 1437 scifin.HLP, Generated by A3UTIL.EXE, 1994  (c) PCSCC Inc., 1993,01 cα%D|╜╫⌠bâƒ╤· Eêá▄1pä▐Lsç                                                                             ┌─────────────────────────┐                                             │╒════════════════════════╧╕                                            ││    Application File     ├─────────────────────────────────────       ││                         └──────────────────────────────────────      ││                                                                      ││            Interactive Problem Solving in                            ││                                                                      ││            ENGINEERING, SCIENCE and FINANCE                          ││                                                                      ││             Using AstroFormulaCalculator 3                           ││                                                                      ││      Application File  Version 3.01c   09-01-1993                     │                                                                                                                                               (c) Copyright 1981, 1993  PC SuperComputer Capital, Inc.                                                                                                            All rights reserved.                                                                                                    Before using, please read  WARRANTY INFORMATION . Type J to read.                                                                             Instructions on using help file are at end of file. Type K to read.                                                                                                                                                   ╒══════════╕                                                            │ CONTENTS └──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                          0.00                  Table of Contents                                                                                                               *    To quickly jump to Sections, position the Section line number      *    on the │JUMP│ line (line 12) and type J or type Lxxx (enter)       *    where xxx is line number. For example, to jump to line 139,        *    type L139 (ent).  Type S or R to skip back/forth to Sections.                                                                         SECTION                   TITLE                              PAGE│LINE                                                                           0.00 ... Table of Contents ................................... 1   28  1.00 ... An Introduction to AstroFormCalc 3: Developing a .... 3   95           Formula for Calculating The Compound Amount of a                        Principal.                                                     2.00 ... Marketing Shareware: Calculating Net Yield from ..... 5  220           Catalog or Card Deck Sales.                                    3.00 ... Hired BBS Upload: Rate Schedule and Calculation ..... 6  257           to Upload Compressed Software to Multiple                               Bulletin Boards.                                               4.00 ... Generating Random Numbers. .......................... 7  289  5.00 ... Statistical Analysis: Calculation of the ............ 7  320           Standard Deviation.                                            6.00 ... Statistical Analysis: Linear Regression and ......... 9  376           Correlation.                                                   7.00 ... General: Estimation of Median Average Daily ........ 10  441           Billing Rate for Consultants.                                  8.00 ... Money: Converting From and To U.S. Dollars Using ... 11  467           Foreign Exchange Rates.                                        9.00 ... Personal Finance: Using Zero Coupon Bonds to ....... 11  496           Finance a College Education.                                   10.0 ... Statistics: Mortality Data, Estimating Odds of ..... 12  534           Living To a Given Age                                          11.0 ... Applied Physics: Motion of Projectile (Passing a ... 14  606           Football)                                                      12.0 ... Chemistry: Calculating the Molecular Weight, ....... 14  639           Atom Percents and Elemental Weight Percents of a                        Molecule.                                                      13.0 ... Circumference of an Ellipse: Calculation by ........ 15  667           Series and Integration                                         14.0 ... Electricity: Calculating Series and Parallel ....... 16  717           Equivalent of Networks of Resistances.                         15.0 ... Electrical Engineering: Design of RF Matching ...... 17  758           Network.                                                       16.0 ... Optics: Calculating the Percent Reflectance of ..... 18  796           Natural Light on Glass.                                        17.0 ... Geometric Optics: Lenses and Mirrors ............... 19  833  18.0 ... Genetics: Probability of Disabling Trait Carried ... 20  900           by Parents Appearing in Next Generation of 4                            Children.                                                      19.0 ... Finance: Depreciation, Constant Percentage and ..... 21  924           Straight-line Methods.                                         20.0 ... Interpolation: Calculating Temperature from ........ 22  984           Thermocouple Voltage.                                          21.0 ... Glossary of Terms .................................. 23 1020  22.0 ... Product License and Warranty. ...................... 24 1069  23.0 ... User Support. ...................................... 25 1132  24.0 ... Product Information and How to Order Complete ...... 26 1152           Package.                                                       25.0 ... Other Astro 3 Products ............................. 27 1242  26.0 ... Order/Registration Form ............................ 28 1287  27.0 ... Instructions for Manually Installing Package. ...... 30 1352  28.0 ... Interested in Becoming the Author of Your Own ...... 31 1391           Interactive Application File?                                  29.0 ... Help File: Summary of File Viewing Commands ........ 31 1411                                                                        ╒═══════════════╕                                                       │ INTRODUCTION  └──────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                         1.00    An Introduction to AstroFormCalc 3: Developing a Formula        for Calculating The Compound Amount of a Principal.                     ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                                 This application file has been written to present the                   capabilities of AstroFormCalc 3, a productivity-enhancing               spreadsheet/calculator program.  A number of very different             examples have been included to illustrate the versatility of            this program.  The program ACAL3.EXE has been designed to               interact with this file.  The complete package is described             below and one can jump to it if the highlight bar is lighted on         the term Product Description.  Just type "J" or (enter) to            jump to it.  Please read the remainder of the file and perform          the calculations.                                                                                                                               To change the display colors to high-intensity white on blue            type Q when the highlight bar is lighted on the EQU below.     'EQU                                                                    'COL HWHITE BLUE                                                        'HELP                                                                                                                                                    All algebraic expressions, formulas and equations are presented         solely to illustrate functions and not for advice!  If user's           are not familiar with certain calculations, they should consult         appropriate professionals.                                                                                                                      A formula or equation such as Y=A*X+B is a mathematical recipe          which results from the action of formally expressing some               relationship.  In this case, the relationship is that of a              straight line Y vs.  X with slope "A" and Y-intercept "B".  A           more practical application might be the formula for calculating         compound principal and interest.                                                                                                                A graphical comparison of the growth of the principal versus            time both with and without compounding is shown below.  The             advantages of compounding should be obvious.                                                                                                                                                                  21-     Principal vs. time                                             d  |     Initial principal=$10                                         d   |     Simple interest rate=10%                                    d     |     Daily compounding                                        d        |                                                           d         18-                                                         d             |                                                     d                 |                                                   d                g  |                                               d                g      |         Principal with daily --------->     d            g          16-         compounding                     d            g                |                                      d         g                      |                                   d        g                          |                               d      g                                |                           d      g  <-------- Principal with        13-                       d    g                  simple interest         |                   d   g                       (no compounding)        |              d   g                                                    |          * g                                                          |     *  *                                                            10-** <----- Initial Principal -----------------------------------------  ||--------------|--------------|--------------|--------------|--------   0             1.1            2.2            3.2            4.3                                    time  (in years)                                                                                                                                                                           -> To develop an equation, one first needs to define the problem:                                                                                        At stated intervals the interest payment on a savings account           is added to the current principal.  As a result, the principal          increases periodically and the interest converted to principal          also increases periodically through the term of the savings             account.  The sum due at the end of the savings is called the           the compound amount.                                                                                                                   -> Next, one needs to define the terms and mathematical relations.                                                                                       For example let "P" be the initial principal, "I" be the simple         interest paid at the end of each interest interval, let "N" be          the number of interest intervals for the term of the savings            account and let S be the compound amount.  