рун цALC 128 бY мIKE кONSHAK ц-128 рун цалц 128 IS A SPREADSHEET FOR MANAGING HOME BUDGETS AND KEEPING TRACK OF EXPENSES. рOWS ARE NUMBERED 1-250 AND COLUMNS ARE LABELED а-з. цELLS ARE DESIGNATED BY COLUMN, THEN ROW, SUCH AS а1, б26 AND з250. тHERE ARE 6500 CELLS AVAILABLE, ALTHOUGH YOU MAY RUN OUT OF MEMORY BEFORE YOU USE THAT MANY. цOLUMN WIDTHS DEFAULT TO TEN CHARACTERS, BUT MAY BE CHANGED. вHENEVER AN ERROR OCCURS OR YOU PRESS AN INAPPROPRIATE KEY, THE COMPUTER BEEPS. аLSO, ANY TIME THE COMPUTER IS WORKING, A вAIT MESSAGE FLASHES IN THE UPPER-RIGHT CORNER OF THE SCREEN. а NON-FLASHING рEADY MESSAGE MEANS THE COMPUTER IS READY TO ACCEPT INPUT FROM THE KEYBOARD. ыOU'LL ALSO ENCOUNTER OTHER STATUS MESSAGES AS YOU PERFORM VARIOUS OPERATIONS. иNFORMATION AS TO THE CELL CONTENT, CELL POSITION AND DATA TYPE WITHIN THE CELL ARE SHOWN IN THE UPPER-LEFT CORNER OF THE SCREEN. сHOULD YOU FORGET THE FUNCTION OF A KEY OR THE SYNTAX OF A FUNCTION, PRESS THE HELP KEY. пRESS THE ESCAPE KEY (OR ANY OTHER KEY) TO EXIT BACK TO YOUR WORKSHEET. пRESSING ESCAPE IN THE вORKSHEET MODE DISPLAYS THE MAIN MENU AT THE TOP OF THE SCREEN. оNCE A MENU IS PRESENT, ESCAPE EXITS BACK TO A PREVIOUS MENU OR, ULTIMATELY, BACK TO THE WORKSHEET. ыOU CAN ALSO OBTAIN THE MAIN MENU BY PRESSING THE SLASH (/) KEY. еSCAPE WILL ALSO EXIT SAFELY FROM DISK DRIVE ROUTINES AND GENERALLY KEEP YOU OUT OF TROUBLE. еITHER SET OF CURSOR KEYS CAN BE USED TO MOVE TO A PARTICULAR CELL. оNCE YOU BEGIN ENTERING OR EDITING THE DATA WITHIN A CELL, ONLY THE LEFT-AND-RIGHT CURSOR KEYS ARE ACTIVE. тO AVOID MOVING CELL BY CELL, PRESS THE CONTROL KEY AND ONE OF THE FOUR UPPER CURSOR KEYS TO MOVE THE CURSOR TO AN ADJACENT SCREEN. цONTROL/UP OR DOWN JUMPS 20 ROWS AT A TIME. цONTROL/LEFT OR RIGHT DISPLAYS THE NEXT GROUP OF COLUMNS. тHE NUMBER OF COLUMNS THAT WILL FIT ON A SCREEN DEPENDS ON THE WIDTH OF THE COLUMNS. пRESSING THE HOME KEY ONCE MOVES THE CURSOR TO THE UPPER-LEFT CELL SHOWN ON THE SCREEN. пRESSING HOME AGAIN MOVES THE CURSOR TO THE BEGINNING OF YOUR WORKSHEET (CELL а1). а CELL MAY HAVE ONE OF THREE TYPES OF CONTENTS--A VALUE, A FORMULA OR A LABEL. а VALUE MUST BEGIN WITH A PLUS, MINUS OR AT SYMBOL, THEN THE PROGRAM INTERPRETS THE CONTENTS AS A VALUE. цHARACTERS TYPED IN AS VALUES AUTOMATICALLY CONVERT TO UPPERCASE. аFTER YOU PRESS RETURN TO MAKE THE COMPUTER ACCEPT A FORMULA YOU'VE ENTERED, IT IDENTIFIES ALL CELLS REFERRED TO BY THE FORMULA AND CONVERTS EVERYTHING ELSE TO LOWERCASE. тHE RESULT OF A VALUE OR FORMULA IS PRINTED WITHIN THE CELL, NORMALLY RIGHT-JUSTIFIED WITH TWO DECIMAL PLACES. тHE CONTENTS OF THE CELL, CONSISTING OF THE DATA AND THE RESULT, ARE ALSO