# Flag File

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The Philippines moved in 1975 to adjust to what President Ferdinand E. Marcos on May 23 called the emerging realities in Asia. Marcos visited China from June 7 to June 11. On June 9, he signed a pact with Chinese Premier Chou En-lai to ...


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One of the most remarkable developments in 25 years, discovery of psi particles, dominated news in the physics world in 1975. This discovery may be as important to understanding elementary particle physics as the hydrogen atom has been to atomic ...


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Poland expanded its political and business relations with both the West and the East in 1975. However, growing economic troubles at home soured the political climate prior to the Communist Party Congress in December. Edward Gierek was again named ...


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A five-year dispute over the use of Culebra Island and its surrounding keys as U.S. Navy gunnery targets ended amicably in 1975. Under an executive order signed by President Gerald R. Ford on September 10, the Navy agreed to cease testing ...


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Radio made a serious attempt in 1975 to separate its legislative interests from those of television in the United States. In a move to become a total radio organization, the National Association of FM Broadcasters changed its name in ...


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South Vietnam's surrender in April, 1975, focused the attention of religious analysts on the state of religion in that Southeast Asian nation. Thousands of Roman Catholics had fled there from North Vietnam in the early 1950's, and some Western ...


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Severe infighting among Republicans in 1975 jeopardized President Gerald R. Ford's chances of winning nomination as the 1976 Republican presidential candidate. Ford formally declared his candidacy on July 8. Former California Governor Ronald Reagan ...


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Throughout 1975, there were on-again, off-again constitutional talks between the white-minority government and black nationalists. Competing black nationalist groups had united tenuously in the African National Council (ANC) in December, 1974, for the ...


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The issue of whether women should be ordained to the priesthood attracted considerable attention in 1975. Pope Paul VI asserted on April 18 that the church cannot ordain women because Christ's call to women to be disciples and ...


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About 32 million persons in the United States received regular monthly social security benefit checks in 1975 under old-age, survivors, and disability insurance. Others received benefits under such programs as Medicare and Medicaid. The government ...


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The white-minority government relaxed its apartheid


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United States astronauts eased an Apollo


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General Francisco Franco, who ruled Spain as a dictator for 39 years, died on Nov. 20, 1975, after lying near death for a month. Franco's designated successor, Prince Juan Carlos, became king on November 22. He swore allegiance to the Franco regime's ...


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Economic problems struck the sports world hard in 1975. The major casualty was the World Football League (WFL), which lost $10 million in 1974, its first season. Attendance in 1975 averaged only 13,000, and in midseason, with losses in the millions, ...


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The capital, Colombo, buzzed with rumors of an imminent split in Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike's three-party leftist United Front throughout August, 1975. Finally, on the night of September 1, President William Gopallawa sent blunt letters to ...


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Many states took severe, bullet-biting action in 1975 to stave off financial deficits. They acted after a federal report predicting financial problems for the states proved painfully accurate. The report, made after a May survey, showed that the 48 ...


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President Chiang Kai-shek, the leader of Nationalist China for half a century, died on April 5, 1975, at the age of 87. He had been so ill for three years that he took no active part in running Taiwan. Vice-President C. K. Yen succeeded him as ...


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The total costs of federal, state, and local government in the United States rose to more than $555 billion in 1975, according to the Tax Foundation, a private research association established to educate the public regarding fiscalmanagement aspects ...


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A large segment of the U.S. public was up in arms against excessive violence and sex on television in 1975. Complaints to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) about video crime shows rose almost 1,000 per cent. Pressured by Congress to do ...


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Chris Evert of Fort Lauderdale, Fla., and Arthur Ashe of Richmond, Va., two American favorites, won major tennis honors in 1975. Jimmy Connors of Belleville, Ill., the world's most successful male player in 1974, lost the important tournaments but he ...


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Thailand elected 269 new National Assembly members on Jan. 26, 1975, under its new Constitution. M. R. Seni Pramot formed a two-party coalition government, but it lost a confidence vote and fell on March 6. His younger brother, Khukrit Pramot, then ...


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Some of America's finest plays took the 1975 spotlight in celebration of the Bicentennial. An outstanding success was the Circle in the Square Broadway revival of Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman.


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Venezuela ended nearly half a century of foreign domination of its petroleum industry in 1975. On August 29, President Carlos Andres Perez signed into law a bill nationalizing the industry and empowering the government to take complete control on Jan. ...


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Financial problems affected many United States museums in 1975. An immediate solution  used at Detroit; Cincinnati, Ohio; and the Museum of Modern Art and the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City  was to shorten the museum week and ...


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The United States and Russia submitted a joint proposal to the world disarmament conference in Geneva, Switzerland, on Aug. 21, 1975, that would outlaw attempts to manipulate the weather or change the environment for military or other hostile ...


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A labor crisis, an international dispute, and a rising sense of nationalism played dominant roles in the English-speaking islands of the Caribbean in 1975. In March and April, the island state of Trinidad and Tobago endured a series of crippling ...


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Yugoslavia intensified its crackdown on dissenters in 1975 and searched for greater economic stability. Relations with Russia deteriorated late in the year, while those with the West became closer.


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President Mobutu Sese Seko said on June 17, 1975, that his government had uncovered a plot to assassinate him. Several generals were among those arrested. On September 1, a military tribunal sentenced seven army officers to death and 26 others to ...


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The NDP, under Premier Edward R. Schreyer, lost a midterm popularity test on June 25, when its candidates ran third in two Winnipeg by-elections. Conservatives won both elections, giving them 23 seats in the provincial legislature compared with the ...


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The plan to build a quality two-seat sports car, the Bricklin, in New Brunswick collapsed when Bricklin Canada, Limited, went into receivership on September 26. The car's U.S. designer, Malcolm Bricklin, opened a plant near Saint John in 1973. The New ...


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A lackluster election campaign produced a surprising political comeback for Joseph Smallwood, 74, on September 16. Smallwood, who led the province into Confederation in 1949 and governed it for 23 years, led a splinter group of Liberals that he formed ...


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Nova Scotia was upset by a number of major labor disputes. Communications employees were on strike for several weeks in late summer, and 1,000 of the province's nurses walked out in June. The government introduced legislation on June 12 to force the ...


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Ontario witnessed a startling political reverse in the September 18 election. After 32 years of majority government, the Conservative Party was reduced to a minority position. The Conservatives won 78 seats against a combined opposition of 39 in 1971. ...


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The Supreme Court of Canada on June 26 upheld a controversial landownership law, prohibiting nonresidents of the island province from holding more than 10 acres (4 hectares). Prince Edward Island, the only province completely dependent on oil for ...


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Romania distanced itself still further from other Warsaw Pact nations in 1975, but its policy at home showed little change. Forced economic development, strict political discipline, and intense nationalism remained the order of the day.


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Russia continued to expand its business relations with the West in 1975. However, its disagreements with the United States and other Western countries over the interpretation of detente sharpened during the second half of the year. Russia stayed on ...


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Experts on highway safety throughout the world continued to urge the use of safety belts in automobiles and trucks in 1975 as a means of cutting down the number of motor-vehicle fatalities. Switzerland enacted a law making the use of safety belts ...


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King Faisal's assassination on March 25, 1975, while he was holding court in Riyadh, silenced an important voice in Middle Eastern politics and world economics. The assassin, Prince Faisal ibn Musad Abdel Aziz, was a nephew of King Faisal and a former ...


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The World Cup circuit, skiing's showcase event, changed its rules for 1975 to provide greater rewards for all-around competitors at the expense of specialists. Yet, at season's end, the champions were familiar. Annemarie Proell Moser of Austria won ...


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Soccer has thrived in the rest of the world, yet has struggled for years for recognition in the United States. But American soccer reached its zenith in 1975, when the New York Cosmos of the North American Soccer League (NASL) signed Pele of Brazil, ...


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Stock market prices in the world's financial centers regained lost ground in 1975 from the lows of 1974. In the United States, the Dow Jones average of 30 blue-chip industrial stocks closed the year at 852.41, up 38.3 per cent, but still under the ...


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President Sayed Gaafar Mohamed Nimeiri thwarted an attempt to overthrow him on Sept. 5, 1975. Rebel officers and leftists seized the radio station in Omdurman, across the Nile River from Khartoum, the capital. The bulk of the army remained loyal, ...


Title:
SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES (1975)

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Justice William O. Douglas, who served on the court longer than any other justice in history, retired on Nov. 12, 1975, because of his health. The 76-year-old Douglas, who first took his seat on the court on April 17, 1939, suffered a disabling stroke ...


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The world's best swimmers in 1974 were Tim Shaw of Long Beach, Calif., and Kornelia Ender of East Germany. The world's best swimmers in 1975 were the same two  Shaw, a 17-year-old high school senior, and Ender, a 16-year-old schoolgirl.


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Police fought rioters on April 25, 1975, and again on September 7 and 8 in the industrial town of Moutier. The demonstrators were part of a separatist movement that wants the town to join the new French-speaking canton


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President Hafiz al-Asad was re-elected to a four-year term as secretary-general of the ruling Syrian Baath Party on Aug. 8, 1975. Asad's personal popularity enabled him to steer a middle course in Arab affairs and to take initiatives abroad that would ...


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Filbert Bayi, a 21-year-old Tanzanian, and John Walker, a 23-year-old New Zealander, wiped Jim Ryun's name from the world-record book in 1975. Bayi ran the mile in 3 minutes 51.0 seconds in May, trimming a tenth of a second from Ryun's 1967 record, ...


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The force of the worldwide recession, inflated fuel and other costs, and an Administration push to deregulate transportation unsettled the United States transportation industries in 1975. Airlines and railroads plunged into deficits, and ...


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Turkey ended six months of political crisis on March 31, 1975, when former Prime Minister Suleyman Demirel, head of the conservative Justice Party, formed a coalition government. Demirel's new Cabinet, an alignment of three small parties with the ...


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The 30th General Assembly provoked protest throughout the Western world in 1975 by acting against Zionism, the Jewish return movement on which the nation of Israel is based. On November 10, the Assembly adopted a resolution by a vote of 72 to 35, with ...


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The United States in 1975 moved into the last quarter of the 20th century with a new balance of power in its federal government. The crisis atmosphere of the Watergate years had subsided, and the power of the U.S. presidency was in check. The long and ...


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Criticism of the military regime of President Juan M. Bordaberry Arocena was widespread throughout 1975. In part, it was due to the government's efforts to restrict such criticism. But much of it resulted from a spiraling inflation rate, an annual ...


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Robert B. Lockard and Donald Owings of the University of Washington in Seattle reported in 1975 that bannertail kangaroo rats, which normally forage for food at night, stop or greatly reduce their foraging when the moon is bright. After conducting a ...


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With conservation their predominant concern, officials of zoological parks and aquariums throughout the world continued to emphasize breeding captive species. Notable achievements in 1975 included the hatching of mountain toucans (tropical American ...


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A complete computing device on one fingernail-sized semiconductor chip, the computer microprocessor continued to develop in 1975. Some microprocessors were available with about twice as many computing functions as in 1974. Others had more storage ...


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Premier Peter Lougheed's Conservative government, in power since 1971, won a landslide electoral victory on March 26. Lougheed called for endorsement of his position that Alberta should receive the world price for its oil, rather than the lower price ...


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The NDP government, under Premier David Barrett, took a tough line with labor on October 7. It passed emergency legislation to send back to their jobs almost 50,000 workers who were on strike or locked out by their employers. Pulp workers, retail ...


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The provincial labor scene was stormy as Premier J. Robert Bourassa's Liberal government tried to bring order and acceptable standards of conduct to the construction industry. A three-man commission under Judge Robert Cliche examined the industry and ...


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Saskatchewan gave a reduced majority to Premier Allan Blakeney and his NDP administration in a June 11 election. The NDP, which took 45 of 60 seats in 1971, won 39 of 61 in this election. Three Cabinet ministers were defeated, and the party's share of ...


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A very good harvest in the United States and a spectacularly bad one in Russia dominated the news of agricultural production in 1975. The bountiful crop picture in the United States was in sharp contrast to the more difficult food situation reported ...


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Brazil remained in the firm grip of President Ernesto Geisel's military regime in 1975. It appeared likely to remain so, following a nationwide address by President Geisel on August 1. Geisel had relaxed press censorship and had indicated that some ...


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Indoor games, particularly those known as conflict simulation games, gained popularity in 1975. An industry spokesman attributed the widespread interest in such board games in the United States to parental fears that the family is drifting ...


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A California court of appeals on March 10, 1975, reversed a lower court decision requiring the Los Angeles public school system to desegregate. The contested integration decision, handed down in 1970, found the city board of education guilty of ...


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Walter E. Washington became Washington, D.C.'s first elected mayor when he was sworn into office on Jan. 2, 1975. Mayor Washington, a black, had served as the appointed mayor of the city since 1967.


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The Bureau of the Census reported on May 25, 1975, that the United States population grew only 0.75 per cent during 1974 as the declining birth rate reached a record low of 14.9 per 1,000 persons. By comparison, the population growth rate averaged ...


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A commission sponsored by Quebec's Liberal Bourassa government recommended that four Montreal locals be placed under government trusteeship and that legislation be passed to bar persons with criminal records from union office.


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Canada, once a prime supplier of oil to the United States, reduced its exports sharply in 1975. Donald S. Macdonald, minister of energy, mines, and resources, set maximum exports to the United States at 750,000 barrels a day for the last half of 1975. ...


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The already vast number of people in the world increased at an extraordinary rate in 1975. The estimated population, as of December 31, stood at an all-time high of 4.2-billion persons. It represented an increase of some 90 million over the preceding ...


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World trade declined sharply in 1975 for the first time in 25 years because of the global economic recession. Trade volume in the first half of the year, after adjusting for higher prices, was down 10 per cent. This contrasted with average annual ...


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A poet  Eugenio Montale of Italy  won the 1975 Nobel Prize for Literature. His work is distinguished for its terse, deeply profound statements on the human condition.


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Mayor Frank L. Rizzo was reelected in November, 1975, despite losing the support of the city's regular Democratic Party organization. The organization supported state Senator Louis G. Hill in the primary, because Rizzo had supported President Richard ...


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Southern Africa became a major world trouble spot during 1976. A violent civil war in Angola that drew in foreign powers ended early in the year, but Rhodesia faced the threat of all-out civil war between blacks and whites if a negotiated settlement ...


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Albania continued its harsh anti-Russian stance in 1976 but improved relations with its Balkan neighbors, especially Greece and Yugoslavia. First Secretary Enver Hoxha declared at the Communist Party Congress in Tirane on November 1 that Albania would ...


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Canada's westernmost Prairie Province gained large revenues from its oil resources in 1976. It set aside some of these funds for future generations by establishing the Alberta Heritage Savings Trust Fund, a $1.5-billion public endowment. The act ...


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By and large, 1976 was a year of peace for this vast continent. The war in Indochina was over, and Hanoi began negotiating with the United States for aid it claimed America had promised to provide Vietnam. After a war in 1971, India and Pakistan ...


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The tone of politics in 1976 was tame compared with the high drama of 1975. Although Liberal Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser could have governed without Country Party assistance after the December 1975 elections  the Liberal Party gained 68 seats ...


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Chancellor Bruno Kreisky emphasized a policy of active neutrality through Austrian participation in United Nations (UN) peacekeeping operations throughout the world when he visited Paris in June 1976. Kreisky proposed a summit meeting of ...


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The United States automobile industry enjoyed a year of recovery in 1976 after a lackluster 1975. Labor problems, including a 28-day strike in September and October against the Ford Motor Company and a 12-hour ministrike against General Motors (GM) ...


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James Hunt of England won the world driving championship by one point in the last race of 1976. He won despite a series of incidents that led him to call the series a farce and say, They have spoiled it for everybody. He won ...


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AVIATION perked up in 1976 as economic revival and fare increases stimulated airline finances. Knut Hammarskjold, director-general of the International Air Transport Association (IATA), predicted at the group's meeting in Singapore in November that ...


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President Mohammad Daoud's government entered its third year in power in 1975 with sufficient public confidence and internal stability to begin restoring civil liberties and civilian control. Daoud overhauled the Cabinet in September, dismissing a ...


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Mayor Richard J. Daley won re-election to an unprecedented sixth four-year term on April 1, 1975. He amassed a record-breaking 77.7 per cent of the votes in defeating his main opponent, Republican John J. Hoellen.


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Weighted down by billions of dollars in debts, New York City narrowly missed bankruptcy on four occasions in 1975. Banks refused to help the city refinance its debts. The city finally avoided insolvency on November 26, when President Gerald R. Ford ...


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The population of both Dallas and Fort Worth declined between 1970 and 1973, according to a report issued in mid-1975 by the U.S. Census Bureau. Dallas lost 3.4 per cent of its population, while Fort Worth suffered an 8.6 per cent decline. The ...


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The recession's impact on the automobile industry created economic havoc in Detroit in 1975. Growing unemployment rolls and falling tax receipts produced a series of crises for city leaders.


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Mayor Fred Hofheinz failed to win a clear majority of votes against three other candidates in the Nov. 4, 1975, election and was forced into a run-off with his closest opponent, Frank Briscoe. The outcome was finally decided on December 2, with ...


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A national conference on water produced warnings on April 23 that the drive to develop new energy supplies in Western states may create a water crisis. The Water Resources Congress told the meeting in Washington, D.C., that better planning is needed ...


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The worst world-wide recession since the 1930's touched bottom in 1975, and interest rates throughout the world began to fall. In the United States, interest rates fell sharply after reaching a 100-year high in the third quarter of 1974. Rates on ...


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Spending for 1975 construction in the United States was estimated at $124 billion, down 17 per cent from the $143 billion spent in 1974. The tentative forecast for spending in 1976, assuming a sustained improvement in the economy, was $144 billion, a ...


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A deepening financial crisis confronted cities all around the world in 1975, threatening their public service programs and even their very solvency. The crisis was most marked in the United States, where the world's third largest city, New York City, ...


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All the industrialized countries of the world, including the United States, experienced similar maladies in 1975  inflation, unemployment, and recession. As of September, only West Germany, with its traditional tight monetary controls, and ...


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With known fossil energy resources dwindling, and their availability uncertain, many nations investigated renewable sources of energy in 1975. For instance, Australian engineers took a fresh look at feasibility studies of tidal power. With prices of ...


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The government of President Houari Boumediene announced a new national charter on April 26, 1976, that is designed to lay the base for a representative socialist system. Officials and party leaders of the National Liberation Front (FLN) then explained ...


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C. Donald Johanson and Richard Leakey jointly described in March 1976 how their recent discoveries of human fossils have added to the growing understanding of the earliest stages of human evolution. Johanson, a curator of the Cleveland Museum of ...


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Recent excavations by Paolo Matthiae and Giovanni Pettineto of the University of Rome 30 miles (48 kilometers) from Aleppo, Syria, have revealed the discovery of the previously unknown state of Ebla, which existed between 2400 and 2250B.C. At its ...


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Given the nation's mood against elaborate civic projects, few United States cities announced grandiose building schemes in 1976. And few of those proposed were actually constructed. Instead, the design profession concentrated its Bicentennial year ...


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In the early hours of March 24, 1976, the armed forces overthrew the faltering government of President Maria Estela (Isabel) Martinez de Peron in a bloodless, meticulously planned coup d'etat. The army commander in chief, Lieutenant General Jorge ...


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The United States and Russia worked to extend their agreement on strategic arms limitations in 1976, but they made little progress. As a result, both sides proceeded with the development of a variety of new strategic programs.


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Parliamentary government remained suspended in Bahrain in 1976. Amir Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa on August 25 ruled out reopening the National Assembly, which was suspended in 1975, in the near future.


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Bangladesh went through a year of economic woe in 1976. It also had grave disputes with India, the country that helped to create this nation in 1971. Still, Bangladesh survived without the kind of calamities that marked the previous four years.


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The Cincinnati Reds won the World Series for the second straight year in 1976, defeating the New York Yankees in four straight games. The World Series, and the April-to-October season that preceded it, served as an interlude in a baseball year ...


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Merger and labor peace came to professional basketball in 1976. On June 17, the 30-year-old National Basketball Association (NBA) and the nine-year-old American Basketball Association (ABA) agreed to merge the 18 NBA teams and 4 ABA teams into a ...


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Belgium climbed slowly out of its worst postwar recession during 1976, but recovery lagged behind its neighboring economic competitors: France, West Germany, and the Netherlands. Parliament passed a package of antirecession measures in March, ...


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An international committee was formed in October 1976 to encourage countries to set up uniform policies to regulate potentially harmful genetic research. The International Council of Scientific Unions  which represents national academies of ...


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The rickety St. James Market in the heart of Burma's capital, Rangoon, gave way in 1976 to a new shopping center. Its name was simply the Black Market. Instead of going to the stores of the 22 official government corporations, where ...


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There were only three changes in President Gerald R. Ford's Cabinet during 1976. But as the year ended, attention focused on the Cabinet choices made by President-elect James Earl (Jimmy) Carter, Jr., for his Administration when it assumed power.


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A new Constitution that changed the country's name from the Khmer Republic to Democratic Cambodia went into effect on Jan. 5, 1976. Following the traditional Communist practice, the Constitution said that the important general means of ...


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Economic conditions improved in Canada in 1976, but disputes over the policy of bilingualism threatened national unity. Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau's Liberal government served its eighth year in office, but its popularity declined ...


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Canadian literature during 1976 continued the geographic historical trend begun a year earlier. For example, Pierre Berton wrote an instant history, My Country; the Remarkable Past.


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Representatives of more than 100 scientific societies joined several thousand chemists in New York City in April 1976 to observe the 100th anniversary of the founding of the American Chemical Society (ACS). They saw the introduction and first-day ...


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The top six finishers from two 1976 interzonal chess tournaments qualified to compete for the right to challenge reigning world champion Anatoly Karpov of Russia in 1978. Karpov became world champion on April 3, 1975, by default over Bobby Fischer of ...


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Charges of human-rights violations by the Chilean secret police, the National Intelligence Directorate (DINA), continued to be leveled against Chile's military government in 1976. The United Nations Commission on Human Rights on February 19 condemned ...


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A meteorite fell in northeast China in March 1976. Northern China was later hit by a drought. In the south, there were earthquakes. By late May, Communist Party journals in Peking were anxiously exhorting the public not to believe, as people did in ...


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In 1976, as in other years, the status of civil rights throughout the world presented a mixed picture. Spain, during the first full year of the restored monarchy, was racked by street demonstrations and disorders through much of 1976. The professed ...


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After nearly four months of chaos, elections for departmental (state) assemblies and municipal councils were held on April 18, 1976. During that period, at least 14 persons were killed, many injured, and hundreds arrested as teachers, bank and ...


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The world celebrated the 100th birthday of the telephone in 1976 with numerous special programs. We know that, even after 100 years, we have not finished inventing the telephone, said John D. deButts, chairman of American Telephone and ...


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Choreographers and dance companies celebrated the American Revolution Bicentennial en masse in 1976. The most extravagant new dance in honor of the occasion was also the most offbeat  George Balanchine's Union Jack.


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The Democrats regained control of the White House in the November 1976 election with a stunning triumph by a Washington outsider, former Georgia Governor James Earl (Jimmy) Carter, Jr. Carter received 50.08 per cent of the popular vote to 48.02 per ...


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The Social Democratic minority government called the Folketing


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Opium and heroin continued to arouse worldwide concern in 1976. Officials from 14 European and Asian countries at a July conference in Bangkok, Thailand, on ways to reduce the narcotics traffic were assured that Burma and Laos, Asia's two principal ...


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More than 100 theologians representing all Orthodox Church theological schools in Europe, the Middle East, and North America attended the Second Congress on Orthodox Theology in Athens, Greece, in August 1976. The first such congress was held in ...


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Education in the United States faced acute economic pressures and problems associated with drastically reduced growth in 1976. After years of struggling to keep up with the rising tide of pupils, local communities across the nation had to begin ...


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The second stage of the disengagement agreement with Israel proceeded smoothly in 1976. Egyptian forces reoccupied the Port Fuad-Kantara area east of the Suez Canal on January 26, following Israeli withdrawal, and Egypt re-established control on ...


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In a year of continued, though slackened, inflation in the United States, 1976 retail food prices were a welcome exception. Overall, food prices were up only about 3 to 4 per cent for the year, the smallest annual increase since 1971. But a few ...


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On the field, professional and college football enjoyed wide success in 1976. Attendance increased slightly, television ratings climbed, and competition was exciting as the Oakland Raiders and the University of Pittsburgh won the major titles in the ...


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President Valery Giscard d'Estaing accepted the resignation of Prime Minister Jacques Chirac on Aug. 25, 1976, and replaced him with economist Raymond Barre, a former minister of foreign trade. Rumors of tension between Giscard d'Estaing and Chirac ...


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Major earthquakes wrought havoc on three continents in 1976, and destroyed loosely constructed masonry dwellings in China, Guatemala, Italy, Turkey, and the Philippines. They may have left more than 650,000 persons dead and thousands more injured.


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Four professionals shared the four major men's golf titles in 1976. Ray Floyd won the Masters, Jerry Pate the United States Open, Johnny Miller the British Open, and Dave Stockton the Professional Golfers' Association (PGA) championship. Jack Nicklaus ...


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The United Kingdom passed through a false dawn in 1976. Until early summer, hopes were high that the country was well on the way to the kind of economic recovery that would end its postwar decline. By autumn, however, Britain was in the midst of yet ...


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A transatlantic single-handed sailing race was the major boating event in 1976. On June 5, 125 craft from 17 nations, with one man per boat, left Plymouth, England, for Newport, R.I. At least five craft sank, some in a severe gale in the North ...


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British scientists in 1976 developed a surprising method of dealing with compacted soil. When soil is compacted, or nonporous and hard, plant roots become thick and twisted. But botanists Sheena M. Wilkins, Henry Wilkins, and Roy L. Wain of Wye ...


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Earl Anthony of Tacoma, Wash., became bowler of the year for the third straight year in 1976 and broke the sport's most significant record. His victory in the Buzz Fazio Open on October 26 in Battle Creek, Mich., was the 26th of his career, the most ...


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Never since the heyday of Joe Louis had a world heavyweight champion defended his title as often as the tumultuous Muhammad Ali of Chicago. Ali regained the title in 1974 and defended four times in 1975 and four in 1976. Then he said he was retiring, ...


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The Social Credit administration of Premier William R. Bennett imposed policies of retrenchment and consolidation in 1976. The tone was set in the March 26 budget, which claimed that the previous New Democratic Party (NDP) government had engaged in ...


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Bulgaria combined pro-Russian loyalty with greater flexibility toward its Balkan neighbors, Communist and non-Communist alike, in 1976. Bulgarian officials attended the Greek-sponsored Balkan conference on regional cooperation in Athens from January ...


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A stalemate between President Gerald R. Ford and the 94th Congress led to an unusually unproductive second session in 1976. President Ford characterized it as a Congress of weak compromises and evasions. The Democratic congressional ...


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Conservation groups saw renewed hope in 1976 for saving the whale from extinction, but they continued to demand a 10-year moratorium on whale hunting. The International Whaling Commission at its annual session in London in June reduced the number of ...


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A go-slow posture adopted in 1976 by the United Nations (UN) International Court of Justice at The Hague, the Netherlands, in a mineral-rights dispute led to agreement between Greece and Turkey on direct negotiations between the two countries. The ...


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Two forms of international wrongdoing dominated headlines in 1976. The first was the use of bribery by multinational corporations to obtain sales contracts with governments of other countries. The largest of the scandals involved the Lockheed Aircraft ...


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A warming trend in United States-Cuban relations cooled considerably in 1976. The presence of Cuban troops in Angola, where they helped turn the tide in the civil war in favor of the Marxist Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola, caused the ...


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Czechoslovakia pursued friendly diplomatic relations with the non-Communist world in 1976 but remained committed to repression at home. The Austrian chancellor, Bruno Kreisky, visited Czechoslovakia in February, the first such visit by a senior ...


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Democratic challenger James Earl (Jimmy) Carter, Jr., defeated President Gerald R. Ford, his Republican opponent, on Nov. 2, 1976, in one of the closest elections of the 1900s. It was the first time in 44 years that an incumbent President seeking ...


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Some British television viewers read news, sports, weather, and even stock reports on their TV screens in early 1976 as tests began on sets equipped with special electronic adapters. Both the British Broadcasting Corporation and the Independent ...


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The Fifth United Nations (UN) Law of the Sea Conference ended on Sept. 17, 1976, without agreement on how to control deep seabed mining. Critics contended that representatives from the underdeveloped nations resisted compromise on the issue because ...


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The secessionist war in the northern province of Eritrea continued during 1976 despite efforts by the central government to achieve a negotiated settlement. Eritrean nationalists began fighting for independence in the early 1960's.


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Europe suffered one of the worst droughts in its history in 1976. Increasing pressure weakened most currencies, and the nine European Community (Common Market) countries failed to cut unemployment below 5 million persons. Industrial output mounted, ...


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Fashion split in two distinct directions in 1976fantasy costumes and clean-cut styles. The first was French in origin, and its excitement was generated mainly by the lushly romanticized peasant shapes of Yves Saint Laurent.


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The dispute with Turkey over oil prospecting rights in the Aegean Sea flared up on July 29, 1976, after Turkey's new seismic research ship MTA-Sismik I


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President Gerald R. Ford authorized a postponement of the White House Conference on Handicapped Individuals from December 1976 to May 25, 1977, to allow for a more thorough assessment of the problems facing mentally and physically handicapped ...


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The Montreal Canadiens and Winnipeg Jets won the major-league hockey championships in 1976, then helped Team Canada beat the best Europeans in the first Canada Cup competition. But much of the attention then shifted from the ice to the courtroom.


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Forego won horse of the year honor for the third consecutive year and dominated the handicap ranks of thoroughbred racing again in 1976. After winning the Brooklyn Handicap, the 6-year-old gelding electrified fans at New York's Belmont Park and ...


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Hungary pursued a moderate economic and political course at home in 1976, while it tried to improve relations with its neighbors Austria and Yugoslavia as well as with the Western powers. Communist Party First Secretary Janos Kadar paid his first ...


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Sheila Young of Detroit, Dorothy Hamill of Riverside, Conn., and Sylvia Burka of Toronto, Canada, won major honors during 1976 in speed skating and figure skating, sports usually dominated by Europeans. Young was a 25-year-old speed skater and world ...


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Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin resigned on Dec. 20, 1976, after the collapse of a coalition that left him with a minority government. He remained as caretaker prime minister. An election to be held in May 1977 was seen as a showdown between politicians ...


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Italy began 1976 in an economic crisis that persisted and generated serious new political tensions. The Communist Party, under the leadership of Enrico Berlinguer, increased its Chamber of Deputies strength by 49 to 228 seats and for the first time ...


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The Lockheed bribery scandal and its wide repercussions dominated politics in Japan in 1976. The U.S. Senate's Subcommittee on Multinational Corporations revealed in February that the Lockheed Aircraft Corporation had paid some $7 million to Yoshio ...


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Continuing incidents involving the actions of Arab terrorists against Israel plagued Jewish communities throughout the world in 1976. The most serious involved the June 27 hijacking of a French airliner carrying Israeli and other nationals. It landed ...


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Jordan and Syria increased their cooperation in 1976 as part of their 1975 agreement establishing a joint military high command. The change came after years of estrangement. They agreed on May 1 to build a microwave telecommunications network linking ...


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The one-year Kuwaiti experiment in representative government came to a screeching halt on Aug. 20, 1976. Prime Minister Jabir al-Ahmad al-Sabah resigned, blaming the elected National Assembly for obstruction of vital legislation. The ruler, Emir Sabah ...


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Growing adult interest in children's literature was shown by the proliferation of conferences, lecture series, and institutes on the subject held at universities and colleges throughout the United States and Canada in 1976. At the same time, the ...


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Magazine advertising revenues in the United States climbed to a record $1.6 billion in 1976, a 22 per cent increase over 1975, according to the Magazine Publishers Association (MPA). The number of ad pages rose about 17 per cent. Total circulation for ...


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Prime Minister Abdul Razak bin Dato Hussein died of leukemia in London on Jan. 14, 1976, after a month's illness. During his final illness, leaders of the ruling United Malays National Organization (UMNO) fought for succession. Victory finally went to ...


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The provincial legislature passed 72 bills in a session that lasted from Feb. 12 to June 11, 1976. The most important established rent control and a home-warranty plan covering major structural defects in dwellings. The New Democratic Party formed the ...


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The United States economy turned sluggish in the spring of 1976 and continued slow for the rest of the year. As new orders fell during the summer, manufacturers' inventories continued to rise, an involuntary build-up that was a direct result of the ...


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Advances in the treatment of breast cancer raised new hopes for its victims in 1976. In February, Italian doctors reported a new postoperative drug treatment program that may increase survival rates as much as five times for breast cancer victims.


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Rock and roll, disco music, rhythm and blues, and other long-established forms of popular music maintained their hold on the public in 1976. But a strong, new trend was the upsurge of so-called crossover jazz throughout the United States. ...


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Prince Bernhard, Queen Juliana's consort, resigned on Aug. 26, 1976, as inspector general of the Dutch armed forces and from all other business and defense positions he had held. His resignation came after a formal inquiry into allegations of bribery ...


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Restraint pervaded the New Brunswick budget presented on March 16, 1976. The budget offered no new programs and held spending increases for the 1976-1977 fiscal year to 15 per cent. It estimated expenditures at $1.1 billion, revenues at $1.06 billion. ...


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Newfoundland suffered an economic blow on March 12, 1976, when the Come-by-Chance oil refinery on the south coast was forced to close. The provincial supreme court ruled that subsidiaries of the John M. Shaheen Company of New York City, which were ...


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Economic problems and threats to press freedom bedeviled newspaper publishers throughout the world in 1976. Great Britain's newspapers found themselves caught in a morass of sagging readership, rising newsprint costs, and stagnant advertising ...


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A group of army officers on Feb. 13, 1976, staged an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the Nigerian government. During the attempt, they killed Head of State Murtala Ramat Muhammed and held the Lagos radio station for several hours. By nightfall, the ...


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The world's greatest sports spectacle, the Olympic Summer Games, was held on schedule and without incident from July 17 through Aug. 1, 1976, at Montreal, Canada. That surprised those who feared that the facilities would not be ready, or that politics ...


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Teachers, granted the right to strike in 1975, proved a militant force in Ontario politics in 1976. Nearly 9,000 teachers in metropolitan Toronto were ordered back to work by a special session of the legislature in January after a two-month strike. ...


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China and Russia moved to establish themselves in the South Pacific in 1976. The People's Republic of China opened an embassy in Fiji's capital, Suva, and the Russians offered technical and economic assistance to the governments of Tonga and Western ...


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Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto pronounced his people to be in fairly good shape in 1976. The judgment was reasonably accurate. The country had survived the loss of East Pakistan, now Bangladesh, in 1971. But the four provinces that now ...


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The date for the oldest known fossil vertebrates was pushed back to the beginnings of the Ordovician Period (480 million years ago) by the discovery of fossil fragments of heterostracan fish in Norway in 1976. Scientists from Oslo's Paleontology ...


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Economic difficulties continued to plague the military government of President Francisco Morales Bermudez Cerruti in 1976. Throughout the year, the cast of characters around him became increasingly more conservative as he tried to cope with left wing ...


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Already armed with vast emergency powers, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi made certain in November 1976 that she would be beyond all future legal challenges. The lower house of parliament passed a set of constitutional amendments on November 2 that ...


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Indian tribes struggled in 1976 for greater control of their resources of land, energy, and water. Great coal, oil, and uranium resources are located on Indian tribal lands in the Western United States. As these resources became more valuable because ...


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Indonesia was a rarity in 1976 among oil-producing countries  a nation in financial trouble. Jakarta issued rosy reports on the country's economy. But the reports could not conceal the depth of the crisis  the retrenchment and the foreign ...


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Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi in 1976 celebrated the 50th anniversary of his father's assumption of the throne, which began the Pahlavi dynasty, by continuing to strengthen Iran's prominent role in the Middle East. The agreement with Iraq negotiated in ...


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The Revolutionary Command Council formally ratified the 1975 border agreement with Iran on June 13, 1976, ending an era of hostility between the two neighbors. Iran also closed the last Kurdish refugee camp, which was set up near Shiraz after the ...


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The government lurched from economic to constitutional crises in 1976, and the strains within Prime Minister Liam Cosgrave's coalition of Fine Gael


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Unemployment and inflation continued to afflict the United States work force in 1976. The unemployment rate stood at 8.1 per cent in November, compared with a rate of 8.3 per cent in December 1975. Unemployment averaged 8.5 per cent throughout 1975. ...


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Inflation, trade deficits, and recession continued to bedevil the governments of Latin America during 1976. Many countries began turning from the Marxist, socialist, or populist economic theories that they had hoped would solve their problems, to seek ...


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Civil war continued to tear the country apart through most of 1976. More than 55 cease-fires were made and broken; the 30th, and shortest, lasted just 15 minutes on May 14. During fighting that pitted Muslims against Christians, Christians against the ...


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Drastic funding cutbacks and consequent reductions in library service continued to plague libraries in 1976 in the United States and Canada. Among the hardest hit were the San Francisco Public Library and New York City's Queens Borough Public Library. ...


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President Muammar Muhammad al-Qadhaafi held his post and most of his popularity in Libya during 1976, despite complaints by other Arab nations against his meddling in their internal affairs. His principal opponent was Egypt, where former Planning ...


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The year 1976 was mildly disappointing for American literature, especially in fiction. Although the publishing industry did well at the cash register, its efforts produced few home-grown landmarks. But the reader was not cheated. If there were few ...


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Researchers in the United States and Denmark in 1976 developed new theories about the cause of schizophrenia, the most common form of psychosis. The studies, both made in cooperation with the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) and reported at ...


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It was no surprise when Jose Lopez Portillo won a landslide victory in the presidential election on July 4, 1976. His party, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) had won every election since 1929, and he was running unopposed as the candidate ...


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Hopes that the Sinai disengagement agreement between Israel and Egypt, negotiated in 1975 by United States Secretary of State Henry A. Kissinger, would pave the way for an overall Arab-Israeli peace settlement were not fulfilled during 1976. Instead, ...


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The last Spanish personnel left Spain's former colony of Spanish Sahara on Feb. 26, 1976, completing the transfer of power to joint Moroccan-Mauritanian control. Moroccan forces moved rapidly to occupy the few scattered settlements in the territory, ...


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The year 1976 was a disappointing one for the motion-picture industry throughout the world. After two consecutive years of significant increases in attendance, movie houses were losing their audiences in an equally significant downward trend. By late ...


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Families picnicking at the Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles, Calif., on July 4, 1976, watched fireworks and listened to music. They heard baritone Sherrill Milnes sing Stephen Foster songs, a 300-voice interdenominational choir perform gospel and soul ...


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Americans won all five prizes for literature, economics, and science that were presented in 1976. No peace prize was awarded. The Nobel committee last failed to award a peace prize in 1972.


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Northern Ireland spent 1976 in a political and military stalemate. Any chance that Roman Catholic and Protestant politicians would agree to form a power-sharing government finally vanished. Terrorism escalated as paramilitary groups on both sides of ...