The compound amount          after the period "N" is written as                                                                                                      after N        Compound Amount                                                                                                                    1           P * (1+I)              (Note: "*" means multiply by)        2        (P * (1+I)) * (1+I)                                            3      ((P * (1+I)) * (1+I)) * (1+I)                                                                                                         -> The compound amount which is the sum of the principal and the         interest payments increases by the common ratio (1+I) each payment      period or                                                                                                                                                 S = P * (1 + I)^N           (Note: "^N" means raise to power                                         of N.                                                                                                   -> The equation  S = P * (1 + I)^N can now be used to calculate            the compound amount S after any period "N". "P" is the initial          principal and "I" is the interest rate per period.                                                                                                    A practical example of the use of the the compound-principal            formula and associated terminology is presented with the                problem discussed below.  In order to load the example,                 position the text by scrolling, if necessary, so that the               highlight bar becomes visible.  Type Q to load the equations.           Read the comments for more details.                                                                                                    Topic # 1: COMPOUND INTEREST, FREQUENCY OF CONVERSION, INTEREST PERIOD,  COMPOUND AMOUNT, NOMINAL and EFFECTIVE RATES                                                                                                   Problem # 1.1: A principal of $1,000 is invested at 7.5% nominal         interest, compounded daily (CMPERIOD=1/30) for 1 year.                  (a) What is its compound value after 1 year?                            (b) What is the earned interest?                                        (c) What is the effective rate?                                                                                                                'EQU               ≡ ** If highlighted, type Q to get equations that ** 'EGE SCIFCMIN      ≡ ** solve this problem. Scroll down to highlight.**                                                                                                                                                          The remainder of this application file contains many examples           of calculations from different disciplines that can be setup            and performed with AstroFormCalc 3.                                                                                                    ╒═══════════╕                                                           │ SHAREWARE └──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                         2.00    Marketing Shareware: Calculating Net Yield from Catalog or            Card Deck Sales.                                                  ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                                 An entrepreneur may wish to market a product through a catalog          or through a card deck.  There are a number of factors that             contribute to the final "bottom line" or net yield from such a          strategy.  An algebra model for "predicting" the net yield can          be found in the software marketing book:  "The ShareWare Book"          by Robert Schenot, Compass / New England, P.  O.  Box 117,              Portsmouth NH 03802-0117, USA.  The following analysis is               applicable to any product, not just software, and his equation          is shown below.                                                                                                                                 NetYield = ( (G-U) * T * Y *O * (A/S) *F ) - C                                                                                                ║ The complete calculation, identification of variables, ║              ║ and instructions on estimating of NetYield follows.    ║                                                                               Topic # 2: MARKETING SHAREWARE, NET YIELD, CATALOGS, CARD DECKS                                                                                 Problem # 2.1: Mr. Schellmann wants to market his software package. He   has the opportunity to place a quarter page add in a sixteen page       catalog, unfortunately on page 10, to be sent to 110,000 potential      customers for $1,400. His gross price is $29.95 and his unit cost is    $12.50.                                                                 (a) Is this a good move? Assume a yield of 2% (.02), a fudge factor of  0.5 because of his add's catalog location, and an average order size    of 2.5.                                                                                                                                        'EQU               ≡ ** If highlighted, type Q to get equations that ** 'EGE SCIFNYLD      ≡ ** solve this problem. Scroll down to highlight.**                                                                                                                                                 ╒═══════════╕                                                           │ SHAREWARE └──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                         3.00    Hired BBS Upload: Rate Schedule and Calculation to Upload             Compressed Software to Multiple Bulletin Boards.                  ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                                 The next calculation uses the unit step function or USF to              select different rate schedules based on the value of its               argument (in this case the compressed file size in bytes).              This type of formula is useful in estimating upload costs for           an automatic bulletin board (BBS) service.  The same pricing            strategy is very common in many areas such as for the purchase          and sale of stocks (equities) with an aggressive discount               broker.                                                                                                                                       ║ The complete calculation, identification of variables, ║              ║ and instructions on how to use it follows.             ║                                                                               Topic # 3: BBS UPLOAD RATE SCHEDULE                                                                                                             Problem # 3.1: Mr. Schnorrmann is planning to use TETRAPOST UPLOAD, Inc. to upload and distribute his compressed software package to 60 BBS.     TETRAPOST has a processing fee of $125 with a $2 flat fee for the       first 100K bytes, $0.02 per 1K up to 250K and $0.01 per 1K over 250K.   (a) How much will Mr. Schnorrmann have to pay TETRAPOST to distribute   his 300K compressed package?                                                                                                                   'EQU               ≡ ** If highlighted, type Q to get equations that ** 'EGE SCIFTPRS      ≡ ** solve this problem. Scroll down to highlight.**                                                                                                                                                 ╒═══════════════╕                                                       │ RANDOM NUMBERS└───────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                        4.00    Generating Random Numbers.                                      ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                                 Random numbers (actually, psuedo-random) are useful to                  statistically test theories which involve random events.  For           example, the effects of noise may be simulated with the proper          use of random numbers.  It is useful to characterize a sequence         of random numbers by some mean value and a maximum allowed              offset from this mean.  For example, if the average value of            some "signal" should be 0.0 volts but the observed or peak              values jump around from -15 to +15 because of random noise,             then one might want to simulate the instantaneous voltage at            any time.  In this case the mean would be selected as 0.0 and           the maximum offset as 15.  The example, below, discusses how to         simulate these numbers.  However, the technique is general and          applicale to any random process.                                                                                                       Topic # 4: RANDOM NUMBER GENERATOR                                                                                                              Discussion: Calculate 5 random numbers with offsets of ±15 about a mean  value of 0.0. (b) How many random numbers with this offset and mean     must be added together such that their average value is within 10% of   the mean of 0.0?                                                                                                                               'EQU               ≡ ** If highlighted, type Q to get equations that ** 'EGE SCIFRNUM      ≡ ** solve this problem. Scroll down to highlight.**                                                                                                                                                 ╒════════════╕                                                          │ STATISTICS └──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                        5.00 Statistical Analysis: Calculation of the Standard Deviation .      ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                                 The standard deviation is a number which                                characterizes a distribution of events, represented by numbers,         that are assumed to follow the familiar bell-shaped or Gaussian         distribution.  A normal distribution with a mean of 10.9 and a          standard deviation of 7.3 is graphically shown below.  The              area under the curve between any two points is the likelihood           of the event having a value in this range.  There is a 68%              likelihood of any event being ± 1 standard deviation about the          mean a 95% likelihood ± 2 s.d.'s and 99.7% likelihood ±                 3 s.d.'s.                                                                                                                                                                                                      +.0546-                                  a a                                  |                               a      a                                |                              a         a                              |                            a             a                            |                            a             a                      +.0411-                          a                 a                          |                          a                 a                          |                        a                     a                        |                        a                     a                        |                      a                         a                +.0276-                      a                         a                      |                    a                             a                    |                    a                             a                    |                  a    |<---------±σ---------->|    a                  |                  a                                 a            +.0141-                a                                     a                |              a                                        a               |             a                                           a             |           a |<-------------------±2σ------------------>|  a           |       a                                                      a   0.0  -a a a                             mean                                 ||--------------|--------------|----|---------|--------------|----      -11            -1.4           8.13  10.9     17.7          27.3                                                                                    The normal distribution shown above characterizes the                   distribution in stock prices described in the next problem.                                                                            