DISPLAYED AT THE TOP OF THE SCREEN. иMMEDIATELY AFTER THE CELL IDENTIFICATION, THE RESULT APPEARS, FOLLOWED BY A LEFT ARROW. тHEN THE DATA YOU ENTERED FOR THE CELL IS DISPLAYED. иT MAY CONSIST OF A NUMBER VALUE OR A FORMULA OR FUNCTION. а VALUE ENTERED AS + 25 APPEARS ON THE STATUS LINE AS а1: 25_+25. а FORMULA ENTERED AS +25*100/2 APPEARS AS а1: 1250_+25*100/2. тHE LEFT ARROW POINTS FROM THE FORMULA TO THE RESULT. лABELS ARE SIMPLER BECAUSE THE DATA YOU TYPE IN IMMEDIATELY BECOMES THE RESULT. лABELS ARE NORMALLY PRINTED LEFT-JUSTIFIED WITHIN A CELL, AND MAY CONSIST OF ANY CHARACTER TYPED FROM THE KEYBOARD, INCLUDING PUNCTUATION AND цOMMODORE GRAPHICS CHARACTERS, BUT EXCLUDING THE PLUS, MINUS, AT AND BACK-ARROW CHARACTERS, WHICH DENOTE VALUES AND FORMULAS. вHEN TYPING IN LABELS, рун цALC 128 AUTOMATICALLY OVERLAPS TEXT DATA INTO THE COLUMNS TO THE RIGHT, ASSUMING THEY'RE EMPTY. иF THE COLUMN TO THE RIGHT ALREADY CONTAINS DATA, ONLY THE NUMBER OF CHARACTERS THAT WILL FIT IN THE CURRENT CELL ARE PRINTED. тHE ENTIRE TEXT STRING APPEARS AT THE TOP OF THE PAGE, EVEN IF IT'S TOO LONG TO FIT IN THE CELL. оNCE THE CURSOR IS POSITIONED IN A CELL, PRESS THE RETURN OR ENTER KEY TO EDIT THE DATA WITHIN THE CELL. аFTER YOU MAKE YOUR CORRECTIONS, RETURN OR ENTER EXITS THE CELL. ыOU CAN ERASE THE DATA WITHIN A CELL QUICKLY BY MOVING TO THE CELL, THEN PRESSING RETURN, THE SPACE BAR AND RETURN ONCE MORE. вHEN YOU'RE ENTERING DATA AT MENU PROMPTS, YOU MUST ALWAYS PRESS RETURN TO ACCEPT THE INPUT. аNY TIME YOU EXIT A CELL CONTAINING A FORMULA BY PRESSING RETURN, THE FORMULA IS RECALCULATED AND THE RESULT DISPLAYED. иF YOU'VE EXTENSIVELY ALTERED YOUR WORKSHEET AND WANT TO RECALCULATE IT ENTIRELY, PRESS THE EQUALS (=) KEY. тWO PASSES ARE REQUIRED TO ENSURE ACCURACY. пRESSING THE еNGLISH POUND (\) KEY DISPLAYS THE NUMBER OF BYTES FREE IN THE MEMORY BANK. мOST OF THE FUNCTIONS AND OPERATORS THAT CAN BE USED IN WRITING A бASIC PROGRAM CAN ALSO BE USED IN A FORMULA WITHIN A CELL. рEFER TO тABLE 1 FOR THE бASIC OPERATORS AND FUNCTIONS THAT CAN BE USED IN рун цALC 128 FORMULAS. аS YOU TYPE IN AN EQUATION, THE CHARACTERS APPEAR IN UPPERCASE, BUT AFTER YOU PRESS RETURN, ONLY THE CELL COORDINATES REMAIN CAPITALIZED. фUNCTIONS NOT ALLOWED BY рун цALC 128 ARE OBVIOUS, BECAUSE THE FUNCTION LETTERS REMAIN IN UPPERCASE. тHE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS ALWAYS RETURN AN ANGLE IN RADIANS, NOT DEGREES. тO CONVERT A RESULT IN CELL а1 FROM RADIANS TO DEGREES, USE THE EXPRESSION +а1*180/3.14159. тHE @ FUNCTIONS SIMPLIFY MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS ON A RANGE, OR BLOCK, OF ADJOINING CELLS. фOR INSTANCE, RATHER THAN TYPING +а1+а2+а3+а4+а5, IT'S SIMPLER TO TYPE @сум(а1..