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Debate over the construction of a gas pipeline through the Mackenzie River Valley from the Arctic coast dominated the territory in 1976. The National Energy Board was charged with recommending a pipeline route to the federal Cabinet. By September, the ...


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Trygve Bratteli resigned as prime minister on Jan. 9, 1976, as he had promised to do in September 1975, when support fell for the ruling Labor Party. His successor was Odvar Nordli, former Labor Party parliamentary leader. In announcing his Cabinet on ...


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The high cost of energy dominated affairs in 1976. The price of gasoline, heating oil, and electricity rose steeply. In an effort to delay the impact of mounting energy costs, Premier Gerald A. Regan extended the freeze on oil prices for 30 days ...


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France and Germany in 1976 joined Great Britain, Japan, and Russia in the International Phase of Ocean Drilling  a new stage of the Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP), which was started by the United States 10 years earlier. The new goal is to ...


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Earthquakes and typhoons rocked the Philippines in 1976. The worst of a series of earthquakes occurred under the Celebes Sea on August 17. Its shock damaged the island of Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago and generated tidal waves from 15 to 20 feet ...


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Significant experiments in 1976 dealt with both the strongest and weakest forces in nature. These are the strong force, which holds protons and neutrons together in the atomic nucleus, and gravity, a force so weak that bodies of astronomical size are ...


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Political and economic strain put the Communist Party leadership on the defensive in 1976. The Sejm


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Prime Minister Mario Alberto Nobre Lopez Soares announced austerity measures on Sept. 9, 1976, to combat Portugal's desperate economic situation. The package included wage and price controls, an increase on imports surcharges from 20 to 30 per cent, ...


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Unhappy over the costs and delays of delivering the mail, Congress voted in 1976 to take a hard look at the U.S. Postal Service and see if it needs a major overhaul. Final approval came on September 10, creating a commission to investigate mounting ...


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Gerald R. Ford lost his bid for election as President on Nov. 2, 1976. Ford had been appointed Vice-President by former President Richard M. Nixon in 1973. He assumed the presidency on Aug. 9, 1974, when Nixon resigned in the wake of the Watergate ...


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The dramatic provincial election on Nov. 15, 1976, startled most Canadians. A party committed to the separation and independence of Quebec decisively defeated the federal Liberal government of Premier J. Robert Bourassa. Bourassa lost his seat, while ...


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There were more than twice as many radios as television sets throughout the world in 1976. The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization reported in August a global total of 881 million radios and 365 million TV sets. There ...


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Religion seemed increasingly to be an element that intensified conflict between nations and the peoples within them in 1976. The Arab-Israeli struggle, long preoccupied with issues of land and honor, even took on the dimensions of a holy war, though ...


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After eight years of ruling the executive branch of the federal government, the Republicans in November 1976 lost control of the White House to Democratic challenger James Earl (Jimmy) Carter, Jr. Gerald R. Ford, the nation's only nonelected ...


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Blacks and whites edged closer in 1976 to a negotiated settlement of their long conflict over who should rule Rhodesia (as Zimbabwe was then called). Although the black population of about 6.4 million greatly outnumbered the 270,000 whites, a ...


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No major crises or reverses were experienced by the Roman Catholic Church in 1976. However, several Catholic leaders in Latin America were victims of the terror tactics used by authoritarian governments to counter alleged leftist leanings ...


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The leading spectator sport in most other nations, soccer continued to grow in the United States in 1976. The North American Soccer League (NASL), the major professional circuit, and the American Soccer League (ASL), older but smaller and less ...


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Social Security taxes rose for more than 19-million workers in the United States at the end of 1976. James B. Cardwell, commissioner of the U.S. Social Security Administration, announced on October 6 that the wage base on which the taxes are levied ...


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South Africa experienced some of the worst racial disorders in its history in 1976. The trouble began in the black township of Soweto near Johannesburg on June 16, when more than 10,000 black high school students marched in protest against a ...


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Spain moved slowly and painfully toward democracy in 1976. On March 2, King Juan Carlos I challenged the regime that put him on the throne. He told members of the right wing Council of Ministers that they must help bring about the profound ...


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Players in the four major professional team sports  baseball, football, basketball, and hockey  gained new freedom in 1976. The most dramatic results came in baseball when 24 major-league players from 13 clubs went on the auction block in ...


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Sri Lanka played host in August 1976 to thousands of diplomats at a summit conference of nonaligned nations in Colombo. Under the eye of Prime Minister Sirimavo Bankaranaike, luxury hotels were readied, buildings along the road from the airport to the ...


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Switzerland held referendums in 1976 on worker participation in management, aid to poor nations, and the workweek. The voters on March 21 rejected both a governmental plan and a union proposal to give workers a greater part in industry-management ...


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Massive intervention in the Lebanese civil war by Syrian forces shifted the balance in that struggle in favor of the Lebanese Christians late in 1976. Syria's action produced the most durable of many cease-fires and strengthened prospects for a ...


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Taiwan built up both its economy and its military strength in 1976 for the apparently endless confrontation with the Communist regime in the People's Republic of China. A new six-year economic development plan was initiated that emphasized heavy ...


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President Gerald R. Ford signed the United States first major tax reform legislation since 1969 into law on Oct. 4, 1976. For more than 18 months, congressional committees studied various proposals for reform of the 40,000-page federal tax code before ...


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Television gave a spectacular daylong 200th birthday party for the United States on July 4, 1976. The worldwide coverage, most of it live, roamed from Guam to the Grand Canyon in Arizona to London's River Thames to Operation Sail and the ...


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Chris Evert of Fort Lauderdale, Fla.; Bjorn Borg of Sweden; and Jimmy Connors of Belleville, Ill., were the major winners on the $11-million international tennis circuit in 1976. However, their accomplishments were almost overshadowed by international ...


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Prince Edward Island worried over shortages and high energy prices in 1976. Totally dependent on oil-fired generators for electricity, the island experienced the highest power costs in Canada. Premier Alexander B. Campbell's Liberal government ...


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The plight of political prisoners and allegations of torture in many prisons throughout the world received increased attention during 1976. Amnesty International, a London-based humanrights group, issued a report in September that accused 112 ...


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Much Protestant attention throughout the world focused on the role that piety played in the 1976 United States presidential campaign. Both President Gerald R. Ford and Democrat James Earl (Jimmy) Carter, Jr., were active members of Protestant churches ...


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The work of a British psychologist long regarded as a leading authority on the relationship of heredity to intelligence was declared suspect and without scientific value in 1976. Cyril L. Burt's research had been unquestioned and was highly ...


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The World Health Organization (WHO) came closer in 1976 to its goal of eliminating smallpox. The only cases reported were in Ethiopia and Somalia. If no new cases occur within the next two years, WHO will declare the disease, which killed millions of ...


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San Juan's Mayor Carlos Romero Barcelo scored a stunning upset in the gubernatorial election held on Nov. 2, 1976, defeating incumbent Governor Rafael Hernandez Colon. Although Romero Barcelo won by only 2 per cent, his New Progressive Party swept to ...


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Romania improved its relations with Russia and other Warsaw Pact nations in 1976 while trying to forge stronger links with the West and developing nations. President Nicolae Ceausescu paid a state visit to Russia in August and met with Communist Party ...


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Political relations with the West marked time in 1976 against the background of growing Western skepticism about detente. But financial indebtedness to the West increased as trade rose. Russia had problems not only with the Communist parties of ...


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The House of Commons in Great Britain approved a controversial measure on March 1, 1976, making it compulsory to wear automobile safety belts. The measure made drivers and frontseat passengers liable to a maximum fine of $100 for not wearing safety ...


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The Canadian province's 10 potash mines, which produce about 40 per cent of the world's supply and sell most of it to the United States, became the center of controversy in 1976. Premier Allan Blakeney's New Democratic Party government in late 1975 ...


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Saudi Arabia established diplomatic relations with the Marxist government of Yemen (Aden) on March 10, 1976. The move was an effort to build an Arabian Peninsula-Persian Gulf regional front against outside influences and reconcile differences, notably ...


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From 1967, when World Cup skiing began, to 1976, only one woman competed every year. She was Rosi Mittermaier of West Germany, and in 1976, at age 25, she became the world's most successful skier.


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The states reduced their general expenditures a total of 10 per cent in fiscal 1976, but they ended the year with a net surplus of only 2.5 per cent of expenditures, or about $2 billion. In a hold-the-line attitude, the states' chief budget officers ...


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The Dow Jones average of 30 industrial stocks reached a 46-month high of 1,014.79 on Sept. 21, 1976, but then sputtered during the remainder of the year and ended at 1004.64. The 1976 high was 37 points below the all-time peak of 1,051.70 reached on ...


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President Gaafar Muhammed Nimeiri on July 2, 1976, survived the third attempt  second in only 10 months  to overthrow him. A mixed force of African mercenaries, Sudanese tribesmen, and army deserters converged on Khartoum for a coup d'etat ...


Title:
SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES (1976)

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The U.S. Supreme Court declared capital punishment as a penalty for murder constitutional in a historic ruling on July 2, 1976, setting the stage for the first executions of convicts in the United States since 1967. The moratorium on the death penalty ...


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Europe's oldest Socialist government ended after 44 years in power on Sept. 19, 1976, when the Socialist Democratic Party lost a general election. The three opposition parties formed a coalition under Center Party leader Thorbjorn Falldin, a farmer, ...


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American men and East German women were the most impressive swimmers in 1976, winning almost all of the Olympic Games gold medals and breaking almost all of the world records. The individual stars were 20-year-old John Naber of Menlo Park, Calif., and ...


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The armed forces in Thailand seized power on Oct. 6, 1976. An Administrative Reform Committee of military leaders, headed by Admiral Sangad Chaloryu, ousted the parliamentary government of Prime Minister M. R. Seni Pramot. The committee named a ...


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The musical, an invention of the American theater, held the spotlight in the 1976 Bicentennial observance. A record number of new and old musicals combined song, dance, and story to entertain Broadway audiences. In mid-November, an avid theatergoer ...


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The outstanding track and field athletes of 1976 included Olympic decathlon champion Bruce Jenner of San Jose, Calif., and three runners  Alberto Juantorena of Cuba, Lasse Viren of Finland, and Tatiana Kazankina of Russia. All broke world ...


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United States transportation industries benefited in 1976 from the improving economy and government help. Because traffic increased substantially, airlines and railroads reversed previous losses, and truckers enjoyed a sizable rise in profits. ...


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A devastating earthquake, the nation's worst in 40 years, struck the eastern province of Van on Nov. 24, 1976. More than 100 villages were destroyed and more than 4,000 persons were killed. Relief efforts were hampered by a snowstorm and bitter cold ...


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Arabs, Africans, and their allies fought throughout 1976 for three United Nations (UN) actions  to get Israel out of Arab territories it has occupied since 1967; to set up a Palestinian state there; and to end white rule in South Africa, Namibia ...


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The number of small nations emerging in the Caribbean continued to grow in 1976. Anguilla was constitutionally established as a self-governing British territory on February 10. In self-governing Antigua, an associated state within the Commonwealth of ...


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Yugoslavia improved its relations with Russia in 1976 and at the same time strengthened its economic and political ties with both the West and the developing countries. At home, the government crackdown against dissidents continued.


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The Canadian federal government answered Indian land claims in the territory in 1976 by proposing to give the Indians 1,200 square miles (3,100 square kilometers) of land for their exclusive use, as well as a cash award of $50 million. Yukon Indians ...


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Zaire experienced serious economic difficulties in 1976. In March, the government of President Mobutu Sese Seko devalued Zaire's currency by 42 per cent in terms of United States dollars. Imports had far outstripped exports. One reason for this was a ...


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Zoologists at Duke University in Durham, N.C., discovered in 1976 that sea gulls dangle their feet to get rid of excess body heat that builds up when they fly. The scientists found that gulls disperse fully 80 per cent of the heat produced during ...


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Zoos continued to improve their exhibits in 1976. Among the largest opened were Big Cat Country at the St. Louis Zoological Park and the William Mann lion and tiger grottoes at the National Zoological Park in Washington, D.C. Other new ...


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Microprocessor technology advanced in the areas of increased storage space and the development of powerful programming languages similar to those used with medium to large computer systems. A microprocessor is a complete computer core on a single ...


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The world food supply improved in 1976. But a United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization report in November cautioned that world supplies, though increasing, were still lagging behind the needs of the world's hungry. A National Academy of ...


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A huge trade deficit, soaring inflation, and a greatly diminished growth rate created serious problems for the regime of President Ernesto Geisel in 1976. There were indications that their overall impact might affect Geisel's efforts to ease the ...


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Skateboards rapidly gained popularity in the United States during 1976. Promoters awarded up to $20,000 in prize money for so-called world championship skateboard events on both the East and West coasts. Skateboarding became part of the California ...


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Afghanistan improved relations with neigh-boring Pakistan and Iran in 1976 and started a seven-year economic development plan to mark the third anniversary of the Republic of Afghanistan. President Mohammad Daoud exchanged state visits with Pakistan's ...


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President Gerald R. Ford and a number of high-ranking government officials gathered at the National Archives in Washington, D.C., on July 2, 1976, to pay tribute to the Declaration of Independence as part of the American Revolution Bicentennial ...


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President Gerald R. Ford signed a bill on Oct. 8, 1976, providing for mid-decade censuses beginning in 1985. These will help the Bureau of the Census maintain more accurate data on an increasingly mobile and changing society. Between 1970 and 1975, ...


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In July, Montreal hosted the 1976 summer Olympic Games, which attracted visitors from all parts of Canada and other countries.


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The world may be heading for a short-term oil shortage as well as a significant increase in prices in 1977, according to a study released in August 1976. The study, by the London office of Walter J. Levy, an influential oil economist, contended that a ...


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As of Dec. 31, 1976, world population totaled about 4.3 billion, a gain of nearly 90 million during the year. The world birth rate was 35 births per 1,000 population per year; the death rate was 14 per 1,000. At the existing growth rate of about 2.2 ...


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The collapse of the Teton River Dam in southeastern Idaho on June 5 sent a torrent of water down the Teton River, killing 10 persons and causing damages estimated at more than $1 billion. Environmental organizations, which had charged in a 1973 court ...


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In a year of bountiful new works from veteran poets, John Ashbery's Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror


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Philadelphia, the nation's birthplace, celebrated the American Revolution Bicentennial on July 4, 1976, with a re-enactment of the signing of the Declaration of Independence, an address by President Gerald R. Ford in front of Independence Hall, the ...


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Civil wars plagued black Africa during 1977. Secessionists fought to detach two separate regions from Ethiopia, and regional nationalists challenged the central government of Zaire. Guerrilla fighters harassed Angola's government on several fronts, ...


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Albania quarreled openly with its big ally China in 1977 over improved Chinese relations with the United States. On July 7, an 8,500-word editorial in the Albanian Communist Party newspaper Zeri i Popullit


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Alberta commemorated the 100th anniversary in 1977 of the signing of land treaties with the Blackfeet Indians. Prince Charles, heir to the British throne, who visited Alberta for five days in early July, re-enacted the signing of one of the treaties ...


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The establishment of a representative Algerian socialist system reached its final stages with the election of a National Assembly on Feb. 25, 1977. The election was the last step on President Houari Boumediene's timetable, which called for local and ...


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The search for human ancestors in 1977 featured a variety of discoveries in places other than East Africa, where most recent significant finds have been made. The Chinese press agency, Hsinhua, announced in April the discovery in Yunnan province of a ...


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Events in 1976 signaled the stability of the United States and the nation's heartening recovery from the trauma of the Watergate scandal. Those events included the narrow victory in November of Democratic presidential candidate James Earl (Jimmy) ...


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The armed forces ousted President Juan M. Bordaberry Arocena on June 12, 1976, after more than six months of government debate over Uruguay's political future. Vice-President Alberto Demicheli took over as interim president. A National Council of 25 ...


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formally nationalized its oil industry on Jan. 1, 1976. President Carlos Andres Perez, raising the national flag in a ceremony at Lake Maracaibo, declared, We are not nationalizing because we will earn more money. We are nationalizing because ...


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was reunited on July 2, 1976, as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam with Hanoi as its capital. The country had been divided in 1954 into a Communist-ruled northern part and a separate U.S.-backed southern part by the Geneva Agreement that ended French ...


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The celebration of the American Revolution Bicentennial was an ongoing focus for the world of art in 1976. Washington, D.C., hosted many exhibitions and became a major culture center. The Smithsonian Institution re-created the 1876 Philadelphia ...


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Western Europe suffered its worst drought in memory in 1976. Crops in Belgium, Italy, and West Germany wilted under a relentless summer sun. French and Swiss farmers, unable to find pasture for their cattle, had to slaughter thousands of the animals. ...


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Mayor Richard J. Daley, 74, often called the last of the big-city bosses, died on Dec. 20, 1976, after 21 years in office. He suffered a heart attack in his doctor's office. Alderman Michael Bilandic was named acting mayor by the City Council, to ...


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New York City continued its efforts in 1976 to cope with the fiscal crisis that had threatened it with bankruptcy in 1975. The new year began badly. A report prepared for the U.S. Department of the Treasury in January noted that the city was lagging ...


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School integration began in Dallas on Aug. 23, 1976. More than 17,000 black, white, and Mexican-American pupils were placed in a busing program to comply with a desegregation plan handed down by U.S. District Court Judge William M. Taylor, Jr., on ...


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There were no disturbances on Jan. 26, 1976, when Detroit began busing to desegregate its public schools. Many observers attributed the absence of violence to the limited nature of the plan. Two-thirds of Detroit's black pupils remained in virtually ...


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The city's magnet school program, one of the largest voluntary integration experiments in the nation, failed in 1976 to meet all of the goals that school officials had set for it. Reports filed with the U.S. District Court in July showed that only ...


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Doctors in the metropolitan area started a work slowdown on Jan. 1, 1976, to protest rapidly rising malpractice insurance costs. About 75 per cent of Los Angeles County's 4,400 doctors participated.


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Modest real economic growth was accompanied by little, if any, increase in interest rates around the world in 1976. Interest rates were well below the all-time peaks of 1974. Bank loans to businesses in the United States and Canada remained sluggish ...


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Spending for construction in the United States in 1976 was estimated at $142.3 billion, an increase of 8 per cent from the $124 billion spent in 1975. Spending for housing units, not including mobile homes, was estimated at $57.5 billion, up from ...


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A Gallup Poll survey released on Nov. 21, 1976, indicated that most people living in the developing nations of the world would prefer to live in cities, while most citizens of industrialized nations would rather live in rural areas. According to the ...


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For the United States economy, 1976 was clearly a year of recovery from a two-year recession. But as the year ended, economists were anxiously scanning the economic indicators to determine how long the recovery would last. Economic conditions in the ...


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The United States and other oil-importing nations found out on Dec. 16, 1976, that their oil bills would be higher. The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) agreed then to a split-level increase in prices. Two members, Saudi Arabia and ...


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World trade resumed its growth in 1976 after a rare decline during recession-plagued 1975, but difficult problems emerged for the world economy. On the whole, the spirit of international cooperation remained good, particularly among the leading ...


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Denise Schmandt-Besserat of the University of Texas in Austin in 1977 traced the evolution of writing from the use of three-dimensional tally objects in ancient times. She pointed out that the inhabitants of Tepe Asiab and other sites in Mesopotamia ...


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The long-simmering dissatisfaction in some quarters with architecture's modern movement or international style came to a boil in 1977. The objections were primarily directed against the profusion of skin-and-bones, ...


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Political violence and a slow, uncertain improvement in the nation's inflation-ridden economy were major concerns in 1977. General Jorge Rafael Videla, head of the government that overthrew President Maria Estela (Isabel) Martinez de Peron in 1976, ...


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A United Nations report warned in September 1977 that the world arms race continues at an alarming rate. It urged the United States, Russia, China, and other countries to reduce their military budgets. It said the $350 billion that is spent annually ...


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Asia went through 1977 without major wars  but not without bloodshed. There were coups d'etat, aborted conspiracies, and violence in the streets. In Pakistan, hundreds of people died in riots against the government, which was eventually ousted ...


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Astronomers from Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., detected rings around the planet Uranus on March 10, 1977, while flying at 41,000 feet (12,500 meters) over the Indian Ocean in an observation plane. They reported that at least five rings appear to ...


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The air force chief was in the Dacca airport control tower on the night of Oct. 2, 1977, negotiating with Japanese terrorists who had landed a Japan Air Lines plane they hijacked over India. Suddenly the talks were interrupted by an attempted military ...


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The scenario for the 1977 major league baseball season was almost too preposterous to believe. The New York Yankees argued, bickered, and even fought among themselves all season  owner v.


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With the merger of four American Basketball Association (ABA) teams into the National Basketball Association (NBA) before the 1976-1977 season, peace and prosperity were supposed to come to the professional sport. They did, more or less, but there ...


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Prime Minister Leo Tindemans formed a new four-party coalition after his Social Christian Party made substantial gains in a general election on April 17, 1977. King Baudouin I had dissolved parliament on March 9 because of social unrest and a renewed ...


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Geologists and geochemists discovered previously unknown communities of creatures in February 1977 while exploring warm sea-floor springs in the Pacific Ocean west of Ecuador. The marine organisms, which live in total darkness about 1.5 miles (2.5 ...


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The United States defended the America's Cup, the world's most prestigious yachting trophy, in 1977 for the 23rd time since it won the trophy 126 years earlier. As in every previous defense, the Americans won.


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After years of hiding behind vague labels, the organization that won the Cambodian war in 1975 and has since run the country revealed itself in September 1977 to be the Khmer Communist Party. Pol Pot, who became premier in 1976, was identified as head ...


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Cultural and economic problems increased in Canada in 1977. The separatist Parti Quebecois (PQ) victory in Quebec's election on Nov. 15, 1976, tested national unity. The new PQ government, seizing the initiative, turned Quebec officially into a ...


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Canadian literature was marked in 1977 by a lively outpouring of books on a broad spectrum of topics. The only trend to emerge was the selfsearching analysis of Canada's destiny, especially the question of national unity that was prompted by the ...


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James Earl Carter, an uncommon common man with a populist image, was inaugurated on Jan. 20, 1977, as the 39th President of the United States. After taking the oath of office, the new President walked part of the way up Pennsylvania Avenue ...


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Researchers reported advances in 1977 in the use of sunlight as an energy source for carrying out chemical reactions. The chemical conversion of solar energy has captured the imagination of chemists for years.


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Viktor Korchnoi, a self-exiled Russian, and Boris Spassky of the Soviet Union eliminated all other contenders in 1977 for the right to play reigning champion Anatoly Karpov, also of Russia, for the world title. Korchnoi and Spassky reached the finals ...


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A proposal by President Jimmy Carter's Administration to protect 92 million acres (37 million hectares) of Alaska land focused national attention on what promises to be one of the most far-reaching conservation battles of this century. Secretary of ...


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Libya and Tunisia agreed on June 10, 1977, to submit a dispute over oil rights in the Gulf of Gabes, on Tunisia's coast, to the International Court of Justice (World Court) at The Hague, the Netherlands. The two nations agreed in 1975 to discuss a ...


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Terrorism, bribery, and mass murder dominated international crime news during 1977. Mean-while, incidence of major offenses in the United States backed away from record levels. Hostage-taking and shootings in the name of political objectives bedeviled ...


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Cuba and the United States exchanged low-level diplomatic missions on Sept. 1, 1977, for the first time since 1961. A 10-member U.S. mission, operating as an interest section, was set up under the Swiss flag in the old U.S. Embassy in ...


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Czechoslovakia met intensified civil rights dissent in 1977 with a mixture of crushing methods. A human rights petition called Charter 77 appeared in several West European papers on January 6. Signed by about 240 writers, scientists, and workers, it ...


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More dance companies probably performed more times and for larger audiences across the United States than ever before, but the financial plight of major institutions became more precarious in 1977. The most dramatic sign of this was a strike by the ...


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Elections in the United States in 1977 resulted in a virtual stand-off at the national level between Democrats and Republicans. There were also a few breakthrough victories for blacks, women, and young candidates.


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Electronics technology advanced rapidly in 1977 as the semiconductor segment of the industry was virtually on the threshold of a new frontier  very large scale integration (VLSI). The new technology is a natural progression to pack more ...


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The eight-year effort to agree on a mutually acceptable law governing the exploitation of the world's seabeds was set back at the Sixth United Nations (UN) Law of the Sea Conference, which again ended in deadlock on July 15, 1977. Elliot L. ...


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Brigadier General Teferi Bante, the Provisional Military Government chairman, and six other members of the ruling military council were killed on Feb. 3, 1977, during a shoot-out between rival factions at government headquarters in Addis Ababa. ...


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The role of fast-breeder nuclear reactors in meeting future energy needs was the most explosive problem Europe faced in 1977. The European Community (EC, or Common Market) planned joint action with nations outside the EC to determine and meet future ...


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Fashion eased into the Soft Look in 1977. Comfort and romance were keynotes to both how the new clothes fitted the body and how they felt to the touch. Big loose shapes that could be belted or left to billow and flow came in every length from hipbone ...


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The Liberal-National Country Party government of Malcolm Fraser scored a notable victory in the Dec. 10, 1977, general election for both houses of Parliament. Its majority in the House of Representatives was reduced, but it was assured of a majority ...


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The Cabinet and National Bank agreed on June 7, 1977, on a stabilization policy to curb inflation, cut the balance-of-payments deficit, and protect the Austrian schilling from devaluation. Finance Minister Hannes Androsch announced a plan to cut ...


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The United States automobile industry had its third highest output of new cars in 1977, with sales holding up well until weakness developed in the final weeks of November and December. New car production totaled about 9.2 million, topped only by ...


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Niki Lauda of Austria won the world driving championship in 1977 for the second time in three years. Then, in effect, he bit the hand that fed him.


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AVIATION met turbulence in 1977 as fare cutting set in, but airline finances continued to improve. The airlines' safety record was badly marred by the worst airplane disaster in history when two jumbo jets crashed on a runway in the Canary Islands.


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Bahrain terminated a 1971 U.S. Navy lease agreement for use of the Jufair naval base on July 1, 1977. The United States retained port and visiting rights, and a shore force of 60 Navy personnel was allowed to remain as contract technicians at Jufair. ...


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Plant researchers in 1977 learned more about how plants protect themselves from disease and how plant substances can be used to protect animals from diseases, such as cancer. Botanists Venancio O. Sing and Milton N. Schroth of the University of ...


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Mark Roth of Staten Island, N.Y., and Tommy Hudson of Akron, Ohio, both righthanders, succeeded left-handed Earl Anthony of Tacoma, Wash., in 1977 as kings of the professional bowling tour. Roth won tournaments in Las Vegas, Nev.; and San Jose, ...


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The United States Boxing Championships seemed to be too good to be true. As it turned out, they were, and the scandals they touched off marred an otherwise sedate boxing year in 1977.


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Premier William R. Bennett and his Social Credit government embarked on a major legislative program in January 1977. The provincial legislature heard proposals for changes in laws to attract more investment capital, for a pharmacare ...


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President U Ne Win remained mired in economic difficulty and civil war in 1977. At the congress of the Burmese Socialist Program Party in February, the leaders offered a catalog of woes. The items were little different from those of other years. They ...


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Congress approved a new Department of Energy on Aug. 4, 1977, creating the first addition of the Cabinet in 11 years. The Energy Department consolidated the Federal Energy Administration, the Energy Research and Development Administration, the Federal ...


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The widely denounced situation involving human-rights violations seemed to improve during 1977. On August 12, the government announced the dissolution of the dreaded secret police unit, the National Intelligence Directorate (DINA). Its replacement, ...


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China's leaders gathered on Sept. 9, 1977, the first anniversary of Mao Tse-tung's death, at his remarkable mausoleum in Peking. Designed in what one observer described as Athenian-Chinese style, the new structure has 44 granite columns, a ...


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Civil rights enjoyed some gains and suffered some setbacks in 1977. President Jimmy Carter quickly emphasized his commitment to human rights as a part of United States foreign policy. Civil liberties were restored in India after voters turned out ...


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Strikes, left wing terrorist attacks, and a wave of kidnappings plagued the Administration of President Alfonso Lopez Michelsen in 1977. Ironically, the nation's good fortune, the coffee bonanza, was behind most of the events.


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Competition was the key word in communications in 1977. It brought radical changes in the operating policies of United States communications companies. Abroad, giant U.S. companies vied with equally large European and Japanese equipment makers for a ...


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was determined to hold a strong, balancing check on presidential power in 1977, even though the congressional majority, like incoming President Jimmy Carter, belonged to the Democratic Party. Thus the first session of the 95th Congress blocked many of ...


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The Democrats had a banner year in 1977, taking control of the White House and both houses of Congress. In the only two governors' races, the Democrats split with the Republicans, winning in New Jersey and losing in Virginia. The party generally held ...


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Prime Minister Anker Henrik Jorgensen scored a clear victory in general elections on Feb. 15, 1977. His Social Democrat Party won 12 more seats in the Folketing


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Organized crime in the United States, especially in New York City, collaborated with smugglers in the Orient in 1977 to control the Southeast Asian heroin trade, according to Michael J. Costello, deputy chief of the U.S. Drug Enforcement ...


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The decision by the Anglican Communion of the Church of England and some other Protestant churches to ordain women as priests met with a unanimous protest by the Orthodox Church in 1977 and provoked a crisis in the traditionally friendly relations ...


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As 1977 school enrollments declined and the United States prepared for sharply reduced population growth, educators began to emphasize quality rather than quantity in their planning. For instance, the public showed considerable interest in a report on ...


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President Anwar al-Sadat scored a stunning breakthrough in Middle East diplomacy when he went to Israel on Nov. 19, 1977, on a personal peace mission. On November 26, five days after his return from Jerusalem, Sadat called all interested countries to ...


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Food costs continued to be a major concern for United States consumers in 1977, especially when the price of coffee, their national drink, skyrocketed. Overall food prices rose sharply, but coffee clearly led the way. By March, it was triple the price ...


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On the field, football enjoyed a booming season in 1977. The Dallas Cowboys and the surprising Denver Broncos were the most successful professional teams, and Notre Dame was voted the best among the colleges.


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The Socialist-Communist alliance scored resounding successes in municipal elections in March 1977, raising its hopes for the 1978 parliamentary elections. In the first ballot on March 13, the government coalition lost control in more than 20 towns of ...


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Hot springs were discovered in 1977 at the bottom of the Pacific Ocean after a long search for them in both the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific. According to the theory of plate tectonics, such hot springs should exist on the sea floor, but none had ...


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Tom Watson of Kansas City, who had the boyish looks of a Huck Finn, was golf's man of the year in 1977. He won five tournaments, more than anyone else, and his victories in the Masters and British Open gave him two of the sport's four major titles. He ...


Description:
The economic outlook improved substantially in 1977. As the year drew to a close, however, there were doubts about whether the government's counter-inflation policy would hold against union wage demands.


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President Jimmy Carter on Aug. 4, 1977, urged Congress to grant legal status to millions of immigrants who entered the United States illegally. Carter proposed that aliens who entered the U.S. illegally before Jan. 1, 1970, be given permanent resident ...


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Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and the Congress Party were knocked from power by a resounding defeat in parliamentary elections in March 1977. But by October, Gandhi was trying to launch a political comeback based on sympathy gained from her arrest on ...


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Forrest J. Gerard, a Blackfoot Indian, was confirmed by the U.S. Senate as assistant secretary of the interior for Indian affairs on Sept. 15, 1977. The new post was created by the Administration of President Jimmy Carter to give added status to ...


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remained a troubled nation in 1977. The government uncovered and suppressed separatist plots in outlying islands, and there were Muslim conspiracies, including one by the mystical Kebatinan sect. Guerrilla warfare continued in East Timor, occupied by ...


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For the first time in 25 years, Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi allowed a measure of political dissent in his country in 1977. This change may have been influenced by President Jimmy Carter's outspoken stand on human rights and by reports such as those by ...


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Political heads rolled in 1977 as President Ahmad Hasan al-Bakr and Baath Party Deputy Chairman Saddam Hussein al Takriti changed the leadership and political structure of Iraq. A special meeting of the Baath Party's regional congress enlarged the ...


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Ireland produced one of the biggest political upsets in its history in the general election on June 16, 1977. Fine Gael


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Perhaps no scene more fully symbolized the astounding events in Jerusalem in November 1977 than the brief televised meeting of Egyptian President Anwar al-Sadat and former Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir. The two old foes, their countries ...


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Italy struggled along the hard road to financial and economic recovery in 1977. By midyear, the lira, which had been nearly 1,000 to the U.S. dollar at one time in 1976, was steady at around 880. Foreign reserves reached $7 billion, and a trade ...


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A booming foreign trade combined with a sluggish domestic economy created difficulties for Japan in 1977. While exports helped to bolster the domestic economy, they also created opposition to what was regarded as an excessive flow of Japanese goods ...


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Concern over Arab terrorists and the continued harassment of Jews in Russia was expressed in 1977 by members of the Jewish community throughout the world. The French government aroused sharp international protests when it freed Palestinian terrorist ...


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Jordan celebrated the silver jubilee of King Hussein I from March 27 to Aug. 11, 1977, marking 25 years since he succeeded his mentally ill father King Talal. But the jubilee was marred by personal tragedy for Hussein.


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The year 1977 was marked by solid achievement in nearly every sphere of literary endeavor, especially in the closely related fields of arts, letters, biography, and autobiography. A rich wave of literary memoirs from Great Britain caused critic Paul ...


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One of the major literary events of 1977, where the reading interests of children and adults overlapped, was the posthumous publication of The Silmarillion


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Magazine advertising revenues in the United States increased to nearly $2 billion in 1977, according to the Magazine Publishers Association (MPA). The number of ad pages rose 10 per cent. The Audit Bureau of Circulations in Chicago set circulation for ...


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continued in 1977 to feel the effects of the 1969 race riots in which hundreds of persons, most of them Chinese, perished. Since that time, the Malay-dominated government has enforced policies that favor the Malays, who make up about half the ...


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Manitoba voters engineered a startling swing to the right in a provincial election on Oct. 11, 1977. The Progressive Conservatives and their leader, Winnipeg lawyer Sterling Lyon, 50, badly defeated the New Democratic Party (NDP) government of Premier ...


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Manufacturing inventories played a key role in the strength of the United States economy as 1977 drew to a close, much as they did in 1976. The pace of inventory accumulation slowed, causing industrial production to grow at a modest rate in September ...


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Greece moved toward full membership in the European Community (EC or Common Market) in 1977, but too slowly for the Athens government, which wants to join ahead of Spain and Portugal. Greece agreed to a meeting in Brussels, Belgium, on January 31 to ...


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Groups representing 36 million handicapped Americans staged a sit-in in April 1977 at the Washington, D.C., office of Joseph A. Califano, Jr., secretary of health, education, and welfare (HEW). Their sit-in was repeated in regional HEW offices in 10 ...


Description:
The 60-year-old National Hockey League (NHL) and the five-year-old World Hockey Association (WHA) almost ended their economic war in 1977. But at the last moment, hard-line club owners in the NHL blocked a merger, and the two major leagues continued ...


Description:
Youth was the keynote of two major success stories in thoroughbred racing in 1977. Three-year-old Seattle Slew became the most popular equine hero since Secretariat by winning the Triple Crown, the first unbeaten horse to do so.


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Hungary strengthened relations with Communist neighbors and the West in 1977 and maintained a moderate political and economic course at home. Communist Party First Secretary Janos Kadar visited East Germany in March and signed a new 25-year ...


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Eric Heiden, an 18-year-old University of Wisconsin freshman from Madison, made speed-skating history in 1977. He became the first skater to win the world overall, sprint, and junior championships in the same year.


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Emir Sabah al-Salim Al-Sabah formed a committee on Feb. 25, 1977, the 16th anniversary of independence, to revise the suspended 1962 Constitution. At the same time, he granted amnesty to some 150 political prisoners. However, he reconsidered in April. ...


Description:
Labor forces made minimal gains in 1977 against the inflation and stagnation that have afflicted the United States economy. The unemployment rate improved at year's end, dropping to 6.4 per cent of the work force in December. This was the lowest level ...


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Much of the attention of the Latin American governments during 1977 was aimed at establishing a working relationship with the new Administration of United States President Jimmy Carter. President Carter set no clear overall policy toward them except ...


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The four-nation committee formed to implement the October 1976 cease-fire halting the Lebanese civil war disbanded in February 1977. But continued unrest plagued the government as it tried to rebuild the economy and reunite the nation. The March 16 ...


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The natural gas crisis of 1977 coupled with increased fuel and electricity costs forced many libraries to drastically cut energy use and curtail service. The Philadelphia Free Library closed some 40 branches, and the Minneapolis (Minn.) Public Library ...


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Libya was one of the most vocal of the rejectionist Arab states that opposed Egyptian President Anwar al-Sadat's November 1977 peace initiative toward Israel. Libya hosted the Tripoli summit conference in December that accused Sadat of ...


Description:
Christiaan N. Barnard, the pioneering South African heart surgeon who performed the first human heart transplant in 1967, placed the heart of a chimpanzee into the body of a 59-year-old man in Cape Town, South Africa, in October 1977. The chimpanzee ...


Description:
Delegates to the World Psychiatric Association meeting in Honolulu, Hawaii, heard predictions on Sept. 1, 1977, that a new substance, Beta-endorphin, could become a major treatment or even a cure for schizophrenia and depression. The substance is a ...


Description:
President Jose Lopez Portillo struggled in 1977 to contain double-digit inflation, a severe economic recession, and political unrest among landless peasants, university students, and jobless workers. The turmoil prompted doubts about the future of ...


Description:
Egyptian President Anwar al-Sadat's astounding journey to Jerusalem on Nov. 19, 1977, for face-to-face talks with Israeli Prime Minister Menahem Begin abruptly transformed the Arab-Israeli conflict from inconclusive sparring to high drama. Sadat ...


Description:
Morocco finally held the elections in 1977 that King Hassan II had promised many times. And the results seemed to strengthen Hassan's position. In the first elections, in January, some 13,000 local and municipal councilors, who had been elected in ...


Description:
The motion-picture industry enjoyed a stellar year throughout the world in 1977 and in more senses than one. Box-office receipts skyrocketed. In the United States, there was every indication that the year's total gross would reach an astronomical $2.3 ...


Description:
Nobel prizes in science, literature, and economics were awarded in 1977, as well as two peace prizes, one for 1977 and the other retroactively for 1976. The 1976 peace prize went to two Irish women who ignored danger in campaigning for peace in ...


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The Labor Party and its coalition partner, the Left-Socialist Party, survived a general election on Sept. 12, 1977, but only after a recount. The recount took a seat from the Conservatives and gave Prime Minister Odvar Nordli a majority of one over ...


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Nova Scotia joined Prince Edward Island in announcing an energy conservation program on Feb. 14, 1977. The program, largely funded by the federal government, will cost $79.6 million and provide grants and loans to homeowners to improve the insulation ...


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The United Nations Law of the Sea Conference ended eight weeks of negotiations in New York City inconclusively on July 15, 1977, still deadlocked over the crucial seabed mining issue. The conference produced a last-minute Informal Composite ...


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Los Angeles won an important vote from New York City in September 1977 and became the favorite to host the 1984 Summer Olympic Games. Because Teheran, Iran, the only announced candidate from another country, withdrew, the International Olympic ...