Topic # 5: STANDARD DEVIATION, SMALL SAMPLE SIZE, MEAN, VARIANCE                                                                                Discussion: Calculate the mean and standard deviation for the stock      price of OTC traded high-tech company 2-HIGH-4-ME, Inc. if its average  monthly prices are: $2.47, 3.47, 2.89, 6.10, 10.50, 21.00, 17.80, 21.   00, 14.50 and 9.50.                                                                                                                            'EQU               ≡ ** If highlighted, type Q to get equations that ** 'EGE SCIFSTDV      ≡ ** solve this problem. Scroll down to highlight.**                                                                                                                                                 ╒════════════╕                                                          │ STATISTICS └──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                        6.00    Statistical Analysis:  Linear Regression and Correlation.       ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                                 Linear regression, also called linear least-squares, is a very          common method used to characterize a data set of (X,Y) values           in at least two ways.  For correlation analysis of two data             sets, the values of the first data set are assigned to the X            coordinate and the values of the second data set are assigned           to the Y coordinate.  For perfectly correlated data, the                least-squares slope should be ±1 and the intercept should be            0.0.  The second application involves using the least-squares           line as the best estimate of the trend in data which is assumed         to be linear.  Once the slope and intercept are known, one can          use the line to interpolate the original data or, as is very            common, to project the observed trend to values that are not            measured.  For example, one might measure some property Y in            the range from X= -3 to 3 and use the least-squares line to             project the Y value at X=6 and so on.                                                                                                           The least-squares linear regression for the data discussed in           the next problem is shown below.  This plot was generated with          AstroDataFitter 3.                                                                                                                      .53-                                                                  █    |                                                                       |                                                                       |                                                                 a     |                                                             a     .485-                                                         a             |                                                     a                 |                                                 a                     |                                              a                        |                                          a         █              .434-                                      a                                |                                  a█                                   |                               a                                       |                           a                                           |                       a                                           .383-                 █ a                                                   |               a                                                       |            a                                                          |        a                                                              |    a                                                              .332-█a                                                                     ||--------------|--------------|--------------|--------------|------     1             1.9            2.7            3.6             4.5                                                                                     '█' represent the (X,Y) data and 'a' represents the l-s line            with slope of 0.04678, intercept of 0.285 and correlation               coefficient of 0.9809.                                                                                                                 Topic # 6: LINEAR REGRESSION, SLOPE, INTERCEPT, CORRELATION COEFFICIENT                                                                         Discussion: Calculate the slope, intercept and correlation coefficient   for a gold deposition process for which the time (min) vs. thickness    (mm) data are: (1, .3351), (2, .3837), (3, .4244), (4, .4493) and (5, . 5362).                                                                                                                                         'EQU               ≡ ** If highlighted, type Q to get equations that ** 'EGE SCIFLINR      ≡ ** solve this problem. Scroll down to highlight.**                                                                                                                                                 ╒══════════════╕                                                        │ CONSULTATION └────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                        7.00 General: Estimation of Median Average Daily Billing Rate for       Consultants.                                                            ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                                 Consultants are technology experts who are hired by contract.           Their pay varies and definitely depends on the area of                  consultation.  Data of actual daily billing rates can be                reduced into an equation by polynomial regression using the             program AstroDataFitter 3 and the median daily billing rate as          a function of the job number.  The problem discussed below uses         this approach to "calculate" this information.                                                                                         Topic # 7: CONSULTATION, MEDIAN DAILY BILLING RATE                                                                                              Problem # 7.1: What is the median daily billing rate                     (a) for a scientific consultant and                                     (b) for an education consultant?                                                                                                                                                                                       'EQU               ≡ ** If highlighted, type Q to get equations that ** 'EGE SCIFBILL      ≡ ** solve this problem. Scroll down to highlight.**                                                                                                                                                 ╒══════════════════╕                                                    │ FOREIGN CURRENCY └────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                        8.00    Money: Converting From and To U.S. Dollars Using Foreign              Exchange Rates.                                                   ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                                 The following two examples allow conversion from U.  S.                 dollars to British pounds, German marks and other currencies            using the foreign exchange rates which can be found in Business         Week (tm, McGraw-Hill).  Use the following equation template to         convert to other currencies FROM U.  S.  Dollars.                                                                                                                                                              'EQU               ≡ ** If highlighted, type Q to get equations      ** 'EGE SCIFFRM$.EQU  ≡ ** discussed above.  Scroll down to highlight.  **                                                                                                                                                          Use this one to convert from foreign currencies TO U.  S.               Dollars.                                                                                                                                                                                                       'EQU               ≡ ** If highlighted, type Q to get equations      ** 'EGE SCIFTO$.EQU   ≡ ** discussed above.  Scroll down to highlight.  **                                                                                                                                                          The equations can be modified, as needed, to make some other            currency the one to be converted FROM and TO.                                                                                          ╒═══════════════════╕                                                   │ ZERO COUPON BONDS └───────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                        9.00    Personal Finance: Using Zero Coupon Bonds to Finance a                College Education.                                                ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                                 A zero coupon bond is a bond without a nominal interest rate            that pays its nominal or face value FACEVAL at maturity in              TERMYRS years.  It is similar to a treasury bill because it is          purchased at a price PURPRICE which has a steep discount from           its face value.  'Interest' payments are usually added to the           present value twice each year (semiannually).  Because it lacks         a nominal interest rate, for tax purposes, one must calculate a         yearly interest throughout its lifetime of TERMYRS.  In the             following treatment a nominal annual, or simple, interest rate          ANNRATE% is calculated for the 'zero' assuming that the                 purchase price will grow to the face value with semiannual              compounding.                                                                                                                                    The problem described below can be used to estimate the amount          of interest one should report as taxable income for a 'zero'.                                                                          Topic # 8: ZERO COUPON BONDS                                                                                                                    Problem # 8.1: Mr. Jones estimates that he will need $60,000 to pay for  his newly-born daughter's college education in 18 years. He purchases   60 $1,000 'zeros' which mature in 18 years on the open market for $16,  325 on July 1st.                                                        (a) What should he report as interest income for the first year         YEAR#=0.5?                                                              (b) What must he report as interest income for the second year          (YEAR#=1.5)?                                                                                                                                   'EQU               ≡ ** If highlighted, type Q to get equations that ** 'EGE SCIFZERC      ≡ ** solve this problem. Scroll down to highlight.**                                                                                                                                                 ╒══════════════╕                                                        │ DEATH RATES  └───────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                         10.0    Statistics: Mortality Data, Estimating Odds of Living           To a Given Age                                                          ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                                 Mortality data are often used in financial calculations that            require premiums such as for life insurance which are based on          the probability of living and dying.  