а5). тHE @ SYMBOL MUST BE THE FIRST CHARACTER IN THE FORMULA. цELL COORDINATES MUST BE ENCLOSED WITHIN PARENTHESES AND SEPARATED BY TWO PERIODS (NO SPACES ALLOWED). тHE FIRST SET OF COORDINATES IS FOR THE фROM CELL, AND THE SECOND IS FOR THE тO CELL. пROMPTS REQUIRING AN INPUT ARE ACCOMPANIED BY A FLASHING CURSOR. пRESS RETURN AFTER RESPONDING TO ANY PROMPT. пRESSING THE ESCAPE OR SLASH KEY WHEN WORKING ON YOUR WORKSHEET DISPLAYS THE MAIN MENU. фROM THE MAIN MENU, YOU CAN GO ON TO OTHER MENUS OR QUIT THE PROGRAM BY PRESSING я. аNY OPTION THAT WILL DRAMATICALLY ALTER YOUR WORKSHEET WILL DISPLAY AN "аRE YOU SURE?" PROMPT. ц--CLEARS, OR ERASES, ALL THE CELLS IN THE ENTIRE WORKSHEET, LEAVING THE COLUMN WIDTHS AS YOU LAST DEFINED THEM. тO START OVER COMPLETELY, WITH THE DEFAULT COLUMN VALUES, YOU MUST QUIT THE PROGRAM AND RUN IT AGAIN. п--пROMPTS FOR THE RANGE, OR BLOCK, OF CELLS TO BE PRINTED. тHE CURRENT CELL COORDINATES ARE PREPRINTED IN THE PROMPT. еNTER THE STARTING AND ENDING CELL COORDINATES IN THE FORM фROM..тO, AS IN а1..ф20. рун цALC 128 WORKS WITH ANY цOMMODORE OR COMPATIBLE PRINTER. в--дISPLAYS THE вORKSHEET MENU, WHERE YOU CAN DEFINE AND MODIFY THE LAYOUT OF YOUR WORKSHEET, INCLUDING ALTERING THE WIDTH AND PRINT FORMAT OF THE COLUMNS, AS WELL AS DELETE, INSERT AND ERASE DATA SELECTIVELY. ф--дISPLAYS THE дISK фILES MENU, WHERE YOU CAN PERFORM ALL OPERATIONS RELATED TO THE DISK DRIVE. нOTE THAT рун цALC 128 USES ONLY DRIVE DEVICE 8. ф--дISPLAYS A фORMAT цOLUMN MENU, WHERE YOU CAN SPECIFY HOW YOU WANT THE DATA JUSTIFIED. в--пRODUCES A PROMPT ASKING FOR THE WIDTH OF THE CURRENT COLUMN. ыOU CAN ENTER A WIDTH OF 1-74 CHARACTERS. сOME COLUMN FORMATS REQUIRE AT LEAST FOUR CHARACTERS. аFTER YOU PRESS RETURN, THE COLUMN AND SCREEN ARE REPRINTED WITH THE NECESSARY ADJUSTMENTS. цOLUMN FORMATS RETURN TO THE DEFAULT SETTINGS AFTER A WIDTH ADJUSTMENT, SO YOU HAVE TO RESET THE FORMAT AT THE фORMAT цOLUMN MENU. д--дELETES EITHER THE COLUMN OR ROW THAT THE CURSOR IS CURRENTLY POSITIONED IN. пRESS ц FOR COLUMN, р FOR ROW OR ESCAPE TO EXIT. вHEN A COLUMN IS DELETED, ALL COLUMNS TO THE RIGHT AND THE DATA IN THEM ARE SHIFTED TO THE LEFT (COLUMN е BECOMES д, AND SO FORTH). дELETED ROWS MAKE DATA BELOW THE CURRENT ROW SHIFT UP A ROW (ROW 100 BECOMES 99). рун цALC 128 AUTOMATICALLY ADJUSTS THE CELL COORDINATES IF @ FUNCTIONS OCCUR IN A CELL, BUT NORMAL FORMULAS AND FUNCTIONS NEED TO BE ADJUSTED MANUALLY. и--фOLLOWED BY ц OR р, THIS COMMAND INSERTS EITHER A COLUMN OR ROW TO THE LEFT OF OR ABOVE THE CURRENT CURSOR POSITION. цOLUMNS TO THE RIGHT OF THE INSERT SHIFT RIGHT (е BECOMES ф) AND ROWS BELOW THE INSERT SHIFT DOWN (99 BECOMES 100). цELL COORDINATES WITHIN FORMULAS MAY HAVE TO BE ADJUSTED ACCORDINGLY. е--дISPLAYS THE еRASE MENU. пRESSING ц OR р ERASES THE DATA WITHIN THE CURRENT COLUMN OR ROW. тHE COLUMN WIDTH AND FORMAT REMAIN UNCHANGED. г--гLOBAL рANGE LETS YOU ERASE THE DATA WITHIN A BLOCK OF CELLS. пRESS г, THEN ENTER THE фROM..