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Premier William G. Davis tried but failed to end the minority position of his Progressive Conservative government in 1977. When a government proposal on rent increases was defeated, Davis dissolved the legislature and called an election for June 9. ...


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Poland continued to wrestle with meat and other shortages and persistent political dissent in 1977. But the government managed to avoid open confrontation with its opponents and took some steps to appease them.


Description:
Portugal spent much of 1977 trying to solve its social, economic, and political crises. The government tried to cut inflation from its 30 per cent level, bring unemployment below 150,000, and lower a $1.2-billion trade deficit. The main hope for ...


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Wholly dependent on imported oil to generate electricity, Prince Edward Island became the first Canadian province to join the national energy conservation program in January 1977. A plan provides grants and loans for home insulation from a fund of $12 ...


Description:
Worldwide attention focused increasingly on political prisoners during 1977. The resulting furor markedly affected international relations.


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While the major Protestant churches tried to recoup losses or arrest membership declines in 1977, the more revivalistic evangelical churches experienced another year of prosperity. Thanks to the visibility that President Jimmy Carter gave their ...


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Among the most important studies of human personality and behavior reported by psychologists in 1977 were those relating to self-awareness in children, avoiding epilepsy seizures, and the effects of hormones on personality.


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The lung cancer death rate is increasing throughout the world and is not likely to drop, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported in October 1977. The sharpest increase is among women. The study attributed the rise to increased cigarette smoking ...


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Concern for human rights and matters of faith stirred Roman Catholics throughout the world in 1977. In the United States, the National Council of Catholic Bishops issued a report on catechetics


Description:
Romania maintained its independent foreign policy stance in 1977 and used flexible policies to defuse potential confrontations with workers and intellectuals within the country.


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Relations with the West stagnated in 1977 while trade with the West dropped. Russia continued to have problems with West European Communist parties (Eurocommunists) and suffered setbacks in Africa. The Supreme Soviet of the U.S.S.R. (parliament) ...


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The International Labor Organization announced plans in February 1977 to send teams of industrial safety and health experts to Ethiopia, Mali, Venezuela, and other nations in an effort to curb an estimated 160,000 job accidents that occur each day ...


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The New Democratic Party (NDP) government headed by Premier Allan Blakeney continued to expand its holdings in the province's potash industry in 1977. Having purchased one mine in 1976, it acquired two more in 1977, was close to buying a third, and ...


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Crown Prince Fahd's visit to Washington, D.C., in May 1977 underlined his strong leadership role in Saudi Arabia as well as the nation's vastly expanded influence in Middle East policymaking. The return of King and Prime Minister Khalid ibn Abd ...


Description:
The marriage of television and sports endured rough moments in 1977. Scandals involving televised boxing and tennis attracted the attention of the Congress of the United States. And the television industry paid vast sums for sports events.


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The year opened badly in January 1977 for the government and the people. Lines formed every day at dawn at shops selling bread, fish, and the red peppers needed for curry. Cloth, kerosene, and matches usually could be found only on the black market. ...


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General-fund balances grew modestly during fiscal 1977, showing a gain of about 15 per cent. However, a joint survey by the National Governors' Association and the National Association of State Budget Officers released in December said available ...


Description:
The taxation of inherited property in the United States changed in 1977. At the last stroke of midnight on New Year's Eve, 1976, the Tax Reform Act of 1976 made the value of marketable securities on Dec. 31, 1976, the basis for determining the profit ...


Description:
President Gaafar Muhammed Nimeiri cemented his authority as Sudan's sole political leader with his election to a second six-year term on April 20, 1977. Nimeiri was nominated by the Sudan Socialist Union, the country's only legal political party. Only ...


Title:
SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES (1977)

Description:
The U.S. Supreme Court, faced with determined popular opposition, sounded a pronounced retreat during 1977 from previous decisions on abortion control and on school busing to remedy past racial discrimination. During an eventful term, the court also ...


Description:
The phenomenal success of Roots [the story of an African-American man's quest to find his ancestral history] in January dramatically altered the traditional pattern of television network programming in the United States in 1977. In an ...


Description:
The most successful tennis players in 1977 were Guillermo Vilas of Argentina, Bjorn Borg of Sweden, Jimmy Connors of Belleville, Ill., and Chris Evert of Fort Lauderdale, Fla. They won many of the world's most important tournaments, and their ...


Description:
The military junta ousted the civilian government on Oct. 20, 1977, almost exactly a year after it put the government in power. The military commanders had hoped to run the country with Prime Minister Thanin Kraiwichian as their front man, but the ...


Description:
Broadway audiences heard three major new voices in 1977. The Pulitzer Prize for Drama went to Michael Cristofer for The Shadow Box,


Description:
American men have seen their international track supremacy slip in recent years. But the American men won more gold medals (six in 23 events) than anyone else in the 1976 Olympic Games in Montreal, Canada, and they won more than anyone else in the ...


Description:
Business improved for the United States transportation industries in 1977, but profits did not keep pace. Railroad earnings dropped despite higher revenues, airlines managed record net income only with the help of sizable special credits, and trucking ...


Description:
There was a natural tendency to slow down in 1977 after the frantic pace of innovation and musical activity that marked the United States Bicentennial year. Still, the year brought excitement, along with sorrow at the loss of two vital figures in ...


Description:
The deaths of rock-and-roll giant Elvis Presley at age 42 on August 16 and crooner Bing Crosby, 74, on October 14 surpassed any other events in popular music in 1977. They brought tributes from around the world.


Description:
The Socialist Party won a resounding victory in general elections on May 25, 1977, but was unable to put together a ruling coalition. Terrorism overshadowed the May election results. Six South Moluccan armed terrorists seized 105 children and six ...


Description:
Financially hard-pressed, New Brunswick increased tax rates in 1977 to 12 per cent for large companies, while providing a three-stage reduction in personal income tax rates. These changes were announced in the budget presented to the Legislative ...


Description:
Economic problems beset this island province in 1977. The government closed a linerboard mill at Stephenville on the west coast in September, throwing 650 persons out of work.


Description:
Massive face-lifting efforts head-lined the United States newspaper industry's 1977 agenda. Metropolitan newspapers, among them The New York Times


Description:
Nigeria took another step toward return to civilian rule on Aug. 31, 1977, when 203 members were elected to a national Constituent Assembly. The Assembly members were chosen by local government councilors, who had been elected in December 1976.


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New moves toward independence or greater self-government for the still-dependent peoples of the Pacific dominated the region's affairs in 1977. Plans were announced for independence in 1978 for three British territories, the Solomon Islands, the ...


Description:
Long before dawn on July 5, 1977, a servant woke up Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto to tell him that the army had come. Soon Bhutto's family was assembled on the spacious lawn of the official residence at Rawalpindi. Tea was served. Then Bhutto was ...


Description:
Fossils found in rocks in Swaziland and the United States gave paleontologists new information in 1977 about prehistoric life on earth. The rocks contain the oldest one-celled microfossils yet identified, 3.5 billion years old.


Description:
The military government's apparent refusal to come to grips with its continuing economic crisis in 1977 aroused concern among international commercial bankers. The bankers feared that Peru might set a pattern for other Third World countries that were ...


Description:
A cease-fire agreement between the government of President Ferdinand E. Marcos and the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) of Muslim separatists broke down, and a new upsurge of fighting erupted in the southern islands in September 1977. Yet Marcos ...


Description:
The most important discoveries during 1977 were experimental findings in the areas of superconductivity, new nuclei, and quarks  the most basic constituents of matter.


Description:
Outgoing President Gerald R. Ford gave added impetus in 1977 to the continuing debate about Puerto Rico's relationship with the United States. On Dec. 31, 1976, he called for admission of the island as the 51st state of the Union. Two weeks later, on ...


Description:
The Parti Quebecois (PQ) government concentrated on nationalist issues in 1977. With 71 of 110 seats in the National Assembly, it pushed through a controversial language law on August 26 making French the principal language. Premier Rene Levesque ...


Description:
In an imaginative, unprecedented use of radio, President Jimmy Carter held a radio news conference with the American people on March 5, 1977. The two-hour broadcast, moderated by Walter Cronkite, was carried live on the Columbia Broadcasting System ...


Description:
Jehovah's Witnesses, who have experienced repression and persecution from Uganda and Malawi in Africa to Russia and various Eastern European countries, and the Hare Krishna Hindu sect were banned in Argentina in 1977. Both groups were charged with ...


Description:
Splits over ideology and a near all-time low in its national popularity ratings sent the Republican Party searching in 1977 for ways to make a political comeback. While some Republican leaders tried to enlarge the party's ranks by attracting more ...


Description:
A peaceful transition to majority black rule continued to elude Rhodesia (as Zimbabwe was then called) in 1977. The number of black guerrillas operating inside Rhodesia grew to at least 3,000. Many more were reportedly training in Mozambique, Zambia, ...


Description:
Ingemar Stenmark of Sweden and Lise-Marie Morerod of Switzerland, each 20 years old, won the 1977 World Cup skiing titles, Stenmark for the second consecutive year. But a change in the rules governing this international series made it unlikely that ...


Description:
Professional soccer, led by a 36-year-old Brazilian playing his final season, came of age in the United States in 1977. The player was Edson Arantes do Nascimento, better known as Pele. His team was the Cosmos, which played in the New York City suburb ...


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The Congress of the United States passed a bill increasing Social Security taxes, and it was signed into law by President Jimmy Carter on Dec. 20, 1977. The law raised Social Security taxes for workers and their employers as much as 243 per cent, ...


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From late July 1977 through the end of the year, Somalia was in a virtual state of war with neighboring Ethiopia. The two countries fought over the Ogaden region in southeastern Ethiopia, which is inhabited mostly by Somali-speaking people. Somalia ...


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The protest movement among South Africa's urban blacks continued in 1977, though with much less bloodshed than in 1976. Violent protests occurred only sporadically.


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Manned flights of a new generation of spaceships began in 1977. Enterprise,


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Prime Minister Adolfo Suarez Gonzalez' Center Democratic Union coalition won a decisive victory on June 15, 1977, in the first general election in Spain in 41 years. The coalition won 165 seats in the 350-seat Chamber of Deputies and 106 of the 207 ...


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Prime Minister Thorbjorn Falldin's center-right coalition government faced a crushing balance-of-payments deficit, high inflation, and eroded living standards in 1977, but it tried to keep unemployment below 1.5 per cent. In an attempt to halt the ...


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The United States won the two major international dual meets in 1977 and provided world-record breakers in Joe Bottom, Brian Goodell, and Alice Browne, all from California. The American men and East German women, who dominated the 1976 Olympic Games, ...


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Government plans to introduce a value-added tax (VAT) in line with the rest of Europe were rejected in a referendum on June 12, 1977. The government argued that a VAT was essential to meet budget deficits and balance the federal pension fund, but 60 ...


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Syria played a leading role in the Arab split that resulted when President Anwar al-Sadat of Egypt went to Israel in November 1977. When President Hafiz al-Assad failed to persuade Sadat to cancel the trip, Syria unleashed bitter attacks against ...


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Taiwan maintained internal stability and economic growth in 1977, despite worries about its international standing. Premier Chiang Ching-kuo told the parliament on September 23 that the country had coped with and controlled the external ...


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President Jimmy Carter promised a sweeping overhaul of the nation's federal tax structure but did not submit a comprehensive tax-reform program to Congress in 1977 because he believed that energy and Social Security reform had first priority. ...


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Elections for the Grand National Assembly on June 5, 1977, reversed the positions of Turkey's two major parties. In a hard-fought campaign punctuated by violence, the Republican Peoples' Party (RPP) of Bulent Ecevit won 213 seats to 189 for Prime ...


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The United Nations (UN) in 1977 felt the impact of a new Democratic Administration in Washington, D.C., that dropped the United States veto of Vietnamese membership and led the drive for a mandatory arms embargo against South Africa.


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In his first year in office, President Jimmy Carter and his staff formulated ambitious programs. They set out in 1977 to deal with energy; housing; unemployment; tax, welfare, and electoral reforms; and reorganization of the executive branch.


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The military-civilian dictatorship came under heavy international pressure in 1977 because of its alleged human-rights violations. Although the government denied holding any political prisoners, press reports in February placed the number of political ...


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Venezuela, despite its vast income from oil exports, came perilously close to living beyond its means in 1977. By April, the $8.3-billion budget for the year, which had been pushed through Congress by President Carlos Andres Perez' Democratic Action ...


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Vietnam was admitted to the United Nations on Sept. 20, 1977, after the United States stopped vetoing Vietnamese membership. Vietnamese officials also became active in the World Bank, and on January 11 the International Monetary Fund granted Vietnam a ...


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Two researchers in South Africa made surprising discoveries in 1977 regarding the way certain animals care for their young. One of the zoologists found a species of tropical fish that hides its eggs among those of another species so that the fry


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Conservation continued to be a focus for much of the activity in zoos and aquariums in 1977. There were few large institutions that did not house at least some animal species that were in danger of extinction, and cooperative loans of these animals to ...


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Computer technology advanced rapidly in 1977 as the semiconductor industry was virtually on the threshold of a new frontier  very large scale integration (VLSI). The new technology is a natural progression to pack more interconnected electronic ...


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Northern Ireland produced one of the biggest political upsets in its history in the general election on June 16, 1977. Fine Gael


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Farmers in the United States were restless and uncertain in 1977. Crop production was at record levels, bins were full, and Russia and China were back in the grain market. But product prices were low, harvest weather over the eastern two-thirds of the ...


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In an abrupt reversal of his policy, President Ernesto Geisel suspended the Congress on April 1, 1977. His move signaled the end of his efforts to open up the 13-year-old military government to more civilian participation.


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Houston was a national focal point of women's and civil rights activities and controversy during 1977. The National Women's Conference was held in Houston from November 18 to 21, with delegates from all 50 states presenting recommendations on how to ...


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Los Angeles Mayor Thomas Bradley easily won a second 4-year term in the city's nonpartisan primary election on April 6, 1977. Under local law, Bradley did not have to face a runoff election because he received more than half the votes cast in the ...


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Twelve terrorists on March 9, 1977, simultaneously invaded the District Building, B'nai B'rith headquarters, and the Islamic Center. During the take-over, they killed a college radio reporter and injured several of their 134 hostages. The terrorists, ...


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The United States population is slowly aging, and children born in 1977 can expect to be part of a generally older populace, according to the Bureau of the Census. About 10.7 per cent of the population is now 65 or over, and the elderly could comprise ...


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Canada's Department of Consumer and Corporate Affairs reported in April that 91 companies moved their headquarters out of the province of Quebec between November 1976 and March 1, 1977. Only 57 such shifts were reported in the previous 10 months.


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The Trans-Alaska pipeline was completed and began moving crude oil from Prudhoe Bay to Valdez on June 20, 1977. The first oil completed the 789-mile (1,270-kilometer) trip on July 29 and was loaded on the tanker Juneau


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The highly varied pattern of present-day art was well illustrated in 1977 by several monumental projects. Carl Andre constructed Stone Field,


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Plans were announced in May 1977 for a worldwide study to test the limits of weather forecasting and establish a firm basis for understanding climate change. The first equipment tests were made in September, and scientists started putting together the ...


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High unemployment, falling tourism revenues, and a scarcity of foreign investment capital for badly needed industrial and agricultural development were major concerns in the Caribbean islands in 1977. Despite these conditions, the islands enjoyed ...


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Yugoslavia had active relations with East and West alike in 1977. At home, a trend toward greater government tolerance of dissent began to emerge near the end of the year. President Josip Broz Tito visited Libya in January, but his trip to Egypt was ...


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Yukon Territory stood on the threshold of tremendous change in 1977. The Alaska Highway, which runs through the Yukon, was selected as the route for the $8-billion Alcan pipeline that will carry gas from the natural gas fields at Prudhoe Bay on the ...


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An invasion force crossed the border from Angola into southeastern Zaire's mineral-rich Shaba province on March 8, 1977. Most of the invaders, estimated at more than 1,500, were exiles from Shaba who opposed President Mobutu Sese Seko. In the early ...


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The worldwide skateboard craze continued throughout 1977, and concern about skateboard-related injuries also continued to mount. The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) found that while the number of skateboards increased about 43 per cent ...


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A special session of the Loya Jirgeh, the Afghan tribal assembly convened by tradition to deal with major national issues, approved a new Afghan Constitution on Feb. 14, 1977. The Constitution defined Afghanistan as an Islamic one-party state, with ...


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Acting Mayor Michael A. Bilandic defeated Republican Dennis H. Block in a special election on June 7, 1977, thus winning the right to serve the remaining two years of the late Richard J. Daley's term as mayor of Chicago. Bilandic, who lives in Daley's ...


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Democrat Edward I. Koch easily defeated three opponents on Nov. 8, 1977, to become the city's new mayor. He won over Liberal Party candidate Mario M. Cuomo, Republican Roy M. Goodman, and Conservative Barry Farber. City Council President Paul O'Dwyer ...


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Braniff International Corporation announced on February 11 that it had agreed to provide Concorde supersonic jet service between Dallas-Fort Worth and Europe, with one stopover in Washington, D.C. Six Concordes with European crews would fly from ...


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Detroit in 1977 became the first major city in the United States to have two black candidates vying for the office of mayor. On November 8, incumbent Mayor Coleman A. Young defeated challenger Ernest C. Browne, Jr.


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As of Dec. 31, 1977, world population totaled about 4.365 billion persons, a gain of some 85 million over the preceding year. With a world birth rate computed at 34 births per 1,000 population per year and a death rate of 13 per 1,000, the world's ...


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Prolonged drought continued to hit the Western United States especially hard in 1977. Along with a critical approach by the Administration of President Jimmy Carter to dam-building projects, the drought led to a sober new look at the nation's water ...


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A scandal involving the third-largest bank in Switzerland sent shock waves through the international banking community in 1977. Credit Suisse revealed in April that top managers in its branch in the border town of Chiasso  near Como, Italy ...


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Following years of political disputes, construction began in 1977 in northeastern England on one of Europe's most ambitious water-supply projects, the $170-million Kielder water project. The key structure will be an embankment across the North Tyne ...


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Disasters and crises, both natural and political, plagued the world's cities in 1977. Natural calamities took the most severe toll in Bucharest, Romania, where thousands died in an earthquake on March 4. Severe drought in the Western United States and ...


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The United States economy turned in another good performance in 1977, continuing the forward movement that began in late 1975 as the recession ended. At the end of the year, however, the rate of advance had slowed markedly from the rate of the first ...


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Alberta hosted the XI Commonwealth Games from Aug. 3 to 12, 1978. Queen Elizabeth II and members of the royal family officially opened the games after touring northern Alberta. Forty-eight Commonwealth members sent 2,000 athletes. The only ...


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President Houari Boumediene, 53, entered an Algiers hospital on Nov. 18, 1978, with a rare form of blood cancer. He lapsed into a coma and died on December 27. He had ruled Algeria since 1965. Rabah Bitat, chairman of the National People's Assembly, ...


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Mary Leakey and her son Philip found the earliest known footprints of a humanlike creature at the Laetolil site in Tanzania, near Olduvai Gorge, in 1978. The Leakeys reported in February that the footprints, about 3 1/2 million years old, are 6 inches ...


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Two excavations, one in Israel and the other in the United States, revealed in 1978 that early tribal hunting societies had unexpected social class patterns and were not always the classless societies that archaeologists assumed they were. Scientists ...


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The American Institute of Architects (AIA) voted on May 24, 1978, to allow its members to advertise. Acting at the annual convention in Dallas, 82 per cent of the delegates favored changing the AIA code of ethics so that, as of July 1, architects ...


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was the center of world attention when it hosted the World Cup soccer finals from June 1 to June 25, 1978. The Argentine team's capture of the cup prompted a wave of pride and euphoria that temporarily helped the nation forget its severe economic ...


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AVIATION companies prospered in 1978 as faretrimming spread, boosting air travel and filling planes. The International Air Transport Association (IATA) estimated that scheduled airlines carried 22.6 per cent more paying passengers on North Atlantic ...


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Bangladesh seemed to bear out in 1978 a gloomy forecast made four years earlier. Back in 1974, a secret World Bank report predicted that the most Bangladesh could hope for in the future was to substitute stagnation for decline.


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The New York Yankees repeated in 1978. They repeated everything. As in 1976 and 1977, they won the American League pennant. As in 1977, they won the World Series from the Los Angeles Dodgers. And as in 1977, they won despite almost endless turmoil ...


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The Washington Bullets, who did not win one of the four division titles during the regular season, became the National Basketball Association (NBA) champions in 1978. The University of Kentucky, heavily favored at the start of the season, became the ...


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The government resigned three times in 1978. The coalition government of Prime Minister Leo Tindemans resigned first on June 15, when the coalition failed to agree on his economic austerity program for dealing with a threatened budget deficit of $3.34 ...


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The scientists who discovered a third life form in 1977 identified two more members of it in 1978. The third form, in addition to animals and plants (in which many biologists include bacteria) is archaebacteria,


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Two Californians, Betty Cook, 55, from Newport Beach, and Bill Muncey, 49, from La Mesa, won powerboating's major United States championships in 1978.


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Researchers reported new discoveries in 1978 on how substances commonly found in the air and in certain soils affect plants. In some cases, substances now known to be harmful may interact to cause even greater damage.


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Mark Roth, a 26-year-old right-hander from North Arlington, N.J., and Earl Anthony, a 40-year-old left-hander from Tacoma, Wash., were major winners on the 1978 Professional Bowlers Association (PBA) tour. The tour was the richest in its 19-year ...


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At the start of 1978, Muhammad Ali of Chicago reigned as the undisputed heavyweight champion of the world. In midyear, he was champion nowhere. At year's end, he was champion in part of the world.


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Jack Davis, minister of energy, transport, and communications in the Social Credit government of Premier William R. Bennett, was fined $1,000 in September 1978 for defrauding the government by misrepresenting his travel expenses. Davis was charged ...


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Bulgaria held major trade discussions with Greece, Iran, and Turkey in 1978, but relations with Yugoslavia deteriorated. Turkey's Prime Minister Bulent Ecevit visited Bulgaria in May to discuss joint construction of a port in Turkey and a dam in ...


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For the third consecutive year, Burma's rice fields yielded a rich harvest in 1978. The inflation rate fell to below 10 per cent from its 40 per cent record rate in 1975, and the volume of exports inched up.


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President Augusto Pinochet Ugarte received nearly 75 per cent of the 4.5 million votes cast in a nationwide plebiscite held on Jan. 4, 1978. Pinochet called for the referendum five days after the United Nations had adopted a resolution condemning ...


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The International Club in Peking, at the demand of lovers of dancing, announced its first ball in 15 years in 1978. In November, China signed a $500-million contract to have Intercontinental Hotels, a United States chain, build seven ...


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Civil rights showed some gains around the world in 1978, but generally the situation was bleak. This was illustrated in a United States Department of State report issued on February 9 on the observance of human rights in the 105 countries that receive ...


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Julio Cesar Turbay Ayala, a Liberal Party member, took office as president on Aug. 7, 1978. A formal political agreement between the Liberals and the Conservative Party expired with his election. The rival groups had agreed in 1957 to divide Cabinet ...


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The United States Congress set out to form a new communications policy in 1978, and many people thought it was about time. The last major communications legislation was the Communications Act of 1934, which established the Federal Communications ...


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The overwhelmingly Democratic 95th Congress convened its second session on Jan. 19, 1978, and adhered to its middle-of-the-road course until it wearily adjourned in the early, predawn hours of October 15.


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The Democrats lost ground in Congress in 1978 but kept control of both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The number of Democratic governors also declined, but the party still held a commanding majority of statehouses.


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On Nov. 17, 1978, Denmark voted to give home rule to Greenland, an 840,000-square-mile (2.2-million-square-kilometer) island with 48,000 inhabitants. Greenlanders will make their own choices on taxes, education, social security, and labor by 1981. ...


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With 700 islands and 2,000 bays, almost like stepping stones into Florida, the Bahamas became a major avenue for smuggling cocaine and marijuana into the United States in 1978. Better policing by drug-enforcement agents in the United States and other ...


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The Ecumenical Patriarchate in Istanbul, Turkey, was a center of controversy throughout 1978. In February, a joint statement drafted by Archbishop Iakovos, head of the Greek Orthodox Church in North and South America, and Roman Catholic Cardinal ...


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The Supreme Court of the United States ruled on June 28, 1978, that Allan P. Bakke must be admitted to the University of California School of Medicine at Davis. The court said in a 5 to 4 decision that the Davis affirmative-action program was ...


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President Anwar al-Sadat's sharing of the 1978 Nobel Peace Prize with Israel's Prime Minister Menachem Begin capped a year of decision and triumph for the Egyptian leader. Following his historic peace mission of November 1977, Sadat saw his efforts ...


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United States energy problems  and proposed solutions  attracted world attention in 1977. Other nations watched to see if the world's most lavish energy user would finally deal realistically with its needs and resources. Events in the ...


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The world economy had a sluggish, but not disastrous, year in 1977. With the exception of the United States, the economies of nearly all of the industrial countries showed negligible growth, and unemployment edged up almost everywhere. World trade ...


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Poetry in the United States received adequate support from university and commercial publishers in 1977, resulting in a broad selection of new titles. Notable was James Merrill's Divine Comedies,


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Approximately 400,000 commuters were left without transportation on March 25, 1977, when Philadelphia's 5,000 transit workers struck for higher pay. Mayor Frank L. Rizzo said the city would not increase its offer, so the strikers staged a two-hour ...


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Africa continued to be a setting for strife during 1978. African nations waged wars of annexation, civil wars raged between ethnic groups, and nationalist guerrillas continued their efforts to topple the remaining white-dominated governments. ...


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Albania completed its break with China in 1978. China suspended all further aid to Albania on July 7 and said that it had given Albania $5 billion in aid since 1954 by helping with 142 projects, sending 6,000 specialists to work in Albania, and ...


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President Jimmy Carter triggered another national defense furor on April 7, 1978. Less than a year after he canceled the B-1 strategic bomber program, he deferred production of the controversial neutron bomb. The neutron bomb is a nuclear warhead that ...


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Asia was a world of startling surprises in 1978. The sound of gunfire still echoed across wide areas in Vietnam and Cambodia, but this time United States troops were not involved. Communists were making war on other Communists. At the same time, the ...


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The Liberal-National Country Party coalition of Prime Minister John Malcolm Fraser stayed firmly in power in 1978, despite embarrassing internal difficulties. One problem began on April 24, when the government began a judicial inquiry into charges ...


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Austria narrowly rejected a plan to open its first nuclear power plant in a Nov. 5, 1978, referendum. The $560-million plant had been nearly finished for more than a year. Opponents claimed it was unsafe because it is near an earthquake fault, and ...


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The United States automobile industry had one of its better years in 1978 despite a host of problems including inflation, recalls, emission standards, and other government controls. New car production was expected to reach about 9.2-million vehicles, ...


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The Lotus factory team of England signed Mario Andretti of Nazareth, Pa., and Ronnie Peterson of Sweden to drive in the 1978 Formula One races for the world drivers' championship. Andretti won the title. Peterson died after an accident.


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The U.S. Senate on Sept. 28, 1978, approved President Jimmy Carter's proposal to create a new Cabinet-level Department of Education. If approved by the House of Representatives, the new department would start with an annual budget of $17.5 billion.


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Cambodia and Vietnam fought a limited border war through most of 1978. In their border skirmishes, Vietnam used captured United States weapons and newly supplied Russian arms, while Cambodia resisted with guerrillas and some regular forces equipped ...


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National unity, the issue that had dominated public life in Canada since the separatist Parti Quebecois (PQ) victory in the Quebec elections of November 1976, receded somewhat in 1978. Premier Rene Levesque's PQ government in Quebec moderated its ...


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Canadian literature faced economic and censorship problems in 1978, but offered plenty of variety and depth in all fields. A sluggish economy, reflected in inflation, the falling value of the dollar, and high unemployment, prompted the federal ...


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Two West German chemists advanced the chemical theory of aromaticity in July 1978. Heinz A. Staab and Francois Diederich of the Max Planck Institute for Medical Research in Heidelberg synthesized kekulene, a large compound made up of 12 benzene rings ...


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Anatoly Karpov, 27, of Russia retained his world chess championship in 1978. He defeated Viktor Korchnoi, 47, a Russian defector now living in Switzerland, six games to five in a 32-game match in Baguio, the Philippines, that began on July 17 and ...


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Legislation setting aside almost 100 million acres (40 million hectares) in Alaska for parks, wildlife refuges, scenic rivers, and national forests died in Congress on Oct. 14, 1978. President Jimmy Carter's Administration and conservation forces ...


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For the legal profession around the world, 1978 was a year of extraordinary contention and controversy. Several opportunities for orderly settlement of disputes under international law were lost, at least temporarily, because of a lack of credible ...


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International political terrorism continued to bedevil governments around the world during 1978, but more sophisticated security measures and intergovernmental cooperation cut sharply into the violence. The year's most spectacular terrorist incident ...


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Relations with the United States continued their slow thaw in 1978 despite angry exchanges over two major issues. One centered on Russia's involvement in Cuban defense strategy; the other involved Cuban troops in Africa.


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President and Communist Party General Secretary Gustav Husak consolidated his position in 1978. He was rumored to be under pressure from the ultraconservative Presidium member from Slovakia, Vasil Bilak, but Russia demonstrated its support for Husak ...


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The world of ballet was astonished in 1978 by a dancer's unexpected decision to move from one company to another. Mikhail Baryshnikov announced the termination of his four-year association with the American Ballet Theatre (ABT) on April 26 and said he ...


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California's adoption of a 57 per cent deduction in property taxes on June 6, 1978, was widely interpreted as the start of a tax revolt in the United States. The passage of Proposition 13 by a margin of nearly 2 to 1 fostered a more conservative ...


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Semiconductor technology continued to be at the forefront of electronics development in 1978. The amount of circuitry that can be placed on a single tiny chip increased dramatically. Fujitsu Limited of Japan announced the first 65,536-bit ...


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Many conservation activists in the United States viewed the 95th Congress as responsive to environmental concerns in 1978, especially in the ways it acted to preserve wilderness and parklands. The environmental movement has never been in better ...


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Ethiopia won major military victories against secessionists in two key regions of the country in 1978. With Russian and Cuban help, the government regained control in the Ogaden region and in Eritrea province.


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Europe struggled throughout 1978 to emerge from the economic doldrums left from the 1976 recession. International discussions centered on measures to raise productivity, halt rising unemployment, and minimize inflation. The decline of the United ...


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Fashion took a dramatic turn midway through 1978. The casually loose, free-flowing silhouettes of the early part of the year suddenly slimmed down. There was a growing sense of structure. The paring away of volume meant sharper tailoring and a clearer ...


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Greece was troubled by the United States decision in 1978 to lift its arms embargo against Turkey. The embargo was imposed after Turkey's unlawful use of U.S. arms when it invaded Cyprus in 1974. A condition of lifting the embargo was that ...


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The Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) on Jan. 13, 1978, issued regulations barring discrimination against the handicapped by United States government agencies and all federally funded projects. The rules, implementing Section 504 of ...


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The Montreal Canadiens continued their domination of the National Hockey League (NHL) in the 1977-1978 season. They had the best record during the regular season, and at one point went 28 games without defeat. Then they won the Stanley Cup by taking ...


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Affirmed came out of the West in 1978, where he won the Santa Anita and Hollywood Derbies, to become the 11th American Triple Crown winner. Alydar, whose preparation included victories in Florida in the Flamingo Stakes and Florida Derby, was favored ...


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Hungary expanded relations with the West and increased industrial production in 1978. The Congress of the United States granted Hungary most-favored-nation status on May 5, and the United States and Hungary agreed tentatively to reduce duties on $6 ...


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Eric Heiden of Madison, Wis., in 1977 became the first speed skater to win the world overall, sprint, and junior championships in one year. In 1978, he won the three titles again. His younger sister, Beth, became a world champion, too.


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Ireland experienced less violence in 1978, but the year began with a political bombshell. In an interview on Irish radio on January 8, Prime Minister Jack Lynch mentioned the unmentionable  Irish unification and the withdrawal of British troops ...


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Israel and Egypt agreed to a framework for a peace treaty in Camp David, Maryland, summit talks that ended on Sept. 17, 1978. The pact provided that the two nations would conclude a peace treaty within three months, but, by year's end, no peace ...


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Italy was staggered by a series of crises in 1978, including the resignation of its government and president and the kidnapping and murder of a former prime minister, Aldo Moro.


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Japan and China signed a treaty of peace and friendship on Aug. 12, 1978. The signing in Peking, China, came after four years of negotiations and six years after they established diplomatic relations. The treaty provides that Japan and China will ...


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The Israeli Ministry of Absorption said in May that up to 1,000 Jews per month would be allowed to emigrate to Israel from Russia throughout 1978. Not all of the Jewish emigrants from Russia were settling in Israel, however. Leon Dulzin, chairman of ...


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Jordan's King Hussein I married for the fourth time on June 15, 1978. The new bride, Elizabeth Halaby, daughter of former Pan American Airways Board Chairman Najeeb Halaby, changed her name and faith with the ceremony, becoming Noor al-Hussein (Light ...


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Sales of paperback books for children went up 33 per cent in the first half of 1978, compared with the same period in 1977, while hard-cover sales increased only 3 per cent. The increasing popularity of paperback undoubtedly means that the trend ...


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A taxpayer revolt surged through United States cities in 1978, triggered by the June passage of Proposition 13 in California. That measure was calculated to reduce California's property taxes by 57 per cent, or nearly $7 billion, in the first year and ...


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Magazine advertising revenues in the United States set a record in 1978, surpassing $2 billion, according to the Magazine Publishers Association (MPA). The number of advertising pages increased 8 per cent.


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Racial tension between Malays, who make up 45 per cent of the country's population, and Chinese, who make up 35 per cent, troubled Malaysia in 1978. About 1,200 Chinese businessmen denounced government policies favoring the Malays in March. They ...


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Premier Sterling R. Lyon and his Progressive Conservative administration adopted a policy of restraint in 1978, an approach that brought it into conflict with unions and civil servants. The speech from the throne at the opening of the new session on ...


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Even with the threat of rising inflation hanging over the United States in 1978, the strength of U.S. manufacturers' September and October orders indicated that the economy was speeding up rather than slowing down. As the year ended, the rate of ...


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Food prices rose rapidly in the United States in early 1978, jumping 8 per cent from January to July. Although the rate of increase slowed after that, retail food prices for the year still averaged about 10 per cent above 1977. This double-digit ...


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The Dallas Cowboys and Pittsburgh Steelers, two of the most successful teams of the decade, were the strongest teams in 1978, the National Football League's (NFL) longest and perhaps most troubled season. After the bowl games on New Year's Day 1979, ...


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The ruling center-right coalition of Gaullists and Giscardians defeated the Union of the Left parties in 1978 national elections. After the second round of elections on March 19, the Gaullists had won 148 seats and the Giscardians 137. Total ...


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H. Jay Melosh, professor of geology at the California Institute of Technology, developed a new theory in 1978 on how rocks deform. According to his theory, the underlying behavior of landslides, meteorite craters, earthquakes, and mountain ranges is ...


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For the first time in a long while, the year's outstanding golfer was a woman  21-year-old Nancy Lopez, playing her first full year on the women's tour in 1978. Among the men, Tom Watson won the most tournaments and most money, and Jack ...


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Prime Minister James Callaghan surprised everyone in 1978 by deciding not to dissolve Parliament and call a general election. Despite losing his overall majority in the House of Commons in July when the 13 Liberals ended their alliance with his Labour ...


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President Jimmy Carter approved an interim refugee policy concerning Vietnamese and other Indochinese immigrants on March 30, 1978. The new policy would permit entry into the United States of all boat people  Vietnamese refugees who ...


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At least on paper, 1978 should have been a good year for India. Most of the harsh decrees enforced by former Prime Minister Indira Gandhi during the emergency period that lasted from 1975 to 1977 had been repealed, and nearly all of the 160,000 ...


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A band of militant Indians and their supporters, a total of almost 3,000 persons, marched on Washington, D.C., in July 1978 to protest what they charged was anti-Indian legislation pending in Congress. The Indians called their demonstration The ...


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On the surface, Indonesia seemed prosperous and its people content in 1978. The rice harvest of 18.3 million short tons (17.5 million metric tons) was the best in five years. The inflation rate had slowed to less than 10 per cent. Back in 1975, the ...


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Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi struggled throughout 1978 to save his throne, but his efforts failed to stem the violent protest. As the year ended, bloody rioting rocked the nation. The shah imposed a military government in November, but it failed to ...


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The ruling Baath Party ended, at least temporarily, its intermittent 12-year rivalry with Syria's Baath leadership in October 1978, following a visit by Syria's President Hafiz al-Assad. Assad and Iraqi President Ahmad Hasan al-Bakr announced on ...


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Although the unemployment picture in the United States continued to brighten, workers felt the effects of escalating inflation in 1978. The revised Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Consumer Price Index (CPI) for wage earners and clerical workers ...


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Territorial conflicts between neighboring countries created tensions in the region during 1978. On January 18, Peru charged that Ecuador had attacked one of its garrisons in the Amazon jungle. Ecuador claimed the Peruvian base was on ground that Peru ...


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A dismal succession of battles, unsuccessful cease-fires, and murders kept Lebanon in turmoil throughout 1978. The instability, marked at times by clashes as violent as those of the 1975-1976 civil war, hampered recovery and risked setting off a wider ...


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The unprecedented 1978 taxpayer revolt against government spending left United States libraries with mixed financial prospects. Prior to the passage in June of California's Proposition 13 to limit property taxes, library construction and renovation ...


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Head of government Muammar Muhammad al-Qadhaafi continued his strong commitment to the Palestinians and other Third World causes in 1978. Qadhaafi opposed Egyptian President Anwar al-Sadat's peace overtures to Israel and attended summit meetings of ...


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There was a remarkable flood of first-rate novels and collections of short stories from the younger generation of American writers in 1978. For the first time in years, American fiction was as rich, innovative, and powerful as that coming from other ...


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The world's first test-tube baby, Louise Joy Brown, was delivered by Caesarean section in Oldham, England, on July 25, 1978, amid worldwide publicity and furor over the implications. Gynecologist Patrick C. Steptoe and physiologist Robert ...


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In its final report in April 1978, President Jimmy Carter's specially appointed Commission on Mental Health estimated that 15 per cent of the population of the United States is affected by mental disorders in any given year. Of these, only 3 per cent ...


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Workers' dissatisfaction with the government's austerity program touched off a wave of strikes led by independent left wing unions in 1978. It was the first serious challenge to the dominant role of the Confederation of Mexican Workers (CTM), which ...


Description:
The search for peace brought President Anwar al-Sadat of Egypt and Prime Minister Menachem Begin of Israel the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1978. But peace still lay just beyond their grasp as the year ended. More than a year after Sadat's historic ...


Description:
King Hassan II played an important behind-the-scenes role in Arab-Israeli peace negotiations and mediated a number of African problems in 1978. About 1,700 Moroccan troops were airlifted to Shaba province, Zaire, in June to aid the Zairian government ...


Description:
The American motion picture industry continued to flourish in 1978. Several U.S. films were added to the roster of record-breaking blockbusters that have revived a once-flagging movie industry since 1972, the year of The Godfather.


