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Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) is a civil rights organization in the United States.


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Congress of the Confederation is the name sometimes used for the national legislature established by the Articles of Confederation.


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Congress of the United States makes the nation's laws.


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Congressional Budget Office is an agency of the United States Congress.


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Congressional page works as a messenger in the United States Senate or House of Representatives.


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Congressional Record is a printed account of what is done and said in the United States Congress daily.


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Congressman or congresswoman is a member of the United States Congress.


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Congreve, William (1670-1729), was an English dramatist who wrote witty, sophisticated comedies.


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Congreve, Sir William (1772-1828), a British inventor, developed rockets that could carry explosives.


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Conifer, is any one of a large group of trees or shrubs that bears its seeds in cones.


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Conjoined twins are twins connected to one another at some point of their bodies.


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Conjugation, is a complete list of the forms of a verb by mood, number, person, tense, and voice.


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Conjunction, is a word used to connect words, phrases, clauses, and sentences.


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Conjunctivitis, is an inflammation of the membrane that covers the white part of the eyeball and the inner lining of the eyelid.


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Connally, John Bowden (1917-1993), was United States secretary of the treasury in 1971 and 1972.


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Connaught and Strathearn, Duke of (1850-1942), served as governor general of Canada from 1911 to 1916.


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Connecticut, is the third smallest state of the United States.


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Connecticut, University of, is a state-supported coeducational university in Storrs, Conn.


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Connecticut River rises in northern New Hampshire, and forms the boundary between that state and Vermont.


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Connective tissue holds together and gives shape to body organs and tissues.


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Connelly, Marc (1890-1980), wrote The Green Pastures (1930), perhaps America's most popular religious drama.


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Connors, Jimmy (1952-...), is an American tennis champion.


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Conquistadors, were Spaniards who conquered Indian peoples in parts of Latin America mainly during the first half of the 1500's.


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Conrad, Charles, Jr. (1930-1999), a United States astronaut, commanded the Apollo 12 mission that made the second manned moon landing. On Nov. 19, 1969, Conrad and astronaut Alan L. Bean landed in their lunar module, Intrepid, and stayed for about 31 hour


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Conrad, Joseph (1857-1924), was a Polish-born author who wrote in English.


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Conrail, a United States railroad, was one of the largest freight carriers in the nation.


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Conscientious objector is a person who claims that his beliefs prevent him from bearing arms in his country's armed forces.


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Conservation is the management, protection, and wise use of natural resources.


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Conservatism is an attitude or philosophy that places great emphasis on tradition.


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Conservative Party is one of the two main political parties in the United Kingdom.


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Consolidated school is the result of joining two or more school districts and combining their school populations.


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Consonant is a letter or sound which in speech requires hindering of the breath by the tongue, teeth, or lips.


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Conspiracy, is an agreement between two or more people to do something that is against the law.


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Constable, is a police officer in a rural community of the United States.


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Constable, John (1776-1837), ranks with J. M. W. Turner as the leading English landscape painter of the 1800's.


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Constantine, (pop. 808,000), is a trading center in Algeria about 50 miles (80 kilometers) from the Mediterranean Sea.


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Constantine, I (1868-1923), of Greece was king from 1913 to 1917 and 1920 to 1922.


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Constantine, II (1940-...), of Greece, was king from 1964 to 1973.


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Constantine, the Great was the first emperor of the Roman Empire to become a Christian.


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Constellation, is a group of stars visible within a particular region of the night sky.


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Constellation, a 38-gun frigate launched in 1797 in Baltimore, Maryland, was the first United States Navy ship to capture a foreign warship.


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Constipation, is a condition in which the bowel does not rid itself of waste materials in a normal manner.


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Constitution is a statement outlining the agreed basic principles of formal organizations ranging from national governments to private clubs.


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Constitution is a famous frigate of the United States Navy.


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Constitution of the United States sets forth the nation's fundamental laws.


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Constitutions of Clarendon were an early attempt, in England, to define the boundaries between the rights of the church and the jurisdiction of the king.


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Constitutional Union Party was an American political party formed in 1859 by former members of the Whig and Know-Nothing parties.


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Consul, is an official appointed by the government of one country to look after its commercial and cultural interests in a city of another country.


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Consumer Affairs, United States Office of, is an agency of the U.S. government.


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Consumer Federation of America (CFA) is an organization that promotes the interests of consumers in the United States.


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Consumer Price Index is a measurement of changes in the prices of goods and services bought by most people in the United States.


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Consumer Product Safety Commission is an independent agency of the United States government.


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Consumerism is a movement that promotes the interests of buyers of goods and services.


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Consumers Union is an independent, nonprofit organization that tests and rates products and consumer services.


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Consumption, in economics, is the use of goods and services to satisfy needs and desires.


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Contact lens is a device used to correct an eye's nearsightedness or farsightedness.


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Containerization is a method of transporting cargo by packing it into large containers.


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Contempt, in law, is willful disregard or disobedience of public authority, such as a court or legislative assembly.


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Continent is a part of the earth's surface that forms one of the great dry-land masses of the world.


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Continental Association was an agreement adopted by the First Continental Congress of the American Colonies on Oct. 20, 1774.


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Continental Congress was a convention of delegates from the American Colonies that first met in Philadelphia on Sept. 5, 1774.


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Continental divide is the term used to designate the line of elevated land that separates areas drained to opposite sides of a continent.


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Continental System was France's attempt to choke off Great Britain's trade with the rest of Europe in the early 1800's.


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Contraband, in commerce, means trade forbidden by law.


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Contract is an agreement between two or more parties that is enforceable by law.


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Contrail, is a thin line of cloud that forms behind aircraft at high altitudes.


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Convent is a religious community, usually of women, who have taken religious vows and live under religious rule.


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Convertibility, is the absence of restrictions on exchanging the currency of one nation for that of another.


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Conveyor belt is a device that conveys (carries) large quantities of material from place to place.


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Convulsions are involuntary contractions of groups of muscles often accompanied by loss of consciousness.


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Cook, Frederick Albert (1865-1940), an American explorer, claimed he discovered the North Pole in April 1908.


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Cook, James (1728-1779), a British naval captain and navigator, was one of the world's greatest explorers.


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Cook Islands lie in the South Pacific Ocean, about 1,800 miles (2,900 kilometers) northeast of New Zealand.


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Cooke, Jay (1821-1905), an American financier, was the chief financial agent for the United States during the Civil War.


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Cooke, Terence James Cardinal (1921-1983), archbishop of New York, was appointed a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church in 1969 by Pope Paul VI. Cooke, at 48, was the youngest American ever to become a cardinal.


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Cooking is the preparation of food for eating by applying heat.


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Cookstown (pop. 30,883) is a local government district in Northern Ireland.


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Coolidge, Calvin (1872-1933), was a shy, silent New England Republican who led the United States during the boisterous Jazz Age of the 1920's.


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Cooper, Gary (1901-1961), was an American motionpicture actor who appeared in more than 90 films.


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Cooper, James Fenimore (1789-1851), was an American novelist and social critic.


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Cooper, Leroy Gordon, Jr. (1927-...), a United States astronaut, was the first person to make two orbital space flights. Virgil I. Grissom made two space flights before Cooper did, but Grissom did not orbit the earth during his first flight.


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Cooper, Peter (1791-1883), was an American inventor, manufacturer, and philanthropist.


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Cooper, Susan (1935-...), an English author, won the 1976 Newbery Medal for her novel The Grey King (1975).


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Cooperative, is a business owned by the people who use its services.


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Cooperative education is a method of education that combines classroom studies with practical work experience.


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Cooperative Extension System is a nationwide educational network in the United States.