тO CELL COORDINATES. аGAIN, THE COORDINATES OF THE CURRENT CELL ARE PREPRINTED AS THE FIRST CELL COORDINATES. иF YOU WANT, YOU CAN OVERTYPE THEM WITH OTHER COORDINATES. пRESS ESCAPE AT ANY TIME TO EXIT SAFELY WITHOUT AFFECTING YOUR DATA. тHE SELECTIONS IN THE фORMAT цOLUMN MENU DETERMINE HOW THE DATA PRINTS WITHIN THE CELLS ON THE SCREEN AND IN PRINTOUTS. тHERE IS ALSO AN OPTION FOR SWITCHING THE DATA TYPE FROM LABEL TO VALUE, AND VICE VERSA. иNDIVIDUAL CELLS CAN'T BE FORMATTED SEPARATELY. хOWEVER, LABELS NORMALLY IGNORE FORMATS INTENDED FOR VALUES. тHE DEFAULTS ARE LEFT-JUSTIFIED FOR LABELS AND RIGHT-JUSTIFIED WITH TWO DECIMAL PLACES FOR VALUES. цHANGING THE WIDTH OF A COLUMN NORMALLY RESETS THE FORMAT FOR THAT COLUMN TO THE DEFAULT VALUES. а CELL FILLS WITH ASTERISKS (****) IF YOU IMPROPERLY SELECT A NUMERIC FORMAT FOR THE TYPE OF DATA OR NUMBER OF DIGITS THAT'S TO BE PRINTED WITHIN THE CELL. л--лEFT-JUSTIFIES YOUR LABEL DATA IN THE CURRENT COLUMN. жALUES CONTINUE TO BE RIGHT-JUSTIFIED. р--рIGHT-JUSTIFIES BOTH LABELS AND VALUES IN THE CURRENT COLUMN. ц--цENTERS LABELS IN THE CURRENT COLUMN. жALUES ARE STILL FLUSH-RIGHT. д--сPECIFIES HOW MANY DECIMAL PLACES YOU WANT IN VALUES. м--рIGHT-JUSTIFIES WITH TWO DECIMAL PLACES, LIKE THE DEFAULT SETTING FOR VALUES, WITH THE EXCEPTION THAT A DOLLAR SIGN ($) IS PRINTED DIRECTLY TO THE LEFT OF THE VALUE, AS IN $125.50. с--сELECTS SCIENTIFIC NOTATION FOR EXPRESSING NUMBERS. аS AN EXAMPLE, THIS OPTION WOULD PRINT 0.001234 AS 1.234е-3. т--пROVIDES TWO OPTIONS FOR TYPE OF DATA. л CONVERTS DATA IN THE COLUMN TO A LABEL BY REMOVING THE PLUS OR MINUS SIGN AT THE BEGINNING OF EACH CELL. тHE @ FUNCTIONS AREN'T AFFECTED BY SWITCHING DATA TYPES. ж CONVERTS LABELS TO VALUES BY PREFIXING THE CELL DATA WITH A PLUS SIGN. тHIS OPTION HELPS YOU IMPORT дATAFILE RECORDS INTO рун цALC 128 BY LETTING YOU SELECT SPECIFIC FIELDS (WHICH BECOME COLUMNS) TO BE CONVERTED FROM STRINGS (OR LABELS) TO VALUES. вORKSHEETS ARE SAVED ON THE DISK WITH A 12-CHARACTER NAME OF YOUR CHOOSING, PRECEDED BY CF]. вHEN TYPING IN WORKSHEET FILENAMES, DON'T TYPE IN THESE SPECIAL CHARACTERS. аNY TIME THE PROGRAM IS ACCESSING THE DISK DRIVE, THE STATUS LINE DISPLAYS A FLASHING диск. д--дISPLAYS A DIRECTORY OF ALL FILES ON THE DISK. пRESSING ESCAPE EXITS