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The struggle against zooming costs and inflation continued in 1978. The concern increased as California's tax-cutting Proposition 13 started a nationwide movement to curb government spending.


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By far the most successful popular music group of 1978 was the Bee Gees  Barry Gibb and his younger twin brothers Robin and Maurice. These singers, born in England and reared in Australia, released a sound-track album from the motion picture ...


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The center-right minority coalition government of Prime Minister Andreas A.M. Van Agt faced revolts in 1978 over spending cuts and its neutron-bomb policy.


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Premier Richard B. Hatfield's Conservative administration won its third consecutive term in a provincial election on Oct. 23, 1978, though it lost three seats to the Liberal opposition. In 1974, the Conservatives won 33 seats in the 58-seat ...


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Newfoundland continued to attract world attention in 1978 because of the hunting of baby seals on the rugged ice fields of the Labrador coast. An important source of income to local residents, the hunt was condemned by a 1977 United States ...


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Labor disputes and unfavorable court decisions tormented the United States newspaper industry in 1978. New York City's three major dailies, The New York Times,


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Nicaragua suffered through a year of rioting, general strikes, and open warfare between guerrillas and government troops in 1978. The murder on January 10 of Pedro Joaquin Chamorro, an opposition newspaper editor, touched off the violence, which was ...


Description:
The United Nations (UN) Law of the Sea Conference held two meetings in 1978, but failed to reach agreement. The conferees met in Geneva, Switzerland, from March 28 to May 19 and in New York City from August 21 to September 16. The 158-country group ...


Description:
The International Olympic Committee (IOC), meeting on May 18, 1978, in Athens, Greece, awarded the 1984 Olympic Games to Los Angeles, the only bidder. The contracts were signed on October 12, after bitter negotiations.


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The minority Progressive Conservative government of Premier William G. Davis backed away from a proposed 37.5 per cent increase in premiums for the Ontario Health Insurance Plan in April 1978, narrowly averting a provincial election. Provincial ...


Description:
Decolonization of the Pacific came closer in 1978. Two more British territories became independent, and islanders voted in a referendum to determine the future political status of the United Nations (UN) Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands ...


Description:
Men were hanged before huge crowds, and journalists and political activists were publicly flogged in Pakistan in 1978. Pakistan People's Party (PPP) supporters, protesting the continued detention of their leader, former Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali ...


Description:
The discovery of a nest of baby dinosaur fossils in Montana on July 29, 1978, lent support to the controversial theory that dinosaurs were warm-blooded animals related to birds, rather than cold-blooded reptiles. Baby dinosaur bones are extremely ...


Description:
Jimmy Carter struggled to control his own party in Congress and to stem the tide of inflation without plunging the nation into recession in 1978. His rating in public-opinion polls fell early in the year, then rose dramatically after his diplomatic ...


Description:
A political era ended on Sept. 18, 1978, when Premier Alexander B. Campbell resigned after 12 years in office. Campbell's Liberal government had won a narrow victory in an election on April 24, but Liberal standing was cut from 26 to 17 seats in the ...


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The population of United States correctional facilities continued to increase in 1978, but at a slower rate than during the previous five years. Figures released by Corrections Magazine


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The World Council of Churches (WCC), to which most Protestant and Eastern Orthodox denominations belong, was a center of controversy in 1978. The Switzerland-based organization in August sent $85,000 from its program to combat racism to ...


Description:
Two experiments showed in 1978 that experience can markedly change the normal response to two different kinds of reproductive behavior that were previously regarded as purely instinctive. The male sex function and maternal care have often been ...


Description:
Secretary Joseph A. Califano, Jr., of the United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) launched an allout, $23-million war on smoking in 1978, and several states left it to voters to decide whether nonsmoking areas should be ...


Description:
The deaths of two popes and the election of a third, all within a 71-day period, overshadowed all other events for Roman Catholics in 1978. The ailing Pope Paul VI, 80, succumbed to a heart attack at his summer home, Castel Gandolfo, on August 6. His ...


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Romania openly backed away from its Warsaw Pact partners on Nov. 25, 1978, when Communist Party General Secretary and President Nicolae Ceausescu revealed that he had opposed an increase in military spending approved by the other six partners at a ...


Description:
Russia continued its arms-control negotiations with the United States, its crackdown on domestic dissidents, and its political and military involvement in Africa during 1978. Soviet rivalry with China became more intense in Asia and Eastern Europe.


Description:
The need for greater consumer protection and the burden of added manufacturing costs imposed by government safety regulations continued to spark controversy in the United States in 1978. Some manufacturers complained that federal agencies were going ...


Description:
Premier Allan Blakeney, who heads Canada's only New Democratic Party (NDP) government, won a resounding vote of confidence in an election on Oct. 18, 1978. The NDP government, in office since 1971, won 44 of the 61 seats in the assembly, up from 39. ...


Description:
Saudi Arabia played the role of honest broker in Arab disputes over the Egyptian-Israeli peace negotiations in 1978. Saudi officials moved from one capital to another, trying to knit the Arab states into a common front without making a total ...


Description:
Nigeria drafted a new Constitution in 1978 that provides for a nationally elected president, an independent judiciary, a 450-member House of Representatives, and a 95-member Senate. To ensure that future presidents have broad national support, the new ...


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Nobel prizes for peace, literature, economics, and various sciences were awarded in 1978 by the Norwegian Storting


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Violence decreased in 1978, but the province was no nearer a long-term solution of its troubles. There were 591 shootings during the first nine months of the year, compared with 1,081 in 1977 and 10,628 at the height of the troubles in 1972. ...


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The first land claim settlement with an Inuit (Eskimo) group in the Northwest Territories was signed on Oct. 31, 1978, by Indian Affairs Minister Hugh Faulkner and Sam Raddi, president of the Committee for the Original People's Entitlement (COPE). ...


Description:
Norway took steps against high inflation and a high foreign debt in 1978. It started the year with a foreign debt greater than 14 per cent of its gross national product (GNP). High wages had made exports fall, while antirecession measures had ...


Description:
Premier Gerald A. Regan's Liberal administration, in power for eight years, was defeated by the Conservatives under John Buchanan in an election on Sept. 19, 1978, that surprised most observers. Conservative strength jumped from 12 to 31 seats in an ...


Description:
Inflation, a crushing foreign debt, and the consequences of the military government's general economic mismanagement continued to dominate events in Peru in 1978. An investigating team from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) reported in March that ...


Description:
President Ferdinand E. Marcos took the additional title of prime minister on June 12, 1978, when an Interim National Assembly was inaugurated. Marcos' action merged the presidential and parliamentary systems of government for an unspecified period. As ...


Description:
The Kosterlitz-Thouless theory of superfluid density and the Weinberg-Salam theory of the electromagnetic and weak forces received experimental support in 1978.


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Poland struggled with dissidence, economics, and human rights problems in 1978. The Polish Writers' Union openly criticized state censorship in April and elected four prominent dissidents to its board of governors. More dissident publications ...


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Portugal struggled with inflation and debt problems that felled two governments in 1978. Prime Minister Mario Alberto Nobre Lopes Soares, ousted in December 1977, formed a new government on Jan. 26, 1978. He was dismissed on July 27. Alfredo Nobre da ...


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William F. Bolger became postmaster general on March 1, 1978. Bolger, who rose through the service's New England offices to become deputy postmaster general in 1975, succeeded Benjamin F. Bailar, who resigned.


Description:
Preoccupation with the island's future relationship with the United States intensified in 1978. Three factions pressed their views: The New Progressive Party (NPP) favored statehood; the Popular Democratic Party (PDP) wanted to retain commonwealth ...


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The Parti Quebecois (PQ) government of Premier Rene Levesque revealed in 1978 that its promised referendum would be used to gain a mandate to negotiate sovereignty-association for Quebec with the rest of Canada. The PQ said it would not ...


Description:
Radio made broadcasting history on Feb. 8, 1978, when the United States Senate permitted the first live radio  but not television  coverage of a floor debate. Discussion of the controversial Panama Canal treaties was aired briefly by the ...


Description:
President Jimmy Carter surprised his fellow born-again Christians at a widely publicized annual prayer breakfast in January 1978 in Washington, D.C., by asking them to join with him in thanking God for the faith of Egypt's President Anwar ...


Description:
The Republican Party made a modest political comeback in 1978, gaining three seats in the United States Senate, adding 11 in the House of Representatives, and increasing the number of GOP governors by six. The increase was not as great as Republican ...


Description:
Rhodesia (as Zimbabwe was then called) installed a biracial transitional government on March 21, 1978. The new regime was to lead in transferring power to Rhodesia's black majority by the end of the year, but it ran into strong opposition.


Description:
Americans made major gains in international skiing during 1978. But the most successful skiers were still Europeans  Ingemar Stenmark of Sweden among the men and Hanni Wenzel of Liechtenstein and Annemarie Proell Moser of Austria among the ...


Description:
The World Cup competition  sort of a quadrennial World Series, Super Bowl, Grey Cup, and Kentucky Derby rolled into one  highlighted soccer in 1978. Sixteen nations competed from June 1 to June 25 in Argentina, and Argentina won.


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Social Security financing remained an unsettled issue in America in 1978, despite the sweeping legislation enacted in December 1977. Congressman Al Ullman (D., Ore.), chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee, said the legislation was ...


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Eight months of warfare between Somali and Ethiopian troops came to an end in March 1978. The two countries fought for control of the Ogaden region in southeastern Ethiopia, which borders on Somalia. Most Ogaden inhabitants are ethnic Somalis.


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South Africa shuffled its top leadership in 1978. Balthazar Johannes Vorster, prime minister since 1966, resigned on September 20 because of poor health. Pieter Willem Botha was chosen to succeed Vorster on September 28 by a caucus of the National ...


Description:
Russian cosmonauts set a space-endurance record on Nov. 2, 1978, when Vladimir Kovalyonok and Aleksander S. Ivanchenko returned to Earth after 139 days in space. They broke the record set on March 16, 1978, when Yuri V. Romanenko and Georgi M. Grechko ...


Title:
SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES (1978)

Description:
The Supreme Court left many observers puzzled in 1978, partly because of splintering of the Nixon bloc. It reversed two apparent trends of the 1970s  toward strengthening the hand of prosecutors and encouraging free expression  ...


Description:
The country's first non-Socialist government in 44 years resigned on Oct. 5, 1978, over Cabinet differences on nuclear energy policy. Prime Minister Thorbjorn Falldin and his antinuclear Center Party colleagues could not persuade their Moderate ...


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With 15-year-old Tracy Caulkins of Nashville, Tenn., leading the way, American women again became the best in the world in 1978. Americans won nine of the 14 gold medals for women in the third world championships in August in West Berlin. Thus ended ...


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Switzerland voted in four referendums, its traditional way of making decisions, in 1978. The Swiss rejected on February 26 a proposal to reduce the retirement age for men from 65 to 60, and for women from 62 to 58. They rejected on May 28 a proposal ...


Description:
Ten years of bitter and often bloody feuding between the rival Syrian and Iraqi Baath Party regimes ended, at least for the foreseeable future, in October 1978. Following President Hafiz al-Assad's visit to Iraq  his first since 1973  he ...


Description:
Chiang Ching-kuo became president of the Nationalist government of Taiwan on May 20, 1978. He replaced Yen Chia-kan, who had succeeded Chiang's father, Chiang Kai-shek, who died in 1975. Chiang Ching-kuo had effectively administered Taiwan since 1972 ...


Description:
The fortunes of United States transportation industries were mixed in 1978. Revenues increased amid rising calls for deregulation. Airlines prospered from increased traffic, spurred by decreased regulation; truck profits increased, but trucking ...


Description:
Troubled by sporadic violence, Prime Minister Bulent Ecevit struggled in 1978 to gain financial aid for the nation's ailing economy. However, increased violence forced the government to impose martial law in 13 cities on December 26.


Description:
The United Nations (UN) sent a peacekeeping force to Lebanon in 1978 after Israeli troops withdrew, and planned the most expensive operation in its history to supervise an election making Namibia (South West Africa) independent of South Africa.


Description:
The danger of a national energy crisis was overshadowed in 1978 by inflation, a record trade deficit, a seriously unstable dollar, and a taxpayers' revolt. While struggling to slow inflation and stabilize the dollar, President Jimmy Carter chalked up ...


Description:
General Gregorio Alvarez became commander in chief of the army in February 1978, replacing General Julio Cesar Vadora, who had retired. The change, which was not announced until March 2, made Alvarez in effect the ruler of the country, since President ...


Description:
After a long and costly campaign, Luis Herrera Campins was elected president on Dec. 3, 1978, succeeding Carlos Andres Perez. Herrera received 88 per cent of the vote.


Description:
Rebels invaded Zaire's mineral-rich Shaba province from Angola for the second straight year in 1978, and once again French troops helped to drive the invaders out. Belgian troops also helped, and United States planes provided the airlift. The rebel ...


Description:
Researchers reported new developments in 1978 in their efforts to teach languages to apes. Duane Rumbaugh of the Yerkes Regional Primate Center in Atlanta, Ga., has taught chimpanzees to communicate by using keyboards of geometric symbols that ...


Description:
Zoos throughout the world continued to make rapid changes in exhibition, education, and conservation activities in 1978. The opening of the Minnesota Zoological Garden in Apple Valley in May was particularly notable. It has a large walk-through house ...


Description:
Rapid development of semiconductor technology in 1978 had important implications for computers and computing. The amount of circuitry that can be placed on a single tiny chip increased dramatically. Fujitsu Limited of Japan announced the ...


Description:
Agriculture in the United States was buoyant and prosperous in 1978, with farm incomes up substantially. Farm prices overall reached a record level, and livestock prices zoomed up almost 25 per cent over 1977. Farm exports also hit record levels, ...


Description:
A wildcat strike by 1,350 city employees on Aug. 1, 1978, left 180,000 Detroit commuters stranded and piles of trash at the city's curbs. The trouble started when 375 bus mechanics and 250 clerical workers walked out to protest the city's mandatory ...


Description:
Studies released in 1978 indicated that Houston's building boom was continuing unabated. The National Association of Home Builders reported in May that Houston ranked second only to Chicago as the largest United States producer of housing for the ...


Description:
A massive busing program to achieve school integration in Los Angeles began on Sept. 12, 1978, despite a white boycott reportedly involving as many as 13,000 students. The integration plan, approved on January 3, called for busing about 65,000 ...


Description:
A constitutional amendment that would give the District of Columbia voting representation in the Congress of the United States was approved by the Senate Aug. 22, 1978, and sent to the states for approval. The measure had been approved by the House of ...


Description:
The population of the United States was estimated at 219,874,966 on Jan. 1, 1979, according to the Bureau of the Census. During 1978, the population increased by 1.7 million  the result of 3.3 million births, 1.9 million deaths, and about ...


Description:
Policyholders of the Sun Life Assurance Company of Canada voted on January 6 to move company headquarters from Montreal to Toronto, Ont. The company claimed that new laws on the use of French in business and education would limit the company's ability ...


Description:
Spain granted limited political autonomy to several regions and adopted a new Constitution in 1978. Rioting and terrorism continued, however.


Description:
Many phases of the United States sports world were bigger and sometimes better in 1978. Professional football played its longest regular season (16 games instead of 14) and its longest play-offs (involving 10 teams instead of eight). College football ...


Description:
Six university campuses exploded in angry demonstrations in February 1978. The government, fearful of a repetition of the 1971 student riots, ordered the universities closed, but the unrest grew, and by May the army was called out to maintain order. ...


Description:
Pocketbook issues ranging from property-tax cuts to spending limits preoccupied state officials and citizens of the United States in 1978. The action began in California's June 6 primary election, in which voters approved Proposition 13, an initiative ...


Description:
Stock prices in the United States trended upward for the first nine months of 1978, just about recouping a 20 per cent loss from the 1976 peak. Corporate profits, which had been in the doldrums earlier, rose strongly, up 21 per cent over the previous ...


Description:
President and Prime Minister Gaafar Muhammed Nimeiri and his political opponents agreed to reconcile in the interests of national unity in 1978. The opposition leaders formally disbanded the National Front on April 2. It was formed in 1976 by leaders ...


Description:
Taxes became a major issue in the United States in 1978. Growing taxpayer anger over steadily rising U.S. taxes led both Democratic and Republican politicians to campaign for lower taxes and decreased government costs. Yet, the second session of the ...


Description:
The pre-eminent TV event of 1978 in the United States was Holocaust, a harrowing dramatization of the Nazis' extermination of 6-million Jews. The National Broadcasting Company's (NBC) $6-million, 9 1/2-hour mini-series was watched by an ...


Description:
The best players in 1978 were familiar  Bjorn Borg of Sweden and Jimmy Connors among the men, Martina Navratilova and Chris Evert among the women. But there were major changes. The United States Open, which had been played at the staid West Side ...


Description:
Thailand followed a policy of active neutralism in 1978, reversing its previous staunch anti-Communist stand. Late in the year, Thailand welcomed senior government officials from Vietnam, Russia, the United States, and China.


Description:
Necessity was the mother of theatrical invention in the United States in 1978. Soaring costs made producers more willing than ever before to give imagination a chance before the footlights. Small became beautiful, and the standard musical comedy that ...


Description:
Kenya has sent many outstanding runners to American colleges since the early 1970's. The most successful has been Henry Rono of Washington State University in Pullman.


Description:
followed a turbulent course in 1978. Conflict increased with neighboring Cambodia and China, while internal economic problems grew and the flow of refugees leaving the country increased. Clashes between the Vietnamese and Cambodian Communists that had ...


Description:
The opening of the East Building of the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., on June 1, 1978, was symbolic of the growing government involvement in the arts and museums. A gift of the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, the $94-million structure ...


Description:
Storms and gales battered Europe during the first three months of 1978, and London narrowly escaped serious flooding as the River Thames came within 19 inches (48 centimeters) of overflowing its banks. Unprecedented monsoon rains in Southeast Asia ...


Description:
The Caribbean Island of Dominica became independent on Nov. 3, 1978. The new nation, part of the Windward Islands chain, had been a British colony since the early 1800's and a British associated state since 1967. St. Lucia was promised independence on ...


Description:
Yugoslavia continued to prepare for the post-Tito era in 1978. President Josip Broz Tito visited the United States in March and obtained a public endorsement of Yugoslavia's nonaligned stance and territorial integrity from President Jimmy Carter. The ...


Description:
The $10-billion Alcan gas pipeline moved closer to construction in 1978 with Canada's decision to use thin-wall pipe 56 inches (142 centimeters) in diameter for the section running from Whitehorse in the Yukon to Caroline, Alta. The United States ...


Description:
President Ernesto Geisel confirmed on Jan. 5, 1978, that General Joao Baptista de Figueiredo, head of the nation's intelligence service, was his choice as presidential successor in 1979. Brazil's unique system of rotating military dictatorships ...


Description:
A variety of electronic games continued to captivate adults and older children in 1978. Public arcades equipped with electronic consoles gave their customers a chance to try large-scale games like Starship I, in which the player pilots a spacecraft ...


Description:
President Mohammad Daoud was killed during a military coup d'etat on April 27, 1978, five years after he had overthrown the monarchy and ousted his cousin, King Mohammad Zahir Shah. The 1973 coup was bloodless, but the 1978 uprising produced two days ...


Description:
Chicago, the city that works, worked at putting its house in order in 1978. The city initiated a new voluntary school-desegregation program; began to revitalize its downtown Loop shopping area; and took steps to lure middle-income families ...


Description:
New York City received help in its continuing effort to stave off bankruptcy when President Jimmy Carter signed a bill on Aug. 8, 1978, to give the city $1.65 billion in federal loan guarantees over four years. The measure, which included permission ...


Description:
The Dallas school district's desegregation plan was rejected on April 24, 1978, by the United States Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals. In effect since 1976, the plan counted on 14 magnet schools with specialized programs to attract students of all races ...


Description:
The world's oil supply should last 60 to 90 years at current consumption rates, according to a United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) report released in September 1978. The study reversed the CIA's earlier view that proven oil reserves would ...


Description:
Population throughout the world was estimated at an all-time high of 4.365 billion persons on Dec. 31, 1978. By continuing to increase at the current 2 per cent annual rate, it will reach 6 billion by the year 2000.


Description:
A battle between President Jimmy Carter and the Congress of the United States over water policy ended on Oct. 5, 1978, when Carter vetoed a $10.2-billion public-works and energy appropriations bill and the House sustained the veto. The bill included ...


Description:
United States monetary authorities moved on Nov. 1, 1978, to halt the dollar's plunge and slow the inflationary spiral. The Federal Reserve System's Board of Governors authorized Federal Reserve Banks to raise the discount rate charged on loans to ...


Description:
After devastating quakes struck Greece, Iran, and Japan in 1978, earthquake-proof construction took on increased importance. Japanese officials announced plans to build an underwater double-track railroad tunnel that will be 2,483 feet (757 meters) ...


Description:
There was almost unanimous agreement in the United States in 1978 that the primary problem facing the country was continued and growing inflation. But there was no such agreement on how to check the rise in prices. That spiral seriously hurt all ...


Description:
Alberta voters gave the Progressive Conservative administration of Premier Peter Lougheed an impressive 74 of 79 seats in the Legislative Assembly in a provincial election on March 14, 1979. The combined opposition strength was cut by one, leaving ...


Description:
A new era began with the election on Feb. 7, 1979, of Colonel Chadli Bendjedid as president of the republic. He succeeded Houari Boumediene, who died in December 1978. The new president had been commander of the Oran military region since 1969 and ...


Description:
A number of discoveries in 1979 promised to alter greatly some theories of the ancestry of human beings and apes. Anthropologist Russell L. Ciochon of the University of North Carolina in Charlotte, and paleontologist Donald E. Savage of the University ...


Description:
Two studies shed new light in 1979 on the prehistory of the Nile River Valley cultures in early Egypt. Despite extensive knowledge of the very advanced civilization that eventually grew up in the area, archaeologists have known little about earlier ...


Description:
The American Institute of Architects (AIA) zeroed in on the theme A Celebration of Design at its annual meeting held in Kansas City, Mo., from June 3 to 7, 1979. In sharp contrast to recent annual meetings, the Missouri convention ...


Description:
The ruling military junta came under intense international pressure in 1979. At least 6,000 persons had disappeared over a three-year period after allegedly being apprehended by police during an ongoing campaign against left wing subversives. Various ...


Description:
After seven years of negotiations, the United States and Russia reached agreement in 1979 on a new Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT II). The new treaty is the first to limit the two nuclear powers to the same maximum number of strategic weapons. ...


Description:
Asia presented a landscape of distress in 1979. From Afghanistan to the China-Vietnam border, Asian troops met in combat and ravaged occupied countries. Hundreds of thousands of starving and frightened people rolled like tidal waves across borders in ...


Description:
A peculiar star in the Milky Way Galaxy called SS 433 posed a mystery for astronomers in 1979. The object had earlier been found to be a radio and X-ray source, but new spectra showed that it is apparently shooting out beams of very hot hydrogen and ...


Description:
The Liberal-National Country Party coalition government headed by Prime Minister John Malcolm Fraser faced few political challenges in 1979, though there were foretastes of difficulties to come. The Cabinet remained intact until September, in spite of ...


Description:
Bruno Kreisky, chancellor since 1970, scored his biggest electoral victory on May 6, 1979, when his Socialist Party gained two parliamentary seats for a total of 95. Josef Taus, whose conservative People's Party lost three of its 80 seats, decided not ...


Description:
The United States automobile industry ran into a host of problems in 1979, with Chrysler Corporation's monetary woes standing out as the industry's number-one headache. Inflation, recalls, fuel shortages, and competition from import cars were among ...


Description:
Researchers made major advances in experimental manipulation of animal embryos in 1979. Karl Illmensee of the University of Geneva in Switzerland reported in July that he had performed the first successful nucleus transplant. He transferred the ...


Description:
England's Fastnet race, one of the most famous in yachting, produced the worst disaster in the history of yacht racing in August 1979. On August 13 and 14, winds up to 70 miles (113 kilometers) per hour and waves as high as 30 feet (9 meters) ravaged ...


Description:
Biologist James D. Lawrey of George Mason University, Fairfax, Va., and botanist Mason E. Hale, Jr., of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., reported in April 1979 that significant amounts of automobile exhaust halt the growth of young ...


Description:
The professional bowling tour for men continued to grow in the United States in 1979, with more prize money and more television exposure. As usual, the stars included Mark Roth of North Arlington, N.J., and Earl Anthony of Kent, Wash.


Description:
Since 1964, Muhammad Ali of Los Angeles was either world heavyweight champion or about to become the champion again. In 1979, at age 37 and badly overweight at 250 pounds (113 kilograms), Ali retired.


Description:
Voters of British Columbia returned the free-enterprise Social Credit government of Premier William R. Bennett to power again on May 10, 1979. Bennett's party, in office since 1975, won 31 seats in the 57-seat legislature. The socialist New Democratic ...


Description:
President Jimmy Carter signed into law a five-part national energy plan on Nov. 9, 1978, about 18 months after he submitted energy legislation to the United States Congress. Congress passed the compromise measure on October 15 after one of the longest ...


Description:
The world economy continued generally prosperous in 1978 despite a few trouble spots. Moderate growth of production and incomes was common, and world trade continued to expand. The decline in the value of the United States dollar against most of the ...


Description:
Poetry in 1978 was highlighted by crowning editions from a cluster of celebrated American poets. The Collected Poems


Description:
The firing of Philadelphia's United States attorney, David W. Marston, by U.S. Attorney General Griffin B. Bell on Jan. 20, 1978, created an uproar in the city and became a source of embarrassment to President Jimmy Carter. Marston, a Republican, was ...


Description:
Africa experienced both promising political changes and discouraging continuities during 1979. Military regimes gave way to elected civilian governments in Ghana and in the continent's most populous country, Nigeria. Repressive dictatorships were ...


Description:
Albania opened itself slightly to the outside world in 1979, but continued its hard-line Stalinist course at home. Italy's Foreign Trade Minister Rinaldo Ossola visited Tirane in January to sign a 1979 trade agreement, becoming the first Italian ...


Description:
The cars that race in the Indianapolis 500 were involved in more 1979 combat off the track than on. A rebellion of car owners split the United States Auto Club (USAC), which sanctioned the Indianapolis 500 and other races for Indy-type cars. The ...


Description:
AVIATION companies in the United States reported decreased profits in 1979 because of fuel price hikes and a slowdown in passenger-traffic gains late in the year. The worst airline disaster in United States history occurred on May 25, when an American ...


Description:
Bangladesh enjoyed political stability in 1979 for the first time in its troubled eight-year history. President Ziaur Rahman, the ruling general known as Zia, announced on January 5 that he would release nearly all political prisoners, and promised ...


Description:
Major-league baseball underwent broad changes in 1979. All four 1978 division winners were upended. There were close pennant races in three of the four divisions, all involving teams that had seldom been contenders. In the end, the Pittsburgh Pirates ...


Description:
The Seattle Supersonics won their first National Basketball Association (NBA) championship in 1979, and Michigan State University won its first National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) basketball title. In addition, a women's professional ...


Description:
Wilfried Martens, leader of the Flemish Social Christian Party, formed a five-party coalition government on April 2, 1979. His action ended the political stalemate that followed the December 1978 general elections. The coalition replaced Paul vanden ...


Description:
Bulgaria remained preoccupied with economic questions in 1979 but also managed to play an active diplomatic role in the Balkans and beyond. West German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt visited Bulgaria in May to discuss economics, particularly Bulgaria's ...


Description:
War with Communist and tribal forces dragged on in 1979. Also, the black market remained an essential part of the economy, with the shelves of state stores nearly bare. It was estimated that smugglers  taking gems, tea, and rice into Thailand ...


Description:
President Jimmy Carter undertook a massive reorganization of his Cabinet on July 17, 1979, when he asked for the resignations of all of the department secretaries. By July 24, he had accepted the resignations of five Cabinet members  Joseph A. ...


Description:
Cambodia suffered the agonies of war again in 1979, and the brutality of contending armies brought greater suffering to the civilian population. The conflict disrupted agriculture, causing wide-spread famine. United Nations (UN) Secretary-General Kurt ...


Description:
Canada saw the defeat of the Liberal government headed by Pierre Elliott Trudeau on May 22, 1979, its replacement by a minority Progressive Conservative (PC) administration led by Charles Joseph (Joe) Clark, and the defeat of that administration on ...


Description:
Canadian literature produced a rich crop of fiction in 1979, but Margaret Trudeau's memoir, Beyond Reason,


Description:
Communications was the keynote at Telecom 79, a giant exhibition and symposium held in Geneva, Switzerland, in September 1979. Telecom is staged once every four years by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the United Nations agency that ...


Description:
The first session of the 96th Congress of the United States convened on Jan. 15, 1979, with sizable Democratic majorities in both houses. In his televised State of the Union message to Congress on January 23, President Jimmy Carter asked Congress and ...


Description:
The United States House of Representatives on May 16, 1979, approved by a 268-157 vote a bill that set aside more than 125 million acres (50 million hectares) of federal land in Alaska for parks, wildlife refuges, and forests. Environmental groups ...


Description:
The legal profession experienced relative tranquility throughout the world in 1979. Although the death penalty was returned to the United States criminal justice system in force during the year, it reappeared without strenuous protest or opposition. ...


Description:
International terrorism continued unabated during 1979. Ireland was hit particularly hard. On August 27, Earl Mountbatten of Burma, a British naval hero and cousin of Queen Elizabeth II, and three others were killed after a bomb exploded on their boat ...


Description:
The United States government announced on Aug. 31, 1979, that there was a 2,000- to 3,000-member Russian combat brigade stationed in Cuba. Both Cuba and the Soviet Union claimed that the troops were there solely for training purposes and were not in ...


Description:
Education in the United States faced two serious crises in 1979. It had to cope simultaneously with fiscal pressures created by a worsening taxpayers' revolt against government spending and with problems caused by declining enrollments. In many ...


Description:
The peace treaty signed with Israel on March 26, 1979, ended a 30-year state of war between the two countries as Egypt became the first Arab nation to recognize the existence of Israel. The treaty capped 16 months of difficult, often-interrupted ...


Description:
If the off-year elections in the United States in 1979 made any significant statement, it was that voters in urban and Southern areas still seem to prefer Democrats. Democratic mayors were put into office in nearly all large cities, and although ...


Description:
Three production methods further developed in 1979 promised to reduce the size of electronic circuits even more. The amount of circuitry that a tiny electronic chip can hold continued to increase as the line width


Description:
Citizen environmental groups, which enthusiastically supported President Jimmy Carter in the 1976 election campaign, expressed increasing dismay in 1979 at what they regarded as the weakening of his commitment to environmental causes. The President ...


Description:
Ethiopia faced armed secessionist movements in three parts of the nation in 1979. Guerrillas struck in Eritrea, a northern province bordering on the Red Sea; Tigre province, south of Eritrea; and Ogaden in the southeast, bordering on Somalia.


Description:
Tom Watson and Nancy Lopez won more tournaments and more money than any rivals on the 1979 professional tours, just as they had done a year earlier. The major men's tournaments were won by Hale Irwin and Frank (Fuzzy) Zoeller of the United States, ...


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Mr. Speaker, now that the House of Commons has declared itself we shall take our case to the country. Tomorrow I shall propose to Her Majesty that Parliament be dissolved.


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Prime Minister Constantine Karamanlis signed an agreement on May 28, 1979, to bring Greece into the European Community (EC, or Common Market) on Jan. 1, 1981. Until that time, Greece has the right to be consulted on any EC decisions.


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The Supreme Court of the United States ruled unanimously on June 11, 1979, that colleges are not required to accept handicapped students whose handicaps prevent them from meeting the requirements of a particular program. Nor are colleges required to ...


Description:
The seven-year war between the established National Hockey League (NHL) and the upstart World Hockey Association (WHA) ended on March 30, 1979, when the NHL agreed to absorb four of the WHA's six surviving teams. The NHL accepted the New England ...


Description:
Affirmed, the 1978 Horse of the Year, repeated his dominance as a 4-year-old in 1979, winning seven consecutive major stakes in the East and West. Affirmed earned $275,000 first money in the $500,000 Hollywood Gold Cup at Hollywood Park on June 24, ...


Description:
Hungary expanded its economic relations with the West and took important steps to reform its economic system in 1979. Istvan Huszar, deputy prime minister and Politburo member, visited the United States in July, becoming the highest-ranking Hungarian ...


Description:
Eric Heiden of Madison, Wis., a 20-year-old premedical student at the University of Wisconsin, dominated men's speed skating in 1979 for the third consecutive year. His sister, Beth, a 19-year-old civil-engineering student at Wisconsin, was the ...


Description:
Leonel J. Castillo resigned as commissioner of the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) on Aug. 10, 1979. Castillo, the first Mexican American to head the INS, cited serious and glaring deficiencies in United States ...


Description:
The ruling Janata Party collapsed on July 15, 1979, when Prime Minister Morarji Desai, 83, resigned. Desai quit on the eve of a no-confidence vote in parliament that he was certain to lose. The break had been expected almost from the day in March 1977 ...


Description:
In the largest court settlement ever awarded American Indians, the United States Court of Claims on June 13, 1979, awarded the Sioux Nation $105 million for 7 million acres (2.8 million hectares) in the Black Hills of South Dakota. The sum includes a ...


Description:
The national drama in 1979 was played mostly on the economic stage. The government had devalued the country's monetary unit, the rupiah, 33.6 per cent in November 1978 in the hope of cutting down imports, putting new life into the export industries, ...


Description:
The long search for peace in the Middle East produced new tensions between blacks and Jews in the United States in 1979. Andrew J. Young, Jr., U.S. ambassador to the United Nations (UN), resigned on August 15 amid controversy over his private ...


Description:
Jordan became the first Arab state to break diplomatic relations with Egypt in 1979. The action came after the March 27 summit meeting of Arab League foreign ministers in Baghdad, Iraq, held to organize a united Arab front against Egypt for its peace ...


Description:
Double-digit inflation returned to bedevil the United States labor force in 1979. Although the jobless rate remained relatively low, rising prices had a severe impact on workers' take-home pay. However, higher interest rates and severe credit ...


Description:
The victory of the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) over Nicaragua's dictator, President Anastasio Somoza Debayle, in July was the most significant event of 1979 in terms of its implications for other countries in Latin America. It was a ...


Description:
The resignation of Prime Minister Salim Ahmad al-Huss on May 16, 1979, after 2 1/2 years in office highlighted the government's continued failure to achieve a reconciliation between the various feuding Christian and Muslim factions and impose ...


Description:
Proposition 13, which severely limited property taxes in California after it was passed in 1978, continued to take its toll on the state's libraries in 1979. The director of the San Diego Public Library resigned rather than face another year of low ...


Description:
Chemists working at the Louis Pasteur University in Strasbourg, France, announced in 1979 that they had discovered two new ways to split water by means of solar energy. One of these reactions produced hydrogen, while the other one liberated oxygen.


Description:
World champion Anatoly Karpov and former world champion Mikhail Tal, both of Russia, tied for first place in the richest tournament in chess history, the Man and His World Challenge Cup, played in April and May 1979 in Montreal, Canada. Lajos Portisch ...


Description:
Relations between Chile and the United States reached a low point in 1979. On October 1, the Chilean Supreme Court refused a U.S. request to extradite three military officers indicted by a U.S. grand jury for planning the assassination of Orlando ...


Description:
The 30th anniversary of the People's Republic on Oct. 1, 1979, saw just one demonstration in Peking (Beijing in the phonetic Pinyin alphabet China adopted on January 1). About 200 young people marched up the Boulevard of Eternal Tranquility with ...


Description:
A report issued by the United States Department of State on Feb. 10, 1979, indicated an increased awareness of human rights conditions around the world. Several countries increased citizens' political rights during the year.


Description:
President Julio Cesar Turbay Ayala suspended a number of constitutional guarantees on Jan. 9, 1979, to facilitate a military drive against a wave of left wing terrorist attacks. The military was allowed to make arrests without warrants on charges of ...


Description:
Czechoslovakia struggled with an energy shortage and other economic problems during 1979. Heavy snow and ice disrupted industry and transportation in January and cost the country $600-million. Prime Minister Lubomir Strougal revealed in March that ...


Description:
European dance companies visiting the United States in 1979 supplied substantial, and sometimes controversial, novelty. A small touring group from the Royal Danish Ballet introduced Americans to a wide sampling of the work of August Bournonville, a ...


Description:
The Democratic Party was torn once again in 1979 by intraparty strife as an incumbent Democratic President faced a strong challenge to his re-election from fellow Democrats. With public opinion polls showing President Jimmy Carter's approval rating ...


Description:
Prime Minister Anker Henrik Jorgensen resigned on Sept. 28, 1979, in a dispute with his coalition partners, the Liberals, over how to cut $528-million from the budget. But he formed a new government after his Social Democratic Party won 69 seats, a ...


Description:
Hard drugs continued to be a major concern for United States health and law-enforcement authorities in 1979. A joint program with the government of Colombia, initiated and financed by the United States, resulted in the seizure of huge quantities of ...


Description:
Elias IV, the patriarch of Antioch, primate of the Orthodox Churches in Lebanon, Syria, and Iraq, died of a heart attack in Damascus, Syria, in June 1979. He visited the United States in 1977, becoming the first Orthodox patriarch to do so. On July 2, ...


Description:
Citizens of the nine European Community (EC or Common Market) countries elected the members of the European Parliament for the first time in June 1979. Two European countries also chose women prime ministers for the first time  Margaret R. ...


Description:
Fashion grew up in 1979. The new assured attitude of a more dressed-up look was epitomized by the tailored suit, the pivotal garment of the year. Crisp and clean by day, soft and sensuous by night, the silhouette was uncompromisingly adult. It was a ...


Description:
Grocery prices in the United States registered their second consecutive double-digit rise in 1979. Preliminary estimates by the U.S. Department of Agriculture indicated that prices for food eaten at home jumped 11 per cent, on top of the 10.5 per cent ...


Description:
The Pittsburgh Steelers, who won the Super Bowl game in January 1979, dominated the National Football League's (NFL) season the following autumn and won the 1980 Super Bowl. The University of Alabama assured itself of the unofficial national college ...


Description:
Socialists, Communists, Gaullists, and trade unions criticized Prime Minister Raymond Barre in 1979 for restraining wage hikes but not controlling inflation and unemployment. Even his own party supporters complained that his three-year economic ...


Description:
Using techniques for finding oil perfected in earlier years, geologists in 1979 developed new theories about how the Appalachian Mountains were formed. Geologist Fred A. Cook of Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., reported in June that the earth's crust ...


Description:
Iran became the storm center of the Middle East in 1979 and designated an old ally, the United States, as the enemy. A yearlong popular revolution reached its goal on January 16, when Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi left the country with his family on a ...


Description:
Saddam Hussein, the secretary-general of the ruling Baath Party and chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council (RCC), succeeded President Ahmad Hasan al-Bakr, who retired for health reasons on July 16, 1979. Within days, the new president moved ...


Description:
Ireland got a new prime minister on Dec. 7, 1979, when 54-year-old Charles Haughey was elected to replace Jack Lynch, who resigned. The ruling Fianna Fail party chose Haughey, a hard-line Irish nationalist, by a vote of 44 to 38.