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Cooperstown (pop. 2,032) is a resort village on Otsego Lake, in the east-central part of New York state.


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Coot is the name of nine kinds of marsh birds in the rail family.


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Copan, was one of the southernmost Maya cities during the Classic Period of the Maya, which lasted from about A.D. 250 to 900.


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Copenhagen, (pop. 464,566; met. area pop. 1,339,395), is the capital and largest city of Denmark.


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Copepod, is the name of a large group of tiny animals that live either in the ocean or in fresh water.


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Copernicus, Nicolaus, (1473-1543), was a Polish astronomer who developed the theory that the earth is a moving planet.


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Copland, Aaron, (1900-1990), was an American composer who wrote in many styles and forms.


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Copley, John Singleton (1738-1815), is generally considered the greatest portrait painter in colonial America.


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Copper has been one of the most useful metals for over 7,000 years.


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Copperhead is a poisonous American snake, one of the pit vipers.


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Copperheads was a name given to a group of Democrats who criticized President Abraham Lincoln's administration during the American Civil War (1861-1865).


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Coppola, Francis Ford (1939-...), is an American motion-picture director, producer, and writer.


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Copra, is the dried meat of the coconut.


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Copts, is a term first used to refer to certain native residents of ancient Egypt.


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Copying machine is any of several types of devices that copy documents or illustrations.


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Copyright refers to a body of exclusive rights that protect the works of authors, artists, computer programmers, and other creative people against copying or unauthorized public performance.


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Coral, is any of a large group of marine animals related to jellyfish and sea anemones.


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Coral, Sea is the part of the Pacific Ocean between the northeast coast of Australia, the Solomon Islands, and the Vanuatu island group.


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Coral Sea Islands stretch northeast from the Great Barrier Reef near Australia.


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Coral snake is the name given to several closely related poisonous snakes of the Western Hemisphere.


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Coral tree, also known as coralbean, is the name of more than 100 species of trees and shrubs that grow in tropical and nearly tropical regions throughout the world.


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Corbett, James John (1866-1933), became the world heavyweight boxing champion in 1892.


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Corbin, Margaret Cochran (1751-1800), became a heroine at the Battle of Fort Washington in 1776, during the Revolutionary War in America (1775-1783).


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Corcoran Gallery of Art, in Washington, D.C., has collections of paintings, sculpture, drawings, tapestries, photographs, and ceramics.


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Corday, Charlotte (1768-1793), a French patriot, killed Jean-Paul Marat, a radical leader of the French Revolution, during the Reign of Terror in 1793.


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Cordillera, is a group of mountain ranges, usually the principal mountain group of a continent.


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Cordite, was one of the original smokeless powders used to propel projectiles from guns.


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Cordoba, (pop. 1,179,372), is the second largest city in Argentina.


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Cordoba, (pop. 300,229), is an ancient Moorish city in Spain, and the capital of Cordoba province.


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Corduroy, is a cotton or cotton blend fabric with raised ribs of the cloth running lengthwise.


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Corelli, Arcangelo, (1653-1713), was one of the earliest major violinists and composers of violin music.


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Coreopsis, is a large group of plants related to the sunflower.


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Coriander, is an herb that grows in the countries around the Mediterranean Sea.


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Corinth, was an important city of ancient Greece.


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Corinth, Canal provides a waterway between the Gulf of Corinth and the Saronic Gulf in east-central Greece.


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Corinthians, Epistles to the, are the seventh and eighth books of the New Testament.


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Coriolanus, Gaius Marcius, was a general of the early Roman Republic.


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Coriolis, effect is the apparent effect of the earth's rotation on the motion of anything traveling across the face of the globe.


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Cork (pop. 133,271) is the second largest city of the Republic of Ireland.


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Cork is a lightweight, spongy substance obtained from the bark of the cork oak tree.


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Corliss, George Henry (1817-1888), an American engineer, helped improve the steam engine.


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Corm is a short, thick underground stem.


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Cormorant, is a large, web-footed bird that catches fish by diving underwater.


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Corn, also called maize, is a plant whose food value and wide variety of uses make it one of the world's most important crops.


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Corn is a small, hard, shiny thickening of the epidermis (outer layer of the skin).


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Corn borer, also called the European corn borer, is a serious insect menace to corn crops.


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Corn earworm, also called bollworm, ranks among the worst insect pests in the United States.


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Corn Laws were measures passed in England between the 1400's and mid-1800's to control the price of small grains, called corn in England.


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Corn oil is a vegetable oil made from the kernel of the corn plant.


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Corn syrup is a thick, sweet liquid made from cornstarch.


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Corneille, Pierre (1606-1684), was a French playwright.


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Cornell, Ezra (1807-1874), was an American businessman and philanthropist.


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Cornell University is a coeducational institution and the land-grant university of the state of New York.


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Corner Brook, Newfoundland and Labrador (pop. 21,893), is an important newsprint manufacturing center.


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Cornering the market was a technique used to accumulate all or most of the available supply of a stock or commodity.


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Cornet is a brass musical instrument that resembles a shortened trumpet.


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Cornplanter (1750?-1836) was a Seneca Indian leader.


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Cornstalk (1720?-1777), a Shawnee Indian chief, became a central figure in Indian wars in Ohio during the late 1700's.


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Cornstarch is a fine white flour made by grinding and refining grains of corn.


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Cornucopia, is a horn of plenty, a symbol of nature's productivity.


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Cornwallis, Charles (1738-1805), the first Marquis Cornwallis, was a British general in the Revolutionary War in America.


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Cornwallis, Edward (1713-1776), a British soldier and colonial official, led 2,500 settlers to Nova Scotia in 1749 and founded Halifax.


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Cornwell, Patricia (1956-...), is an American author of detective fiction who created the character Dr.


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Corona, is the outermost layer of the sun's atmosphere.


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Coronado, Francisco Vasquez de (1510?-1554), was a Spanish explorer.


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Coronary thrombosis, also called coronary occlusion, is a condition in which a clot blocks the passage of blood in an artery of the heart.


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Coronation is a ceremony at which a king, queen, or pope publicly receives a crown as a symbol of rule.


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Corot, Camille, (1796-1875), was a French landscape and figure painter.


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Corporation is a person or group of people who obtain a charter giving them certain legal rights and privileges.


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Corporation for Public Broadcasting is a private, nonprofit organization that promotes public television and radio in the United States.


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Corps, is an army unit consisting of two or more divisions.


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Corpus Christi, Texas (pop. 277,454; met. area pop. 380,783), is a major United States seaport and a center of industry and tourism.


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Corpuscle, in physiology, is a term used for a small mass or body.


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Correggio, (1489?-1534), was one of the greatest painters of the Italian Renaissance.


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Corregidor, a rocky fortified island, covers about 2 square miles (5 square kilometers) at the entrance to Manila Bay on the island of Luzon.


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Correspondence school is an educational institution that furnishes home-study material through the mail.


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Corrosion, is the destruction of a material caused by the chemical action of a gas or liquid.


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Corrupt practices are unethical techniques used by politicians to gain a political advantage in an election.


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Corsica, (pop. 240,178), is a French island in the Mediterranean Sea.


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Cortes, Hernando, (1485-1547), was a Spanish explorer who conquered what is now central and southern Mexico.


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Cortina, Juan Nepomuceno, (1824-1894), was an early leader of the civil rights struggle of Mexican Americans.


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Cortisone, is one of an important group of hormones made in the cortex (outer part) of the adrenal glands.


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Corundum, is the second hardest pure mineral.


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Cosby, Bill (1937-...), is a leading American entertainer, author, and TV producer.


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Cosmetics are substances applied to a person's body to cleanse, promote attractiveness, or alter the appearance.