Shown below is a plot of          the odds of reaching the NEXTAGE based on the current AGE of 50         years.                                                                                                                                                                                                        99-a a                                                                    |      a  a                      Plot of % odds of                      |            a a                 reaching NEXTAGE from                  |                 a  a           current age of 50 years.               |                      a         Based on Mortality data.             81-                          a                                            |                             a                                         |                                 a                                     |                                   a                                   |                                       a                             61-                                         a                             |                                             a                         |                                               a                       |                                                  a                    |                                                     a               42-                                                       a               |                                                           a           |                                                             a         |                                                               a       |                                                                   a 24-                                                                    a  ||--------------|--------------|--------------|--------------|--------  50             56             63             70             76                             ODDS2IT%[a]  vs. NEXTAGE                                                                                                            From the above plot, one can see that one ODDS of living drop           off quickly.  Knowledge of such probability allows estimates of         such things as premiums for life insurance.  If 100                     individuals, now aged 50, were to buy 30 year life insurance            policies of $1000 face value, then, statistically speaking, 76          would be dead (and collect) at age 80.  Thus, to break even, a          pool of something like 76 x $1000 or $76,000 must be built up           through premiums and investments over this period in order to           break even, statistically.                                                                                                                      The mortality data is statistical data.  There is no equation           that can generate it.  It must be collected.  However, once             known, it can be accurately represented in a closed                     mathematical form over a specific age range by a polynomial.            The Program AstroDataFitter 3 was used to calculate an accurate         polynomial regression and generate the equation used to                 "predict" odds of survival versus age.  The next problem makes          use of this equation and also explains how to plot the graph of         odds vs.  next age, shown above.                                                                                                       Topic # 9: STATISTICS: PROBABILITY and MORTALITY                                                                                                Problem # 9.1:                                                           (a) What are the odds (probability) of an individual who is now 50      years old reaching 65 years old (retirement age) in a any group of 100  people.                                                                 (b) Plot the probability versus the next age.                           .                                                                                                                                              'EQU               ≡ ** If highlighted, type Q to get equations that ** 'EGE SCIFODDS      ≡ ** solve this problem. Scroll down to highlight.**                                                                                                                                                 ╒══════════╕                                                            │ PHYSICS  └───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                         11.0    Applied Physics: Motion of Projectile (Passing a Football)      ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                                 Without air resistance, a projectile shot off at an angle Θ             with respect to a flat surface has a range RANGE and time of            flight TOF that depends on its initial velocity, V0, gravity G          and the angle of elevation Θ.  A diagram showing the path of            the projectile as the symbol "*" is shown below.                                                                                                             *  *  *                                           shot at           *             *                                       velocity /     *                   *                                    V0     /    *                         *                                      /   *___<Θ__________________________*_  hits surface at time TOF                                                                                   The problem described below contains the equations that solve           this problem.                                                                                                                          Topic # 10: APPLIED PHYSICS: MOTION of PROJECTILES in UNIFORM GRAVITY                                                                           Problem # 10.1: A football is thrown with a perfect spiral at an         initial velocity of 70 ft/s an at an angle of 40 degrees with respect   to the horizontal.                                                      (a) How far away should the receiver be.                                (b) How long will it take to arrive?                                                                                                           'EQU               ≡ ** If highlighted, type Q to get equations that ** 'EGE SCIFPROJ      ≡ ** solve this problem. Scroll down to highlight.**                                                                                                                                                 ╒════════════╕                                                          │ CHEMISTRY  └──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                        12.0    Chemistry: Calculating the Molecular Weight, Atom Percents      and Elemental Weight Percents of a Molecule.                            ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                                 Chemists are usually interested in molecular weights and weight         and atom percents for molecules composed of the elements carbon         (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N) and silicon (Si).           The example below will calculate these values for the elements          in a popular industrial adhesion promoter known as 3-APS or             A1100 (tm, Union Carbide).  Its chemical name is                        3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane.  However, the equations can be            used with any molecule.                                                                                                                Topic # 11: CHEMISTRY: ATOMS, MOLECULAR WEIGHT, WEIGHT and ATOM PERCENT                                                                         Problem # 11.1: The adhesion promoter A1100 (tm, Union Carbide) has the  molecular formula: H(23)C(9)O(3)N(1)Si(1).                              (a) Calculate its molecular weight.                                     (b) Calculate the atoms percents of the elements.                       (c) Calculate the weight percents of the elements.                                                                                             'EQU               ≡ ** If highlighted, type Q to get equations that ** 'EGE SCIFCWT%      ≡ ** solve this problem. Scroll down to highlight.**                                                                                                                                                 ╒═══════════╕                                                           │ SURVEYING └──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                         13.0       Circumference of an Ellipse: Calculation by Series and                Integration                                                    ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                                 The circumference of an ellipse with axes lengths of "a" and            "b" as measured from its origin cannot be expressed in a simple         "closed" form by a formula.  The approximate value is                   calculated as:                                                                                                                                         l ≈ 2 * pi * sqr( (a^2 + b^2)/2 )                                                                                                        Thus if a = 50 and b = 10, the circumference, l ≈ 226.5.  The           circumference can be express "exactly" by use of the elliptic           integral of the second kind E(k,Φ):                                                                                                                    l = 4 * a * E(k,Φ)   k= sqr( abs(a^2-b^2) )/a                                                                                            There are at least two methods to obtain a higher degree of             accuracy:  the first is to use a series expansion for E(k,Φ)            and the second is to numerically integrate E(k,Φ).  The                 following two examples show how AstroFormCalc 3 can be used to          sum up a series or to accurately integrate an equation.  The            methods are very general and are applicable to many problems in         Physics as well as virtually all other disciplines.  It should          be noted that the "approximation" formula, given above, is only         accurate to about 8%.                                                                                                                  Topic # 12: SERIES, ARC LENGTH (CIRCUMFERENCE) OF ELLIPSE                                                                                       Discussion: Estimate the circumference of an ellipse with axes lengths   of 50 and 10 cm as measured from its origin. Use the series             approximation.                                                                                                                                 'EQU               ≡ ** If highlighted, type Q to get equations that ** 'EGE SCIFELSE      ≡ ** solve this problem. Scroll down to highlight.**                                                                                                                                                 Topic # 13: INTEGRATION, ARC LENGTH (CIRCUMFERENCE) OF ELLIPSE                                                                                  Discussion: Estimate the circumference of an ellipse with axes lengths   of 50 and 10 cm as measured from its origin. Use the elliptic integral  method.                                                                                                                                        'EQU               ≡ ** If highlighted, type Q to get equations that ** 'EGE SCIFELIN      ≡ ** solve this problem. Scroll down to highlight.