Description:
Israel ended one era and started another with the signing of a peace treaty with Egypt on March 26, 1979. With the return of the Sinai town of Al Arish to Egyptian control on May 25, Israel had open borders with an Arab state for the first time in its ...


Description:
Italy failed to solve its political crisis with a general election in June 1979, and suffered through continuing terrorism, a shaky economy, and a bank scandal. Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti's coalition of Christian Democrats, Republicans, and ...


Description:
The conservative Liberal-Democratic Party (LDP) failed to win a majority in the general election for the House of Representatives on Oct. 7, 1979, contrary to the expectations of both the party and political analysts. Unpleasant weather kept the voter ...


Description:
Head of government Muammar Muhammad al-Qadhaafi's campaign to transform Libya into a true peoples' democracy proceeded without letup in 1979. At a special session of the General People's Congress on March 1, Qadhaafi resigned as that ...


Description:
As if in response to the surprising upsurge of younger writers in the United States during the previous year, the major novelists produced a large body of distinguished work in 1979, an outpouring of first-class novels and short-story collections ...


Description:
Perhaps it was because it was the end of the decade, a natural time for looking back, but whatever the reason, 1979 was the year for reminiscence. Several works of fiction appeared that were based upon the author's childhood in the 1940s, and they ...


Description:
Magazine advertising revenues in the United States continued their upward trend in 1979, exceeding $2 billion for the second consecutive year, according to the Publishers' Information Bureau. The number of ad pages increased 5 per cent.


Description:
continued to be troubled in 1979 by racial tensions between the ruling Malays and the economically strong Chinese minority. The Chinese were perhaps most angered by the decision of Prime Minister Datuk Hussein Onn's government to block the creation of ...


Description:
Premier Sterling R. Lyon's Progressive Conservative administration, in office since October 1977, survived a stiff test in three by-elections on Oct. 16, 1979. The government faced criticism over positions taken during the year. Its determination to ...


Description:
American film continued to dominate the world market in 1979, as it had throughout the decade. With production on the increase in the United States and on the decrease in other countries, and with American film displaying an ever increasing technical ...


Description:
The musical world tends to reflect what surrounds it. So it was not surprising that musicians and musical organizations concerned themselves in 1979 with financial matters  making ends meet  and with international politics.


Description:
The increasing popularity of the so-called new wave bands, both in Great Britain and the United States, was accompanied by a declining interest in disco music during 1979. The new wave groups and personalities, including Blondie, The Knack, the B-52s, ...


Description:
Prime Minister Andreas A.M. Van Agt drew criticism from unions and employers alike when he announced a 1980 budget of $66.8 billion on Sept. 18, 1979, though it included $1 billion to boost employment, strengthen industry, and save energy. Both ...


Description:
With strength in the legislature almost evenly divided between Conservatives and Liberals, the Conservative government chose a speaker from Liberal ranks on Feb. 1, 1979. Premier Richard B. Hatfield, with 30 Conservative seats in the 58-seat ...


Description:
The two major political parties changed leaders, and a new premier took office in 1979. Frank Moores, Conservative premier since 1972, announced his resignation on January 19, and the ruling Progressive Conservative Party on March 17 elected Brian ...


Description:
Scientists on the drilling ship Glomar Challenger


Description:
Preparations progressed in 1979 for staging the 1980 Winter Olympic Games in Lake Placid, N.Y., and the Summer Olympics in Moscow. Lake Placid tested its facilities with competition in most Winter Olympic sports, and Russia held its quadrennial ...


Description:
The derailment of a Canadian Pacific train carrying toxic chemicals virtually emptied Mississauga, Canada's 10th largest city, on Nov. 12, 1979. More than 275,000 persons were evacuated for up to three days, and, though several explosions occurred, no ...


Description:
The Sovereign Democratic Republic of Kiribati (pronounced Kiribas) became the Pacific's newest nation on July 12, 1979. The republic, a former British possession known as the Gilbert Islands, is made up of a number of small islands (mostly coral ...


Description:
A mob of angry Muslims stormed and burned the United States Embassy in Islamabad on Nov. 21, 1979, apparently because of false rumors that U.S. forces were involved in an attack on the Great Mosque of Mecca in Saudi Arabia. The embassy staff of about ...


Description:
A geologist reported in October 1979 that up to 96 per cent of all marine animal species died out at the end of the Permian Period, about 225 million years ago. Scientists have long known that the end of the Permian Period marked the most severe ...


Description:
An incident involving Bobby Knight of Indiana University, coach of the victorious United States men's basketball team, overshadowed the competition in the 1979 Pan American Games in July. The quadrennial competition held in San Juan, Puerto Rico, ...


Description:
Jimmy Carter faced the most difficult crisis of his presidency and revealed his talent for calm, patient leadership in November 1979. His long-debated and controversial decision to allow the exiled Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi of Iran to enter the ...


Description:
Canada's smallest province elected a Progressive Conservative government on April 23, 1979, leaving the country without a single Liberal government in the provinces for the first time in more than 100 years. The Liberal defeat in national elections on ...


Description:
Prison population in the United States topped 300,000 for the first time, according to a Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) report released in June 1979. The inmate total in federal correctional institutions continued to decline because ...


Description:
The positive response to Pope John Paul II's visit to the United States in October 1979 demonstrated the hunger of Protestant church people for attention to the corporate life of the organized church, as well as for leadership in their own ranks. Two ...


Description:
Although psychologists have tried in recent years to establish links between human speech and ape communications, a 1979 study contended that the patterning of ape messages is not like human language. A team of psychologists headed by Herbert S. ...


Description:
More than 90 per cent of United States schoolchildren were fully immunized against measles and such diseases as diphtheria, polio, typhoid, and whooping cough by September 1979. That achievement realized a goal set two years earlier by Joseph A. ...


Description:
Double-digit inflation and the threat of a recession shadowed United States manufacturers throughout 1979. A surging first quarter followed by a sluggish second quarter brought cries of recession in the middle of the year. However, the third quarter ...


Description:
United States scientists who toured the People's Republic of China reported in January 1979 that Chinese physicians have developed a birth control pill for men that is 99.89 per cent effective. The Chinese said that several thousand men have used ...


Description:
The Supreme Court of the United States ruled on April 30, 1979, that patients cannot be committed to a mental institution against their will without clear and convincing evidence that they are both mentally ill and likely to be dangerous. ...


Description:
State visits by two world leaders in 1979 underscored Mexico's growing importance as an oil-exporting country. United States President Jimmy Carter met with President Jose Lopez Portillo in February to review negotiations on the U.S. purchase of ...


Description:
Muslim militants dominated regional affairs in 1979, a year in which Islam celebrated the 1,400th anniversary of its founding. (Muslims base the 1,400 years since A.D. 622, when Islam began, on a lunar calendar that is shorter than the solar year most ...


Description:
Failure to solve the guerrilla problem in the Western Sahara severely strained the Moroccan economy in 1979. Despite overwhelming superiority in numbers and equipment, the Moroccan army could not win a decisive victory over the Polisario guerrillas ...


Description:
President Anastasio Somoza Debayle resigned under pressure on July 17, 1979, thus ending a 42-year rule by the Somoza family. Somoza, accompanied by 45 top aides and family members, went into exile in Miami Beach, Fla.


Description:
Nigeria inaugurated its first civilian government in more than 13 years on Oct. 1, 1979. Power was transferred from the 23-member Supreme Military Council, headed by Lieutenant General Olusegun Obasanjo, to a national government composed of an elected ...


Description:
Nobel prizes in peace, literature, economics, and various sciences were awarded in 1979. Five of the 10 winners are Americans.


Description:
Northern Ireland experienced an even greater hardening of attitudes among extremists on both sides of the independence question in 1979. Protestants and Roman Catholics alike awaited a fresh political initiative promised by the Conservative government ...


Description:
The Territorial Council was increased from 15 to 22 elected members in 1979 in spite of opposition from the Territories' lone member of Parliament, Wally Firth. The bill was approved by a quick voice vote on March 8.


Description:
Three countries bid for Norway's North Sea gas in 1979. France and West Germany offered to help finance a pipeline to carry the offshore gas to the continent, and Great Britain reopened the prospect of a Norwegian-British pipeline. But Norway delayed ...


Description:
Premier John Buchanan's Conservative government unveiled a $1.2-billion coal development program in October 1979. It included the opening of three new mines and the expansion of existing ones. Plans were made to build two 300-megawatt coal-fired power ...


Description:
Civilian protests against austerity measures imposed by the military government occurred repeatedly throughout 1979. They arose from the government's decision, announced in January, to clamp down on wage increases.


Description:
As the political, security, and economic problems facing the Philippines worsened in 1979, the Roman Catholic Church emerged as the focus of opposition to President Ferdinand E. Marcos. Jaime Cardinal Sin, archbishop of Manila, was the church's main ...


Description:
Experimental results brought physicists closer to understanding fundamental natural forces in 1979. Their studies of the behavior of matter ranged from the smallest elementary particles to some of the densest stars.


Description:
Poland moved toward a working relationship with the Roman Catholic Church and continued to tolerate dissent in 1979, but the economy deteriorated. The dominant political event was the visit of Pope John Paul II from June 2 to 10. It was the first ...


Description:
Portugal ended a continuing government crisis on July 19, 1979, with the appointment of its first woman prime minister. Maria de Lurdes Pintassilgo, an industrial chemist and the country's ambassador to the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and ...


Description:
plagued with annual deficits for 34 years, reported a revenue surplus for the fiscal year ending on Oct. 1, 1979. Postmaster General William F. Bolger reported on November 27 that the surplus was more than $470-million because of a record volume of ...


Description:
The sentences of four Puerto Rican nationalists, each of whom had served 25 years in prison in the United States, were commuted by President Jimmy Carter on Sept. 6, 1979. Three of them  Lolita Lebron, Rafael Cancel-Miranda, and Irving Flores ...


Description:
Premier Rene Levesque, head of the separatist Parti Quebecois (PQ) government, drew federal fire with his announcement on Nov. 1, 1979, that his province would hold a referendum on sovereignty-association with the rest of Canada in June 1980. In a ...


Description:
Network radio in general, and music programs in particular, enjoyed a renaissance in the United States in 1979. More than 7.5 million adults were tuned to the FM network of the American Broadcasting Companies, Incorporated (ABC), on May 12 when ABC ...


Description:
The world was confronted with an explosion of Islamic religious fervor in many Middle Eastern, African, and Asian nations in 1979. Many Westerners, accustomed to separation of church and state, were confounded.


Description:
Republican Party members were aware of President Jimmy Carter's weakness in public opinion polls during much of 1979 and sensed the chance of a White House victory in 1980. Ten Republicans had entered the race for their party's presidential nomination ...


Description:
Pope John Paul II made a series of pilgrimages in 1979, including visits to Mexico, Poland, Ireland, the United States, and Turkey. Throughout his Western travels, the pope was greeted by huge, friendly crowds.


Description:
President Jimmy Carter in January 1979 proposed cutting some Social Security benefits as part of his austere federal budget for fiscal 1980. The Social Security system has been caught in a squeeze, with a slowly growing work force paying the bills for ...


Description:
President Balthazar Johannes Vorster resigned on June 4, 1979, after a government commission accused him of covering up a scandal while he was prime minister. Marais Viljoen was named to succeed him in the ceremonial post.


Description:
Unmanned planetary probes from the United States discovered new moons and rings around Saturn and Jupiter in 1979, while Russian cosmonauts continued to break spaceendurance records. Rocket-engine problems kept U.S. astronauts grounded, and the Skylab


Description:
Spain struggled through 1979 with a shaky economy, widespread strikes, and continuing terrorism by Basque separatists. Gunmen of the Basque Home-land and Liberty organization (ETA) assassinated the military governor of Madrid on January 3. Violence ...


Description:
Attendance at sports events was at or near record levels in the United States in 1979, but television sports interest seemed to wane. There were exceptions. The Super Bowl football game was seen in more than 35 million homes, the most ever for a ...


Description:
Sri Lanka remained one of the poorer Asian states in 1979, with the gross national product (GNP) per capita put at $200. But it was still one of the most socially advanced nations in Asia, with a welfare program ranging from subsidies for low-income ...


Description:
Switzerland voted in three referendums, its traditional way of making decisions, in 1979. On February 18, the Swiss narrowly rejected stricter licensing procedures and local approval for new nuclear power stations by 965,271 votes to 919,271. The ...


Description:
The movement toward full unity with Iraq that began in October 1978 advanced only slightly in 1979 in resolving fundamental differences between rival Syrian and Iraq Baath Party regimes. One small step was the resumption, in February, of Iraqi crude ...


Description:
Taiwan adjusted during 1979 to the loss of diplomatic relations with its chief ally, the United States. As of Jan. 1, 1979, the United States recognized the People's Republic of China as the sole government of China, established diplomatic relations ...


Description:
Controversy over taxes took a back seat to spiraling inflation in the United States in 1979, and taxpayer resentment of the rising tax burden  so strong the previous year  was muted. In May, President Jimmy Carter told a news conference ...


Description:
Roots, the phenomenon known as Alex Haley's comet, returned in the sequel Roots: The Next Generations in February 1979. In spite of formidable competition from such feature films as Marathon Man, American Graffiti,


Description:
Bjorn Borg and Martina Navratilova won the 1979 Wimbledon championships and were generally considered the world's best tennis players. John McEnroe and Tracy Austin, two young Americans, won the United States Open titles and seemed headed for further ...


Description:
The United States seemed determined to set records in 1979. Banks charged record high interest rates, gold soared to a record price of more than $525 a troy ounce (31 grams) while the value of the dollar sank to record lows, and gasoline prices jumped ...


Description:
The military regime of President Aparicio Mendez Manfredini eased its harsh rule but still refused to permit dissent in 1979. It remained publicly committed to a plebiscite in 1980 to adopt a new constitution, and it also promised a presidential ...


Description:
Luis Herrera Campins was sworn in as president on March 12, 1979. He became the fifth consecutive president elected since democracy was restored in Venezuela in 1958. Herrera, head of the Christian Social Party, was elected on Dec. 3, 1978.


Description:
Vietnam fought wars on two broad fronts during 1979. Its invasion of Cambodia in December 1978 turned into a long, costly struggle against guerrilla forces. Vietnamese troops also remained in Laos, trying to subdue resistance there. In retaliation for ...


Description:
Exhibitions devoted to the old masters dominated museum calendars in the United States in 1979. Both the Cleveland Museum of Art and the Boston Museum of Fine Arts hosted and helped to organize the somber yet enthralling Chardin exhibition ...


Description:
The third severe winter in a row to batter the eastern half of the United States came to an end in March 1979. This was the first time that three significantly below-normal winters have been recorded consecutively since record-keeping began in the ...


Description:
New research shed light in 1979 on the family patterns of the jackal, one of the few species of mammals to pair and remain paired with the mate for long periods. Scientists have previously noted that other adult jackals sometimes assist the parents in ...


Description:
The future of zoos and the conservation of animal species were strongly linked in 1979. At international meetings in Copenhagen, Denmark, and San Diego, zoo scientists and managers, geneticists, conservationists, and wildlife biologists considered the ...


Description:
Agriculture in the United States enjoyed a second consecutive prosperous year in 1979. Records or near-records abounded  in total farm income, total production of all crops, agricultural exports, farm loans, foodgrain stocks, and fertilizer use.


Description:
General Joao Baptista de Oliveira Figueiredo took over as president for a six-year term on March 15, 1979. He vowed to continue the process begun by his predecessor, Ernesto Geisel, of gradually returning the country to democratic government.


Description:
Information released in March 1979 indicated that toys based on the motion picture Star Wars


Description:
The growing revolt against the Russian-backed regime finally triggered an invasion by Soviet troops on Dec. 27, 1979, and a change of government. The revolt pitted Muslims and Afghan tribes against the Afghan army and its 4,000 Russian ...


Description:
Romania pursued an active, independent foreign policy in 1979 and challenged Russia within the Eastern Europe bloc. Communist Party General Secretary and President Nicolae Ceausescu visited eight African countries in April, Spain in May, and Syria in ...


Description:
Russia completed the second round of its Strategic Arms Limitations Talks (SALT II) with the United States in 1979 while the aging Soviet leadership continued its drive to improve the economy. United States President Jimmy Carter and Supreme Soviet ...


Description:
A judge in Karlsruhe, West Germany, ruled in March 1979 that motorists may not claim complete insurance coverage if they are injured in auto accidents while not wearing seat belts. Reversing a decision handed down from the same court in 1970, the ...


Description:
The leader of the official opposition Progressive Conservative Party, Dick Collver, resigned his post on May 29, 1979, because of what he termed unjustified personal attacks on his integrity and conduct. Collver had led the party since 1973 from ...


Description:
Saudi Arabia raised its oil production from 8.5 million barrels a day to 9.5 million barrels in July 1979 at the request of U.S. President Jimmy Carter. Although they had planned to return to previous levels on Jan. 1, 1980, the Saudis announced on ...


Description:
Peter Luescher of Switzerland won the 1979 World Cup overall title for men because skiing officials found a way to stop Ingemar Stenmark of Sweden. They changed the rules.


Description:
Professional soccer continued to grow in the United States in 1979, and not only outdoors. One major indoor league played in the 1978-1979 season, and two started the 1979-1980 season.


Description:
The accident at the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant near Harrisburg, Pa., on March 28, 1979, made state governments more aware of the dangers of radioactive materials. The crisis led to a series of legislative and executive acts to control waste ...


Description:
Rising stock and bond prices failed to match high and rising interest rates and inflation in the United States in 1979. Although up on the average, corporate profits throughout the 1970s failed to keep pace with inflation, partly because of ...


Description:
A combination of economic difficulties and isolation from other Arab states posed a severe challenge to President and Prime Minister Gaafar Muhammed Nimeiri in 1979, his 10th year in power. Nimeiri's support for the peace initiatives of Egyptian ...


Title:
SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES (1979)

Description:
The Supreme Court made as many headlines for its off-the-bench activities as for its judicial decisions during 1979. The court's term was marked by an increasingly apparent trend away from both ideological decision making and political voting blocs.


Description:
Thorbjorn Falldin, leader of the Center Party, returned to power as prime minister on Oct. 9, 1979, after a close general election on September 16. The outcome was in doubt until absentee ballots were tallied on September 19. The non-Socialist Center, ...


Description:
Teen-agers Cynthia (Sippy) Woodhead of Riverside, Calif., Mary T. Meagher of Louisville, Ky., and Kim Linehan of Austin, Tex., helped American women maintain world swimming supremacy in 1979. The American men remained the best, even though Russians ...


Description:
Thailand felt threatened in 1979 by the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia, which began in December 1978 and brought a strong army to Thailand's border for the first time in modern history. Alarmed, Prime Minister Kriangsak Chamanan visited the United ...


Description:
Regional theater in the United States became truly tributary in 1979 and contributed importantly to the mainstream of American theater. Broadway represents a goal or pinnacle for new plays, and a record number of the year's outstanding ...


Description:
Sebastian Coe, a 22-year-old Englishman, broke the world records for three popular distances  800 meters, 1,500 meters, and 1 mile  within 42 days in 1979. In the process, he bettered marks of such distinguished recordholders as Alberto ...


Description:
Transportation industries in the United States began 1979 well, but soaring fuel costs and slowing business took their toll on profits by year's end. Airlines prospered under deregulation until rising expenses and a leveling-off of traffic forced them ...


Description:
Prime Minister Bulent Ecevit's two years as head of the government ended abruptly on Oct. 16, 1979. Ecevit resigned when his majority Republican People's Party (RPP) was defeated in parliamentary elections. The RPP lost all five Assembly seats and 32 ...


Description:
Andrew J. Young, Jr., the first black to serve as United States ambassador to the UN, resigned on Aug. 15, 1979, because his outspoken, freewheeling style got him into serious trouble. Young's successor was another black, Donald F. McHenry, Young's ...


Description:
President Jimmy Carter on May 23, 1979, sent Congress a scaled-down welfare reform plan that would cost $5.7 billion annually. His comprehensive plan for structural reform had died in Congress in 1978, primarily because of its $20-billion price tag.


Description:
St. Lucia on Feb. 22, 1979, joined the growing list of independent nations created out of Great Britain's former Caribbean colonies. The new nation, a part of the Windward Islands chain, had been an associated state affiliated with Great Britain since ...


Description:
Yugoslavia was active in foreign affairs in 1979, especially among the nonaligned nations. But economic conditions deteriorated amid many changesin the government and the Communist Party.


Description:
Yukon Territory moved closer to provincial status in 1979. On February 5, federally appointed Commissioner Ione C. Christensen was instructed to follow the advice of the 16-member elected council on such territorial matters as local taxation, ...


Description:
A five-nation African security force left Shaba Province in August 1979 after a year of peacekeeping in the mineral-rich region. The force, composed of about 1,500 Moroccans, 600 Senegalese, and units from Gabon, the Ivory Coast, and Togo, had been ...


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The country once again became a colony of Great Britain on Dec. 12, 1979, temporarily ending 14 years of independence. On that day a British parliamentary leader, Lord Soames, was installed as interim governor.


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Jane M. Byrne on April 3, 1979, became the first woman to be elected mayor of Chicago. Byrne, a Democrat and former commissioner of consumer affairs, received 82.5 per cent of the vote in a landslide victory over Republican Wallace D. Johnson. But her ...


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New York City told the federal government in September 1979 that its comeback from near fiscal collapse in 1975 had left it in a better position to cope with a national economic recession. The report noted that the first half of 1979 was ...


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A cash shortage forced Wayne County, which incorporates Detroit and some of its suburbs, to hand 5,100 of its 5,300 employees layoff notices on Oct. 31, 1979. The notice set November 11 as the termination date for the employees, who had received their ...


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Houston residents voted on Aug. 11, 1979, to restructure the City Council to provide better representation to the blacks and Hispanics who comprise about 40 per cent of the city's 1.7 million population. The new City Council has nine members elected ...


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Transportation problems, triggered by the gas shortage and aggravated by a bus strike, plagued residents of the Los Angeles-Long Beach area during 1979. In response to requests from Los Angeles officials, California Governor Edmund G. Brown, Jr., ...


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Plans conceived in the 1960's to renovate the stretch of Pennsylvania Avenue connecting the Capitol with the U.S. Department of the Treasury Building came closer to realization in 1979. The General Services Administration announced on January 8 that ...


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The financial plight of many United States cities grew steadily worse in 1979 as urban areas continued to suffer high levels of inflation and unemployment. The June 1978 passage of California's Proposition 13, which cut property taxes there by 57 per ...


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Seldom since the early 1930's have economic affairs in the United States been so prominent in the headlines and in the minds of people as they were during 1979. Public opinion polls throughout the year listed inflation as the primary concern. Energy, ...


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Gasoline shortages, steep price increases for all petroleum products, a November diplomatic crisis between the United States and oil-rich Iran, and concern about the safety of nuclear energy in 1979 created the strongest sense of urgency about energy ...


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A surge in world oil prices, the second major increase in five years, was the dominant event in the world economy in 1979. The rate of inflation worsened in nearly all countries, economic growth turned sluggish in the United States and elsewhere, and ...


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Poetry in the United States received important support in 1979 with the establishment of the National Poetry Series, designed to generate five new books of poems every year. More than $500,000 was provided for this program by James A. Michener and ...


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Democrat William J. Green, a six-term veteran of the U.S. House of Representatives, defeated Republican David W. Marston, a former U.S. attorney, in the mayoral election on Nov. 6, 1979. Green succeeds Frank L. Rizzo, who tried unsuccessfully to amend ...


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The American Institute of Architects (AIA) emphasized the crucial importance of energy-saving buildings at its annual meeting in Cincinnati, Ohio, from June 1 to 4, 1980. AIA members heard that because buildings currently consume about 35 per cent of ...


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The military government of President Jorge Rafael Videla, irked by United States criticism of its human-rights violations, turned toward Russia in 1980 in developing its trade. Russia became the principal purchaser of Argentine meat. In defiance of ...


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Boom and bust rubbed elbows on this vast continent in 1980. War and race riots brought death to thousands, and poverty remained the general condition.


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Astronomy achieved another first on Nov. 12, 1980, when Voyager 1


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held its first general election since 1977 on Oct. 18, 1980, and voters re-elected the Liberal-National Country Party government headed by Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser. Although the government's majority in the House of Representatives was cut in ...


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Austria celebrated the 25th anniversary of its liberation from Allied occupation on May 15, 1980. Austria was annexed by Germany in 1938 and was occupied by the Allies from the end of World War II until 1955, when Russia, the United ...


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manufacturers in the United States found the going rough in 1980, with Chrysler Corporation's financial woes continuing to be the industry's number-one headache. Inflation, high interest rates, rising fuel costs, and competition from imported cars all ...


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The Supreme Court of the United States ruled on June 16, 1980, that life forms  specifically, bacteria  can be patented. The court decided that microbiologist Ananda M. Chakrabarty could receive a patent on a Pseudomonas


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Other nations have challenged the United States 24 times without success since 1851, when the yacht America


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Acid rain  precipitation that picks up chemicals polluting the air and deposits them on the ground  has had a dramatic impact on bodies of water in North America and Europe, producing significant changes in plant and animal life within the ...


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The 22-year-old Wayne Webb of Akron, Ohio, and 21-year-old Steve Martin of Kingsport, Tenn., taught their elders a few bowling lessons in 1980. Webb won three tournaments, including the richest of the year  the $150,000 Firestone Tournament of ...


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Even in defeat, a 38-year-old, worn-out Muhammad Ali attracted more attention in 1980 than Larry Holmes, who beat him, or Roberto Duran and Sugar Ray Leonard, who waged a memorable welterweight war.


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British Columbia increased its exports of coal to Japan in 1980, and Japanese Prime Minister Masayoshi Ohira studied future prospects when he visited the Pacific province on May 6. Ohira learned that a large coalfield to be developed in the ...


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Bulgaria remained a loyal ally of Russia in 1980 but continued to develop economic links with both the East and the West. Relations with Yugoslavia improved after a renewed quarrel over Macedonia in January.


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The United States Bureau of the Census prepared in 1979 for the 1980 Decennial Census of Population and Housing  the 20th such survey since 1790. The federal government's single largest peacetime undertaking, the census will collect information ...


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Shocks were felt in Montreal's economy in 1979. The Montreal Star,


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President Jimmy Carter barred all petroleum imports from Iran on Nov. 12, 1979. The move was in response to Iran's seizure of the U.S. Embassy in Teheran, where Iranian students held U.S. citizens hostage.


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As of July 1, 1979, there were 4.4 billion persons in the world. The 1979 death rate of 12 per 1,000 population, combined with the birth rate of 31 per 1,000 population, gave the world an overall growth rate of 1.9 per cent. Demographers, estimating ...


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President Jimmy Carter's Administration and environmental groups waged an intense battle in 1979 against legislation that would revise the Reclamation Act of 1902. The act helped settle the West by authorizing the federal government to build ...


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Inflation raged at about a 13 per cent annual rate in the United States and a 10 per cent rate in Canada in 1979. Interest rates rose to unprecedented levels to compensate lenders for the rapidly depreciating value of dollars. Because a dollar's ...


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New and widespread interest in solar construction, spurred by the shortage of conventional heating fuels, keynoted construction in the United States in 1979. Financial incentives for research and development proliferated, most of them in the form of ...


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The end of the colonial era drew closer as Zimbabwe, formerly Rhodesia, became independent on April 18, 1980. Only one African territory  Namibia (South West Africa), administered by South Africa  remained a colony. Although the progress ...


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Albania improved economic relations with Yugoslavia in 1980 but strongly condemned Russia's invasion of Afghanistan as unwarranted aggression and as a possible precedent for a thrust into the Balkans. The Communist Party daily newspaper Zeri i ...


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Canada's largest oil-producing province armed itself in 1980 for another round in the struggle with the federal government in Ottawa, Ont., over the price and taxation of its vast oil resources. The Alberta legislature approved a law on May 23 ...


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President Chadli Bendjedid cemented his authority as Algeria's leader and began to shape new policies of his own during 1980, his second year in office. A special congress of the ruling National Liberation Front (FLN) in June approved his appointees ...


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An ancient ape that lived 30 million years ago may have been the ancestor of apes and man, according to anthropologists Elwyn L. Simons and Richard Kay of Duke University in Durham, N.C. They reported in February 1980 on how they reconstructed ...


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It seemed clear in 1980 that opportunities for making scientific advances in archaeology are both created and limited by politics, technology, and economic conditions. For example, the political climate in Israel apparently fostered a new and ...


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Alan Jones of Australia narrowly defeated Nelson Piquet of Brazil to become the 1980 world drivers' champion. But their battle on the track was overshadowed by off-the-track disputes involving control of Formula One racing, the safety of the tiny ...


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Aviation companies in the United States saw traffic slump, fuel costs climb, and profits disappear in 1980. United States airlines lost nearly $200 million, the worst loss in U.S. airline history, according to George W. James, the U.S. airline ...


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Bangladesh endured harsh tests in 1980, as in the preceding eight years of its existence. Summer floods, which usually inundate one-third of the country, covered more than half, taking at least 350 lives, killing countless farm animals, and washing ...


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The Philadelphia Phillies won baseball's top prize after an exciting 1980 season followed by thrilling play-offs and World Series. The Phillies defeated the Kansas City Royals, 4 games to 2, in a World Series between two virtual strangers to that fall ...


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The Los Angeles Lakers won the National Basketball Association (NBA) 1979-1980 championship, and the University of Louisville captured the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) title. However, much of the excitement was provided by the ...


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Belgium endured three threats to the center-left coalition government of Christian Democrat Prime Minister Wilfried Martens early in 1980, then saw the government collapse in April and October. The first threat started in January with a 15-day strike ...


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President U Ne Win proclaimed amnesty in May 1980 for political opponents who had fled abroad. The most eminent among the returning exiles was 73-year-old former Prime Minister U Nu, who in the 1970s led an unsuccessful armed insurrection. U Nu ...


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President Jimmy Carter made one change and one addition to the Cabinet in 1980. After the election of Ronald Reagan as President on November 4, Carter's Cabinet was relegated to lame-duck status, and attention turned to Reagan's Cabinet choices.


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Cambodia (Kampuchea) was racked by guerrilla war and hunger throughout 1980, with little relief in sight. The fighting was primarily between 200,000 Vietnamese troops and guerrilla forces of the former Khmer Rouge regime, which the Vietnamese forced ...


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Pierre Elliott Trudeau returned to dominate Canadian political life in 1980. Out of office for nine months, the 61-year-old Trudeau regained power as prime minister after his Liberal Party won the election of February 18, gaining a solid majority in ...


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Canadian literature suffered from economic hardship in 1980. Many major publishers cut back their staffs and published fewer works, while the small literary presses were relatively inactive. Nevertheless, some outstanding books  particularly ...


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A potentially important drug in the treatment of cancer was synthesized in the laboratory for the first time in October 1980 by a team of chemists led by Elias J. Corey of Harvard University in Cambridge, Mass. The researchers made maytansine, an ...


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The second session of the 96th Congress of the United States convened for business on Jan. 21, 1980. With all seats in the House and one-third in the Senate being contested on November 4, the approaching elections cast a shadow over Congress, which ...


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The Congress of the United States approved legislation on Nov. 12, 1980, to protect more than 100 million acres (40 million hectares) of icy wilderness in Alaska from development. President Jimmy Carter, who signed the legislation on December 2, ...


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The rule of law among nations experienced a mixed year during 1980. Several countries flouted the judgment of international tribunals when that course suited their self-interest. Libya continued to defy a 1978 ruling by the United Nations (UN) ...


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Increasing use of murder, bombing, and kidnapping as political devices continued to unsettle governments in 1980. North America, Northern Ireland, Western Europe, and the Middle East were particularly hard-hit.


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In one of the most remarkable exoduses of modern times, some 125,000 Cubans fled their homeland in 1980 and sought refuge in the United States and elsewhere. The mass departure was triggered on April 4 when about 25 Cubans sought political asylum in ...


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Czechoslovakia maintained its hard-line ideological and political posture in 1980, but allowed experiments with the economy. Communist Party General Secretary and President Gustav Husak was re-elected to another five-year term on May 22. Foreign ...


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The normalization of relations with Israel continued in 1980 with the opening of their common border in January and the establishment of formal diplomatic relations in February. Egypt's first ambassador to Israel took up his post in February. In ...


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Voters on Nov. 4, 1980, elected Republican Ronald Reagan President of the United States by a surprising and spectacular margin, splintering the traditional Democratic coalition and sending President Jimmy Carter back to his Plains, Ga., home after one ...


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Electronics manufacturers increased the capacity and cut the prices of microelectronic devices in 1980. Semiconductor technology continued to provide more processing and memory capability in a wide range of products, from large computers that carry ...


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Fear stalked the streets of San Salvador, the capital, in 1980 while frequent terrorist killings and confrontations between leftists and rightists were reported in the countryside. By October, what amounted to an intermittent civil war had left 6,000 ...


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Many environmental leaders in the United States feared that the victory of Ronald Reagan in the 1980 presidential election, Republican control of the Senate, and the election of a more conservative Congress might set back the environmental movement. ...


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The European Community (EC or Common Market) began 1980 with a bitter struggle over Great Britain's demand for cuts in its contribution to the 1980-1981 budget and a constitutional wrangle between the European Parliament and the nine EC countries over ...


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One phrase more than any other was on the lips of British political pundits in 1980  U-turn. It referred to the question of whether Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher's Conservative government would be forced to shift its policy and ...


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Greece faced three major foreign policy problems in 1980. These concerns were its differences with Turkey, its role in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and the status of United States bases on Greek soil. Greece's military link with NATO ...


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Services for the disabled in the United States continued to be controversial in 1980. Government officials attempted to unravel the many complications presented by Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, which prohibits discrimination against ...


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The Montreal Canadiens, who always seemed to win the Stanley Cup, failed to do that in 1980. The New York Islanders, an eight-year expansion team, finally won their first cup.


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Spectacular Bid, a 4-year-old, became the biggest money-earner in the history of thoroughbred racing and was syndicated for stud on March 11, 1980, at a world-record $22 million before his career ended in anticlimactic fashion. On May 3, Genuine Risk ...


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Hungary continued to reform its economic system in 1980. The government echoed Russian statements on major issues, but without enthusiasm. Foreign Minister Frigyes Puja called off his January visit to West Germany in response to Western criticism of ...


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Iraq sent its military forces into Iran on Sept. 22, 1980. The outbreak of war climaxed steadily increasing tension between Iraq's Baathist government and Iran's Khomeini regime, as each sought to overthrow the other. Before the attack, President ...


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Ireland moved no nearer to a settlement with Northern Ireland in 1980, despite the fact that Prime Minister Charles J. Haughey had declared that to be his primary objective when he took office in December 1979. Domestic problems dominated the ...


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Israel ended 30 years of isolation from its Arab neighbors when it established formal diplomatic relations with Egypt on Feb. 26, 1980. The Israeli ambassador took up his post in Cairo, and President Yitzhak Navon, arriving in Egypt in October, became ...


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Italy suffered Europe's worst earthquake since 1915 on Nov. 23, 1980. The quake's initial shock, centered about 45 miles (72 kilometers) east of Naples, registered 6.8 on the Richter scale. Tremors were felt from Sicily to the northern Alps. The quake ...


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Intraparty strife nearly unseated the governing Liberal-Democratic Party (LDP) in 1980. The trouble began on May 16 when 69 dissident LDP members, unhappy after a 1979 party leadership struggle, withheld their support and the LDP suffered a stunning ...


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United States President Jimmy Carter met with leading Hasidic rabbis at the White House in May 1980, the first meeting of its kind. Most American Jews were keenly interested in the U.S. presidential election and how it might affect U.S. policy toward ...


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Viktor Korchnoi, a Russian now living in Switzerland, and Robert Hubner of West Germany survived competition featuring eight grandmasters in 1980, and played for the right to meet titleholder Anatoly Karpov of Russia in 1981 for the world ...


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In a national plebiscite held on Sept. 11, 1980, Chileans approved by a 2-to-1 margin a new constitution and the continuance of military rule until the constitution becomes effective in 1989. The referendum, which had been announced less than four ...


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The year 1980 turned out to be one of startling change  like 1966, when the late Communist Party Chairman Mao Tse-tung (Mao Zedong in the phonetic Pinyin alphabet) launched his Cultural Revolution. Under the pragmatic Old Revolutionary leader ...


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Citizens in several nations ruled by governments that had previously allowed few civil liberties received greater civil rights in 1980. After 12 years of military rule, Peru returned to a democratic form of government with the inauguration on July 28 ...


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On Feb. 11, 1980, 16 heavily armed members of the terrorist group Movement of April 19, also known as M-19, seized the Embassy of the Dominican Republic in Bogota while a diplomatic reception was being held. Among the 80 hostages captured were ...


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Leaders in the telecommunications industry had expected that legislation giving the United States a cohesive communications policy would be passed in 1980. Two major bills were introduced  one in the House of Representatives and one in the ...


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Mikhail Baryshnikov's ascent to artistic director of the American Ballet Theater (ABT) on September 1 was the most significant of several administrative changes in the dance world in 1980. Lucia Chase had directed the ABT since she co-founded the ...


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The general election on Nov. 4, 1980, was a disaster for the Democrats, in the blunt appraisal of Speaker of the House Thomas P. (Tip) O'Neill, Jr., of Massachusetts, who was slated to become the highest-ranking Democrat in the new ...


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Denmark struggled in 1980 to shore up its sagging economy. The country has the highest standard of living in the European Community (Common Market), but its payments deficit almost doubled to $2.9 billion from 1978 to 1979. Foreign debts represented ...


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The East Coast of the United States saw a massive increase in heroin use and heroin-caused deaths in 1980, according to Manhattan District Attorney Robert M. Morgenthau, Jr. Morgenthau said on September 22 that heroin was being smuggled into New York ...


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The first meeting of a newly formed international Roman Catholic-Eastern Orthodox Theological Commission began in May 1980 on the Greek islands of Patmos and Rhodes. Orthodox commission members stated that the discussions revealed deep and persistent ...


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The Department of Education (DOE), approved by the Congress of the United States in September 1979, began operations on May 4, 1980, with Shirley M. Hufstedler, a former federal judge, as the first secretary of education. The new department had a ...


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What people wear to protect or decorate their bodies has been a reflection of their culture throughout history, and future generations looking back on 1980 will see a paradox. The year's fashion reflected political unrest, energy and economic ...


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Abundant supplies resulting from record-setting production of United States farm commodities a year earlier dampened food price increases for consumers somewhat through the first half of 1980. But higher transportation, labor, energy, and other costs ...


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The Philadelphia Eagles and the surprising Oakland Raiders, both noted for defense, won the 1980 National Football League (NFL) conference championships. The University of Georgia, the only major team to win all its games, was chosen as the college ...


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The bombing of a Jewish synagogue in Paris on Oct. 3, 1980, in which four persons died and 12 were injured, climaxed a year of unrest at home and discord with France's neighbors. Thousands of French citizens marched in demonstrations after the bombing ...


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The repeated eruption of Mount Saint Helens in Washington was the biggest geologic event of 1980. But in a sense, it was no surprise to geologists. Mount Saint Helens is part of the Cascade Range, a chain of volcanoes that extends from Lassen Peak and ...