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Cosmic rays are electrically charged, high-energy particles that travel through outer space.


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Cosmology, in astronomy, is the study of the structure and development of the universe and the forces that work on it.


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Cosmos, are tall, late-summer flowers native to Mexico and the American tropics.


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Cossacks, were a group of elite cavalry warriors in Ukraine and Russia.


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Cost-benefit analysis, also called benefit-cost analysis, is a type of economic study that measures the costs and benefits to society of existing or proposed programs.


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Cost of living is the amount of money needed to buy a standard amount of consumer goods and services.


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Costa Rica is a small, mountainous country in Central America.


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Costello, John Aloysius, (1891-1976), served as prime minister of Ireland from 1948 to 1951 and from 1954 to 1957.


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Cote d'Azur, is the eastern end of the Mediterranean coast of France.


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Cotillion, is one of a family of ballroom dances for four couples in a square formation.


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Cotopaxi, in the Andes Mountains of Ecuador, is one of the world's highest active volcanoes.


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Cottage industry was a home-based system of manufacturing widely used during the 1700's and 1800's.


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Cotton is the most widely used of all plant fibers.


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Cotton, John (1584-1652), was a Puritan minister and author.


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Cotton gin is a machine for removing the seeds from cotton fibers.


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Cottonseed oil is an edible oil made from the seeds of cotton plants.


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Cottonwood is a group of large, spreading poplar trees that grow in the United States.


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Cotyledon, is the leafy portion of a plant's embryo.


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Cough is a strong, sudden expelling of air from the lungs.


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Coughlin, Charles Edward (1891-1979), was a Canadian-born Roman Catholic priest known for his political activities during the 1930's.


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Coulomb, is a unit of electric charge in the metric system.


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Coulomb, Charles Augustin de, (1736-1806), a French scientist, inventor, and army engineer, made fundamental contributions in the fields of friction, electricity, and magnetism.


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Council on Foreign Relations is a private organization that studies problems in United States foreign policy.


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Count is a title of honor going back to the days of the Roman Empire.


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Counter Reformation, also known as the Catholic Reformation, generally refers to a period of Roman Catholic Church history in the 1500's and 1600's.


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Counterfeiting is the unauthorized duplication of any object, especially money, with the intent to defraud (cheat someone).


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Counterpoint is a musical term for two or more independent melodies performed at the same time.


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Country is a defined geographic territory under the authority of an independent government.


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Country music is a type of American popular music that developed in the Southern United States during the 1800's.


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County is usually a division of local government.


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County agricultural extension agent is a public official who helps farmers, families, and communities solve agricultural and family-living problems.


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Coup d'etat, is a sudden take-over of a country's government by a group of conspirators.


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Couperin, Francois (1668-1733), called "Le Grand" (The Great), was a French composer during the baroque period.


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Courbet, Gustave (1819-1877), a French painter, helped found the realist movement in art.


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Coureurs de bois, were French-Canadian frontiersmen of the late 1600's and the early 1700's who made their living by trading for furs with the Indians.


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Courser is the name for a group of desert birds found in Africa, India, and Australia.


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Court is a government institution that settles legal disputes and administers justice.


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Court, Margaret Smith (1942-...), an Australian tennis star, was one of the best female tennis players in history.


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Court-martial is a military court that tries people who belong to a country's armed forces and are accused of committing certain crimes.


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Court of appeals is a high federal or state court.


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Court of claims is a special court that settles claims against the government.


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Court of International Trade, United States, is a federal court that handles cases involving imports and other international business.


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Court of Military Appeals, United States, is the highest appeals court of the U.S. armed forces.


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Cousin is a person outside your immediate family related to you by blood and descended from the same ancestor.


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Cousteau, Jacques-Yves, (1910-1997), was a French oceanographer, author, and motion-picture producer.


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Cousy, Bob (1928-...), ranks among the outstanding playmakers in the history of basketball.


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Covenanters, were members of a series of religious movements in Scotland during the last half of the 1500's and the 1600's.


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Coventry, (pop. 292,600), is a city in central England.


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Covington, (pop. 43,370), is a city in northern Kentucky.


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Cow is a female adult animal of the bovine group.


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Cow parsnip is a large, coarse plant which belongs to the parsley family.


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Cowbird is the name of a group of birds found in North America and South America.


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Cowboy is a hired hand who herds and cares for cattle and horses that belong to a ranch owner.


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Cowell, Henry (1897-1965), was an American composer.


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Cowley, Abraham (1618-1667), was an English poet and essayist whose first volume of verse was published when he was 15.


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Cowpea is a trailing or bushy vine widely cultivated in warm regions.


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Cowper, William (1731-1800), was an English poet.


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Cowrie, also spelled cowry, is a sea snail with a shiny, often colorful shell.


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Cowslip is the name of four flowering plants.


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Cox, James Middleton (1870-1957), an American politician and newspaper publisher, was the Democratic candidate for President in 1920.


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Coxey, Jacob Sechler (1854-1951), organized Coxey's Army, a group of unemployed men, during the depression of the 1890's.


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Coyote, is a wild member of the dog family.


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Coysevox, Antoine, (1640-1720), was the leading French sculptor during the latter part of the reign of Louis XIV. Coysevox produced much of the sculpture that decorated the gardens and Palace of Versailles.


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Cozzens, James Gould, (1903-1978), an American author, became best known for his novels of upper-class manners.


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Crab is a type of animal with a hard shell and jointed legs.


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Crab apple is any of a wide variety of small trees that bear apples less than 2 inches (5 centimeters) in diameter.


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Cramp is a painful, uncontrolled contraction of one or more muscles.


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Cranach, Lucas, the Elder (1472-1553), was one of the leading German painters of the Renaissance.


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Cranberry is a red, tart, round or oval fruit that grows on an evergreen vine.


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Crandall, Prudence (1803-1890), was an American teacher who played an important role in the abolitionist movement.


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Crane is the name of a family of large birds with long legs and a long neck.


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Crane is a machine that lifts, transports, and sets down heavy objects.


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Crane, Hart (1899-1932), was an American poet best known for his complex work The Bridge (1930).


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Crane, Stephen (1871-1900), was an American novelist, short-story writer, poet, and journalist.


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Crane, Walter (1845-1915), was an English artist who became famous for his illustrations for children's books.


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Cranmer, Thomas (1489-1556), was the first Protestant archbishop of Canterbury, the leader of the Church of England.


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Cranston, Alan MacGregor (1914-2000), a Democrat from California, was a United States senator from 1969 to 1993.


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Crappie, is a freshwater fish closely related to sunfish and black bass.


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Crassus, Marcus Licinius, (112?-53 B.C.), was a Roman statesman, financier, and military leader.


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Crater is a funnel- or bowl-shaped depression on the surfaces of planets and other bodies in the solar system.


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Crater Lake is the deepest lake in the United States.


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Crater Lake National Park was created in southwestern Oregon to preserve Crater Lake and the forests around it.


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Crawford, William Harris (1772-1834), an American politician and statesman, became a Southern leader in United States politics.


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Crayfish, also called crawfish, is a freshwater animal that is closely related to the lobster.


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Crayon is a stick of colored wax shaped like a short pencil.


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Crazy Horse (1844?-1877) was an Oglala Sioux Indian chief.


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Creasey, John (1908-1973), an English author, became one of the best-known writers of detective stories of the 1900's.


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Creationism is a set of beliefs based on the idea that a Supreme Being brought into existence the earth and all its life through a direct act of creation.


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Crecy, Battle of, was the first important battle of the Hundred Years' War (1337-1453).


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Credit enables people to obtain goods or services even if they do not have enough money to pay for them right away.