**                                                                                                                                                 ╒═════════════╕                                                         │ ELECTRICITY └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                        14.0    Electricity: Calculating Series and Parallel Equivalent         of Networks of Resistances.                                             ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                                 A common problem when performing DC (direct current) circuit            analysis is the calculation of series and parallel equivalents          of networks of resistances.  A diagram of both networks appears         below.                                                                                                                                                                                                        series      ---/\/\/\---/\/\/\---/\/\/\--...   =     ---/\/\/\---       equivalent       R1       R2       R3                    RS                                                                                                                                                             parallel                                                                equivalent   __________________________....                                              |        |        |                      |                              >        >        >                      >                              < R1     < R2     < R3        =          < RP                           >        >        >                      >                              |        |        |                      |                          ---------------------------...                                                                                                              The equations used to reduce these networks to their                    equivalents and an example of their use is included in the              problem described below.                                                                                                               Topic # 14: ELECTRICITY: RESISTANCES, SERIES and PARALLEL EQUIVALENTS                                                                           Problem # 14.1: Given four resistors with resistances of 12, 16, 17 and  22 Ohms.                                                                (a) Find their equivalent series resistance?                            (b) Find their equivalent parallel resistance?                                                                                                 'EQU               ≡ ** If highlighted, type Q to get equations that ** 'EGE SCIFSPRE      ≡ ** solve this problem. Scroll down to highlight.**                                                                                                                                                 ╒════════════════════════╕                                              │ ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING └──────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                        15.0    Electrical Engineering: Design of RF Matching Network.          ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                                 A common problem in rf engineering is to calculate values of            capacitances C1 (in pFarads) and C2 (in pFarads) required to            tune or match an inductive load consisting of an inductance             XLOAD (in Ohms) and a pure resistance RLOAD (in Ohms) to a pure         input resistance RIN (in Ohms) without reactance at frequency           F0 (in megahertz).  A diagram of the matching circuit is shown          below.                                                                                                                                                                     | |                                               o------------|--------| |-------------|                                              |        | | C1          ) xload                      Rin            -------         (pF)        ) (uH)                     Xin=0            -------                     |                                              |  C2                    \                                              | (pF)                   /  rload                          o------------|------------------------|  (Ohms)                                                                                            The problem discussed below discusses this topic in detail.                                                                            Topic # 15: SERIES RESONANT CIRCUIT, RF MATCHING, INDUCTIVE LOAD,        RESISTIVE INPUT                                                                                                                                Problem # 15.1:                                                          (a) What capacitances (in pF) for the tuning capacitor C1 and the       matching capacitor C2 are required to tune an inductive load of 148     Ohms in series with a resistance of 7.75 ohms to a resistive input of   50 Ohms at 56 MHz?                                                                                                                             'EQU               ≡ ** If highlighted, type Q to get equations that ** 'EGE SCIFTSTC      ≡ ** solve this problem. Scroll down to highlight.**                                                                                                                                                 ╒════════╕                                                              │ OPTICS └──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                        16.0    Optics: Calculating the Percent Reflectance of Natural                Light on Glass.                                                   ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                                 A diagram of natural light striking a glass surface is shown            below.                                                                                                                                                            incident      reflected                                                      \/        /\                                                              \     /  air   n[i]                                              angle Θ  \ /                                                       ╔════════════════════════════════╗                                      ╠     glass interface      n[t]  ╢                                      ╚════════════════════════════════╝                                                                                                 R[N] is % reflectance of natural light which is the average of          the magnitudes of its perpendicular R┴ and parallel R║                  components.  Θ is the angle of incidence of the beam in                 degrees.  N[I] is the index of refraction of air (=1.0) and             N[T] is the index of refraction of the glass substrate.  The            problem shown below illustrates how to calculate the percent            reflectance.                                                                                                                           Topic # 16: OPTICS: REFLECTANCE OF NATURAL LIGHT AT AN INTERFACE                                                                                Problem # 16.1:                                                          (a) What percentage of incoming unpolarized light is reflected at an    air-glass interface (N[glass]=1.61) for a beam of natural light         incident at 75°?                                                                                                                               'EQU               ≡ ** If highlighted, type Q to get equations that ** 'EGE SCIFREFL      ≡ ** solve this problem. Scroll down to highlight.**                                                                                                                                                 ╒═════════╕                                                             │ OPTICS  └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                        17.0    Geometric Optics: Lenses and Mirrors                            ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                        A "thin lens" is shown below. Surface is represented by 's'.                                                                                                         ss                                                                     s  s                                                                    s  s                     M[T] + means erect image     ╦ Y[O]           s    s                                                 ║······o·········s····s········o··········o  S source point             S     F[O]       s    s       F[I]   Y[I] ║  P image point                                s  s                    ╩  S[O] Source distance       |·X[O]·|···f····· s  s·····f···|····X[I]··|  S[I] Image distance                           ss                                                   |--------S[O]------|-----------S[I]-------|                                                                                                   Sign Convention:  X[O] + means its left of F[O]        focal_length < 0                   X[I] + means its right of F[I]           means                   Y[I], Y[O] + means above optical axis        diverging lens.                                                                                  The following problem uses the Gaussian or lensmaker formula to         calculate focal lengths and magnifications for various kinds of         lenses.  Convex lenses are converging and concave lenses are            diverging.                                                                                                                             Topic # 17: THIN LENS IMAGERY, CHARACTERISTICS for REAL OBJECTS,         GAUSSIAN                                                                                                                                       Problem # 17.1: A 10 cm tall statue of Curly Howard is sitting 100 cm    from a positive (converging) lens of 30 cm focal length.                (a) Describe Curly's image.                                                                                                                    'EQU               ≡ ** If highlighted, type Q to get equations that ** 'EGE SCIF420       ≡ ** solve this problem. Scroll down to highlight.**                                                                                                                                                                                                                         A spherical mirror is shown below. Mirror surface is represented by 's'.                          s                                                                   · o·                   S = source object                         ·  °    s °                   V = vertex of sphere               ·  °          s   ° P     C          P = image (between F and C)S ·°· · · · · · · · ·o· · ·°o · · o          R = 2 * F                  |                   V|s     |  ·°                                       |                    | s   ·|°  R      S[O] = distance S to vertex      |                    |  s°  |         S[I] = distance vertex to image   |-------S[O]---------|-S[I]-|    C = center of sphere R = radius curvat.                                                                        Sign Convention: S[O] + means its left of vertex V, focus + means concv                  S[I] + means its left of vertex V, focus - means convex                 R    + means center C is right of V                                                                                                     A problem on mirror design follows.                                                                                                    Topic # 18: SPHERICAL REFRACTING MIRRORS, IMAGE vs MAGNIFICATION                                                                                Problem # 18.1: An eraser 5 cm tall sits 150 cm in front of a concave    mirror of focal length 400 cm.                                          (a) Describe the image.                                                                                                                        'EQU               ≡ ** If highlighted, type Q to get equations that ** 'EGE SCIF495       ≡ ** solve this problem. Scroll down to highlight.