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Tom Watson and Jack Nicklaus, who between them had dominated men's competition for the last two decades, were the outstanding golfers of 1980. The Professional Golfers' Association (PGA) named Watson as Player of the Year for an unprecedented fourth ...


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Eric Heiden of Madison, Wis., dominated speed skating in 1980 for the fourth consecutive year. The 21-year-old Heiden won all five men's gold medals in the Winter Olympic Games in February in Lake Placid, N.Y. He took the world sprint championship for ...


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An extraordinary group of refugees arrived in the United States in 1980, sailing in a freedom flotilla from Cuba to Key West, Fla. From April 21 through early August, an estimated 125,000 Cubans made the 110-mile (180-kilometer) ocean trip ...


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Indira Gandhi pulled off what many regarded as a political miracle in 1980. After being beaten decisively in a 1977 general election, she regained power as prime minister in a landslide election victory on Jan. 3 and 6, 1980. Her Congress-I (I for ...


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The Supreme Court of the United States ruled 8 to 1 on June 30, 1980, that the federal government must pay seven tribes of Sioux Indians $17.5 million for the government's illegal seizure of 7 million acres (3 million hectares) of Indian lands in the ...


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Indonesia could count many pluses in 1980, at least on the surface. After the largest harvest in history, Indonesia's bins were packed with home-grown and imported rice. Thanks to soaring world prices, Indonesia's income from oil and gas exports ...


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Despite war, international isolation, internal unrest, and a tattered economy, the revolutionary religious regime dominated by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini made some progress toward its goal of a viable Islamic republic in Iran in 1980. Former Finance ...


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Jordan resumed its traditional friendly relationship with the United States in 1980. King Hussein I visited the U.S. in June, ending a rift that began in September 1978 with the Camp David agreements and the U.S.-supported Egyptian-Israeli peace ...


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A sharp rise in unemployment in the United States coupled with continued double-digit inflation made life harder for the American worker in 1980. The jobless rate, as determined by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), soared from 6.0 per cent in ...


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Dramatic events focused worldwide attention on Latin America in 1980. Some were tragic, like the mass exodus starting in April of about 125,000 Cuban refugees aboard a fleet of small vessels bound for Florida. Earlier, in February, the fate of 70 ...


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The Christian Falange Party's militia completely crushed the forces of its chief Christian rival, the National Liberal Party (NLP), in fierce fighting on July 7 and 8, 1980. The battle climaxed the intermittent fighting among various Christian and ...


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William R. Tolbert, Jr., president of Liberia since 1971, was assassinated and his government overthrown on April 12, 1980. His party, the True Whig Party, had been in control of Liberia's government for more than 100 years.


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The economic recession threatened financial support for many libraries in the United States in 1980. Some were able to garner local support, however. Alabama legislators raised the library aid budget by 12 per cent. Ohio voters turned down four ...


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Manufacturing in the United States suffered severe setbacks in 1980. At the beginning of the year, industry resisted the Federal Reserve Board's late-1979 effort to tighten credit, and the board's seasonally adjusted industrial production index ...


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The world's fourth test-tube baby  Candice Elizabeth Reed, born on June 23, 1980, in Melbourne, Australia  was the first to be born by normal vaginal delivery. Louise Brown, the first baby conceived in a test tube, was ...


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President Jimmy Carter signed into law on Oct. 7, 1980, the Mental Health Systems Act. The new law initiates a major reorganization of federal aid programs for mental health services. It is designed to shift mental health care from institutionalizing ...


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Using its vast new-found oil resources as a lever, Mexico in 1980 sought to establish itself in world affairs as a power to be reckoned with while simultaneously formulating a foreign policy based on self-interest and expressing Mexico's independence ...


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War between Iran and Iraq, coming on the heels of Russia's invasion of Afghanistan, brought more turmoil in 1980 to an area already divided by Egyptian-Israeli peace negotiations and unsettled by the revolutionary Islamic ferment in Iran. Higher oil ...


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The Moroccan Army gradually won control of the Western Sahara from Algerian-backed Polisario guerrillas during 1980. The army's effort was aided by new military equipment bought from the United States, including $232.5-million worth of F-5 ...


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The motion-picture industry experienced a disappointing year in 1980, and the various economic and aesthetic developments did not hold great promise for the coming decade. Although the early 1970s had marked an end to the industry's 25-year economic ...


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The 1980 musicians' contract dispute at New York City's Metropolitan Opera highlighted a growing problem in the music world: How can musicians better their status, pay, and working conditions at a time when deficit-burdened managements increasingly ...


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John Lennon, 40, who helped found the Beatles, one of the most successful musical groups in history, was shot to death on a New York City street on Dec. 8, 1980. Lennon, a rock guitarist and composer, had just resumed his career with a new album, ...


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Queen Juliana abdicated her throne on April 30, 1980, her 71st birthday, after ruling for 31 years. Her daughter, Crown Princess Beatrix, 42, succeeded her. Beatrix' investiture on April 30 was marred by a skirmish between police and stone-throwing ...


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The leadership of Premier Richard B. Hatfield, who has headed a Progressive Conservative (PC) administration since 1970, was called into question in 1980 after a three-month trial involving an allegedly corrupt fund-raising scheme. The case began when ...


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Newfoundland waited in 1980 for confirmation that the Hibernia exploratory well on the Grand Banks could unlock the largest oil reserves in Canada. The drillers estimated that the field might contain 10 billion barrels of oil and probably could ...


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The Canadian and Nova Scotian treasuries approved grants on June 7, 1980, enabling Michelin Tires (Canada) Limited to establish a third plant in the province. The plant will be built at Waterville in the heart of the Annapolis River Valley apple ...


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Negotiators at the United Nations (UN) Law of the Sea Conference agreed unanimously that the five-week session that began on July 28, 1980, in Geneva, Switzerland, produced the break-through that had eluded them for six years. It is now all but ...


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The XXII Olympic Summer Games and the XIII Winter Games in 1980 will be remembered as much for nonparticipation as for participation. The broadest boycott in Olympic history, led by the United States to protest Russian military intervention in ...


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Ontario experienced its worst summer of forest fires since 1923, with more than 1,600 fires ranging over 1.4 million acres (567,000 hectares) in 1980. Fires started by lightning caused timber losses of as much as $200 million.


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The troubled birth of the new republic of Vanuatu, formerly the New Hebrides, overshadowed all other events in the Pacific Islands in 1980. The republic, which came into being on July 30 with Walter Lini, an Anglican priest, as prime minister, ...


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Pakistan suffered peril from without and deep unease at home in 1980. With about 85,000 Russian troops in Afghanistan, Russia had become Pakistan's immediate, and hostile, neighbor. By September, about 1 million Afghan refugees were crammed into ...


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Libya and Syria agreed on Sept. 2, 1980, to merge. The projected union was the latest in a series of efforts by Leader of the Revolution Muammar Muhammad al-Qadhafi to unite the Arab world under his leadership. After a few nonproductive meetings, ...


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Even as the weak U.S. economy caused profound changes in the publishing industry to accelerate in 1980, so durable literature was threatened on several fronts. There was a sharp dip in bookstore sales; a drought in auctions of the paperback rights ...


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It is a rare occasion when an author's first book succeeds in claiming two of the most prestigious awards in the field of children's literature, the Newbery Medal and the American Book Award for Children's Literature. But that is what A Gathering of ...


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Magazine advertising revenues in the United States approached $3 billion in 1980. This was an increase of about 9 per cent over a record 1979, with the number of ad pages also showing a slight increase. These gains capped a 100 per cent increase in ad ...


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emerged from the economic storms of 1980 in far better shape than most of its neighbors, with its rate of economic growth exceeding 7 per cent. A United States Embassy report in August said that even if the situation deteriorated, The effect . . ...


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Faced with too many hydropower generators in its northern area of rivers and lakes, Manitoba continued a freeze on new projects in 1980. Premier Sterling R. Lyon's Progressive Conservative administration created an energy authority charged with ...


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Newspaper companies in the United States scrambled for television cable franchises and other new communication outlets during 1980 as electronic news delivery became a reality. Knight-Ridder Newspapers began distributing information via teletext in ...


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There were serious doubts both inside and outside Nicaragua in 1980 about the country's future political direction. The doubts persisted despite assurances by revolutionary leaders that they would steer a middle-of-the-road course and avoid pressures ...


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Africa's most prosperous nation and the second-largest supplier of foreign oil to the United States, cut oil production by about one-third in September 1980 in response to a worldwide surplus of petroleum. Nigerian oil output dropped from about 2.2 ...


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Nobel prizes in peace, literature, economics, and various sciences were awarded in 1980 by the Norwegian Storting


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Patient diplomacy on the part of Humphrey Atkins, Great Britain's secretary of state for Northern Ireland, characterized most of 1980 as the British government searched for a formula that would set the province on the path to devolution


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A ceremony on July 31, 1980, marking the 100th anniversary of Great Britain's transfer of the Arctic islands to Canada was marked by an eloquent Inuit


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Norway gave top priority to paying off its $22.6-billion foreign debt in 1980. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) estimated that Norway would need until 1985 to retire just 25 per cent of the debt. The government wanted ...


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Scientists offered new and important evidence in 1980 to support a surprising explanation for why dinosaurs, along with 70 per cent of all animal and plant species, became extinct at the end of the Cretaceous Period 65 million years ago. A giant ...


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Peru celebrated its return to democratic government in 1980. On July 28, Fernando Belaunde Terry  who had been deposed in a military coup d'etat in 1968  took the oath of office as Peru's 85th president. Belaunde had captured 43 per cent ...


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Pressure to restore democratic rule increased on President Ferdinand E. Marcos in August 1980 as the nation neared the end of eight years of martial law. A series of terrorist bombings rocked buildings in and around Manila on August 22, and a ...


Description:
Discoveries announced in 1980 made it the Year of the Neutrino. Experiments on this tiny elementary particle, if confirmed, will have a profound effect on theories of fundamental forces, nuclear reactions in the sun, and the history of the ...


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Poland went through a series of surprising strikes that brought important government concessions and four government shakeups in 1980. The government was forced to recognize a new trade union, and several leading officials, including Edward Gierek, ...


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Portugal plunged into a political crisis when Prime Minister Francisco Sa Carneiro and his defense minister died in an airplane crash on Dec. 4, 1980. Deputy Prime Minister Diogo Freitas do Amaral became acting head of government. On December 13, the ...


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A large-scale trial of a new vaccine for hepatitis B showed remarkable success in 1980. Hepatitis B is a viral liver infection that can cause disabling symptoms and may lead to other serious diseases. The test, reported on October 9 by epidemiologist ...


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In a gubernatorial election held on Nov. 4, 1980, Governor Carlos Romero Barcelo won re-election by a razor-thin margin. His opponent, Rafael Hernandez Colon, favored continuance of the island's special United States common-wealth status. Romero ...


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Premier Rene Levesque, after losing the independence referendum on May 20, decided not to call a provincial election in 1980. His separatist Parti Quebecois (PQ) government, in power since Nov. 15, 1976, decided to go beyond the normal four-year term ...


Description:
Network radio in the United States continued on the comeback trail in 1980, chalking up record commercial sales. National radio sales to sponsors during the first six months were an estimated 30 per cent higher than during the same period in 1979, and ...


Description:
Religion remained an agent of conflict throughout the world in 1980. In some countries, violence erupted; in others, religion marked the divisions between people in more subtle ways.


Description:
Republicans swept to victory across the United States on Nov. 4, 1980, recapturing the White House, winning control of the Senate for the first time since 1954, gaining 33 seats in the U.S. House of Representatives, and swelling the ranks of ...


Description:
Hanni and Andreas Wenzel, sister and brother, of Liechtenstein and Ingemar Stenmark of Sweden won the major skiing honors in 1980. The Wenzels became the first skiers from one nation, let alone one family, to take the World Cup overall titles in the ...


Description:
The North American Soccer League (NASL) struggled to make progress in 1980. National television ratings were poor, attendance climbed only 2 per cent, and all clubs  21 in the United States, three in Canada  lost money. But for the first ...


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The United States Social Security Administration observed its 45th anniversary on Aug. 14, 1980. Patricia Roberts Harris, secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)  formerly Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW)  ...


Description:
Somalia agreed on Aug. 21, 1980, to give the United States access to military bases at Mogadiscio on the Indian Ocean, and at the port city of Berbera, strategically located on the Gulf of Aden, in exchange for $5 million in economic aid and ...


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The nation's Parliament established a multiracial President's Council on Oct. 6, 1980, to advise the government on constitutional changes. Prime Minister Pieter Willem Botha appointed 54 persons, including whites, Coloreds


Description:
Russian cosmonauts Valery Ryumin and Leonid Popov established a new space-endurance record on Oct. 11, 1980, when they returned to Earth after 185 days in space. They passed the previous mark of 175 days, set by Ryumin and Vladimir Lyakhov on Aug. 19, ...


Title:
SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES (1980)

Description:
The Supreme Court badly split on key issues and lacking internal leadership, drifted through a relatively uneventful term that ended in July 1980. It retreated from previous pronouncements on some issues and, according to critics, failed to articulate ...


Description:
Sweden voted to expand its use of nuclear power in a national referendum on March 23, 1980. About 58 per cent of the voters favored either operating up to 12 reactors for 25 years and then phasing out nuclear power, or operating the reactors for 25 ...


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For United States swimmers, 1980 was a year that might have been. Had they competed in the Olympic Games, they probably would have won two-thirds of the gold medals for men and one-third of the gold medals for women. As it was, the Russian men and ...


Description:
Switzerland experienced in 1980 a phenomenon familiar to the rest of Europe  riots by youths who wanted to change the old order. Demonstrators in Zurich fought with police on May 31 and June 1 over a plan to spend $38 million on renovating and ...


Description:
Syraia and Libya agreed on Sept. 2, 1980, to merge into a single Arab country. Their move marked the latest in a long  and so far unsuccessful  series of efforts to achieve Arab unity. Although the geographic separation of the two ...


Description:
Taiwan held a series of trials during 1980 arising from a rally held on Dec. 10, 1979, at Kaohsiung, a southern port city. The rally was sponsored by staffers of Formosa


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As they had done 20 years earlier under similar circumstances, Turkish military forces reluctantly seized power from a tottering, nearly paralyzed civil government in a bloodless coup on Sept. 12, 1980. About 100 persons were arrested, including Prime ...


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The United Nations (UN) faced a series of crises in western Asia and the Middle East in 1980. The UN Security Council grappled with Russia's December 1979 invasion of Afghanistan; the holding of United States citizens as hostages in Iran since Nov. 4, ...


Description:
On June 10, 1980, the military regime that had seized power and dissolved parliament in 1973, announced it had drawn up a new constitution as part of a gradual return to elective government. In a referendum held November 30, however, the voters ...


Description:
The administration of President Luis Herrera Campins faced problems in 1980 as it attempted to curb the rampant inflation caused by high oil earnings and to uproot corruption in the overgrown bureaucracy. Public works projects undertaken by the ...


Description:
Vietnam failed in 1980 to fulfill the goals of its 1976-1980 economic development plan. Major reasons were the strain of maintaining control over Cambodia and Laos, where occupying Vietnamese troops met guerrilla resistance, and facing the armed ...


Description:
Both large and small art museums in the United States continued hectic exhibition schedules and hopeful expansion plans in 1980. Trustees of the new Museum of Modern Art in Los Angeles gave the museum $2 million toward its $10-million endowment fund. ...


Description:
Zimbabwe became Africa's 51st independent country on April 18, 1980. As Rhodesia, the nation had declared its independence from Great Britain in 1965. At that time, the government was controlled by the nation's white minority  about 4 per cent ...


Description:
Researchers revealed new evidence in March 1980 on how the male narwhal, an Arctic toothed whale, uses its long, pointed tusk. Zoologists have long speculated about it. Some have suggested it is used to stir mud in search of prey, impale prey, pierce ...


Description:
Zoo officials in the United States and Canada committed themselves in 1980 to the development of a species survival plan to coordinate their conservation efforts for rare and endangered species. Providing the resources and space needed for ...


Description:
Manufacturers increased the capacity and cut the prices of computers and other microelectronic devices in 1980. Semiconductor technology continued to provide more processing and memory capability in a wide range of products, from large computers that ...


Description:
Agriculture in the United States did not have a good year in 1980. Net farm income dropped nearly 25 per cent, plumbing the depths of farmers' disappointment and lowering their boiling points. Farmers grew increasingly restive under current government ...


Description:
The United States Postal Service asked the independent Postal Rate Commission on April 21, 1980, for a 28 per cent rate increase. The proposed hike would provide the Postal Service, which is beset by rising payroll and transportation costs, with an ...


Description:
Jimmy Carter suffered a decisive defeat on Nov. 4, 1980, when he lost his bid for reelection to Republican Ronald Reagan. Not since Herbert Hoover was defeated by Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932 had an elected incumbent President seeking a second term ...


Description:
Canada's smallest and most energy-poor province, Prince Edward Island in 1980 made plans to cancel a 1978 agreement to buy electricity from nearby New Brunswick's Point Lepreau nuclear power plant. The plan was opposed by the Progressive Conservatives ...


Description:
The most savage riot in the history of United States prisons ripped through New Mexico's overcrowded state penitentiary in Santa Fe on Feb. 2 and 3, 1980, leaving 33 inmates dead and 89 guards and inmates hospitalized. Prisoners wrecked an estimated ...


Description:
The three major candidates in the 1980 United States presidential election race were all Protestants, and all three belonged to at least moderately conservative branches or congregations of their churches. Independent John B. Anderson found his ...


Description:
Several landmark publications marked the growing acceptance of an important trend in psychology in 1980. Behaviorism


Description:
Pope John Paul II in 1980 continued the pilgrim travels he initiated in 1979. He was well received by crowds in six African nations, France, West Germany, and Brazil.


Description:
Romania remained independent of Russia in foreign affairs during 1980, but edged closer to it economically. Romania was the only Warsaw Pact nation not to congratulate Afghanistan's Revolutionary Council President and Prime Minister Babrak Karmal when ...


Description:
Russia faced major crises in bordering nations and a deteriorating economic situation at home in 1980. The Soviet media acknowledged for the first time that Russian troops were in Afghanistan at the end of February, two months after they had begun ...


Description:
More drivers than ever before were slowing down in the United States in 1980 and obeying the speed limit of 55 miles (89 kilometers) per hour, according to the Highway Users Federation, a nonprofit group that produced a study in June for the federal ...


Description:
Saskatchewan witnessed the advent of a new political movement on March 11, 1980, when Richard Collver, leader of the province's Progressive Conservative Party until 1979, announced that he intended to promote the union of western Canada with the ...


Description:
The government of Saudi Arabia initiated certain reforms in 1980, prompted by fears of unrest or revolution after the occupation of the Great Mosque of Mecca by Islamic zealots in November 1979. Some of the changes were designed to bring the benefits ...


Description:
Spain suffered from murders and bombings in 1980, as political violence continued at a much higher level than in the years of Francisco Franco's dictatorship. In January alone, Basque separatists shot a provincial police chief, gunned down four ...


Description:
Financial problems hurt collegiate sports in the United States in 1980, and few colleges escaped without cash problems. At many colleges with strong football teams, football revenues once paid for entire sports programs. But increasing costs, ...


Description:
Militant union workers swept through the streets of Colombo, the capital, on Aug. 8, 1980, throwing stones and homemade bombs, smashing buses, and attacking the Central Bank and the offices of the state-owned Air Lanka. The army was called out and ...


Description:
A volcanic eruption and an eruption of human emotion proved costly to two state governments in 1980. Meanwhile, others struggled with the continuing problems of the ailing automobile industry, taxation, education, fuel costs, and separation of church ...


Description:
The recession that began in the United States in January 1980 gave way to sluggish growth by the end of the summer. The stock market seemed unaffected, however. The Standard and Poor's (S&P) index of 500 common stocks began the year at 105.76, ...


Description:
Sudan signed an agreement with Ethiopia on March 7, 1980, ending a three-year dispute between the two neighbors over Sudan's support for Muslim Eritrean guerrillas fighting for secession from Christian Ethiopia. The border was reopened and joint ...


Description:
The United States taxpayer shouldered an increasingly heavy tax burden in 1980. Inflation pushed wages and salaries to higher income levels and thus into higher tax brackets, resulting in bracket creep. In the five years before 1980, ...


Description:
Television in the United States in 1980 was highlighted by two events  the miniseries Shogun and the shooting of J. R. Ewing on Dallasand a nonevent  the nonopening of the new fall season because of a strike. ...


Description:
Bjorn Borg and John McEnroe won major tennis honors in 1980 and beat each other in the year's two most important tournament finals. Chris Evert Lloyd, refreshed by a three-month layoff, became the leading women's winner.


Description:
Thailand changed governments when Prime Minister Kriangsak Chamanan resigned on Feb. 29, 1980. He was succeeded on March 3 by General Prem Tinsulanonda, the army commander in chief. Kriangsak had reduced subsidies on petroleum products on February 10, ...


Description:
Drama on Broadway in 1980 focused on the family. The Pulitzer Prize went to Talley's Folly,


Description:
Just as Sebastian Coe of Great Britain dominated middle-distance running in 1979, Steve Ovett of Great Britain did in 1980. In a six-week span in 1979, Coe broke the world records for 800 meters, 1,500 meters, and 1 mile. Later in 1979, Ovett came ...


Description:
Transportation industries in the United States suffered from the economic slump and inflation in 1980. Airline profits disappeared as traffic eased and fuel costs rose, so carriers imposed hefty fare hikes. But surging demand for coal and grain offset ...


Description:
A prolonged summer heat wave in the United States took at least 1,265 lives and caused losses of almost $20 billion in 1980. The greatest number of fatalities in a single state, 311, occurred in Missouri. Texas was also severely affected, as ...


Description:
Social welfare in 1980 became the target for proposed massive spending cuts aimed at a balanced United States federal budget for fiscal 1981 (Oct. 1, 1980, to Sept. 30, 1981). President Jimmy Carter's Administration and the United States Congress saw ...


Description:
Political and economic problems abounded in the West Indies in 1980. Until the emergence of several newly independent mininations in recent years, the Caribbean area  except for Cuba  had been mainly a placid colonial backwater. But during ...


Description:
Yugoslavia maintained its independence and internal stability after President Josip Broz Tito died on May 4, 1980. Some observers had predicted that Tito's death might weaken Yugoslavia seriously because the six republics, including two self-governing ...


Description:
The disposition of land claims proceeded slowly in 1980, hampering economic development and stiffening political discussion in the federal territory. The Council for Yukon Indians, representing 5,000 Indians and metis


Description:
President Mobutu Sese Seko's government tried in 1980 to deal with the country's severe economic problems. Among these were high unemployment, heavy foreign debts, and runaway inflation. Zaire devalued its currency by 30 per cent in February in an ...


Description:
The political liberalization process pledged by President Joao Baptista de Oliveira Figueiredo at his inauguration in March 1979, and designed eventually to return the nation to democracy, continued during 1980. Brazil's jails were emptied of ...


Description:
The toy industry in the United States held its own in 1980 despite the recession. Credit went to three predominant trends  increased year-round sales, a resurgence of basic toy purchases, and more home entertainment. Consumers became more value ...


Description:
The Russian invasion in December 1979 to support the government of Revolutionary Council President and Prime Minister Babrak Karmal brought all-out war to Afghanistan in 1980 on a scale unequaled in the world since the Vietnam War. As the Soviet ...


Description:
Chicago weathered a number of crises in 1980, emerging in surprisingly good condition at year's end. The city's school system came near bankruptcy; its credit rating dropped; and teachers and fire fighters struck. Nonetheless, financial advisers ...


Description:
New York City progressed steadily in 1980 toward a full economic recovery from its near bankruptcy in 1975. City officials announced on November 23 that the city was almost certain to have a budget surplus estimated at from $100 million to $300 ...


Description:
Detroit struggled with fiscal crisis throughout 1980 as city officials tried to stretch a budget of $1.46 billion  a sum smaller than the previous year's  to cover expenses and meet pay-raise demands. The city's financial slump was ...


Description:
There were indications in 1980 that the global population explosion might be losing some of its momentum. A report issued in June by the United Nations (UN) Fund for Population Activities forecast a noticeable decline in world birth rates through the ...


Description:
A searing drought in July and August 1980 withered farmland from Canada to Mexico and reduced harvests of most major food and feed crops in the United States. Record heat waves accentuated the problem. The United States Department of Commerce reported ...


Description:
Interest rates and the conditions under which banks in the United States do business underwent more drastic changes in 1980 than in any year since the Civil War ended in 1865. After a long period of stagflation


Description:
Home builders in the United States experienced their worst year in 1980 since the recession of 1973-1974. Housing starts dropped in 1980 to an estimated 1.22 million, down from 1.75 million in 1979. High interest rates prepared contractors for the ...


Description:
Financial problems persisting from the mid-1970's continued to plague the cities of the United States in 1980. Tax bases continued to shrink as unemployment rose and city dwellers moved to the suburbs and beyond. Moreover, a number of federal ...


Description:
The United States economy finally experienced the recession in 1980 that economists had expected for nearly a year. The slump was unexpectedly sharp and surprisingly brief, if indicators late in the year were to be believed.


Description:
Albania and Yugoslavia quarreled over the status of Yugoslavia's Kosovo province in 1981. About 80 per cent of Kosovo's people are ethnic Albanians, yet the province is part of Serbia, one of the six republics that make up Yugoslavia. Ethnic Albanians ...


Description:
Locked in a bitter dispute with the federal government in Ottawa, Ont., over oil pricing and the division of revenues, Alberta carried out two production cutbacks of 60,000 barrels a day, on March 1 and June 1, 1981. The province imposed the cutbacks ...


Description:
The government of President Chadli Bendjedid played a crucial role in the negotiations between Iran and the United States that led to the release of the 52 American hostages on Jan. 20, 1981. Three Algerian officials served as intermediaries in the ...


Description:
In February 1981, anthropologist John W. K. Harris of the University of Wisconsin in Milwaukee announced the dating of what may be the world's oldest tools made by human beings. Dating of the volcanic ash just below the implements suggested that the ...


Description:
Archaeologists continued to make spectacular discoveries in 1981 at the tomb of Shih Huang Ti (Shi Huang Di), also called Chin Shih Huang (Qin Shi Huang), the emperor who unified China in 221 B.C. The site, which covers about 500 acres (200 hectares) ...


Description:
More than 7,000 architects gathered in Minneapolis, Minn., from May 17 to 22, 1981, for the annual meeting of the American Institute of Architects (AIA). At the 1981 meeting, as in recent years, AIA speakers concentrated more on the practical ...


Description:
The U.S. Department of Justice filed a suit on May 15, 1980, seeking the integration of Houston's public school system with 22 suburban school districts. It was the first time the federal government had sought cross-district school desegregation in a ...


Description:
Los Angeles instituted a court-ordered busing program designed to desegregate the nation's second-largest school system on Sept. 16, 1980. More than 25,000 students in 150 of the system's 497 elementary and junior high schools were involved in the ...


Description:
Washington voters approved, by a 3-2 margin, a referendum on Nov. 4, 1980, calling for the nation's capital to become the 51st state. The proposal would limit the federal district to a small area surrounding the mall, the Capitol, and the White House, ...


Description:
The 20th Decennial Census of Population and Housing in 1980 was the most controversial in the history of the United States census, which dates to 1790. The Bureau of the Census also termed it the most complete and accurate census.


Description:
Back-to-work legislation passed by the Quebec National Assembly ended on March 24 a 41-day strike by Montreal municipal workers that had resulted in icy and snow-clogged streets. It was the third time the PQ government had been forced to use this ...


Description:
The war between Iraq and Iran that broke out in September 1980 extensively damaged petroleum refineries, pipelines, and other installations in both countries, halting oil exports that had been averaging about 3.7 million barrels per day (bpd). Iranian ...


Description:
Calling it the keystone of United States energy policy, President Jimmy Carter signed the Energy Security Act of 1980 on June 30, creating a multibillion-dollar government corporation that will foster development of a domestic synthetic fuels ...


Description:
Pervasive inflation and sluggish growth characterized the world economy in 1980. While disasters such as mass unemployment in the industrial countries and widespread debt default among the poorer countries were avoided, United States Secretary of the ...


Description:
In a year that brought an abundance of new works from promising and established poets, the selection of little-known Polish poet Czeslaw Milosz as winner of the 1980 Nobel Prize for Literature came as a surprise. The award citation praised Milosz as a ...


Description:
Three City Council leaders were indicted on May 22, 1980, for accepting bribes from a Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agent posing as an Arab millionaire in the so-called Abscam scandal. George X. Schwartz resigned as City Council president ...


Description:
Americans shared a sense of frustration in 1980 as their government failed to solve pressing domestic and foreign problems. Economic problems worsened as the cost of living soared, unemployment increased, interest rates rose, and U.S. industry seemed ...


Description:
African nations in 1981 made only limited progress toward solving five major, persistent problems  achieving political independence for Namibia; ending civil war in Angola; reducing racial conflict in South Africa; resolving the territorial ...


Description:
General Roberto Eduardo Viola, commander in chief of the army, became president of Argentina on March 29, 1981. He was selected by the nation's military leaders to succeed President Jorge Rafael Videla, who held that office since the military seized ...


Description:
On Oct. 2, 1981, President Ronald Reagan unveiled a weapons program that defense analysts described as the most sweeping overhaul of United States strategic forces in the nation's history. Reagan declared that the program, which would cost $180.3 ...


Description:
Guerrilla wars flared from the Philippines to Iran, refugees fled conflict and oppression, and floods and other natural disasters tormented the already impoverished people of Asia in 1981. But the average Asian lived quietly, eking out a bare living ...


Description:
The highlight of the year came on Aug. 25, 1981, as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) planetary probe Voyager 2


Description:
enjoyed political stability and prospects of massive investment in minerals and energy but suffered a decline in export sales in 1981. Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser's Liberal-National Country coalition remained in office. Minister for Industrial ...


Description:
Austria continued to struggle with its growing trade deficit, which amounted to nearly $2 billion at the beginning of 1981. The country had little chance of cutting this figure because the costs of its fuel imports continued to rise.


Description:
Belgium changed governments twice in 1981. Christian Democrat Prime Minister Wilfried Martens' six-party coalition resigned on March 31 after failing to cure the country's economic ills, including an unemployment rate of 10.6 per cent  the ...


Description:
In June 1981, scientists convened in the United States to discuss therapsids, mammallike reptiles that dominated animal life for more than 40 million years and are thought by many scientists to be the ancestors of all mammals. This first major ...


Description:
Scandal shook United States yachting in 1981. The first three finishers overall in the Southern Ocean Racing Conference (SORC) series were accused of competing with improper handicap ratings. The SORC, held in February off Florida and the Bahamas, ...


Description:
Scientists in 1981 reported two new ways in which plants avoid being eaten by insects and other animals. John P. Bryant of the Institute of Arctic Biology at the University of Alaska in Anchorage demonstrated that many trees and shrubs that snowshoe ...


Description:
Professional bowlers set new earnings records in 1981. Earl Anthony of Dublin, Calif., won four tournaments and was the year's leading money winner with a record $164,735. Randy Lightfoot of St. Charles, Mo., won the richest prize ever for a pro ...


Description:
The most publicized fight of 1981 turned out to be an artistic as well as a financial success. The bout, for the undisputed welterweight title of the world, was held on September 16 in Las Vegas, Nev. It matched 25-year-old Sugar Ray Leonard of Palmer ...


Description:
Canadian literature enjoyed a buoyant and artistically triumphant year in 1981, particularly in the area of fiction. Many of Canada's major novelists emerged with outstanding new works. In addition, an array of significant nonfiction books ...


Description:
Two groups of scientists reported in July 1981 that they had discovered a new amino acid and synthesized it in the laboratory. Amino acids are fundamental building blocks of proteins.


Description:
Anatoly Karpov of Russia successfully defended his world championship in a match that began on Oct. 1, 1981, in Merano, Italy. His opponent was Viktor Korchnoi, a Russian now living in Switzerland. Karpov gained an early lead by taking advantage of ...


Description:
General Augusto Pinochet Ugarte formally assumed an eight-year term as president of Chile on March 11, 1981. Pinochet had been named president in 1973 by the military junta that overthrew Socialist President Salvador Allende Gossens in a bloody coup.


Description:
China completed the installation of new, more moderate Communist leadership in 1981. The Communist Party's Central Committee chose the new leaders at a meeting in Peking (Beijing in the phonetic Pinyin alphabet) from June 27 to 29. The appointments ...


Description:
Civil rights in 1981 suffered setbacks in Egypt, a nation where such rights had made significant progress in recent years. President Anwar el-Sadat, whose 12-year regime had broadened civil liberties in that nation, initiated several measures during ...


Description:
Reaction to Cuban intervention in the internal affairs of neighboring Latin American countries gained momentum during 1981. Most of the region's military dictatorships had long been opposed to Cuba, but in 1981, the elected governments of Colombia, ...


Description:
Czechoslovakia remained a loyal member of the Eastern bloc in 1981. At the Communist Party congress held from April 6 to 10 in Prague, Russia's Communist Party General Secretary and Supreme Soviet Presidium Chairman Leonid Ilich Brezhnev praised the ...


Description:
The wealth of activity in the United States dance world continued in 1981 despite administrators' gloomy forecasts about the financial stability of the dance community. Impending cuts in the performing-arts budgets of federal and state agencies were ...


Description:
Democratic Party leaders in 1981 tried to develop a strategy that would enable their party to recover from its resounding defeat in the 1980 general election. In that election, Democrats lost the White House to Ronald Reagan and saw Republicans take ...


Description:
Prime Minister Anker Henrik Jorgensen's Social Democratic minority government fell on Nov. 12, 1981, when the Folketing


Description:
The first major government-sponsored tests of the controversial drug Laetrile concluded in 1981 that the apricot-pit derivative was useless as a cancer treatment. On April 30, researchers from four medical centers in the United States reported ...


Description:
The Congress of the United States voted to continue providing money to enforce the Clean Air Act of 1970 but formally allowed the act to expire on Oct. 1, 1981. Industry had called for a substantial revision of the act. On July 28, the Business ...


Description:
Poland shocked the world on Dec. 13, 1981, by imposing martial law; banning public gatherings; arresting leaders of the independent labor union Solidarity and former leaders of the government and the Communist Party; and instituting the most effective ...


Description:
Permissiveness was the rule in fashion in 1981 as lengths and shapes of clothes varied within designers' collections as well as in women's wardrobes. There was no longer any need to measure hemlines in terms of inches from the floor or from the ...


Description:
Lower-than-expected increases in meat prices helped slow the overall rise in food prices in the United States in 1981. Retail food prices rose approximately 8 per cent, slightly less than the 1980 increase. The Agricultural Research Service of the ...


Description:
There were similarities in professional and college football in the United States in 1981. On the field, winning teams suddenly became losers. Off the field, the organizations that conducted the sport fought off challenges to their authority.


Description:
France moved sharply to the left politically in 1981. The voters ended 23 years of center-right government in the second round of presidential elections on May 10, rejecting President Valery Giscard d'Estaing in favor of Socialist Francois M. ...


Description:
John Henry, a 6-year-old gelding who sold for $1,100 as a yearling, became the leading money winner in the history of thoroughbred racing in 1981. His victory in the Jockey Club Gold Cup at Belmont Park near New York City on October 10 brought his ...


Description:
Hungary continued to reform its economy in 1981. On January 1, the government combined three so-called branch ministries of industry into a single ministry, the only one of its kind in Eastern Europe. The government told the new Ministry of Industry ...


Description:
Scott Hamilton of Haverford, Pa., whose growth was stunted by a childhood illness, became the men's world figure-skating champion in 1981. American speed skating suffered from the retirement of Eric Heiden and his sister, Beth.


Description:
President Ronald Reagan's Administration on July 30, 1981, recommended a package of legislation to stem the recent tidal wave of illegal immigration into the United States. The U.S. Bureau of the Census estimated that 3 million to 6 million persons ...


Description:
India recorded a population of 684 million in its official 1981 census, at least 12 million more than the government had expected. The United Nations and other population experts estimated that the population was closer to 700 million, however. The ...


Description:
United States Secretary of the Interior James G. Watt on July 15, 1981, named a five-member Commission on Fiscal Accountability of the Nation's Energy Resources to investigate oil thefts from federal and Indian tribal lands. The action was inspired by ...


Description:
The automobile industry in the United States, already reeling from a depressingly persistent two-year sales slump, suffered its worst year in 20 years in 1981. United States automakers laid off nearly 215,000 workers, abandoned or postponed factory ...


Description:
In 1981, for the first time ever, the winner of the Indianapolis 500, the world's richest automobile race, was disqualified. Four and a half months later, that driver, Bobby Unser of Albuquerque, N. Mex., was reinstated as winner of the race.


Description:
Aviation in 1981 was plagued with a lagging economy in the United States, customer resistance to fare increases, financial distress from fare discounts, and an air-traffic controllers strike that hampered operations. Major United States airlines ...


Description:
Rebel soldiers shot and killed President Ziaur Rahman of Bangladesh, together with two aides and six bodyguards, on May 30, 1981, in an attempted military coup d'etat. The president, known as Zia, was visiting Chittagong on one of his frequent ...


Description:
The 1981 major-league baseball season may be remembered for the Los Angeles Dodgers' comeback in three postseason competitions, culminating in their World Series victory over the New York Yankees. It may also be remembered for the stunning rookie ...


Description:
The Boston Celtics and the Indiana University Hoosiers, basketball champions in 1976, reigned again in 1981. The rebuilt Celtics won their 14th National Basketball Association (NBA) title after a scare from the Philadelphia 76ers in the Eastern ...


Description:
In 1981, British Columbia honored the memory of Terry Fox, the 22-year-old student who ran a marathon across Canada in 1980, after he had lost his right leg to cancer. The government established the Terry Fox Trust Fund in March, a few months before ...


Description:
Throughout 1981, Bulgaria celebrated the 1,300th anniversary of the founding of the first Bulgarian state. The high point of the celebration was a meeting in Sofia on October 22, attended by delegates from all over the world. Speaking at the meeting, ...


Description:
President U Ne Win resigned on Nov. 9, 1981, from the position he had held since he seized power in Burma in 1962. He had personally selected the 475 candidates who were elected in October to the People's Assembly, Burma's parliament. All were members ...


Description:
In a series of votes taken from Jan. 20 to Jan. 23, 1981, the United States Senate confirmed all but one of President Ronald Reagan's Cabinet appointments. The Senate made its final Cabinet confirmation, that of Raymond J. Donovan as secretary of ...


Description:
Cambodia (Kampuchea) was still occupied in 1981 by Vietnamese troops, who had overthrown the Communist Khmer Rouge regime of Pol Pot in 1979 and installed a government of rival Cambodian Communists. Cambodia's civil war also continued with scattered ...


Description:
Canada, like other Western industrial nations, experienced economic difficulties in 1981. Interest rates higher than 20 per cent and energy prices nearing world levels led to greater inflation and the highest unemployment rate since 1978. Liberal ...


Description:
Rebel groups continued their guerrilla activities in Colombia during 1981, rejecting a government offer of amnesty to those who laid down their arms. On March 7, the dominant terrorist group, the Movement of April 19, also known as M-19, killed an ...