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Credit card allows people to charge goods and services at business places that accept the card.


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Credit Mobilier, of America was a joint-stock company responsible for a major political scandal in the United States.


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Credit union is a cooperative banking association operated exclusively for the benefit of its members.


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Cree Indians are a people who live in Canada and in Montana in the United States.


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Creek Indians belong to any of 19 tribal groups that once occupied much of what are now Alabama and Georgia.


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Creeley, Robert (1926-...), an American poet, is one of a group of writers who are sometimes called the Black Mountain poets.


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Creeper is the name of many species of small, woodland birds that live in most parts of the world.


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Cremation is burning a dead body to ashes.


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Creole, in North or South America, is a person whose ancestors were early French or Spanish settlers of the New World.


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Creosote, is a heavy, oily liquid made by distilling wood or coal tar.


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Creosote, bush is a shrub that grows throughout the desert regions of the southwestern United States and Mexico.


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Crescent, is a symbol that resembles the moon in its first quarter.


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Cresol is the common name for a group of oily chemicals that scientists called hydroxytoluenes.


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Cress is any one of three green plants in the mustard family.


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Cretaceous, Period is a period in the geologic time scale of the earth's history.


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Crete, (pop. 537,399), is the largest Greek island.


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Cretinism, is a condition in which babies are born with underdeveloped brains and poorly formed skeletons.


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Creutzfeldt-Jakob, disease is a rare disease that destroys the brain.


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Crevecoeur, Michel-Guillaume Jean de, (1735-1813), was a French-born essayist who portrayed rural life in colonial America.


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Crewe and Nantwich (pop. 101,800) is a local government district in south Cheshire, England.


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Crewel, also called crewelwork, is a form of embroidery done with woolen yarn.


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Cribbage is a card game for two, three, or four people.


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Crichton, Michael (1942-...), is an American author whose novels weave new technological possibilities and current social issues into imaginative, fast-paced plots.


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Crick, Francis H. C. (1916-...), is a British biologist. He shared the 1962 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine with American biologist James D. Watson and biophysicist Maurice H. F. Wilkins, also of the United Kingdom.


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Cricket is a type of jumping insect related to grasshoppers.


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Cricket is a game played with bats and a ball by two teams of 11 players each.


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Crile, George Washington (1864-1943), an American surgeon, made important contributions to the development of surgery, especially in the areas of shock, hemorrhage, and blood transfusion.


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Crime is a term that refers to certain actions that are forbidden by law.


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Crime laboratory is a laboratory where experts analyze, identify, and interpret evidence connected with a crime.


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Crimea, a region of Ukraine, is a peninsula that juts from the southern part of Ukraine into the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov.


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Crimean, War (1853-1856) was fought between Russian forces and the allied armies of Britain, France, the Ottoman Empire (now Turkey), and Sardinia.


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Criminal justice system is the system used to enforce the laws established by society.


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Criminology is the scientific study of crime, criminals, criminal behavior, and the criminal justice system.


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Criticism is the analysis and judgment of works of art.


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Crittenden Compromise was a proposal submitted to the United States Senate in 1860 by Senator John Crittenden of Kentucky in an effort to keep the Southern States from leaving the Union.


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Cro-Magnons, were prehistoric human beings who lived in Europe, Asia, and North Africa from about 40,000 to 10,000 years ago.


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Croatia, is a country in southeastern Europe.


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Croce, Benedetto, (1866-1952), was probably the most distinguished Italian philosopher of the 1900's.


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Crochet, is a type of needlework that uses a hooked needle to pull a thread into interlocking looped stitches to form a fabric.


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Crockett, Davy (1786-1836), was one of the most famous frontiersmen in United States history.


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Crocodile is one of the largest living reptiles.


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Crocus, is the name of a group of small flowering plants native to southern Europe and Asia and cultivated in many regions of the world.


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Croesus, (reigned 560-546 B.C.), was the last king of Lydia, a country in what is now western Turkey.


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Crompton, Samuel (1753-1827), was an English weaver and inventor.


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Cromwell, Oliver (1599-1658), led the armed forces of Parliament to victory in the English Civil War in the 1640's and ruled England from 1653 to 1658.


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Cromwell, Richard (1626-1712), ruled England as lord protector from September 1658 to May 1659.


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Cromwell, Thomas (1485?-1540), was a trusted adviser to King Henry VIII of England.


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Cronin, A. J. (1896-1981), was a popular British novelist. He gained literary fame with his first novel, Hatter's Castle (1931), a story of country life in Scotland.


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Cronkite, Walter (1916-...), an American journalist, became famous as a television newscaster.


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Cronus was the youngest child of Gaea, the earth; and Uranus, the sky, in Greek mythology.


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Crookes, Sir William (1832-1919), was a British chemist and physicist.


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Crop is a large number of plants of any given kind that are grown for human use.


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Crop insurance provides protection for a farmer's income in case bad weather or other unavoidable hazards cause crop losses.


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Cropping system is a method of growing crops and producing high yields without weakening the soil.


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Croquet, is a popular outdoor lawn game in which the players use mallets to hit balls through narrow arches called wickets.


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Crosby, Bing (1903-1977), was a popular American singer and motion-picture star.


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Crosland, Anthony (1918-1977), was a British Labour Party politician.


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Cross is the most common symbol of Christianity.


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Cross-country is a type of long-distance racing.


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Cross-reference is a method used in books, indexes, library catalogs, and filing systems to direct attention to additional information about a subject in another part of the book or index.


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Crossbill is the name of several species of small birds.


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Crossbow was a weapon used for shooting arrows, especially during the Middle Ages.


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Crossman, Richard (1907-1974), a British politician, was secretary of state for social services in the Labour Party government from 1968 to 1970.


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Crossword puzzle is a popular word game.


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Croton, is the name of a group of tropical shrubs or small trees.


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Croup, is an inflammation of the air passages of the throat and trachea (windpipe).


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Crow is a type of large, black bird that lives in all parts of the world except Antarctica, New Zealand, and South America.


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Crow Indians are a tribe of the northern Great Plains of the United States.


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Crowfoot (1830-1890), a Canadian Blackfoot Indian chief, prevented his people from joining the North West Rebellion against the Canadian government.


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Crown is a British coin worth 25 pence, or one-fourth of a pound sterling.


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Crown is a circular ornament worn on or around the head as a symbol of authority, merit, or distinction.


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Croydon (pop. 299,600) is a London borough on the south edge of the city.


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Cruikshank, George (1792-1878), an English artist, became famous for his caricatures and illustrations.


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Cruise, Tom (1962-...), is a popular American movie star known for his striking good looks and self-confident manner.


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Cruiser is a large warship used to escort aircraft carriers and for independent operations with destroyers.


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Crumb, George (1929-...), is an American composer known for his innovative and highly individual works.


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Crusades were Christian military expeditions organized mainly to recapture Palestine during the Middle Ages.


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Crustacean, is an invertebrate animal with many jointed legs and a hard external shell.


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Cryobiology, is the study of how extremely low temperatures affect living things.


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Cryogenics, is the study of extremely low temperatures.


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Cryotron is a tiny electronic switching device that operates at very low temperatures.


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Crystal is a solid that is composed of atoms arranged in an orderly pattern.


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Ctenophore, is a small transparent sea animal that lives in all the oceans of the world.


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Cuauhtemoc, (1495?-1525), was the last Aztec Indian ruler of Mexico.


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Cuba, is an island nation that is the only Communist state in the Americas.


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Cuban missile crisis occurred in October 1962 when the United States learned that the Soviet Union had secretly installed missiles in Cuba, about 90 miles (140 kilometers) from Florida.