**                                                                                                                                                 ╒══════════╕                                                            │ GENETICS └────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                        18.0    Genetics: Probability of Disabling Trait Carried by Parents     Appearing in Next Generation of 4 Children.                             ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                                 The following example uses binomial probability for predicting          the likelihood of a normal child in a family of 4 children.  In         the current example, the gene for the disability is dominant.           Only the recessive genotype qq is normal.                                                                                              Topic # 19: GENETICS: BINOMIAL PROBABILITY, DOMINANT/RECESSIVE LETHAL    TRAIT                                                                                                                                          Problem # 19.1: A man and women each carry a disabling dominant gene Q   and their pedigrees indicate that they are both heterozygous Qq.        (a) If such a couple marry and have four children what is the           probability of two being normal and two having the disability?                                                                                 'EQU               ≡ ** If highlighted, type Q to get equations that ** 'EGE SCIFNNOR      ≡ ** solve this problem. Scroll down to highlight.**                                                                                                                                                 ╒════════════════╕                                                      │  DEPRECIATION  └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                         19.0 Finance: Depreciation, Constant Percentage and Straight-line       Methods.                                                                ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                                 DEPRECIATION is a loss in value of physical assets (tools,              cars, buildings, etc.) through use.  The methods used to                determine the annual depreciation charge are somewhat arbitrary         and are open to objections.  Some methods are:  the                     straight-line method (SLM), constant percentage method (CPM),           and so on.  The CPM is based on a GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION and the         successive book values over the life of the asset are the terms         of the progression.  A graphical comparison of the CPM and the          SLM follows.  Notice how the book value drops off more steeply          with the CPM (based on a geometric progression) than with the           SLM.                                                                                                                                                                                                          40 -*b <------- Original cost              Depreciation of asset.          |  d b                                  Book value vs. time (years)     |   d   b                               Original cost = $40             |     d     b                           Scrap Value = $4                |       d       b                       6 year depreciation term     31 -        d        b                                                     |          d          b                                                 |            d            b                                             |              d             b                                          |                d              b     <----- Straight line method    22 -                  d                b                                   |                     d                 b                               |                        d                 b                            |                           d                 b                         |                              d                  b                  13 - Constant percentage method --->  d                  b                 |                                      d                b               |                                           d               b           |                                                 d             b       |                                                        d   d  d  b  4 -  <--- Scrap value --------------------------------------------> d     ||--------------|--------------|--------------|--------------|------     0             1.3            2.6            3.9            5.2                                       Time in years (N)                                                                                                       The problem described below contains an application of the              constant percentage method.                                                                                                            Topic # 20: FINANCE: DEPRECIATION, CONSTANT PERCENTAGE (RATE) METHOD                                                                            Problem # 20.1:                                                          (a) A car costing $19,200 has a useful life of 6 years and has a scrap  value of $1,440. Find the annual rate of depreciation.                  (b) Construct a depreciation schedule: book value at year end,          depreciation charge and amount in depr. fund for years 1, 3 and 6.                                                                             'EQU               ≡ ** If highlighted, type Q to get equations that ** 'EGE SCIF3P3       ≡ ** solve this problem. Scroll down to highlight.**                                                                                                                                                 ╒════════════════╕                                                      │ INTERPOLATION  └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                         20.0 Interpolation: Calculating Temperature from Thermocouple            Voltage.                                                               ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                                 A very common problem in many different areas is to determine           the value of some number given a "look-up" table.  Usually, the         measured number does not align itself with any of the values in         the look-up table so one is forced to estimate what the proper          value is.  The method most often used is called linear                  interpolation.  An example of an X, Y table might be:                                                                                                        X         Y                                                             1      -0.9876                                                          2      -0.1234                                                          3       0.0678                                                          4       0.3245                                                                                                                     If X = 2.7 then what is the proper value of Y?  The next                problem uses the linear interpolation algorithm to calculate            temperatures for thermocouple voltages using table values               supplied by the manufacturer.                                                                                                          Topic # 21: INTERPOLATION, LINEAR                                                                                                               Problem # 21.1: A thermocouple has temperature vs. voltage calibration   data of (85 °C, 132.7 mV), (95, 136.6) and (105, 140.4).                (a) What is the temperature when the voltage reads 138.1 mv? and        (b) what is the voltage when the temperature is at 104 °C?                                                                                     'EQU               ≡ ** If highlighted, type Q to get equations that ** 'EGE SCIFINTP      ≡ ** solve this problem. Scroll down to highlight.**                                                                                                                                                 ╒════════════╕                                                          │  GLOSSARY  └──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                        21.0     Glossary of Terms                                              ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                               ║ Note, Use the Jump command to locate a glossary reference.    ║       ║ Scroll the screen until the reference is in the middle at line║       ║ 12.  The Jump box will light up.  Type J to locate.  Repeat   ║       ║ typing A, as needed, to continue the search.                  ║                                                                                 Billing Rate for Consultants.  See SCIFBILL.                                                                                                  Compound Interest.  See SCIFCMIN.                                                                                                             Currency.  See SCIFFRM$.                                                                                                                      Depreciation.  See SCIF3P3.                                                                                                                   Disabling Trait.  See SCIFNNOR.                                                                                                               Integration.  See SCIFELIN.                                                                                                                   Interpolation.  See SCIFINTP.                                                                                                                 Lenses.  See SCIF420.                                                                                                                         Light Reflectance.  See SCIFREFL.                                                                                                             Linear regression.  See SCIFLINR.                                                                                                             Mirrors.  See SCIF495.                                                                                                                        Molecular Weights.  See SCIFCWT%.                                                                                                             Mortality Data.  See SCIFODDS.                                                                                                                Motion of Projectile.  See SCIFPROJ.                                                                                                          Rf Matching Network.  See SCIFTSTC.                                                                                                           Resistance Networks.  See SCIFSPRE.                                                                                                           Standard Deviation.  See SCIFSTDV.                                                                                                            Summation.  See SCIFELSE.                                                                                                                     Zero Coupon Bonds.  See SCIFZERC.                                                                                                    ╒═════════╕                                                             │ LICENSE └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                        22.0         Product License and Warranty.                              ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                                            Software License Agreement                                                                                                           PCSCC grants you the right to use this Software for a                   single-user computer or a workstation not attached to a                 network.  