Description:
Telecommunications in the United States was dominated in 1981 by technological growth and continuing uncertainty about the direction of national policy. Throughout the year, federal officials and business firms struggled to come to grips with the ...


Description:
The first session of the 97th Congress convened on Jan. 5, 1981. For the first time since 1932, different political parties controlled the two houses. While Democrats held a 243 to 192 majority in the House of Representatives, Republicans dominated ...


Description:
Environmental organizations in the United States attacked the pro-development policies of Secretary of the Interior James G. Watt throughout 1981. Gaylord A. Nelson, formerly a Democratic senator from Wisconsin and now chairman of the Wilderness ...


Description:
Seven years of negotiations at the United Nations Law of the Sea Conference in Geneva, Switzerland, suffered a major reversal on Aug. 5, 1981, when the Administration of President Ronald Reagan suddenly withdrew United States support from the draft ...


Description:
A wave of violent attacks on national and religious leaders swept across the world in 1981. On March 30, United States President Ronald Reagan was shot in the chest outside the Washington (D.C.) Hilton Hotel. Presidential Press Secretary James S. ...


Description:
Eastern Orthodox Churches in 1981 marked the 1,600th anniversary of the Second Ecumenical Council held in Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey) in 381, at which the Nicene Creed was finalized. This creed became the universal creed of the Christian ...


Description:
The mood among educators in the United States was somber in 1981 because of the efforts of President Ronald Reagan's Administration to reduce federal spending for education. The educators faced cuts in support in virtually every area, from programs ...


Description:
The assassination of President Anwar el-Sadat on Oct. 6, 1981, during a military parade in Cairo stunned the world and cast a cloud of uncertainty over the peace process with Israel begun by Sadat with Israel's Prime Minister Menachem Begin in 1977. ...


Description:
Off-year elections in the United States in 1981 were virtually a stand-off between Republicans and Democrats despite President Ronald Reagan's dominance of the national political scene. Reagan personally intervened in the Virginia and New Jersey ...


Description:
Electronics manufacturers continued to develop very-large-scale integrated (VLSI) circuits in 1981. A VLSI circuit provides the equivalent of more than 100,000 transistors on a chip of silicon about the size of a thumbnail. This development ...


Description:
Assurances of United States support from President Ronald Reagan soon after he took office in January 1981 buoyed the spirits of El Salvador's embattled ruling junta, headed by Jose Napoleon Duarte, a Christian Democrat. The United States provided 54 ...


Description:
Mount St. Helens, the volcano in Washington state that erupted with devastating force in May 1980, was relatively quiet in 1981. However, a lava dome in the volcano's crater grew rapidly during the year, and the mountain still puffed smoke and steam. ...


Description:
Bill Rogers of Texarkana, Tex., and Tom Kite of Austin, Tex., had the most success on the 1981 Professional Golfers' Association (PGA) tour for men.


Description:
Political turbulence and the problems of unempolyment and urban violence were forgotten for a day when Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer were married in St. Paul's Cathedral on July 29, 1981. The ceremony was televised and watched by some 700 ...


Description:
Greece moved to the left in national elections on Oct. 18, 1981. Andreas Papandreou's Pan Hellenic Socialist Movement (Pasok) received 47.5 per cent of the votes to 36.7 per cent for Prime Minister George Rallis' New Democracy Party and 10.6 per cent ...


Description:
The United Nations (UN) proclaimed 1981 the International Year of Disabled Persons (IYDP). The theme of IYDP was Full Participation and Equality. Its goal was to promote rehabilitation of the estimated 450 million persons in the world who ...


Description:
The New York Islanders won the Stanley Cup in 1981, their second consecutive cup. Wayne Gretzky, the Edmonton Oilers' precocious 20-year-old center, won his second straight Hart Trophy as the Most Valuable Player in the National Hockey League (NHL).


Description:
Indonesia increased its agricultural production in 1981. The yield of rice, the country's most important food, was about 50 per cent higher than a decade earlier. The use of new miracle rice, more fertilizer, and improvements in irrigation ...


Description:
In 1981, two years after the fall of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the revolution unleashed by his overthrow was still unable to sort itself out. During 1981, Iran made  and unmade  three presidents, saw its top leadership almost destroyed ...


Description:
Iraq entered the second year of its war with Iran in September 1981, with neither a political nor a military settlement in sight. Iraq halted a major Iranian counteroffensive launched in January in the Susangerd area of Iran's Khuzistan province. ...


Description:
A general election on June 11, 1981, held in the shadow of hunger strikes in Northern Ireland and severe economic problems in the Republic of Ireland, resulted in the ouster of Prime Minister Charles J. Haughey and his replacement by Garret ...


Description:
Prime Minister Menachem Begin somewhat unexpectedly won a narrow victory and a second term in office in national elections on June 30, 1981. Begin's win came after a stormy election campaign that had seen his Likud Party coalition trailing well behind ...


Description:
Mehmet Ali Agca, a right wing Turkish terrorist, shocked the world on May 13, 1981, when he shot Pope John Paul II in St. Peter's Square in Rome. The pope, in an open car, was welcoming 10,000 pilgrims and tourists when Agca opened fire, wounding him ...


Description:
Disputes over defense and trade continued between Japan and the United States, making 1981 perhaps the most difficult year in Japanese-American relations since World War II. U.S. officials pressed Japan to increase defense expenditures and reduce ...


Description:
The historic conflict between religion and state erupted again in Israel in 1981. Orthodox followers of the chief rabbi protested against archaeological diggings in the City of David near the Old City of Jerusalem, claiming that the graves of ancient ...


Description:
Jordan remained largely aloof from inter-Arab conflicts and the general Arab-Israeli conflict during 1981. King Hussein I played host to an Arab summit conference in Amman in January, however, and continued to insist on Israeli withdrawal from the ...


Description:
When 1981 began, 7.8 million workers in the United States were jobless, and forecasts of economic activity for the rest of the year ranged from average to somewhat pessimistic. The jobless rate remained at about 7.3 per cent of the labor force until ...


Description:
Economic issues dominated the attention of Latin Americans in 1981, as governments and families struggled to balance their budgets and preserve the value of their income during the deepening global recession. The squeeze was particularly acute among ...


Description:
The intermittent civil war that has divided the country since 1975 and paralyzed its economy threatened to expand into regional warfare in April 1981. Syrian troops of the Arab peacekeeping force attacked the Christian Falange stronghold of Zahlah in ...


Description:
Prime Minister Hussein Onn underwent heart surgery in February 1981. After the operation, he resigned as prime minister. Mahathir bin Mohamed, Malaysia's deputy prime minister, was elected on June 26 to succeed Hussein as president of the United ...


Description:
Voters in Manitoba returned the New Democratic Party (NDP) to power on Nov. 17, 1981, after four years of Progressive Conservative (PC) rule. NDP leader Howard Pawley became the province's new premier. His party won 34 of the 57 seats in the Manitoba ...


Description:
On Oct. 18, 1981, President Ronald Reagan reluctantly conceded that the United States was in a slight recession. The Administration had predicted a brief recession as its measures to combat the downturn  which included a first stage ...


Description:
In January 1981, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported increases in coronary deaths in several eastern European countries and decreases in a few industrialized nations. The United States was the only nation to show a decrease of 3 per cent or ...


Description:
A new technique called positron emission tomography


Description:
A decline in world petroleum prices cut into Mexico's oil revenues in 1981, but substantial new investments in oil and gas production helped make up the losses. The Mexican economy showed a growth rate of about 7 per cent for the year, and foreign ...


Description:
The assassination of Egypt's President Anwar elSadat by Muslim extremists in the armed forces during a military parade in Cairo on Oct. 6, 1981, capped a year of violence and conflict in the Middle East and underscored the region's strategic and ...


Description:
The government of Samuel K. Doe reportedly withstood two plots against it in 1981. Thirteen soldiers were arrested in May for allegedly planning to overthrow Doe. All of them were executed in June. A second, higher-ranking group of military men was ...


Description:
Rising costs and cuts in state and local funding forced many libraries in the United States to reduce their services and programs in 1981. Empty shelves, shrunken staffs, forced closings, and shortened hours affected libraries throughout the nation.


Description:
Leader of the Revolution Muammar Muhammad al-Qadhafi scored a foreign policy breakthrough in January 1981 when he and President Goukouni Weddeye of Chad agreed to work toward the merger of their countries into a single nation. Libya and Syria had made ...


Description:
The continuing economic slump reduced the number of books produced by United States publishers during 1981. The consequences for quality literature, however, were not as harsh as had been feared in 1980. Hard-cover first novels of quality managed to ...


Description:
Reflecting what statistics and observers of society in the United States have reported, many of the children's books published in 1981 portrayed children from broken homes. Not only were the parents divorced in the books, but both mothers and fathers ...


Description:
The combined circulation per issue of the 100 leading magazines in the United States increased 3.9 per cent during the first six months of 1981 over the same period in 1980, according to an Audit Bureau of Circulations (ABC) survey. Average paid ...


Description:
Hopes for an end to Morocco's five-year war with the Polisario Front guerrillas fighting for independence of the Western Sahara brightened in July 1981. Mediation by the Organization of African Unity produced a provisional cease-fire agreement in July ...


Description:
For the motion-picture industry, 1981 was a year of contradictory trends. Usually, ticket sales follow a worldwide trend. If the movies have a good year at the box office in one country, the industry can expect to do well in other countries. The same ...


Description:
Musicians in the United States in 1981 sought to restore cuts that were made in appropriations for the National Endowment for the Arts as part of President Ronald Reagan's effort to reduce the federal budget. The President, while expressing his ...


Description:
Lionel Richie, a member of the Commodores soul group, achieved success on his own in 1981. While still performing with the veteran singing group, he branched out to become a successful pop-music producer and songwriter, working with Kenny Rogers and ...


Description:
A general election on May 26, 1981, left the Netherlands without a majority government until September. The Christian Democrats and Liberals, parties in the ruling centerright coalition, lost their two-seat majority in the 150-member Second Chamber of ...


Description:
Premier Richard B. Hatfield's Progressive Conservative (PC) administration continued to govern New Brunswick during 1981. Liberal Party member Robert McCready switched allegiance several times, finally proclaiming himself a Conservative in July. The ...


Description:
Norway moved to the right in general elections on Sept. 13 and 14, 1981, rejecting Prime Minister Gro Harlem Brundtland's Labor Party government. Brundtland had become Norway's first woman prime minister on February 4, when she replaced Odvar Nordli, ...


Description:
Nova Scotia gave strong support to Premier John Buchanan's government in an election on Oct. 6, 1981, awarding the Progressive Conservatives 37 of the 52 seats in the legislature. All of Buchanan's ministers were re-elected. The Liberals lost 7 per ...


Description:
The Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) ship Glomar Challenger


Description:
The International Olympic Committee (IOC) voted in 1981 to award the 1988 Summer Olympics to Seoul, South Korea, and the 1988 Winter Olympics to Calgary, Canada. The committee had previously awarded the 1984 Summer Olympics to Los Angeles and the 1984 ...


Description:
The Progressive Conservatives (PC) in Ontario extended their record as Canada's longest-lived provincial administration on March 19, 1981, when they won a resounding electoral victory, their 12th in 38 years. Led by Premier William G. Davis, in office ...


Description:
Increasing pressure on France to grant independence to nickel-rich New Caledonia was the major development in the Pacific Islands in 1981. New Caledonia first came into the spotlight in February. Barak Sope, a leading Melanesian politician from newly ...


Description:
Pakistan was politically unsettled during 1981 as various groups struggled against the military government of President Mohammad Zia-ul-Haq. The Russian Army's presence in neighboring Afghanistan also created problems and deep uneasiness for Pakistan. ...


Description:
Facing mounting deficits as its payroll climbed sharply, the U.S. Postal Service raised postal rates twice in 1981 in an effort to stay in the black. On March 10, the Postal Service's Board of Governors approved an increase in first-class postage from ...


Description:
Ronald Reagan was inaugurated as the 40th President of the United States on Jan. 20, 1981. He pledged to revitalize the U.S. economy, balance the federal budget, and reduce the size and scope of the federal government. The President survived an ...


Description:
Conflict marked 1981 for some of the younger and smaller Protestant churches in the United States, while older and larger denominations worked toward reconciliation after years of tension. The Salvation Army, an international religious group well ...


Description:
Chemicals that affect human intelligence made news in 1981. Herbert Weingartner and five colleagues at the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) in Bethesda, Md., reported in the February 6 issue of Science


Description:
A mysterious epidemic, finally traced to a substance sold as cooking oil, killed more than 200 persons and sickened another 15,000 in Spain in 1981. The first death occurred on May 1 in Madrid. The disease  characterized by severe muscular pain, ...


Description:
Puerto Rico experienced political turmoil in 1981, as narrowly re-elected Governor Carlos Romero Barcelo sought to govern with a slim popular mandate. Barcelo faced a legislature dominated by the opposition party.


Description:
Russia feuded with the United States throughout 1981, but drew closer to West Germany, both diplomatically and economically. Russian propaganda accused United States President Ronald Reagan of renewing the arms race to achieve military superiority ...


Description:
Concern about public safety escalated in the United States during 1981 chiefly because of efforts by the Administration of President Ronald Reagan to reduce government regulations. Shortly after taking office in January, Reagan imposed a 60-day ...


Description:
Saskatchewan expected to benefit economically from an energy-pricing and revenue-sharing agreement signed with the federal government on Oct. 26, 1981. The agreement was designed to take account of Saskatchewan's large number of marginal oil wells, ...


Description:
The intensity of the debate in the United States Congress over selling Airborne Warning and Control Systems (AWACS) aircraft and other military equipment to Saudi Arabia to bolster its defense system underscored that country's steadily increasing ...


Description:
Phil Mahre of White Pass, Wash., gained the major men's skiing honor in 1981. He became the first American skier ever to win the World Cup overall title. Marie-Theres Nadig of Switzerland took the women's championship.


Description:
The North American Soccer League (NASL) continued its efforts to gain public acceptance in 1981. The league also struggled with the Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), soccer's international governing body, over rules used in ...


Description:
State leaders welcomed President Ronald Reagan's inaugural call on Jan. 20, 1981, for a new federalism, but doubts set in by year's end. State and local governments were expected to absorb $13 billion in federal budget cuts, with more cuts to come. ...


Description:
Despite several dramatic incidents and growing evidence of a recession in the United States, the stock market in 1981 overall had a rather uninteresting year. The Standard & Poor's (S&P) index of 500 common stocks began the year at 136.34 and ...


Description:
President and Prime Minister Gaafar Mohamed Nimeiri survived an attempted coup d'etat in March 1981, reportedly the 15th since he seized power in 1969. The attempt was led by a retired Sudanese army general and a few army dissidents, but it was easily ...


Title:
SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES (1981)

Description:
acquired its first woman justice in 1981. President Ronald Reagan on July 7 nominated Sandra Day O'Connor, 51, an Arizona state appellate court judge, to fill a vacancy created by the retirement of Potter Stewart, 66, who had served on the court since ...


Description:
Prime Minister Thorbjorn Falldin's government of Conservatives, Liberals, and Centrists fell apart on May 4, 1981, when the Conservative ministers withdrew because of a disagreement over income tax reform. The coalition had wanted to cut the taxes on ...


Description:
Most world records in swimming remained intact in 1981, an unusual happening in recent years. Records were broken in only four of the 16 events for men and four of the 15 for women.


Description:
Thailand was shaken by an attempted military coup in April 1981. The deputy commander in chief of the army, General Sant Chitpatima, headed a group of military officers who tried to seize power, the 15th such attempt in Thailand since 1932. However, ...


Description:
The mile run, always a popular event, was never more prominent than in 1981, when the world record was broken three times in 10 days. The record breakers were 24-year-old Sebastian Coe and 25-year-old Steve Ovett, two Englishmen who disliked racing ...


Description:
Most United States transportation industries registered financial gains in 1981, but they had problems. Airlines' earnings improved only slightly. High increases in basic fares caused a decline in air travel, while fare bargains offered on highly ...


Description:
Turkey experienced its first full year of the generals in 1981 following the bloodless coup of Sept. 12, 1980, when the armed forces seized power to avert civil war. During the year, the ruling National Security Council (NSC) had ...


Description:
The United Nations (UN) Security Council nominated Javier Perez de Cuellar of Peru for secretary-general on Dec. 11, 1981, breaking a six-week deadlock. Secretary-General Kurt Waldheim of Austria was seeking a third 5-year term, which would begin in ...


Description:
General Gregorio Alvarez, retired commander in chief of the army, became president of Uruguay on Sept. 1, 1981. Alvarez was chosen by leaders of the armed forces to replace President Aparicio Mendez Manfredini, whose term had expired. The armed forces ...


Description:
Yugoslavia suffered internal unrest and economic difficulties in 1981. Virtually the entire government and Communist Party leadership of Kosovo, a province of the Republic of Serbia, was replaced after riots broke out on March 11. The riots began as ...


Description:
Yukon Territory advanced its claim for provincial status by establishing an office in Ottawa, Ont., in August 1981. The office, to be headed by a deputy minister of the territorial government, will have an administrative and a political role  to ...


Description:
Conflict between Zimbabwe's two largest black ethnic groups in 1981 threatened the stability of the nation, which became independent in 1980. The Mashona people, comprising about 80 per cent of the population, are primarily followers of Prime Minister ...


Description:
On Sept. 17, 1981, paleontologist Farish A. Jenkins, Jr., of Harvard University's Museum of Comparative Zoology in Cambridge, Mass., announced the discovery of the fossil jaw of a previously unknown mammal. The jaw, found in Arizona, belonged to a ...


Description:
Zoos around the world continued to devote increasing attention to the preservation of endangered species in 1981. The American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums promoted cooperative management among zoos in its species survival ...


Description:
Computer manufacturers continued to develop very-large-scale integrated (VLSI) circuits in 1981. A VLSI circuit provides the equivalent of more than 100,000 transistors on a chip of silicon about the size of a thumbnail. This development strengthened ...


Description:
Federal draft legislation presented in Ottawa, Ont., in June 1981 offered a way out of the long-standing dispute between Newfoundland and Quebec over the export of hydroelectric power from Labrador's Churchill Falls. The legislation would authorize ...


Description:
The shaky economy in the United States in 1981 held down circulation and advertising revenues and took heavy tolls on three metropolitan dailies. The 128-year-old Washington Star


Description:
On Sept. 9, 1981, Daniel Ortega Saavedra, head of Nicaragua's leftist Government of National Reconstruction Junta, declared a one-year state of social and economic emergency. He announced further nationalizations of private companies and ...


Description:
During 1981, Nigeria's political system was strained by conflicts between and within political parties. On July 7, the Nigerian People's Party (NPP) withdrew from its alliance with President Shehu Shagari's National Party of Nigeria (NPN), the party ...


Description:
Nobel prizes in peace, literature, economics, and various sciences were awarded in 1981 by the Norwegian Storting


Description:
Northern Ireland was dominated in 1981 by anguish over a hunger-strike campaign by jailed members of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) that lasted 216 days. During that time, 10 men starved themselves to death against a background of violence unusual ...


Description:
Northwest Territories oil pipelines were again in the news in 1981. On April 22, Canada's National Energy Board approved the construction of a 538-mile (866-kilometer) pipeline to carry south the products of an expanded field at Norman Wells. Designed ...


Description:
A new discovery of mastodon fossils announced in October 1981 indicated that mastodons, the furry prehistoric relatives of living elephants, ranged more widely across North America and lived at higher elevations than paleontologists once thought. Wade ...


Description:
Good management and the discovery of additional oil resources lifted the fortunes of Peru during 1981. Since taking office in July 1980, President Fernando Belaunde Terry has led Peru back from the edge of bankruptcy.


Description:
President Ferdinand E. Marcos ended more than eight years of martial law on Jan. 17, 1981. On January 19, Marcos turned over to the National Assembly legislative powers he had held during the period of martial law.


Description:
Small, imaginative experiments conducted in 1981 revealed important details of how light, electrons, and molecules behave. A research team from the University of Washington in Seattle and a group from the University of California, Berkeley, both ...


Description:
Poland cracked down suddenly and harshly on the independent labor union Solidarity on Dec. 13, 1981. Communist Party First Secretary and Council of Ministers Chairman Wojciech Jaruzelski declared martial law, banned public gatherings, and ordered ...


Description:
Prime Minister Francisco Pinto Balsemao resigned on Aug. 11, 1981, after a bitter argument with critics in his Social Democratic Party (SDP). He had become prime minister on January 9, succeeding Francisco Sa Carneiro, who died in an airplane crash on ...


Description:
Quebec voters surprisingly re-elected the separatist government of Prime Minister Rene Levesque on April 13, 1981. Since coming to power late in 1976, Levesque's Parti Quebecois (PQ) had suffered 11 successive by-election defeats. It also had seen its ...


Description:
In 1981, the radio industry in the United States underwent sweeping deregulation. On January 14, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) voted 6 to 1 to free the country's 9,089 radio stations from many regulations involving advertising, ...


Description:
News of religious reawakening in the People's Republic of China claimed the attention of observers of global religious trends during 1981. Since the Chinese revolution of 1949, Western scholars have known little about the survival in China of ...


Description:
Republican strategists in 1981 concentrated on making the GOP the majority party in the United States. On March 27, Richard Richards, the party's national chairman, spoke to the executive committee of the Republican National Committee (RNC) in ...


Description:
World attention turned in shock and dismay to Rome on May 13, 1981, when Pope John Paul II was shot in an assassination attempt. The pope was riding in an open car in St. Peter's Square, acknowledging the cheers of 10,000 tourists and religious ...


Description:
Romania was active in international diplomacy in 1981. The Polish crisis posed a dilemma for Romanian leaders. They worried that Russia might intervene in Poland, establishing a precedent for an intervention in Romania. However, they insisted that ...


Description:
Social Security financial problems, which had existed for years, reached crisis proportions in the United States in 1981. The Social Security program began in 1935, during the upheaval of the Great Depression. The program helped stabilize the nation ...


Description:
The white-controlled government of South Africa on Jan. 13, 1981, began a policy of compulsory education for black children up to the age of 16. In 1981, only black children in first grade had to attend school. However, the requirement would be ...


Description:
United States astronauts completed the first round trip in history in a used spacecraft when they landed the space shuttle Columbia


Description:
Spain survived an attempted coup d'etat against its democratic government on Feb. 23, 1981. About 200 civil guards led by Lieutenant Colonel Antonio Tejero Molina entered the meeting place of the Chamber of Deputies, the lower house of the Cortes


Description:
Pay-television, which offers special programs to television viewers for a fee, extended its influence on sports in the United States in 1981. Experts predicted that the role of pay-TV in sports would continue to grow dramatically.


Description:
During 1981, Sri Lanka suffered more outbursts of ethnic conflict between its Sinhalese majority and its Tamil minority. The Sinhalese, who make up 71 per cent of Sri Lanka's people, speak a language called Sinhala and are mostly Buddhists. Eleven per ...


Description:
Switzerland approved a constitutional amendment in 1981 that guaranteed the equal rights of women. The Swiss supported the measure by 797,679 votes to 525,950 in a national referendum on June 14. The amendment states, Men and women have equal ...


Description:
Syria challenged Israel in April 1981 over Israeli support of the Christian Falange militia in Lebanon. The result was a Middle East scare that threatened to develop into a fifth Arab-Israeli war before it was defused.


Description:
Taiwan in 1981 rejected the most specific proposal for reunification made by the People's Republic of China since the 1949 split between Communists on the mainland and the Nationalist regime on the island of Taiwan. The proposal was made on September ...


Description:
The Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 was described by President Ronald Reagan as the first real tax cut for everyone in almost 20 years. It provided a 25 per cent reduction in personal income taxes over a three-year period, significant ...


Description:
The most significant television events of 1981 occurred off camera in the United States. On screen, viewers found retreads of old series, tired themes, and generally lackluster network programming. Meanwhile, behind the scenes, the television industry ...


Description:
John McEnroe, a tempestuous 22-year-old from New York City, won the world's two major championships for men in 1981, the Wimbledon and the United States Open. Chris Evert Lloyd of Fort Lauderdale, Fla., and Tracy Austin of Rolling Hills Estates, ...


Description:
Despite its oil wealth, Venezuela suffered an economic slump in 1981. Critics blamed the Administration of President Luis Herrera Campins, who came to power in March 1979. Herrera has tried to cool off the Venezuelan economy, overheated by years of ...


Description:
Vietnam in 1981 held its first nationwide election since North and South Vietnam were united in 1976, after the Vietnam War had ended. On April 26, 1981, Vietnamese voters chose 496 members of the National Assembly from a list of 613 candidates drawn ...


Description:
Art organizations, like so much else in the United States in 1981, were affected by budgetary cuts announced by the Administration of President Ronald Reagan. The art world, led by museums and arts organizations, pressed vigorous campaigns for ...


Description:
A severe drought withered the United States as 1981 began, drastically lowering river levels and threatening water supplies in the Eastern half of the country. In January, the level of the Mississippi River fell to a record low, snarling barge traffic ...


Description:
Welfare programs in the United States underwent sweeping cuts in 1981 under President Ronald Reagan's Administration. Declaring that government generosity and good intentions were out of control, the President called for a new federalism, ...


Description:
The countries of the West Indies received increased attention from the United States during 1981, mainly because President Ronald Reagan expressed alarm over alleged subversive efforts in the region by Cuba, Nicaragua, and Russia. The United States ...


Description:
Premier Angus MacLean announced his retirement on Aug. 7, 1981, after 30 years as an elected politician25 of them in Canada's House of Commons. MacLean led the Progressive Conservative Party to office in the island province in 1979 and won ...


Description:
Drug use among teen-agers in the United States has declined markedly, according to a report to Congress by psychiatrist William Pollin, head of the National Institute of Drug Abuse. There was a significant decrease in cigarette smoking and marijuana ...


Description:
For farmers in the United States, 1981 was as disappointing as 1980. In 1980, farm income dropped sharply because of increased production costs and lowered output resulting from erratic weather. In 1981, farmers harvested bumper crops but were ...


Description:
On Sept. 23, 1981, Aureliano Chaves became the first civilian in 17 years to serve as Brazil's president. Vice-President Chaves assumed the powers of the presidency on a temporary basis after President Joao Baptista de Oliveira Figueiredo suffered a ...


Description:
The United States toy industry's sales were stable in 1981. Three trends that contributed to gains made during 1980growth in basic toy purchases, added interest in home entertainment, and increasing year-round salescontinued and ...


Description:
The war between Afghan resistance groups and the Russian occupation forces supporting the regime of Revolutionary Council President Babrak Karmal continued during 1981. The resistance groups, who called themselves mujahedeen


Description:
The flood of statistics released by the United States Bureau of the Census in 1981 revealed an American population undergoing tremendous changes. The 20th Decennial Census of Population and Housing in 1980 found that Americans are marrying later and ...


Description:
Montreal in 1981 tried to struggle back from blows dealt to its economy by restrictive language laws passed by the province of Quebec. Residents of the city were also hard hit by sharply higher property taxes enacted to finance the debt remaining on ...


Description:
Under pressure from Saudi Arabia, the world's leading oil exporter, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) agreed on Oct. 29, 1981, to set the base price of crude oil at $34 per barrel. The agreement, to remain in effect until ...


Description:
World population continued to rise rapidly in 1981. In its annual report issued in mid-June, the United Nations (UN) Fund for Population Activities estimated that total world population had reached 4.4 billion and was increasing at the rate of 1.7 per ...


Description:
Rain fell heavily in most sections of the United States in June 1981, ending what had threatened to be a severe nationwide drought. January had been the fourth driest month in the 87 years since the government started recording national averages, and ...


Description:
High and fluctuating interest rates marked 1981 as the Federal Reserve Board (Fed) struggled to control inflation in the United States. The Fed aimed to slow the growth rate of the money supply, making it hard to get loans.


Description:
Chicago managed to keep its mass-transit system running, its schools open, and its budget balanced in 1981 with the help of new city taxes and several one-time infusions of cash.


Description:
Edward I. Koch, the first New York City mayor to capture both Democratic and Republican nominations, easily won a second term on Nov. 3, 1981. Koch's victory reflected his success in overseeing New York City's financial recovery from a brush with ...


Description:
Detroit, with its economy buffeted by high unemployment and slumping automobile sales in 1981, suffered through its worst fiscal crisis since the 1930's. It regained its financial balance, however, when Mayor Coleman A. Young successfully carried out ...


Description:
Houston elected its first woman mayor on Nov. 17, 1981, when City Controller Kathryn J. Whitmire defeated Harris County Sheriff Jack Heard in a runoff vote. Whitmire captured 62.4 per cent of the votes cast. Whitmire and Heard had led a field of 15 ...


Description:
Los Angeles celebrated its 200th anniversary on Sept. 4, 1981. That same day, the city's residents were shaken by an offshore earthquake that began at 8:15 A.M. and rumbled across southern California. The earthquake, registering 5.1 on the Richter ...


Description:
District of Columbia voters, in a referendum held on Nov. 3, 1981, rejected a school-tuition tax credit that could have reduced Washington city income taxes by as much as $1,200 for each of a taxpayer's children who attended a private school or a ...


Description:
Increases in construction spending, contracts awarded, and planned building projects in the United States signaled a recovery in 1981 from the previous year's sharp decrease in activity. The annual rate of construction spending, as estimated by the ...


Description:
Many cities in the United States were forced to raise taxes, dismiss employees, and reduce services in 1981 as sources of municipal funds shrank. In addition to cuts in federal aid, older cities in the Northeast and Midwest were faced with declining ...


Description:
Inflation eased, unemployment rose, interest rates hit new highs before falling late in the year, and the United States appeared to be in a recession during 1981. All of these conditions occurred against the backdrop of President Ronald Reagan's ...


Description:
President Ronald Reagan, following through on a campaign pledge, approved on Dec. 16, 1981, a proposal to dismantle the Department of Energy (DOE) and abolish some of its functions. Most of the DOE's remaining responsibilities would be transferred to ...


Description:
Recession prevailed throughout most of the industrial world during 1981. Only Japan and Canada recorded modest economic growth. The economies of the other major industrialized countries, including the United States, either declined or showed ...


Description:
A diversity of themes and styles earned critical praise for established poets in 1981. James Schuyler won the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry for The Morning of the Poem,


Description:
In June 1982, a scientific team under the direction of anthropologist J. Desmond Clark of the University of California at Berkeley announced the discovery of the oldest known fossil bones from a hominida human ancestorand the earliest ...


Description:
Among the most important archaeology exhibits held in the United States in 1982 was a display of ancient Aztec art presented at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. The artifacts were unearthed during a major archaeology project in ...


Description:
The American Institute of Architects (AIA) celebrated its 125th anniversary at its annual meeting held in Honolulu, Hawaii, from June 6 to 9, 1982. If the locale appeared somewhat exotic to many AIA members, the futurist-oriented seminars seemed even ...


Description:
The war with Great Britain over the Falkland Islands (Called Islas Malvinas


Description:
Partly in response to growing worldwide public demand for a nuclear freeze, the United States and the Soviet Union opened strategic arms reduction talks (START) on June 29, 1982, in Geneva, Switzerland. An arms-control proposal by U.S. President ...


Description:
was troubled during 1982 by its usual poverty and by unusual drought, by the harmful effects of a worldwide recession, and by one national war and numerous guerrilla conflicts. On the other hand, regional cooperation flourished, violent political ...


Description:
A team of astronomers from the United States, Great Britain, and Australia discovered the most distant object in the universe on March 25, 1982. The object is a quasar designated PKS 2000-330, and it is 12 billion to 18 billion light-years away from ...


Description:
On the field, the 1982 major-league baseball season was exciting, with close pennant races followed by a seven-game World Series won by the St. Louis Cardinals. Two weeks after the World Series ended, a minority of club owners, dissatisfied with Bowie ...


Description:
Despite a change of coaches early in the season, the Los Angeles Lakers won the National Basketball Association (NBA) 1981-1982 championship, their second title in three years. For the first time ever under Dean Smith's coaching, North Carolina, which ...


Description:
Prime Minister Wilfried A. E. Martens' center-right coalition government adopted stern measures to avoid economic and financial disaster in 1982. On January 18, the House of Representatives agreed to give the government special emergency powers, ...


Description:
Chip Hanauer of Seattle became the United States unlimited hydroplane champion in 1982 after Bill Muncey and Dean Chenoweth, the most successful drivers in the history of the sport, died in race accidents nine months apart.


Description:
Human interferon, an antiviral substance produced by the cells of the body, also has an inhibiting effect on some plant viruses, Israeli scientists announced in April 1982. Patricia Orchansky and Ilan Sela of Hebrew University in Jerusalem and ...


Description:
Although Earl Anthony became bowling's first million-dollar career winner in 1982, he shared attention with Glenn Allison's unrecognized perfection.


Description:
The sport's gains in 1982 were outweighed by the retirement of a world champion (Sugar Ray Leonard), the death of a challenger (Duk Koo Kim) after a title fight, and the death of a champion (Salvador Sanchez) in an automobile accident.


Description:
Three men's interzonal tournaments held in 1982 produced six candidates for the world championship match that will take place in 1984. The top two finishers at each interzonal advanced to the 1983 candidates' matches that will produce a challenger to ...


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The worldwide recession hit Chile head-on in 1982. The nation foundered in a sea of economic woes, including high unemployment and a decline in foreign investments. Chile had relied on foreign earnings to expand its mining industry.


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China conducted the largest census in history in July 1982. On October 27, it announced that the population under control of the government in Peking (Beijing in the phonetic Pinyin alphabet) on July 1 had been 1,008,175,288. Including Taiwan, Hong ...


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The Administration of United States President Ronald Reagan on Feb. 7, 1982, released its first report on the status of human rights around the world. The report criticized the erosion of political and economic rights in many countries. Throughout the ...


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On Aug. 7, 1982, Belisario Betancur of Colombia's Conservative Party took office as the nation's president for a four-year term. In his third try for the presidency, Betancur won a hardfought contest that saw a record turnout of voters despite threats ...


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Major public policy decisions and technological expansion dominated communications developments in the United States in 1982. Above all, the year will be remembered for the decision to break up the world's largest communications company  the ...


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The 100th anniversary of Russian-born composer Igor Stravinsky's birth was celebrated internationally by the dance world in 1982. His music is paramount in the history of ballet. It was largely through his scores for The Firebird


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Democratic candidates, cashing in on voters' anger over economic hard times, scored major gains in the November 1982 midterm elections in the United States. The results were a setback for Republican President Ronald Reagan in the House of ...


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The Social Democratic minority government of Prime Minister Anker Henrik Jorgensen resigned on Sept. 3, 1982, after failing to agree with opposition parties on an emergency package aimed at saving $1.2 billion in the 1982-1983 budget. Queen Margrethe ...


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There were several controversies over drugs during 1982, including their promotion and distribution. One controversy involved a new arthritis medication, Oraflex, which had been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in May. ...


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Efforts to unify the various Orthodox jurisdictions in the United States continued in 1982. The Bilateral Commission, appointed by the Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America and the Orthodox Church in America (OCA) to lay the ...


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The leading barometers of educational achievement in the United States were rising in 1982, but fiscal indicators continued to fall. Reading scores improved in many urban school systems. Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) scores showed a slight upturn, ...


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The death of 75-year-old Russian leader Leonid I. Brezhnev on Nov. 10, 1982, gave Europeans a new element to ponderthe possibility of a policy change in the Kremlin. But Soviet policy remained on course during the early days of the leadership of ...


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Fashion, traditionally the province of rich and leisured women, subtly changed its focus during 1982. The most successful styles were not the most outrageous or the instantly obsolete. Instead, they were clothes that were moderately subdued, in ...


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Retail food prices in the United States in 1982 experienced the smallest annual increase  4.5 per cent  since 1976. The moderate increase was due not only to the nation's lower inflation rate, but also to the large domestic supplies of ...


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The most memorable aspect of the 1982 football season in the United States was not who won or who played, but when they played. The first regular-season players' strike in the 62-year history of the National Football League (NFL) wiped out almost half ...


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France became a battleground in the 1982 conflict between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). From February through July, 15 people died and more than 100 were wounded in 21 terrorist attacks, most of them on Palestinian or Jewish ...


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The eruption of El Chichon, a long-dormant volcano in southeastern Mexico, on March 29, 1982, attracted little scientific attention at the time. Although the volcano continued to erupt during early April, killing 187 people and forcing thousands to ...


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Hungary continued its economic reform program in 1982, though economic growth slowed. Western nations helped Hungary overcome serious financial problems during the year. After Poland imposed martial law in December 1981, non-Communist banks withdrew ...


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Sixteen-year-old Elaine Zayak of Paramus, N.J., won her first women's world figure-skating title in 1982 after an uphill struggle. Scott Hamilton, 23, of Denver, won the men's title for the second straight year.


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Congress in 1982 moved closer to enacting a landmark immigration bill to stem the growing influx of illegal aliens, mostly from Mexico, into the United States. Although the Senate passed such legislation, 81-18, on August 17, the House of ...


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India elected a new president on July 12, 1982Zail Singh, a former minister of home affairs. Singh was selected by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, the actual head of the government, to succeed Neelam Sanjiva Reddy in the largely ceremonial ...


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Plans by the United States Department of the Interior to reorganize the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) were sharply attacked by Indian tribes in 1982. Spokespersons for tribes throughout the country asked Congress on June 11 to head off Interior ...


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Indonesia elected a new parliament on May 4, 1982. Sekber Golongan Karya (Golkar), the government-supported political group that technically is not a political party, won 246 of the 364 elected seats in parliament with more than 60 per cent of the ...


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Philadelphia weathered major school and transit strikes, witnessed heated battles between its mayor and City Council, and registered continuing signs of economic decline during 1981.


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The American government seemed infused with new energy in 1981 as the 52 Americans held hostage for more than a year in Iran were freed; the space shuttle Columbia


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Wars or military uprisings occurred in 11 African countries during 1982. Opposition forces waged guerrilla wars against the central governments of Angola, Mozambique, and Uganda. Chad's government was toppled in that country's ongoing civil war, and a ...


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Adil Carcani became prime minister in January 1982, succeeding Mehmet Shehu, who was reported to have committed suicide in December 1981. On November 10, Communist Party First Secretary Enver Hoxha said that Shehu had killed himself because of ...


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Albertans gave an overwhelming victory to Premier Peter Lougheed, 54, and his Progressive Conservative (PC) Party government in an election on Nov. 2, 1982. It was the Lougheed government's fourth election victory, and the premier said it would ...


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Algeria granted asylum to about 600 of the estimated 15,000 Palestine Liberation Organization guerrillas who were evacuated from Lebanon in August 1982 in the wake of the Israeli invasion of that country in June. Algeria also gave refuge to President ...


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had a bad year economically in 1982, though the government hoped that conditions would improve when the country's overseas customers pulled out of the recession. The government of Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser suffered some setbacks but remained ...


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Chancellor Bruno Kreisky welcomed Libya's leader, Muammar Muhammad al-Qad-hafi, to Austria for a four-day visit that ended on March 13, 1982. Kreisky had invited Qadhafi during a 1975 visit to Tripoli, but Qadhafi accepted the invitation just two days ...