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Cube, in geometry, is a solid bounded by six square faces of equal size.


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Cube root is one of three equal factors of a number (see Factor).


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Cubeb, is the dried, unripe berry of a climbing vine belonging to the pepper family.


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Cubism was the most influential movement in the history of modern art.


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Cubit, is a measure of length used by several early civilizations.


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Cuchulainn, also spelled Cuchulain, is a great hero of Irish mythology and folklore.


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Cuckoo is any one of a group of related birds found throughout most of the world.


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Cuckoo-shrike is the name of a family of about 70 species of songbirds.


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Cucumber is a common garden vegetable native to southern Asia, but cultivated as an annual in many parts of the world.


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Cud is a small mass of food that animals called ruminants bring up from their stomachs for a second chewing.


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Cudahy, Michael (1841-1910), an American meat packer, developed and introduced cold-storage facilities in packing plants.


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Cuenca, (pop. 227,212), is a city in the Andes Mountains of southern Ecuador.


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Cuernavaca, (pop. 337,966), is the capital of the state of Morelos in Mexico.


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Cuffe, Paul (1759-1817), an American seaman and merchant, encouraged the colonizing of blacks in Sierra Leone, Africa, after sailing there in 1810.


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Cuillin, Hills are a range of mountains on the Isle of Skye, in Highland Region, Scotland.


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Cuisenaire, Method is a teaching system designed to help students discover basic mathematical principles by themselves.


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Cukor, George (1899-1983), was an American motion-picture director.


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Cullen, Countee, (1903-1946), was a black poet and novelist known for his lyrical poetry.


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Cult is the term commonly used for a new religious group devoted to a living leader and committed to a fixed set of teachings and practices.


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Cultural lag is the failure of certain parts of a culture to keep up with other, related parts.


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Culture is a term used by social scientists for a way of life.


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Culture, in biology, is a growth of microorganisms or cells produced under controlled conditions in a laboratory.


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Cumberland Gap is a natural pass in the Appalachian Mountains, near the meeting point of Kentucky, Tennessee, and Virginia.


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Cumberland Mountains, part of the Appalachian Mountain system, extend across part of eastern Tennessee and Kentucky, and form the boundary between Virginia and Kentucky.


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Cumberland River, a branch of the Ohio River, rises in the Cumberland Mountains in eastern Kentucky.


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Cumin, is a small herb grown for its fruit.


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Cummings, E. E. (1894-1962), was one of the most innovative poets in American literature. He is especially known for violating the rules of composition, rejecting punctuation and capitalization, distorting syntax (sentence structure), and experimenting wi


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Cunard, Sir Samuel (1787-1865), founded the Cunard line of steamships.


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Cuneiform, was a system of writing used by the people of ancient Middle Eastern civilizations.


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Cunha, Euclides da (1866-1909), a Brazilian newspaper reporter, wrote perhaps the greatest work in Brazilian literature.


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Cunningham, Merce (1919-...), is an American dancer and choreographer (dance creator).


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Cuomo, Mario Matthew (1932-...), gained national attention as the governor of New York.


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Cupid was the god of love in Roman mythology.


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Cuquenan, Falls, also spelled Kukenaam, is one of the highest waterfalls in the world.


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Curacao, is the largest island of the Netherlands Antilles-two groups of islands in the West Indies.


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Curare, is the name for various substances used as arrow poison by Indians in South America.


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Curassow, is the name of a group of large birds that live in forests of tropical America.


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Curfew is the time of day which once brought with it evening and the end of work.


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Curia regis, was a group that helped kings govern during the Middle Ages.


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Curie, Marie Sklodowska, (1867-1934), was a Polish-born French physicist who became famous for her research on radioactivity.


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Curie, Pierre, (1859-1906), was a French physicist known for his work in radioactivity.


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Curium, is an artificially created radioactive element.


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Curlew, is a long-legged bird that is related to sandpipers and snipes.


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Curley, James Michael (1874-1958), a colorful American politician, was best known as mayor of Boston.


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Curling is a game played on a level sheet of ice sprinkled with water droplets.


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Curly-coated retriever is a dog trained to bring back game that has been shot.


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Currant is a small berry that grows on a low, bushy shrub.


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Curriculum, generally refers to the teaching and learning experiences provided by a school.


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Currier and Ives was an American firm that specialized in publishing lithographs.


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Curry is a blend of spices that is used to flavor a variety of fish, meat, vegetable, and grain dishes.


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Curry, Jabez Lamar Monroe (1825-1903), an American statesman and educator, worked for 60 years to make education possible for all black and white children in the South.


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Curry, John Steuart (1897-1946), an American painter, became famous for his dramatic scenes of Midwestern rural life.


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Curtis, Charles (1860-1936), served as 31st Vice President of the United States under President Herbert Hoover.


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Curtis, Cyrus Hermann Kotzschmar (1850-1933), an American publisher, founded the Curtis Publishing Company in 1890.


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Curtiss, Glenn Hammond (1878-1930), an American inventor, made important contributions to the development of aircraft.


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Curzon, Lord (1859-1925), Marquess of Kedleston, was a British statesman and Conservative Party politician.


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Curzon Line was the eastern boundary of Poland proposed by the Allies in 1919, after World War I. It was named for Lord George Curzon, a British diplomat.


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Cusco, (pop. 255,300), also spelled Cuzco, is a city in the Andes Mountains in southern Peru.


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Cuscus, is a possum that lives on the northern tip of Australia and in New Guinea and nearby islands.


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Cushing, Harvey (1869-1939), an American physician and surgeon, was one of the world's greatest brain surgeons.


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Custer, George Armstrong (1839-1876), was a United States Army officer who won fame as a Civil War general and an Indian fighter in the West.


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Custom is a practice or a way of doing things that has been handed down from one generation to the next.


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Customs are duties paid to a nation's government on items that people bring in from another country.


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Customs Service, United States, is an agency of the Department of the Treasury that assesses and collects taxes on imported merchandise.


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Customs union is an association of two or more countries to encourage trade.


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Cutlassfish is a type of saltwater fish with a long, slender body that tapers to a hairlike tail.


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Cuttlefish is a soft, boneless animal related to the squid.


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Cutworm is the caterpillar of certain dull-colored, night-flying moths.


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Cuvier, Baron (1769-1832), was a French naturalist who studied comparative anatomy, a branch of zoology that compares the differences and similarities in the body structure of different animals.


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Cyanide, is the name given to metal salts containing the CN group (a carbon atom linked to a nitrogen atom).


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Cyanosis, is a medical condition involving a bluish tint of the skin and mucous membranes.


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Cybernetics, is the study of control and communication in machines and animals.


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Cycad, is a large subtropical and tropical seed plant.


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Cyclamen, is the name of a group of attractive plants that grow wild in the Mediterranean region of Europe.


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Cyclone is often used to mean a violent, swirling windstorm.


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Cyclops, in Greek mythology was any member of a race of giants with one eye in the middle of the forehead.


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Cyclosporine, is a drug that fights rejection of transplanted body tissues and organs.


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Cylinder, in geometry, is a solid figure with two identical bases that lie on parallel planes.


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Cymbal is a brass percussion instrument shaped like a broad-brimmed hat.


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Cynic, philosophy was established in the 300's B.C. by Antisthenes, a disciple of Socrates.


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Cynon, Valley (pop. 63,600) is a local government area in Mid Glamorgan, Wales.


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Cypress, is any one of a group of evergreen trees and shrubs that grow in North America, Europe, and Asia.


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Cyprus, is an island in the northeastern corner of the Mediterranean Sea.


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Cyrano de Bergerac, Savinien de, (1619-1655), was a French author and soldier.