THE DIRECTORY LISTING AND REDISPLAYS YOUR WORKSHEET. л--лOADS A WORKSHEET FILE. тHIS COMMAND LISTS рун цALC 128 WORKSHEETS (THOSE SEQUENTIAL FILES BEGINNING WITH CF]) IN THE DISK DIRECTORY. вHEN YOU PRESS RETURN, THE WORKSHEET FILE IS LOADED INTO THE CELLS FROM WHICH IT WAS ORIGINALLY SAVED. ыOU CAN COMBINE SEVERAL SHEETS, AS LONG AS THEY DON'T OCCUPY THE SAME CELLS. с--сAVES THE CURRENT WORKSHEET. еNTER AN UNUSED FILENAME OF 12 CHARACTERS OR LESS. х--хEADER FORMATS A DISK. ыOU'LL BE ASKED FOR A 16-CHARACTER DISK NAME AND A TWO-CHARACTER DISK ид. иF THE DISK HAS ALREADY BEEN HEADED, YOU CAN DISPENSE WITH THE ид BY PRESSING RETURN WITHOUT AN ENTRY. пRESS ESCAPE TO EXIT AT ANY TIME. р--рENAMES A WORKSHEET FILE AND DISPLAYS A LISTING OF рун цALC WORKSHEETS ON THE DISK. е--сCRATCHES A FILE FROM THE DISK AND DISPLAYS A DIRECTORY OF рун цALC 128 WORKSHEETS AND A PROMPT FOR THE NAME OF THE FILE TO BE ERASED. и--иMPORTS SEQUENTIAL RECORD FILES CREATED BY дATAFILE 3.6, THEN LOADS THE RECORDS INTO CORRESPONDING рун цALC 128 CELLS. еACH COLUMN'S WIDTH IS SET ACCORDING TO THE WIDTH OF THE FIELDS. тHE DATA IS BROUGHT IN AS LABELS, AND YOU'RE LIMITED TO 250 RECORDS USING 26 FIELDS (THE MAXIMUM SPREADSHEET SIZE). ыOU CAN CONVERT NUMERIC STRING FIELDS TO VALUES AND SELECT COLUMN FORMATS USING THE фORMAT цOLUMN MENU LATER. тABLE 1. рун цALC 128 OPERATIONS AND FUNCTIONS. басиц лангуаге аритхметиц оператионс сYMBOL оPERATION еXAMPLES + аDD +а1+б2, +100+з250, +х7+х8+х9 -- сUBTRACT +а1--б2, --б2+35, +ц12--ц11--ц10 * мULTIPLY +а1*б2, +а1*(--б2), +10*4 / дIVIDE +а1/б2, +а1/--б2,--10/2 ^ еXPONENT +а1^б2, +2^2, +г16^-3 басиц лангуаге логицал оператионс сYMBOL оPERATION еXAMPLES = еQUAL TO +а1=б1, +а1=100 < лESS THAN +а1<б1, +а1<100 > гREATER THAN +а1>б1,--20>--30 <= лESS THAN OR +а1<=б1, +ь5<=ь6 EQUAL TO >= гREATER THAN OR +а1>=б2, +1>=ф15 EQUAL TO <> нOT EQUAL TO +а1<>б2, +100<>й23 басиц лангуаге фунцтионс сYMBOL фUNCTION еXAMPLES абс( ) аBSOLUTE +абс(а1), +а1+абс(б1-б2) атн( ) аRCTANGENT +атн(а1), +2*атн(2*3.14159) цос( ) цOSINE +цос(а1), +атн(цос(2*3.14159)) еьп( ) еXPONENT +еьп(а1), +25*еьп(ь1) фре( ) фREE MEMORY +фре(0) инт( ) иNTEGER +инт(а1), +инт(а1*100+.5)/100 лог( ) лOGARITHM +лог(а1), +еьп(а1)/LOG(а1) рнд( ) рANDOM NUMBER +рнд(1), +инт(рнд(1)*6+ 1) сгн( ) сIGN +сгн(а1), +а1*сгн(б1--ц1) син( ) сINE +син(а1), +2*син(30*2*3.14159) сяр( ) сQUARE ROOT +сяр(а1), +сяр(а1^2) тан( ) тANGENT +тан(а1), +тан(син(а1)/цос(а1)) @ фунцтионс сYMBOL фUNCTION @сум(а1..а10) сUM, (ADD) OVER A RANGE OF CELLS. @ажг(а1..з1) фIND THE AVERAGE FOR THE RANGE. @маь(а1..з250) фIND THE MAXIMUM OVER THE RANGE. @мин(а1..з50) фIND THE MINIMUM OVER THE RANGE.