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The United States automobile industry staggered through its fourth consecutive year of poor sales in 1982. The recession, high interest rates, and the side effects of a strike by Canadian workers of Chrysler Corporation were blamed for the dreary ...


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Keke Rosberg, a 34-year-old Finn who had never won a Grand Prix race, won only one in 1982. But that victory plus other high finishes helped him win his first world drivers' championship.


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AVIATION companies in the United States suffered severe financial hardship in 1982. A prolonged recession, fare cutting, overexpansion of routes, and a continuing shortage of air-traffic controllers contributed to the companies' difficulties. The ...


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The army chief of staff, Lieutenant General Hussain Muhammad Ershad, seized control of Bangladesh in a bloodless coup on March 24, 1982. Ershad declared martial law, suspended the Constitution, and named himself chief martial law administrator of the ...


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British Columbia, the most-unionized province in Canada, suffered from serious industrial disputes during the summer of 1982. In early August, 1 in 5 of British Columbia's workers was out of work; 170,000 people were unemployed; and about 100,000 were ...


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Several Cabinet-level members of President Ronald Reagan's Administration resigned in 1982, notably Secretary of State Alexander M. Haig, Jr. Although Haig reportedly had threatened several times to quit over what he felt were encroachments on his ...


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Cambodia (Kampuchea) had two rival governments in 1982. One had been installed in 1979 by the Vietnamese Army, which continued to occupy the country. With Vietnamese support and under Vietnamese influence, this government controlled most of Cambodia ...


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With almost a million and a half people out of work, the recession dominated Canadian life during 1982. Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau's Liberal government failed to inspire confidence in its economic management as it directed its efforts ...


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Canadian literature continued to demonstrate growth in artistic maturity, if not productivity, in 1982. Canada's Federal Cultural Policy Review Committee made several recommendations for easing the financial plight of writers and publishers, including ...


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In September 1982, chemists at the University of California's Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory in Berkeley reported what may be a significant advance in using the sun's energy to convert water to hydrogen gas, a useful fuel. Gabor A. Somorjai, Christofer ...


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Confronted with record budget deficits growing out of the worst recession in more than 40 years, Congress in 1982 approved the largest tax increase in United States history in an effort to stem the flood of red ink. Both the Republican-controlled ...


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President Ronald Reagan aroused speculation and controversy on Feb. 25, 1982, when he ordered a survey of all federal land to identify any that was surplus and might be sold. Reagan wanted to sell $1 billion worth of surplus property in fiscal year ...


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John W. Hinckley, Jr., who shot U.S. President Ronald Reagan and three others outside the Washington, D.C., Hilton Hotel on March 30, 1981, was found not guilty by reason of insanity on June 21, 1982, after an eight-week trial. The jury, which ...


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The biggest crime story in the United States in 1982 began on September 29, when four Chicago-area people, including three members of one family, died after taking cyanide-laced capsules of Extra-Strength Tylenol, a nonprescription pain reliever. By ...


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Beset by economic problems in 1982, Cuba showed signs of easing its support for revolution in Latin America and other regions of the world. The nation particularly felt the pinch from a tightened trade embargo by the United States and resistance by ...


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Czechoslovakia suffered from economic deterioration in 1982. Industrial output increased by only 0.4 per cent in the first half of the year, compared with the same period in 1981. The grain harvest was 7 per cent lower than planned, and meat output ...


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President Mohamed Hosni Mubarak moved cautiously in 1982 to establish a brand of leadership separate from that of his predecessor, Anwar el-Sadat, who was assassinated in October 1981. Mubarak also attempted to prevent an upsurge of the Islamic ...


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Democrats, blaming President Ronald Reagan for hard times, chalked up major gains in the Nov. 2, 1982, midterm elections in the United States. Only in the Senate did the Democrats have to settle for a draw. In the House of Representatives, they added ...


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The long-awaited emergence of computerized communications networks for businesses took place in the United States in 1982. Manufacturers of such data-communications equipment as computers, computer terminals, printers, and telephone systems rushed to ...


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El Salvador received worldwide acclaim on March 28, 1982, when the people of that war-torn country braved threats of violence to vote in national elections. Rebel leftist guerrillas, who had been battling the government since the late 1970s, boycotted ...


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The environmental movement in the United States won impressive victories in Congress and in the nation's voting booths in 1982. On March 31, 10 of the largest conservation groups in the United States attacked President Ronald Reagan directly for the ...


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Ethiopia launched large-scale offensives in 1982 against secessionist forces in two regions of the country. In the northeastern province of Eritrea, the military government faced Muslim separatists who since 1962 had been waging a guerrilla war to ...


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Tom Watson, Craig Stadler, and Ray Floyd gained most of the major honors in men's golf in 1982. Among them, they swept the four Grand Slam tournaments and won 10 of the 44 tournaments on the Professional Golfers Association (PGA) tour. JoAnne Carner, ...


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The year was dominated by the Falklands crisis, which began on April 2, 1982, rapidly escalated into war, and produced a tremendous ground swell of popular support for Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher's Conservative government by the time it ended ...


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Guatemalans went to the polls on March 7, 1982, to elect a new president. But when the winnerGeneral Angel Anibal Guevara, the candidate of the country's ruling military cliquewas announced, few Guatemalans believed that their ballots had ...


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On June 28, 1982, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that local school districts are not obliged to provide services that would enable handicapped children to reach their full academic potential. The decision was the first Supreme Court ...


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In 1982, for the third consecutive season, the New York Islanders became the National Hockey League (NHL) champions by winning the Stanley Cup. Also for the third consecutive season, Wayne Gretzky of the Edmonton Oilers won the Hart Trophy as the ...


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No outstanding horse dominated thoroughbred racing in 1982. The year was marred by the deaths of two top horses and injuries to several others.


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Iran raised the stakes sharply in its two-year-old war with Iraq in 1982. During the spring, Iranian counterattacks recaptured almost all the territory overrun by Iraq in the early days of the war, including the Iranian oil port of Khorramshahr. On ...


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The war with neighboring Iran, begun with high hopes in 1980 as Iraqi forces occupied much of western Iran's Khuzistan province, began to turn sour for Iraq in 1982. Two Iranian offensives in the spring recovered much of the 1,100 square miles (2,800 ...


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Northern Ireland was dominated in 1982 by the British government's sixth major attempt in 10 years to establish a means for political dialogue between the warring religious and political factions and provide some measure of home rule for Northern ...


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Israel became a deeply divided nation as a result of its invasion and occupation of Lebanon in 1982. The government of Prime Minister Menachem Begin had said that its action would be limited to clearing out Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) ...


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The five-party coalition government led by Prime Minister Giovanni Spadolini resigned on Aug. 7, 1982, three days after the Chamber of Deputies unexpectedly defeated a bill that would have tightened tax regulations and operating conditions for oil ...


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Yasuhiro Nakasone became prime minister of Japan on Nov. 26, 1982. Two days earlier, the ruling Liberal-Democratic Party (LDP)a conservative party despite its namehad elected him as its president.


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Tensions in the Middle East touched off numerous attacks on Jews in other parts of the world in 1982. Many of the attacks were related to Israel's efforts to oust the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) from Lebanon.


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King Hussein I of Jordan marked his 30th anniversary on the throne on Aug. 11, 1982. This made the Jordanian monarch the most enduring head of state in recent Middle Eastern history, having outlasted three Egyptian presidents, numerous Syrian and ...


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Unemployment in the United States rose quarter by quarter in 1982 as the recession that began in 1981 deepened. By December, the jobless rate had reached 10.8 per cent, the highest since 1940. Nearly 12 million U.S. workers were jobless, up more than ...


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Latin Americans were shocked in 1982 by a bitter 10-week war between Great Britain and Argentina over the Falkland Islands (called Islas Malvinas


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Israeli tanks and infantry invaded southern Lebanon on June 6, 1982. Within a week, Israeli forces occupied the entire coast as far north as the Lebanese capital of Beirut, which was placed under siege in a campaign to drive the Palestine Liberation ...


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Libraries in the United States attempted to gather increased local support in 1982 to compensate for reductions in library funding by the federal government. Some libraries succeeded. For example, the Houston library received a 34 per cent increase in ...


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Leader of the Revolution Muammar Muhammad al-Qadhafi continued to chart an erratic course in foreign policy in 1982. There were as many failures as successes. Relations with Tunisia improved after the Libyan leader's five-day visit there in February. ...


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Nonfiction captured most of the attention of the United States literary world for the first time in many years in 1982. The Fate of the Earth,


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Realistic fiction dominated the list of books for children in 1982. A number of books dealt with relationships between the young and the old. Some stories depicted divided families in which the mother works outside the home and the children make their ...


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The combined circulation per issue of the 100 leading magazines audited by the Audit Bureau of Circulations (ABC) in the United States showed an increase of 1.4 per cent during the first six months of 1982, compared with the same period in 1981. ...


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elected a new national Parliament and state legislatures on April 22, 1982. The National Front, a coalition of 11 political parties led by Prime Minister Mahathir bin Mohamed, won by a landslide. It captured 132 out of 154 seats in Parliament and 312 ...


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Canada's only socialist government, which assumed office in November 1981, followed a different path from the rest of the country in 1982 as its policies emphasized the public rather than the private sector. Premier Howard Pawley and his New ...


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Motion pictures in the United States had a year of remarkable commercial highs alternating with discouraging low periods in 1982. From the purely financial viewpoint, the American box office seemed to fluctuate with the changing of the seasons. The ...


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Although financial crises burdened classical music and musicians in 1982, the year had its triumphs and celebrations as well. The most moving victory belonged to pianist Leon Fleisher, who lost the use of his right hand in 1965 because of a mysterious ...


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Middle-of-the-road music, all but forgotten by the majority of American record companies, made a small but significant comeback in the United States in 1982. Many radio stations suffering from low ratings abandoned rock programming for one of two ...


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Ruud Lubbers became prime minister of the Netherlands on Nov. 4, 1982, succeeding Andreas A. M. van Agt. Lubbers led a coalition of his Christian Democrats and the right wing Liberal Party.


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Canada's longest-surviving premier won a fourth term after 12 years in office in the election on Oct. 12, 1982. Richard B. Hatfield led the Progressive Conservative (PC) Party as they won 39 seats in the 58-seat legislature. The Liberals dropped to 18 ...


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Despite stagnant conditions in the fishing, forestry, and mining industries, and with 34,000 Newfoundlanders out of work, the people of Canada's youngest province gave a solid vote of confidence to 40-year-old Premier Brian Peckford in an April 6 ...


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Nova Scotia broke new ground in resource development on March 2, 1982, when the province signed an agreement with the federal government concerning the management and revenue-sharing of oil and gas reserves lying off Nova Scotia's east coast. Without ...


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On April 30, 1982, the United Nations (UN) Law of the Sea Conference approved an international agreement on sea law by a vote of 130 to 4, ending eight years of negotiations. United States President Ronald Reagan rejected the pact, even though three ...


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Despite severe criticism from the Soviet Union, preparations continued on schedule in 1982 for the 1984 Summer Olympic Games in Los Angeles. Russia complained about plans to house athletes at two university dormitory complexes rather than at one ...


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Canada's largest province, representing one-third of the country's economy and one-half of its manufacturing and employment, experienced a severe economic downturn in 1982. One in six jobs in the province was dependent on the slumping automotive ...


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With all of its near neighbors enjoying newly won independence, French-ruled New Caledonia was again much in the news in 1982. After the French National Assembly decided in December 1981 that New Caledonia should be ruled by decree for 12 months. ...


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In 1982, Pakistan conducted the first government-authorized debates of public policy in more than four years of military rule. The debates took place in the National Advisory Council, which was inaugurated on January 12. Pakistan's President Mohammad ...


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The U.S. Postal Service ran a bigger surplus than expected in 1982, making it unlikely that a rate increase would be necessary in 1983. A higher volume of mail, along with the 20-cent stamp for first-class letters and other increased postage for ...


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Canada's smallest province, with only 85,000 eligible voters, reelected a Progressive Conservative (PC) government on Feb. 27, 1982. James Lee, 45, who had succeeded as premier on Nov. 17, 1981, after Angus MacLean's retirement, won support in his own ...


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The population of prisons and jails in the United States grew at a record 14.3 per cent rate in the first half of 1982, further aggravating an already severe overcrowding situation nationwide. A survey by the Bureau of Justice Statistics, a division ...


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Discussions of merging dominated several Protestant church conventions in the United States in 1982 after some years of quiet on the subject. During simultaneous General Assembly meetings in June, the nation's two largest Presbyterian bodiesthe ...


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There was good news and bad news for victims of common addictions in 1982. Dieters and cigarette smokers could take heart from the research that psychologist Stanley Schachter, of Columbia University in New York City, reported in the April ...


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Public health officials almost succeeded in meeting their goal of eliminating measles in the United States by Oct. 1, 1982. The 1,284 cases reported during the first 39 weeks of the year were less than 3 per cent of the number of cases reported during ...


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In 1982, a growing number of Roman Catholic bishops in the United States publicly opposed aspects of U.S. nuclear strategy. In San Francisco on January 20, Archbishop John R. Quinn of San Francisco appeared before the Senate Subcommittee on Arms ...


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Romania struggled with economic difficulties in 1982, while its reputation plummeted because of its repressive internal policies. In June, United States President Ronald Reagan granted Romania most-favored-nation (MFN) status for another year. This ...


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lost its leader in 1982. On November 10, Leonid Ilich Brezhnev, 75, general secretary of the Communist Party and chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, died of a heart attack. Brezhnev had been party leader since 1964 and chairmanhead ...


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Seven Chicago-area residents were fatally poisoned in the fall of 1982 after taking cyanide-laced capsules of the top-selling pain reliever, Extra-Strength Tylenol. The poisonings served to remind the public of the hazards to life and health that lurk ...


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The 11-year dominance of Saskatchewan political life by Allan E. Blakeney and his New Democratic Party came to a dramatic end in a provincial election on April 26, 1982. The Progressive Conservatives (PC), who had held only 15 seats in the 61-seat ...


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In contrast to the transfer of power in other Islamic lands, the death of King Khalid on June 13, 1982, caused scarcely a ripple on the surface of Saudi leadership. Khalid's half brother Crown Prince Fahd succeeded him without incident as Fahd's ...


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Labor and drug problems beset professional sports in the United States in 1982. The National Football League (NFL) suffered its first regular-season players' strike, and the National Basketball Association (NBA) was threatened by a players' strike. ...


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Sri Lanka held its first direct popular election of a president on Oct. 20, 1982. The incumbent, J. R. Jayewardene, won a new six-year term.


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The continuing recession in the United States in 1982 and cuts in federal aid forced most states to raise taxes and decrease their budgets to avoid deficits. Even so, six of the 46 states whose fiscal year ended on June 30, 1982, had ...


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Recovery from the recession remained just around the corner throughout 1982, but the stock market in the United States saw good news in the future and staged several of the biggest rallies in history. The Dow Jones industrial average, the most widely ...


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Sudan joined other Arab states in providing asylum for Palestine Liberation Organization guerrillas evacuated from Beirut, Lebanon, as a consequence of Israel's invasion of Lebanon on June 6, 1982. About 500 guerrillas arrived in the Sudan in August.


Title:
SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES (1982)

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In a term marked by unusual personal acrimony, the Supreme Court established new constitutional rights for illegal aliens and the mentally retarded during 1982. Overall, however, the high court continued its gradual drift to the right. Numerous ...


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Change and turmoil continued to dominate the United States television industry in 1982. A federal government movement to deregulate the industry continued, a consumer boycott was begun, and a labor strike once again caused problems for network ...


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By competitive standards, the most successful tennis players in 1982 were Jimmy Connors of Belleville, Ill., and Martina Navratilova of Dallas. Financially, Ivan Lendl of Czechoslovakia and Navratilova, born in Czechoslovakia, were the major winners. ...


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In 1982, Thailand launched an ambitious project to industrialize the east coast of the Gulf of Thailand by using natural gas from undersea deposits. The project, part of Thailand's five-year economic development plan for 1982-1986, was intended to ...


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Commercial theater had a nerve-racking season in the United States in 1982. Attendance was down; there were few exciting new shows; and controversy erupted over a mammoth real estate development that caused the demolition of two of the oldest landmark ...


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The mile heroics of 1981, when Sebastian Coe and Steve Ovett broke the world record three times in 10 days, were expected to continue in 1982. Injuries to the two Englishmen prevented that, but Mary Decker Tabb provided thrills by breaking the women's ...


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Economic hard times and the effects of deregulation caused financial difficulties for United States transportation industries in 1982. Many airlines and truckers lost heavily, while the earnings of many railroads and some bus companies plunged. ...


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Exhibitions of old masters highlighted the art scene in the United States in 1982 as they had not done for many years. The foremost of those showsall produced with complex financial support from federal, corporate, and private agencieswas ...


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The weather was severe in the Central and Eastern parts of the United States early in 1982. Many weather stations reported record low temperatures. The most extreme departures from normal occurred in a belt stretching from Iowa to western Ohio. ...


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In his State of the Union message on Jan. 26, 1982, President Ronald Reagan proposed to transfer control of a number of United States welfare programs from the federal government to state and local governments. He claimed that this plan, which he ...


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The Caribbean Basin Initiativea program devised jointly by the United States, Canada, Mexico, Venezuela, and Colombia spotlighted the problems of small countries in the Caribbean and Central America in 1982. President Ronald Reagan ...


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Yugoslavia suffered economically and financially in 1982 amid growing disunity in its ruling party, the League of Communists of Yugoslavia. In May, the collective state Presidency elected Petar Stambolic, a Serb, president for one year. The Presidency ...


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The Liberal Party in Canada lost its last elected representatives west of Winnipeg, Man., on June 7, 1982, when Yukon territorial elections ousted the only two Liberal Party members. The Progressive Conservative Party took 9 of the 16 seats, and its ...


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The crushing worldwide recession, considered mild when it began in July 1981, had a stranglehold on industrial production in the United States in 1982. Inflation was down, but so was business confidence, reflected in reduced capital spending plans and ...


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On Dec. 2, 1982, surgeon William C. DeVries and a 20-member team at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City performed the first permanent artificial heart implant on a human being. The patient was Barney B. Clark, a 61-year-old retired dentist with ...


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Throughout the United States, intense controversy over the insanity defense followed the acquittal of John W. Hinckley, Jr., on June 21, 1982, for the attempted assassination of U.S. President Ronald Reagan in 1981. Hinckley was confined indefinitely ...


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The bottom dropped out of the Mexican economy during the second half of 1982. The suddenness of the collapse stirred fears that Mexico's predicament might touch off a chain reaction leading to international financial chaos.


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Israel's invasion of Lebanon in June 1982 introduced a new and disturbing element into the tangled pattern of conflict in the Middle East. The latest outbreak of violencethe fifth Arab-Israeli war to erupt since Israel gained its independence in ...


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Morocco received a bitter blow on Feb. 22, 1982, when the Organization of African Unity (OAU) admitted the Polisario Front guerrilla group of Western Sahara as its 51st member. The Polisario was voted into the OAU as the Sahara Arab Democratic ...


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Newspaper mergers made headlines during 1982. Nine United States publishers merged, or announced plans to merge, their competing morning and evening papers into single all-day or morning publications. These newspapers were the Oakland


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Three years after seizing control of Nicaragua, the leftist Sandinista National Liberation Front in 1982 found itself mired in economic problems and feuding with its Central American neighbors and the United States. In addition, the people of ...


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Politicians in Nigeria spent much of 1982 preparing for 1983 elections, in which voters are to choose the national president, the state governors, the members of the state assemblies, and both houses of the federal legislature.


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Nobel prizes in peace, literature, economics, and sciences were awarded in 1982 by the Norwegian Storting (parliament) in Oslo and by the Royal Academy of Science, the Caroline Institute, and the Swedish Academy of Literature, all in Stockholm, ...


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Northwest Territories voted narrowly to divide its vast land area in a plebiscite held on April 14, 1982, and on November 26, the federal government agreed to the division. Four land claims and a decision on the boundary remained to be settled. Only ...


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The minority Conservative government of Prime Minister Kaare Willoch faced economic difficulties in 1982 because Norway's revenue from North Sea oil and gas exports stopped increasing. The 1982 fall in world oil prices threatened to wipe out Norway's ...


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One of the most intriguing and persistent puzzles in paleontologywhich animal was the source of conodontswas solved in 1982. Conodonts are tiny toothlike fossils that are abundant in rocks formed during the Cambrian through Triassic ...


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On Dec. 12, 1982, Prime Minister Manuel Ulloa Elias and his 15-member Cabinet resigned in the first major government shakeup since democracy replaced military rulein Peruin 1980. Ulloa, a former Wall Street financier who urged a return to the free ...


Description:
The Philippines took several steps toward the return of elective government in 1982. On May 17, more than 20 million Filipinos voted in the first nationwide local elections in 10 years. They chose more than 280,000 members for the approximately 40,000 ...


Description:
Physics experiments reported in 1982 provided strong hints of new phenomena and important confirmation of basic theoretical assumptions. Theoreticians and experimenters shed new light on a phenomenon known as an anomalous nuclear interaction.


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The independent labor union Solidarity collapsed in 1982 under severe pressure from the military regime of Wojciech Jaruzelski, the nation's Council of Ministers chairman and first secretary of the Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR), Poland's ...


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Portugal adopted a new Constitution on Aug. 12, 1982, barring all military involvement in government. It also abolished the Revolutionary Council, the military watchdog group set up in 1974 to supervise Portugal's transition to civilian rule. The new ...


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Puerto Rico experienced a steady economic downturn in 1982. Conditions on the island, which belongs to the United States, approximated those of a recession.


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Although the province was beset by economic problems, Prime Minister Rene Levesque won an overwhelming vote of confidence from his Parti Quebecois (PQ) in an internal referendum in February 1982. The balloting followed a stormy party convention in ...


Description:
FM radio's steady gain in popularity and AM radio's steady decline continued in the United States during 1982. Some estimates put FM's share of the 1982 radio audience as high as 61 per cent. With a signal that can be received in stereophonic sound, ...


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Ronald Wilson Reagan, 40th President of the United States, continued to enjoy personal popularity in 1982, though Republican losses in the November 2 midterm election indicated public unease with some Administration policies. Reagan campaigned ...


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In 1982, Americans had an excellent opportunity to assess the status of religion in the United States. A coalition of religious groups that included the Glenmary Research Center, a Roman Catholic agency, and the interdenominational National Council of ...


Description:
Republican Party fortunes suffered a setback in the 1982 midterm elections in the United States despite Republican President Ronald Reagan's active campaigning. Republicans, burdened by recession and high unemployment, dropped 26 seats in the House of ...


Description:
In 1982, after years of disappointment, the United States Ski Team had its greatest success ever. Phil Mahre of White Pass, Wash., won his second straight World Cup overall title; his twin brother, Steve, won the world giant slalom championship; the ...


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Italy became the surprise winner of the 1982 World Cup in a competition filled with surprises. The Italians defeated West Germany, 3-1, in the final on July 11 in Madrid, Spain, before a crowd of more than 90,000 and an international TV audience of ...


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The 15-member bipartisan National Commission on Social Security Reform failed during 1982 to come up with a complete set of recommendations for changing the United States Social Security system.


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President Mohamed Siad Barre faced rebellion both inside and outside his autocratic, pro-Western government during 1982. On June 9, five government leaders were arrested on charges of treason. The chief opposition groups outside the government were ...


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On July 30, 1982, Prime Minister Pieter Willem Botha announced the details of a plan by which the country's white-minority government would share political power with South Africans of mixed race, called Coloreds, and those of Asian backgrounds. Since ...


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Oct. 4, 1982, was the 25th anniversary of the launch of the first artificial satellitethe Soviet Union's Sputnik 1.


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The Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) swept into power in general elections on Oct. 28, 1982, winning 201 seats, a gain of 80, in the 350-member Chamber of Deputies, the lower house of the Cortes (parliament). The right wing Popular Alliance finished ...


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Swedish voters cast their ballots to end six years of nonsocialist rule in general elections on Sept. 19, 1982. The Social Democrats returned to power by winning 46 per cent of the popular vote, giving them 166 seats, a gain of 12, in the 349-seat ...


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The United States, for years the international leader in swimming, suffered a setback in the 1982 world championships. East Germany won 12 gold medals to 8 for the United States, though each nation won a total of 25 medals.


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In a national referendum on June 6, 1982, the Swiss approved, by a margin of almost 2 to 1, penal code changes providing stiffer penalties for terrorism, rioting, and inciting public disorder. The law was drafted in response to youth riots in Zurich ...


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A violent uprising in the city of Hama in February 1982 briefly threatened the government of President Hafiz al-Assad before it was put down by army units. The uprising began on February 2 when Syrian security forces raided the city in a search for a ...


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Taiwan recorded economic growth during 1982, despite a worldwide recession. The nation also maintained internal political calm and weathered another difficult period in its relations with the United States.


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The Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982, passed by the United States Congress on August 19 and signed promptly by President Ronald Reagan, repealed some of the record tax cuts of 1981. The measure, which was expected to trim mounting ...


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Turkey took a long stride in 1982 toward the return to constitutional government and civilian rule promised by military leaders after they seized power in September 1980. In September 1982, a temporary Consultative Assembly approved a new Constitution ...


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United Nations (UN) institutions in 1982 dealt with new wars in the Falkland Islands and Lebanon and continuing conflicts in El Salvador, Afghanistan, Cambodia, Iran, and Iraq.


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Burgeoning federal budget deficits dictated the domestic policy agendas of the United States government's executive and legislative branches in 1982. President Ronald Reagan, forced by fiscal realities to abandon his 1980 campaign goal of balancing ...


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On Nov. 28, 1982, elections were held in Uruguay for the first time since the military took control of the government in 1973. In the elections, at which Uruguayans picked leaders for their political parties, candidates who opposed the military regime ...


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The value of Venezuela's oil exports, which account for 95 per cent of the nation's earnings from trade, fell sharply in 1982 despite stepped-up production that reached 2 million barrels per day late in the year. Venezuela expected to earn only $14 ...


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Vietnam changed some middle-level leaders in March 1982 in an attempt to overcome economic and other problems. The Communist Party newspaper explained the need for changes by saying, In wartime, we had enough to eat and were successful. In ...


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Strife erupted in 1982 between Zimbabwe's two largest black groups after the February 17 ouster of Joshua Nkomo from Prime Minister Robert Mugabe's Cabinet. Mugabe, leader of the majority Mashona group, charged that Nkomo, head of the Matabele people, ...


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The temperature of egg incubation determines the sex of alligators, according to an April 1982 report by biologists Mark W. J. Ferguson of The Queens University of Belfast in Northern Ireland, and Ted Joanen of the Louisiana Wildlife and Fisheries ...


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The New York Zoological Society announced plans on April 16, 1982, for a $15-million renovation of New York City's Central Park Zoo. The zoo, which will be divided into tropical, temperate, and polar zones, will feature environments similar to the ...


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Physicians were baffled and alarmed by the rapid spread in 1982 of a diverse array of medical problems called acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). These included rare infections and cancers typically found only in the elderly or in the weakened ...


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Computers became so small, powerful, and economical that more types of businesses could afford to use them. For example, the local drugstore or barbershop is now a likely site for a computer that helps the owner keep track of business details.


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In February 1982, the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences issued a report by 22 scientists who found that what little was known about marijuana use justified serious national concern. They reported a variety of ...


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Farmers in the United States had another bad year in 1982, their third in a row. The cumulative effect of these difficult years left farmers' cash flow weak, and their fixed assets did not sustain modern farms as well as they would have supported ...


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Brazil took a long step toward the restoration of democracy in 1982 after years of military rule. On November 15, Brazilians took part in the first free elections of state and municipal officials in 17 years. In these elections, government candidates ...


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Traditional toy industry sales in the United States rose slightly during 1982. It was generally a year of spotty sales, company acquisitions, and several bankruptcies. However, there were a few bright stars, including top-selling video games and ...


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The war against Russian occupation ground on in 1982. Russian forces had invaded the country in 1979 in support of the Communist government of Revolutionary Council President Babrak Karmal. They met armed resistance from Afghan mujahedeen


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Mayor Jane M. Byrne continued to consolidate her position in 1982 as she prepared her campaign for re-election in 1983. Byrne gave property owners a small amount of tax relief and sponsored a number of citywide festivities during the year, which some ...


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New York City, which had prided itself on an ability to withstand the national recession, began to show signs of a serious economic slump toward the end of 1982. One factor was the sudden decline in Manhattan's white-collar job boom. Manhattan had ...


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The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) warned the world's industrialized nations on Oct. 12, 1982, to avoid complacency over the current glut of crude oil and moderating petroleum prices. The OECD, a group of 24 countries ...


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World population continued to grow rapidly in 1982, and by midyear there were more than 4.5 billion people on earth, according to an estimate by the private, Washington, D.C.-based Population Reference Bureau. At the current 1.7 per cent annual rate ...


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United States Secretary of the Interior James G. Watt said on April 28, 1982, that the nation's most serious domestic crisis of the next decade will involve water because the country lacks the billions of dollars needed to solve its water problems. ...


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Dramatically falling interest and inflation rates in 1982 signaled the success of the United States Federal Reserve Board (Fed) policy of slowing the growth rate of the U.S. money supply. At the same time, sluggish economic growth and the failure of ...


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A weak economy, high interest rates, and government budget cutbacks made 1982 a difficult year for the construction industry in the United States. Construction spending increased from $230 billion in 1980 to $238 billion in 1981, but the United States ...


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The cities of the United States had another difficult year in 1982 as they tried to deal with a nationwide recession coupled with sharp reductions in federal aid.


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During 1983, wars of rebellion or secession persisted in Angola, Chad, Ethiopia, Mozambique, Namibia, Uganda, and Western Sahara. Another year of diplomatic efforts to end South African colonial rule of Namibia yielded only modest progress. Military ...


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Ramiz Alia, who became Albania's head of state in November 1982, emerged during 1983 as the probable successor to Communist Party First Secretary Enver Hoxha. But Hoxha, 75, continued to make important foreign policy statements.


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Falling energy prices and a dependence on unstable resource revenues led Alberta, the wealthy oil province, to tighten its belt in 1983. On March 24, a provincial budget was presented that provided for an increase in government expenditures, but less ...


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Algeria resumed diplomatic relations with Morocco in February 1983, removing a major obstacle to a peaceful settlement of the conflict in Western Sahara. The two neighbors had been at odds since 1976, when Algeria recognized the Polisario Front ...


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Lucy, the oldest and most complete fossil hominid


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The first direct physical evidence supporting the theory that lead poisoning contributed to the fall of the Roman Empire in the A.D. 400's was reported in May 1983. The evidence came from a chemical analysis of the bones of 55 victims killed by the ...


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The most discussed new building of 1983 was the Portland Building, an office building in Portland, Ore., designed by Michael Graves. Graves, chairman of the Department of Architecture at Princeton University in New Jersey, is a leader among the ...


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Tom Sneva of Spokane, Wash., won the most celebrated race in the United States, the Indianapolis 500, on May 29, 1983, after overcoming unusual opposition.


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AVIATION in the United States had a troublesome year in 1983, even though air travel rebounded with the economy. Internationally, events were dominated by the shooting down of a South Korean commercial airliner by a Soviet warplane on September 1, ...


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Bangladesh began during 1983 to move back toward elective government after existing under martial law since March 1982. The head of the martial-law government, Council of Ministers President Hussain Muhammad Ershad, announced on July 8 that elections ...


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The 1983 major-league baseball season produced many memorable performances. When Baltimore Orioles manager Earl Weaver retired after the 1982 season, many people expected the team to suffer. On the contrary, the Orioles, under new manager Joe ...


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On March 31, 1983, the National Basketball Association (NBA), the sport's major professional league, and the National Basketball Players Association, its players union, reached a four-year basic agreement. The agreement gave athletes a guaranteed ...


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Belgium struggled to pay its workers and keep its industry afloat in 1983. In 1982, Parliament had given the center-right coalition government of Prime Minister Wilfried A. E. Martens the right to rule by decree in economic affairs. But even with this ...


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The 132-year domination of the America's Cup yacht race by the United States, the longest winning streak in sports history, ended dramatically in 1983. The Australian sloop Australia II


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Canada felt the weight of economic recession ease in 1983. Although unemployment remained high, interest rates and the cost of living came down, leading to a return of consumer confidence. These welcome developments did little for the popularity of ...


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Canadian literature enjoyed a productive year in 1983. If there were negative feelings arising from the bankruptcy of Clarke Irwin and Company, Limited, a major publishing company, most writers were confident that there would be no domino effect on ...


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In May 1983, chemists at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge reported that they had used two carbon building blocks to synthesize sugars  that is, to build them out of atoms and groups of atoms. They can use their technique ...


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Men's candidates' quarterfinal matches in 1983 produced four candidates for the world championship match scheduled for 1984. One of these candidates is to challenge world champion Anatoly Karpov of the Soviet Union.


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Chileans took to the streets in 1983 to demand the restoration of democracy, as Chile became mired in economic depression. Two protesters were killed on May 11 during the first such nationwide demonstrations in nearly 10 years of military rule. The ...


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The National People's Congress named a new president of China on June 18, 1983. The congress, a parliamentary body that turns decisions of the Chinese Communist Party into governmental policy, chose Li Xiannian, 78 years old, a senior party official ...


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Warning that the workload of the Supreme Court of the United States was approaching a disaster area, not just a problem, Chief Justice Warren E. Burger in February 1983 called for the creation of an experimental appeals court to ease the ...


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Terrorist acts surged markedly in number and ferocity during 1983. Some incidents, such as the suicide raids on United States and French troops in Beirut, Lebanon, on October 23, occurred in a warlike setting. Other acts, however, were aimed at ...


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The deterioration in relations between Cuba and the United States culminated in actual combat in 1983 on the island of Grenada. United States troops and a small force from six Caribbean nations invaded Grenada on October 25 to safeguard the lives of ...


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Jaromir Obzina, 54, in 1983 became Czechoslovakia's deputy prime minister and minister for technical investment and development, a key post. He had been interior minister since 1973. Political observers said that Obzina was a protege of Soviet Union ...


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The death on April 30, 1983, of Russian-born choreographer George Balanchine was mourned not only by the dance world but also by the artistic world at large. A choreographer arranges a dance's movements and teaches them to the dancers. Through his ...


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Democratic Party leaders in the United States thought they were agreed in January 1983 that the preconvention political season should be shortened to avoid the prolonged string of party primaries and caucuses. Implementing recommendations of a ...


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Progress in digital-electronic technology accelerated in 1983. The binary-digit techniques that gave the world the digital computer spread rapidly, providing innovations in such everyday items as telephones and stereophonic sound systems as well as in ...


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There were mixed reports during 1983 on the progress of the war in El Salvador between leftist guerrillas and the right wing government. Both sides made leadership changes.


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Anne M. Burford resigned as administrator of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) on March 9, 1983. Her resignation followed weeks of controversy involving charges of political manipulation, mismanagement, and conflicts of interest ...


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During 1983, armed rebellion persisted in two of Ethiopia's northern provinces, Eritrea and Tigre. The central government launched its sixth major offensive since 1977 against the Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF), a secessionist movement ...


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The December 1983 deadline for installing intermediate-range nuclear missiles in Western Europe dominated European politics throughout 1983. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) had decided in 1979 to deploy 572 United States Pershing 2 ...


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The biggest influence on the fashion scene in 1983 was clearly Japanese. Such names as Yohji Yamamoto, Kansai, Rei Kawakubo of Comme des Garcons (Like the Boys), and Mitsuhiro Matsuda of Nicoleall but unknown in the Western world in ...


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After nine months of negotiation, Greece and the United States signed an agreement on Sept. 8, 1983, allowing the United States to operate its military bases in Greece for five more years. The United States agreed to provide Greece with credits and ...


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On Aug. 8, 1983, military officers overthrew President Jose Efrain Rios-Montt and replaced him with Brigadier General Oscar Humberto Mejia Victores, the former defense minister.


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The United States government continued its efforts to define the services and rights due to persons with disabilities in 1983. At the same time, persons with disabilities, and the organizations serving them, developed a new spirit of political ...


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The 1982-1983 hockey season ended the same way as the three previous seasons. The New York Islanders won the Stanley Cup as National Hockey League (NHL) champions, and Wayne Gretzky of the Edmonton Oilers gained almost every scoring honor plus the ...


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Slew O' Gold emerged as 1983's best 3-year-old and a leading candidate for Horse of the Year. On October 15, the colt, a son of 1977 Horse of the Year Seattle Slew, defeated older horses in the Jockey Club Gold Cup at Belmont Park near New York City. ...


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Hungary continued its economic reforms in 1983, while maintaining a close relationship with the Soviet Union. Communist Party First Secretary Janos Kadar visited Moscow in July and received the Order of Lenin, the Soviet Union's highest decoration. In ...


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Detroit endured mounting economic problems, declining city services, and City Hall scandals in 1982. But the city managed to keep its $1.6-billion budget in reasonable balance despite an economic slump that produced the highest unemployment levels ...


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Kathryn J. Whitmire, Houston's first woman mayor, took office on Jan. 2, 1982. She promised to improve the city's basic servicesto do something about Houston's rising crime rate, pothole-riddled streets, traffic congestion, and inadequate sewage ...


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Los Angeles won a favorable ruling from the California Supreme Court on April 30, 1982, upholding a county ballot measure that is expected to raise $288 million per year for public transit. The ballot proposition, which passed in November 1980, ...


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Washington, D.C., started 1982 with a record cold spell and two tragic accidents. On January 13, an Air Florida Boeing 737 jetliner taking off from Washington's National Airport on a flight to Tampa, Fla., hit the 14th Street bridge and plunged into ...


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The United States Bureau of the Census continued in 1982 to release information gathered during the 1980 census and from surveys conducted in 1981. By Jan. 1, 1983, the population of the United States was about 232.4 million, some 1.9 million more ...


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The regime of long-time Mayor Jean Drapeau faced its first real opposition in three decades in 1982 as Montreal voters expressed their dissatisfaction with the city's economy. After a bitterly fought election campaign, Mayor Drapeau was elected on ...


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Unemployment in the United States rose to a post-World War II high of 10.8 per cent near the end of 1982 as the nation, along with the rest of the world, suffered the most serious recession since the 1930's. The U.S. gross national product ...


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Efforts to develop a synthetic-fuels (synfuels) industry in the United States to reduce U.S. dependence on foreign oil suffered major setbacks during 1982. The synfuels program, the keystone of the energy strategy developed by President Jimmy Carter, ...


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The worldwide recession deepened in 1982. For the first time since 1975, the industrial nations registered no overall economic growth. The less developed countries had an equally dismal yearfor the first time since World War II, their per capita ...


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Poetry in 1982 was highlighted by several posthumous collections. Notable were Sylvia Plath's Collected Poems,


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Philadelphia celebrated its 300th birthday in 1982 with a variety of festivities set against a backdrop of municipal belt-tightening that saw no pay increases for the city's major municipal unions. However, the unionsrepresenting police, fire ...


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Ireland held its third general election in 18 months on Nov. 24, 1982, and Garret FitzGerald, leader of the Fine Gael (Gaelic People), was returned to office as prime minister. FitzGerald's party won 70 seats in the Irish Parliament, while the Fianna ...