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Cyril, of Alexandria, Saint (378?-444), was the most outstanding Christian theologian of the early 400's.


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Cyrus, the Great ( ? -530 B.C.), founded the Persian Empire about 550 B.C.


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Cyst, is a sac in the body that contains fluid and has no outside opening.


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Cystic fibrosis, is a hereditary disease in which certain glands in the body secrete large amounts of abnormally thick mucus.


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Czar, also spelled tsar, was the title used by the emperors of Russia.


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Czech Republic is a country in central Europe.


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Czechoslovakia was a country in central Europe from 1918 until 1992.


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Czerny, Karl (1791-1857), was an Austrian composer, teacher, and pianist.


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D-day is the term for a secret date on which a military operation is to begin.


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Da Nang, (pop. 370,670), is one of the largest cities in Vietnam.


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Dachau, was the first permanent concentration camp set up in Germany by the Nazis.


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Dachshund, is a dog known for its long, low-slung body and short legs.


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Dacorum (pop. 129,200) is a local government district in Hertfordshire, England, on the lower slopes of the Chiltern Hills.


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Dadaism, a protest movement in the arts, was formed in 1916 by a group of artists and poets in Zurich, Switzerland.


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Daddy longlegs is a popular name in North America for a harmless, long-legged creature related to the spider.


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Daedalus, in Greek mythology, was a skilled Athenian craftsman and inventor.


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Daendels, Herman Willem (1762-1818), was governor general of the Dutch East Indies or Netherlands Indies (now Indonesia) from 1808 to 1811.


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Daffodil is a type of garden flower with petals surrounding a cup-shaped center.


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Da Gama, Vasco, (1469?-1524), was a Portuguese sea captain and explorer.


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Dagger is a small, handheld weapon with a short, pointed blade.


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Daguerre, Louis Jacques Mande, (1787-1851), a French stage designer and painter, introduced the first popular form of photography.


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Daguerreotype, was the first practical, popular method of photography.


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Dahl, Roald (1916-1990), was a famous British writer best known as an author of children's books.


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Dahlia, is the name of a popular group of flowers cultivated from the original dahlia of Mexico.


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Daimler, Gottlieb, (1834-1900), a German engineer, developed an internal-combustion engine light enough to power an automobile.


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Dairying is the branch of agriculture concerned with the production of milk, butter, evaporated milk, ice cream, cheese, and dried milk products.


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Dakar, (pop. 1,447,642), is the capital and largest city of Senegal and the westernmost city on the mainland of Africa.


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Daladier, Edouard, (1884-1970), as premier of France, reluctantly signed the Munich Agreement in 1938.


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Dalai Lama, is the leader of the Yellow Hat, the chief Buddhist sect of Tibet.


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Daley, Richard Joseph (1902-1976), a Democrat, was mayor of Chicago from 1955 until his death in 1976.


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Dali, Salvador (1904-1989), was a famous surrealist painter.


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Dallapiccola, Luigi, (1904-1975), was an Italian composer.


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Dallas is the second largest city in Texas and is located in the heart of one of the fastest growing metropolitan areas in the United States.


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Dallas, George Mifflin (1792-1864), served as Vice President of the United States from 1845 to 1849 under President James K. Polk.


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Dalles, are deep gorges where rivers flow rapidly over, or have cut through, hard rock or slabs.


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Dallin, Cyrus Edwin (1861-1944), an American sculptor, used American Indian life as the theme for many of his greatest works.


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Dalton, John (1766-1844), an English chemist, proposed an atomic theory of matter that became a basic theory of modern chemistry.


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Dam is a barrier placed across a river to stop the flow of water.


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Damages, in law, means money that a court orders one person to pay to another person for violating that person's rights or for breaking a contract.


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Damascus, (pop. 1,394,000), is the capital of Syria.


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Damask, is a firm, lustrous fabric that may be woven from any fiber.


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D'Amboise, Jacques, (1934-...), an American dancer, won fame as a featured performer with the New York City Ballet.


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Damien de Veuster, Joseph (1840-1889), was a Roman Catholic priest who gave his life to the care of lepers in a colony at Molokai, Hawaii.


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Damocles, was a member of the court of Dionysius II, who ruled Syracuse, Sicily, from 367 to 344 B.C.


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Damon and Pythias, were two noble youths in Greek legend.


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Damp is any of several dangerous gases found mostly in coal mines.


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Dampier, William (1651-1715), was an English seaman and explorer.


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Damping-off is a plant disease caused by certain fungi that live near the surface of the soil (see Fungi).


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Damrosch, Leopold (1832-1885), a German-born conductor, was an influential figure in American music.


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Damrosch, Walter Johannes (1862-1950), was an American composer, conductor, and music educator.


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Dana, Charles Anderson (1819-1897), editor and part owner of the New York Sun, built it into one of the most important newspapers of its time.


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Dana, Richard Henry, Jr. (1815-1882), was an American author known for his sea adventure story Two Years Before the Mast (1840). The book became one of the most popular and influential sea stories ever written.


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Dance is the movement of the human body in a rhythmic way.


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Dandelion is a bright-yellow wild flower that grows in lawns and meadows.


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Dandie Dinmont terrier is a dog that got its name from a book.


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Dandruff is a condition in which flakes of dead skin are shed from the scalp.


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Daniel, Book of, is a book of the Bible.


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Daniel-Rops, Henri, (1901-1965), was the pen name of Henri-Jules Periot, a French author and religious historian.


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D'Annunzio, Gabriele, (1863-1938), was an Italian author and political figure.


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Dante Alighieri, (1265-1321), an Italian author, was one of the greatest poets of the Middle Ages.


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Danton, Georges-Jacques, (1759-1794), was a great leader of the French Revolution.


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Danube, River is the second longest river in Europe.


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Dar es Salaam, (pop. 870,020), is the capital and largest city of Tanzania, and a chief seaport in eastern Africa.


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Dardanelles, is a strait that joins the Aegean Sea with the Sea of Marmara.


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Dare, Virginia (1587-?), was the first English child born in America.


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Dario, Ruben, (1867-1916), was the pen name of Felix Ruben Garcia Sarmiento, one of the most important poets to write in Spanish.


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Darius I, (550?-486 B.C.), ruled the Persian Empire from 522 B.C. until his death.


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Darius III, (380?-330 B.C.), was the last of the Achaemenid kings of Persia.


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Darjeeling, (pop. 57,603), is the summer capital of the state of West Bengal in eastern India.


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Dark Ages is a term once used to describe the Middle Ages, especially the early Middle Ages, which lasted from the A.D. 400's to the 900's.


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Dark matter is the invisible substance that has most of the mass of the universe.


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Darling, Ding (1876-1962), was an American editorial cartoonist.


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Darling, Grace Horsley (1815-1842), became a famous English heroine by helping save survivors of a shipwreck.


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Darlington (pop. 96,700) is a unitary authority with all local government powers within its boundaries and the largest town in the county of Durham, England.


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Darrow, Clarence Seward (1857-1938), was the most famous American lawyer of the early 1900's.


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Darter is any of about 150 species of small freshwater fish belonging to the perch family.


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Dartford (pop. 78,400) is a local government district in Kent, England, between the River Thames and the North Downs.


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Dartmouth (pop. 65,629) is a large community within the Halifax Regional Municipality in Nova Scotia.


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Dartmouth College is a private coeducational liberal arts school in Hanover, New Hampshire.


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Dartmouth College case, also called Dartmouth College v.


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Darts is a game in which the players throw darts at a target called a dartboard.


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Darwin (pop. 72,622) is the capital and largest city of the Northern Territory of Australia.


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Darwin, Charles Robert (1809-1882), was a British naturalist who became famous for his theories on evolution.