You may not rent or lease this Software without the           expressed written permission of PCSCC.  You may not decompile,          disassemble, reverse engineer, copy, create a derivative work,          or otherwise use this Software except as stated in this                 agreement.  The license authorizes you to create and use an             extra copy of the Software on a home or laptop computer, as             long as the extra copy is never loaded at the same time this            Software is loaded on the primary computer on which you use             this Software.                                                                                                                                  If any provision of this agreement is found to be unlawful,             void, or unenforceable, then that provision shall be severed            from this Agreement and will not affect the validity and                enforceability of any of the remaining provisions.  This                agreement shall be governed by the laws of the State of                 Delaware.                                                                                                                                       The Software and accompanying materials are provided with               Restricted Rights.  Use, duplication, or disclosure by the              Government is subject to restrictions as set forth in                   subparagraph (c) (1) (ii) of The Rights in Technical Data and           Computer Software clause at DFARS 252.227-7013, or                      subparagraphs (c) (1) and (2) of the Commercial Computer                Software--Restricted Rights at 48 CFR 52.227-19, as applicable.         Contractor/manufacturer is PC SuperComputer Capital,                    Incorporated, at the address listed below.                                                                                                      Type T to return to the Table of Contents.                                                                                                                       Warranty Information                                                                                                           PC SuperComputer Capital, Inc.  (PCSCC) hereby disclaims all            warranties relating to this Software, whether express or                implied, including without limitation any implied warranties of         merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose.  PCSCC             will not be liable for any special, incidental, consequential,          indirect or similar damages due to loss of data, loss of                profits, lost savings or any other reason, even if PCSCC or an          agent of PCSCC has been advised of the possibility of such              damages.  In no event shall PCSCC's liability for any damages           ever exceed the price paid for the license to use Software,             regardless of the form of the claim.  The person using the              Software bears all risk as to the quality and performance of            the Software.  This Software is licensed AS IS.                                                                                                 Any action or proceeding brought by either party against the            other arising out of or related to this agreement shall be              brought in a STATE or FEDERAL COURT of competent jurisdiction           located in Fairfield County, Connecticut.  The parties hereby           consent to in personam jurisdiction of said courts.                                                                                             Type T to return to the Table of Contents.                                                                                             ╒══════════════╕                                                        │ USER SUPPORT └────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                        23.0                    User Support.                                   ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                                 This program has undergone over 5 years of "beta testing"               around the world.  The algorithms have been in use since 1976,          are proven and believed highly reliable.  However,                      comprehensive programs of this nature may develop what are              called "bugs".  User support is provided to all registered              users for a minimum of 3 months without charge.  Registered             users can receive such help via phone/mail.  Registration also          enrolls the user for notification of "bug" fixes, upgrades, new         versions, new products and many more benefits.  For the phone           number/mail address see below or position the jump line here            and type J.  ∙Registration∙.  Support will be provided to             non-registered users and users beyond the free support period           on a time and materials basis.                                                                                                         ╒═══════════════╕                                                       │ PRODUCT  INFO └───────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                        24.0         Product Information and How to Order Complete Package.     ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                                AstroFormulaCalculator 3  Product Description  7-1-1993                                                                                          AstroFormCalc 3 is a unique and innovative mathematics tool             which offers productivity enhancements not found in any other           software package either retail or shareware.  This hands-on             program combines the functions of both a spreadsheet and                calculator; but it is better.  Why?  Because it is right                between the two:  Easier than a spreadsheet and more powerful           than a calculator.  With its special format-free interface,             formula or equation-based iterations are much easier to set up          than in a spreadsheet.  It is designed to be "smarter" which            makes it very user-friendly for Professionals of all levels,            especially for the infrequent or "computer-shy" user.  Broad            applications exist in many disciplines where calculations with          formulas, equations or other math recipes are required such as          in Economics, Genetics, Chemistry, Electrical Engineering,              Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulics, Finance,           Physics, Statistics and even Nursing.  Features include:                                                                                        DOS or Windows as non-Windows application.  Runs on all PC              compatibles.  DOS 2.1+, Monochrome display, 200K RAM, floppy or         disk.                                                                                                                                           DOS command line support for any direct calculation such as             addition, multiplication, subtraction and division.                                                                                             Format-free entry of up to 63 equations with at least 256               independent variables and 256 constants.  Smart and                     "hassle-free" interpreter.                                                                                                                      Equations and formulas are written according to the BASIC               conventions.  Versatile library of built-in functions.                                                                                          Advanced calculator functions including many automated                  numerical methods such as:                                                                                                                      ∙ Newton-Raphson for solving x in y=f(x)                                ∙ Advanced simplex for solving x at W=Y=Z in W=f(x), Y=g(x),              Z=h(x)                                                                ∙ Numerical integration (two methods)                                   ∙ Numerical differentiation                                             ∙ Summation on integer index                                            ∙ Finding maxima and minima                                             ∙ Plotting equations                                                    ∙ Saving/retrieving data files with full file management                  support                                                               ∙ Screen dumps as DOS text files for inclusion in documents                                                                                     Highly-structured documentation, on-line with Table of                  Contents, Glossary and search function.  Interactive with               program.                                                                                                                                        ∙ On-line helpfile.  Comprehensive summary of                             commands/functions with step-by-step examples on uses of all            advanced functions.                                                   ∙ On-line user manual.  A "learn by example" document which               illustrates the universal nature of problem-solving with many           step-by-step examples from Science, Engineering and Finance.                                                                                  Full support for ACTION21 and ACTION11 data sets.                                                                                               Comments from users:                                                                                                                     ∙ "... calculate circuit board drilling and routing speeds...easy to       use, versatile and powerful with good documentation."                                                                    J. L.  New York     ∙ "...used the integration capability to determine defect density...do     not have any tool (either PC or host based) that does for me what       ...(AstroFormCalc 3)...does."                                                                                            J. R.  Virginia     ∙ "...for Electrical Engineering practice it is better than a              spreadsheet and a calculator..."                                                                                         C. B.  Florida      ∙ "...used to do frequency spectrum work and calculations on circuits,     ...of real value and a productivity tool."                                                                               E. S.  California   ∙ "...one of a handful of scarcely available packages...in the types       of numeric problems they solve."                                                                                         W. C.  Chile                                                                                       This productivity-enhancing tool has been developed by the team         at PC SuperComputer Capital, Inc.  Order the complete version           of AstroFormulaCalculator 3 today!                                                                                                     ╒════════════════╕                                                      │ OTHER PRODUCTS └──────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                        25.0                 Other Astro 3 Products                             ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                                 All Astro 3 application files and data sets are fully                   compatible among all members of the Astro 3 family of                   professional software which include:                                                                                                         AstroEquationSolver 3 -  Solves both linear and nonlinear                  simultaneous equations with up to 30 unknowns.  Characterized           by extremely easy setup.  Uses active/inactive method of                AstroFormCalc 3 to select variables.  Includes program                  ASOL3.EXE, on-line help file ASOL3HLP.HLP and on-line User              Manual ASOL3MAN.HLP.  (Available in August, 1993.)                                                                                           AstroDataFitter 3 - Fit data to any algebraic expression.                  Nonlinear optimization.  Up to 30 "active" variables.  Up to            500 data points.  "Smart" algorithm requires minimal user input         to solve problems.  DOS text plots of "fit".  Point-by-point            listing of fitted data.  Residual variance, correlation                 coefficient and much more.  Includes program AFIT3.EXE, on-line         help file AFIT3HLP.HLP and on-line User Manual AFIT3MAN.HLP.            (Available in September, 1993.)                                                                                                              AstroShadowBox 3 -  The pop-up resident member (TSR) of the Astro          3 team.  Provides math support for other DOS programs.  Pop-up          via hot key, surround calculation in "shadow box", and type             "(enter)" to pass result down through keyboard buffer.                  Extensive feature also include screen dumps with append as DOS          text files or as parsed 123 (tm, Lotus) .WK1 files.  Includes           program ABOX3.EXE, on-line help file ABOX3HLP.HLP and on-line           User Manual ASOL3MAN.HLP.  (Available in October, 1993.)                                                                                     AstroUtility 3  -   Support for authors to construct their own             on-line application help files.  Develop a simplified                   .LST file which supports all apostrophe commands and allows             construction of interactive applications which contain                  "load-and-go" equations or reference .EQU files.  Automatic             Table of Contents and line numbering.  Up to 64,000 lines.              (Available in November, 1993.)                                                                                                                  See below for instructions on ∙Registration∙.                                                                                          ╒══════════════╕                                                        │ REGISTRATION └───────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                         26.0                  Order/Registration Form                           ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                                 If a printer is available, position the order form (part 1) on          the screen and type the "(print screen)" key to make a copy.            Then, advance the text and position the order form (part 2) on          the screen and type "(print screen)" again to finish.                                                                                                  ASTRO3 Products Order/Registration Form  (part 1)                                                                                   Name:________________________________  Title:________________                                                                                   Company:_____________________________________________________                                                                                   Address:____________________________ City:___________________                                                                                   State:___________   Zip:_____________  Country:______________                                                                                   Date:_____/_____/_____           (Fill out form completely)                                                                                     ---------------------------------------------------------------         Product                     #     Price/ea     S&H       Total          ---------------------------------------------------------------         AstroFormulaCalculator 3   ___    _$29.95_    _$5.00_   _______         AstroEquationSolver 3      ___    _$59.95     _$5.00_   _______         AstroDataFitter 3          ___    _$59.95_    _$5.00_   _______         AstroShadowBox 3           ___    _$59.95_    _$5.00_   _______         AstroUtility 3             ___    _$59.95_    _$5.00_   _______                                                              ----------     ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------                ASTRO3 Products Order/Registration Form  (part 2)                                                                                   * Canadian Orders, Add $2.00 per copy                   _______                                                                                 * International Orders, Add $6.00 per copy              _______                                                                                 * CT Residents add appropriate sales tax                _______                                                                                                                  TOTAL ENCLOSED      __________                                                                                 Disk Size: [ ] 5-1/4"   [ ] 3-1/2"   [ ] Check  [ ] Visa  [ ] MC                                                                                Card# __________________________________     Exp. Date ________                                                                                 Signature ______________________________                                                                                                        How did you hear about our Products?    [ ] BBS   [ ] Friend            [ ] Other _____________________________________________________                                                                                               Mail Completed form with Payment to:                                                                                                                  PCSCC, Inc.   Dept. SF3H                                                   P. O. Box 173                                                        Botsford,  CT   06404  USA                                                                                                                 Support ONLY, Call  1-203-270-9079                                                                                                    [July 1993]  Prices subject to change without notice.                                                                                                 Type T to return to the Table of Contents.                                                                                       ╒═════════════════════╕                                                 │ MANUALLY INSTALLING └─────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                        27.0           Instructions for Manually Installing Package.            ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                             The following are minimal instructions for manually installing                                AstroFormulaCalculator 3.                                                                                              Minimum distribution files:  README.1ST, ACAL3.ICO, ACAL3.EXE,          ACAL3HLP.HLP and ACAL3MAN.HLP                                                                                                                   These files will probably be bundled in a compressed file such as       SCIFIN.ZIP, SCIFIN.SDN, or some other similar.  Please unload.                                                                                  Create a DOS directory named ASTRO3 and change to it:                   cd\ (enter)    md\astro3 (enter)  cd \astro3 (enter)                                                                                            Copy ACAL3.EXE, ACAL3HLP.HLP, ACAL3.ICO and (optionally) ACAL3MAN.HLP   into the directory ASTRO3                                                                                                                       Add these statements to AUTOEXEC.BAT in the base directory:             SET ASTRO3=C:\ASTRO3                                                    append to existing PATH statement  ;C:\ASTRO3;                                                                                                  Running Under Windows as a Non-Windows Application                                                                                             Follow the installation instructions and install on the hard drive C.   Start WINDOWS (tm, MicroSoft).  Click on FILE then click on PROPERTIES. Enter the following information for each of the fields.  Description:   AstroFormCalc3, Command:  ACAL3.EXE, Working Directory:  \ASTRO3.       Click on CHANGE ICON.  Enter Filename:  C:\astro3\acal3.ico.  Click on  OK to exit and click on OK to exit FILE.  The AstroFormCalc 3 icon      should appear in the accessory window.  Click on it to run ACAL3.                                                                                To start:  cd\astro3 (enter)    acal3 acal3man.hlp (enter)              Read the user manual.  Access on-line help (file: ACAL3HLP.HLP) from    equations display with (F1) key.                                                                                                              ╒═════════════╕                                                         │ AUTHOR ???? └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                        28.0            Interested in Becoming the Author of Your Own                         Interactive Application File?                             ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                                 Many technologies are based on math/algebra.                            AstroFormulaCalculator 3 and its interactive, problem-solving           application files offer distinct advantages to the Author.  The         *.EQU templates are easy to develop and PCSCC offers complete           support for compiling these into the interactive application            files such as the help file ACAL3HLP.HLP which you are                  currently reading and the User Manual ACAL3MAN.HLP which                accompanies this program.  Application files can be written for         any level of user from the very beginner to the Ph.D.  Contact          PCSCC for more information.  To automatically jump to our               address, type "J" if the jump bar is highlighted on the                 following words mail completed form.                                                                                                 ╒═══════════╕                                                           │ HELP FILE └───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                        29.0          Help File: Summary of File Viewing Commands               ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────                                                                            A - Auto-search of entire text for user-supplied string. Search is          in uppercase and is case insensitive. If string found,                  type A to continue or to enter new string, type (space) A.          B,N - Move back or ahead 18 lines.  Also use (backspace) for "B".       E, (esc) - Exit from help file to equations display.                    F,T,K - Jump to the first (beginning), T.O.C or last (end) line.        G - Skip to Glossary of terms or summary of functions, if present.      J,(ent) - Search line on │JUMP│, Reference is after . Jump to                    line number or perform autosearch ahead if text reference.    L,P - Jump to line/page. Type Lxxx(ent) or Pyy(ent) to jump to                line #xxx or page #yy. With + or -, ahead or back 56 lines.       S,R - Skip ahead (S) or back (R) in help file to major headings         W - Skip to Summary of useful calculations or warnings, if present      1 to 9 - Typing 1 to 9 advances the text by 1 to 9 lines.               (ctrl Q) - Exit from help file.  Same as command "E".                   Edit keys - Use edit keys: (Home) (up arrow) (PgUp) (left arrow)                    (right arrow) (End) (down arrow) (PgDn).                                                                                             Entry into the application file is at/near the last position.           Type: T to return to Table of Contents or E to exit the file.      