THE ERROR MESSAGE AND PRESS RETURN AGAIN.