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Daschle, Tom (1947-...), who represents South Dakota in the United States Senate, is the Senate majority leader.


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Database is a body of information made up of individual items that are organized so that they can be reviewed in a variety of ways.


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Date palm is the tree that produces dates.


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Datura, is the name of a group of poisonous plants that includes jimson weed and angel's trumpet.


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Daudet, Alphonse, (1840-1897), is sometimes called the French Dickens.


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Daugherty, James Henry (1889-1974), was an American artist and author of children's books.


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Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) is an organization of women directly descended from people who helped establish American independence.


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Daughters of the Confederacy, United, is an organization of women directly descended from members of the army and navy of the Confederacy.


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D'Aulaire, is the family name of a husband and wife who wrote and illustrated children's books.


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Daumier, Honore, (1808-1879), was a French artist and one of the most influential social critics of the 1800's.


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Dauphin, was the official title from 1349 to 1830 of the oldest son of the king of France.


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Davenant, Sir William (1606-1668), was an English playwright.


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Davenport (pop. 98,359; met. area pop. 359,062) is the third largest city in Iowa.


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David (1030?-965? B.C.) was the second king of Israel and one of the greatest figures in the history of the Jews.


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David was the name of two kings of Scotland.


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David, Jacques Louis, (1748-1825), was the leading French painter during the French Revolution and the Napoleonic era.


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David, Saint (520?-589?), is the patron saint of Wales.


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Davidson, Jo (1883-1952), an American portrait sculptor, created heads of many famous people.


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Davies, Arthur Bowen (1862-1928), was an American painter and illustrator.


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Davies, Robertson (1913-1995), was a Canadian novelist, playwright, and journalist.


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Davis, Benjamin Oliver, Jr. (1912-...), was a United States Air Force officer. In 1959, he became the first black U.S. officer in history to be made a major general.


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Davis, Bette (1908-1989), was an American motion-picture actress known for her portrayals of strong-willed women.


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Davis, David (1815-1886), an American judge and statesman, helped his close friend Abraham Lincoln obtain the nomination for President in 1860.


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Davis, Henry Gassaway (1823-1916), was the Democratic candidate for Vice President of the United States in 1904.


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Davis, Jefferson (1808-1889), served as president of the Confederate States of America during the Civil War.


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Davis, John (1543-1605), also spelled Davys, an English mariner and explorer, was the first European to discover what is now Davis Strait, between Greenland and Canada.


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Davis, John William (1873-1955), a famous American constitutional lawyer, was the unsuccessful Democratic candidate for the presidency of the United States in 1924.


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Davis, Miles (1926-1991), was one of the most influential American jazz trumpeters and bandleaders in jazz history.


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Davis, Paulina Wright (1813-1876), was an American social reformer.


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Davis, Richard Harding (1864-1916), was an American writer best known as a war correspondent.


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Davis, Samuel (1842-1863), a Confederate spy, was called the Boy Hero of the Confederacy.


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Davis, Stuart (1894-1964), was an American painter and illustrator.


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Davis Cup is a silver bowl trophy awarded each year to the nation that wins the world's men's tennis championship.


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Davy, Sir Humphry (1778-1829), an English chemist, rose to fame as inventor of the miner's safety lamp.


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Dawes, Charles Gates (1865-1951), a Republican, served as vice president of the United States from 1925 to 1929 under President Calvin Coolidge.


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Dawes, William (1745-1799), was an American patriot who helped Paul Revere warn colonists about a British attack at the start of the Revolutionary War.


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Dawes Plan was a program designed to help Germany pay its World War I reparations (payments for damages).


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Dawson, George Mercer (1849-1901), was a Canadian geologist and the son of the geologist Sir John William Dawson.


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Dawson, Sir John William (1820-1899), was a Canadian geologist and educator.


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Day. While the earth travels through space around the sun, it also spins on its own axis.


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Day, Benjamin Henry (1810-1889), founded the first successful "penny paper," the New York Sun, in 1833.


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Day, Clarence (1874-1935), was an American writer.


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Day, Dorothy (1897-1980), was an American journalist and cofounder of the Catholic Workers, a Roman Catholic movement that supports social reform and opposes war.


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Day care is a service in which children or dependent adults are cared for while the person who normally cares for them cannot do so.


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Day-Lewis, Cecil (1904-1972), was an Irish-born English poet and novelist.


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Day lily is a type of plant with yellow or orange funnel-shaped flowers, each of which lives only a single day.


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Dayaks, are a group of people most of whom live in Sarawak, eastern Malaysia.


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Dayan, Moshe, (1915-1981), was an Israeli military hero and political leader.


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Daye, Stephen (1594?-1668), with his son Matthew, set up and operated the first printing office in what is now the United States.


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Daylight saving time is a plan in which clocks are set one hour ahead of standard time for a certain period, so that darkness comes an hour later.


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Dayton (pop. 166,179; met. area pop. 950,558) is a leading manufacturing center in Ohio.


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Dayton, Jonathan (1760-1824), a New Jersey political leader, was the youngest signer of the Constitution of the United States.


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Dayton, William Lewis (1807-1864), was the Republican candidate for vice president of the United States in 1856.


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Daytona Beach, Florida (pop. 64,112; met. area pop. 493,175), a resort city, lies on the Atlantic Ocean and the Halifax River.


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DDT is an insecticide that has been widely used on crops for pest control.


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Deacon is one of the classes or ranks of Christian clergy.


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Dead Sea is a saltwater lake in southwestern Asia.


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Dead Sea Scrolls are among the oldest known manuscripts of any Biblical books.


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Deafness is commonly defined as the inability to hear and understand speech.


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Dean, Dizzy (1911-1974), was one of baseball's greatest pitchers and most colorful personalities.


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Dean, James (1931-1955), was an American motion-picture actor.


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Deane, Silas (1737-1789), was an early American diplomat.


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De Angeli, Marguerite Lofft (1889-1987), was an American author and illustrator of children's books.


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Dearborn, Michigan (pop. 97,775), is the headquarters of the Ford Motor Company.


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Dearborn, Henry (1751-1829), was an American soldier and political leader.


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Death Valley lies chiefly in east-central California.


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Death Valley National Park lies chiefly in California.


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Death's-head moth is a large moth with a thick, hairy body.


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Deathwatch is a name given to several kinds of small brownish beetles that communicate by knocking their heads against wood.


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DeBakey, Michael Ellis (1908-...), an American surgeon, won fame for his work with the heart and for his contributions to techniques used to replace damaged blood vessels, including the coronary bypass operation.


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Debate is a series of formal spoken arguments for and against a definite proposition.


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Deborah was a Biblical prophetess of Israel in the period of the Judges, the 1100's B.C.


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Debrecen, (pop. 217,706), is a commercial and industrial city in eastern Hungary.


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De Broglie, Louis Victor, (1892-1987), was a French physicist who won the 1929 Nobel Prize in physics for his theory of the wave nature of electrons.


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Debs, Eugene Victor (1855-1926), was a colorful and eloquent spokesman for the American labor movement and for socialism.


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Debt is anything owed, especially a sum of money that one person owes to another.


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Debussy, Claude (1862-1918), was an important French composer.


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Debye, Peter Joseph William (1884-1966), a Dutch-born American physicist and chemist, won the 1936 Nobel Prize in chemistry for studies of the physical properties of molecules.


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Decal, is the process of transferring printed designs, letters, or pictures from specially prepared paper onto various surfaces.


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Decathlon, is a two-day contest in 10 events to determine an all-around track and field champion.


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Decatur (pop. 81,860; met. area pop. 114,706) is an industrial city in a rich farming region of central Illinois.


