World Book Advisory Board
Mary Alice Anderson, B.S., M.A. Media Specialist, Winona Middle School, Winona, Minnesota, United States
Chris Dede, B.S., Ed.D., Timothy E. Wirth Professor of Learning Technologies, Graduate School of Education, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
Lynn Fontana, B.A., M.Ed., Ph.D. Vice President of Education, Nobel Learning Communities, Inc., Media, Pennsylvania, United States
K. N. Panikkar, M.A., Ph.D. Vice Chancellor, Sree Sankaracharya University, Ernakulam (Kerala), India
Sir William Taylor, C.B.E., B.Sc.Econ., Ph.D., LL.D., D.Sc., Ed.D., D.C.L., D.Litt., D.Soc.Sc. (Ed.), D.Univ., F.C.P. Honorary Fellow and Former Director, University of London Institute of Education, London, England; Visiting Professor, University of Southampton, Southampton, England
Scott L. Waugh, B.A., Ph.D. Dean of Social Sciences and Professor of History, University of California, Los Angeles, California, United States
World Book Editorial Consultants
David J. Bercuson, B.A., M.A., Ph.D. Professor of History, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Marianna Anderson Busch, B.A., Ph.D. Professor and Chair, Department of Chemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States
Anne Innis Dagg, B.A., M.A., Ph.D. Academic Adviser, Independent Studies, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
Jesus Garcia, Ed.D. Professor of Curriculum and Instruction, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
Marc B. Garnick, M.D. Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
Michael F. Graves, B.A., M.A., Ph.D. Professor and Head of Literacy Education, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities Campus, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
Alan E. Mann, B.A., M.A., Ph.D. Professor of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
Adrian Mitchell, B.A., M.A., Ph.D., Associate Professor, Department of English, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Jay M. Pasachoff, A.B., A.M., Ph.D. Field Memorial Professor of Astronomy and Director, Hopkins Observatory of Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts, United States
Robert B. Prigo, B.S., M.S., Ph.D. Director of Teacher Education and Professor of Physics, Middlebury College, Middlebury, Vermont, United States
Michael Seidel, B.A., M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D. Professor, Department of English and Comparative Literature, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States
Whitney Smith, A.M., A.B., Ph.D. Director, The Flag Research Center, Winchester, Massachusetts, United States
Ivan Soll, A.B., Ph.D. Professor of Philosophy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
Marilyn Stokstad, B.A., M.A., Ph.D. Judith Harris Murphy Distinguished Professor of Art History, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States
World Book Electronic Products Group
Garrett Ellison, Director and Executive Producer
D. Leigh Daeuble, Manager, Database Production
Rob Carlson, Senior Producer
Adam Zoghlin, Producer
Susan E. Ryan, Production Coordinator
World Book, Inc.
Executive Committee
Robert C. Martin, President
Michael Ross, Executive Vice President, Publisher
Robert Hall, Vice President, North American Sales
Robert Buck, Vice President, Eastern Region North American Sales
Don Keller, Vice President, Chief Fincial Officer
Editorial
Dale W. Jacobs, Editor in Chief, World Book
Howard Timms, Online Editorial and Media Director
Managing Editors
Sara Dreyfuss
Warren Silver
Assistant Managing Editors
Timothy Falk
Michael B. Schuldt
International Assistant Managing Editor
Lloyd Lindo
Global Development Manager
Sarah Bright
Subject Editors
Brad Finger
Nicholas Kilzer
Barbara Lanctot
Mike Lewis
Jay Myers
Michael Noren
Jay Powers
Thomas J. Wrobel
Daniel O. Zeff
Media Editor
Anne Mrozek
Production Editors
Megan Caras
Julie Glassman
Dawn Krajcik
Daniel J. Marotta
Cortez McKinney
Janet Moore
Alana Papernik
John Stowe
Indexing Services
David Pofelski, Head
Tina Trettin
Statistical Services
Ken Shenkman, Head
Cartographic Services
H. George Stoll, Head
Wayne K. Pichler, Manager, Cartographic Database
Kari Burnett, Staff Cartographer
Research Services
Paul A. Kobasa, Executive Director, Research Services and Product Development
Madolynn Cronk
Lynn Durbin
Cheryl Graham
Karen A. McCormack
Andrew Roberts
Loranne K. Shields, Manager, Research Services
Thomas Ryan Sullivan
Library Services
Jon Fjortoft, Head
Permissions
Janet T. Peterson
World Book Online Supplements
Darlene Stille, Editor in Chief
Managing Editors
David Dreier
Scott Thomas
Jennifer Parello
Senior Editors
Al Smuskiewicz
Kristina Vaicikonis
Staff Editors
Dan Blunk
Tim Frystak
Tabitha Hostetler
Anne Marie Pecha
Art
Roberta Dimmer, Executive Director
Robert Coddington
Don DiSante
Sandra M. Dyrlund
Melanie J. Lawson
Sylvia Ohlrich
Isaiah W. Sheppard
Wilma Stevens
John Whitney
Production
Manufacturing/Pre-Press
Carma Fazio, Director, Manufacturing and Pre-Press
Audrey Casey, Production Manager
Debra Gill, Production Coordinator
Janice Rossing, Senior Production Manager
Steven Hueppchen, Assistant Manufacturing Manager
Proofreaders
Anne Dillon
Chad Rubel
Marketing
Dawn M. Albin, Online Marketing Representative
Julie Connors, Marketing Research and Development Manager
Luke Haddock, Designer
Laura Lynn, Marketing Implementation Manager
Chris Senger, Marketing Coordinator
Support Staff
Rose M. Barberio
Teresa Dunne
Curley Hunter
Gwendolyn Johnson
Carmen Jusino
Ethel Matthews
Crystal Wells
VANTEON
Testing and Quality Control
Roger Proctor - Project Leader
Sara Wendell
Tanya Royer
Bob Chapman
Applied Research Associates, Inc.
Various simulations created by Applied Research Associates, Inc.
Robert H. Sues, Ph.D., Project Manager, Technical Design
Graham S. Rhodes, Project Manager, Lead Software Engineer
Steven L. Butler, Lead Artist
K. Kanchana
Peter R. Montpellier
Mark D. Smith
Mitchel S. Soltys
Andrew C. Steckley, Ph.D.
Mao Kang Su, Ph.D.
Rodney L. Walker
Dirk B. Warnaar, Ph.D.
HeLai Yao, Ph.D.
Sparrow Sound Design
Audio recording, editing, conversion, and compression provided by Sparrow Sound Design
Bradley Parker-Sparrow, audio editing and conversion
Todd A. Carter, audio recording, editing, and compression
Fagan Productions Limited
Production of poetry recordings provided by Paul Fagan of Fagan Productions Limited.
Peak Image Communications, Inc.
Audio and video compression and 3D animations provided by Peak Image Communications, Inc.
Ken Jerome, video compression
Dan Swartz, media coordination
Eric Sherpan, 3D animation
Tom Hepburn, 3D animation
Brian Basilico, audio recording and compression
Various animations created by Engineering Animations, Inc.