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Decatur, Stephen (1779-1820), was one of the most daring officers in the United States Navy during its early years.


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Decay is the process by which dead animal or dead plant matter is broken down to simple compounds.


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December is the 12th and last month of the year according to the Gregorian calendar, which is used in almost all the world today.


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Decibel, is a unit used to measure levels of sound, electric power, and related quantities.


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Deciduous, tree is the name for any tree that loses its leaves at a certain time each year and later grows new leaves.


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Decimal system is a way of writing numbers.


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Declaration of Independence is the historic document in which the American Colonies declared their freedom from the United Kingdom.


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Declension is a listing of the different case forms of a noun or pronoun.


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Decomposition, in chemistry, is the breaking down of a substance into simpler products, or into the elements of which it is composed.


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Decorative arts is a term used to designate a variety of categories including furniture, woodwork, and glass.


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Decoupage, is the art of using paper cutouts to decorate furniture and such accessories as boxes, lamps, plaques, and trays.


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Deductive method is the process of reasoning by which we draw conclusions by logical inference from given premises.


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Deed is a written document to transfer ownership of real estate.


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Deep refers to any ocean area that has a depth of more than 18,000 feet (5,490 meters).


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Deep sea is the largest yet least-known habitat on earth.


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Deer are the only animals with bones called antlers on their heads.


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Deer fly is an insect related to horse flies.


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Deer tick is a tiny tick that feeds on the blood of deer, people, and other mammals.


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Deere, John (1804-1886), was an American inventor and manufacturer.


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Defender of the Faith is one of the titles used by British sovereigns.


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Defense, Department of, is an executive department of the United States government.


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Defoe, Daniel (1660-1731), was an English novelist and journalist.


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De Forest, John William (1826-1906), was an American novelist.


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De Forest, Lee (1873-1961), was an American inventor who pioneered in the technology of radio and television.


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Degas, Edgar (1834-1917), was a French impressionist painter.


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De Gaulle, Charles Andre Joseph Marie (1890-1970), became the outstanding French patriot, soldier, and statesman of the 1900's.


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De Grasse, Francois Joseph, (1722-1788), also known as Comte (Count) de Grasse, was a French admiral.


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Degree is a name given to various small units of measure.


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Degree, College. A university or college awards a degree to a person who has completed a required course of study.


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De Hooch, Pieter, (1629-1684?), was a Dutch painter noted for his charming scenes of middle-class life.


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Dehumidifier, is a device that removes moisture from the air.


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Dehydrated food is food that has been preserved by drying.


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Dehydration is a condition characterized by the excessive loss of water from the body.


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Deighton, Len (1929-...), is an English author known for espionage and war novels.


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Deism, is a religious and philosophic belief.


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Dekker, Thomas (1572?-1632?), brought to Elizabethan popular literature a fresh emphasis on the life of his day.


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De Klerk, Frederik Willem, (1936-...), was head of South Africa's government from 1989 to 1994.


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De Kooning, Willem (1904-1997), was a leading abstract expressionist artist.


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Delacroix, Eugene, (1798-1863), was the chief representative of the romantic style of painting in France.


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De la Madrid Hurtado, Miguel, (1934-...), served as the president of Mexico from 1982 to 1988.


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Delany, Martin Robinson (1812-1885), was a black American army officer, physician, journalist, and social reformer.


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De la Roche, Mazo, (1879-1961), became one of the most popular novelists in Canadian literature.


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Delaware is the second smallest state of the United States.


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Delaware, University of, is a coeducational university at Newark, Del.


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Delaware Bay is a large inlet of the Atlantic Ocean.


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Delaware Indians is the English name of a tribe that lived in what are now Delaware, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania.


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Delaware River rises in southern New York and flows southward for about 300 miles (480 kilometers) before emptying into Delaware Bay.


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Delaware Water Gap is a deep, narrow gorge (valley) cut through the Kittatinny Mountains east of Stroudsburg, Pa.


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De La Warr, Lord (1577-1618), became the first governor of the Virginia colony.


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Delegate is a representative chosen by a group to speak or act in its interests.


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De Lesseps, Ferdinand Marie (1805-1894), was a French canal builder and diplomat.


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Delft (pop. 91,941) is a Dutch town located near The Hague.


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Delft is a type of earthenware that was made in the late 1500's and flourished into the mid-1700's.


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Delgado, Jose Matias, (1767-1832), a Salvadoran priest and patriot, is called the father of his country.


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Delhi, (pop. 7,206,704; met. area pop. 8,419,084), is the second largest city in India.


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Delhi Sultanate, was a Muslim military state that extended across much of what is now Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan from 1206 to 1526.


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Delibes, Leo (1836-1891), was a French composer of works for the stage.


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Delilah, in the Old Testament, was the Philistine mistress of Samson, the Israelite folk hero famed for his tremendous strength.


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Delirium tremens, often called the DT's, is a nervous and mental disturbance that results from acute alcoholism.


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Delius, Frederick (1862-1934), was an English composer.


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Della Robbia, Luca (1399?-1482), was an Italian sculptor of the early Renaissance.


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Dello Joio, Norman (1913-...), is an American composer.


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Delors, Jacques, (1925-...), a French politician, was president of the European Commission from 1985 to 1994.


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Deloria, Vine, Jr. (1933-...), is a leader in the fight for Indian rights in the United States. He is a principal spokesman in the struggle of Indians to gain greater control over their own affairs.


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De los Angeles, Victoria (1923-...), a Spanish lyric soprano, won international acclaim as an opera singer, a recitalist, and an orchestral soloist.


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Delphi, was a town situated on the southern slope of Mount Parnassus.


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Delta is a low plain composed of clay, sand, gravel, and other sediments deposited at the mouth of a river.


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Deluge, according to the Bible, was a great flood that covered the earth thousands of years ago.


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Delyn (pop. 66,200) is a local government district in Clwyd, Wales, administered from the town of Holywell.


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De Maupassant, Guy, (1850-1893), a French author, is considered one of the world's great short-story writers.


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Demeter, was a goddess of fertility in Greek mythology.


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De Mille, Agnes (1905-1993), was an American choreographer (creator of dances), dancer, and author.


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De Mille, Cecil Blount (1881-1959), a motion-picture producer and director, became famous for his spectacular Biblical epics.


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Deming, W. Edwards (1900-1993), was an American management consultant often called the father of the quality management movement. His teachings were considered a leading influence in the revival of the Japanese economy after Japan's defeat in World War II


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Democracy is a form of government, a way of life, a goal or ideal, and a political philosophy.


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Democratic Party is one of the two major political parties of the United States.


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Democratic-Republican Party was a political party established during the 1790's under the leadership of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison.


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Democritus, (460?-370? B.C.), was a Greek philosopher.


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Demography, is the study of human populations.


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DeMolay, Order of, is an international organization of young men between the ages of 13 and 21.


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Demosthenes, (384?-322 B.C.), was an Athenian statesman who is usually considered the greatest Greek orator.


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Dempsey, Jack (1895-1983), became one of the most popular heavyweight boxing champions of all time.


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Dempster, Arthur Jeffrey (1886-1950), was an American physicist.


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Demuth, Charles (1883-1935), an American painter, is best known for his still lifes and flower pieces, principally executed in water colors.


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Denali, National Park protects the herds of wild animals that roam in one of the finest wildlife regions in North America.


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Denarius, was a silver coin used by the Romans during the periods of the Republic and the Empire.


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Deneb, is the brightest star in the constellation Cygnus, or the Swan.


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Deng Xiaoping, (1904-1997), also spelled Teng Hsiao-p'ing, was China's most influential leader from the late 1970's, following the death of Mao Zedong, to the early 1990's.


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Dengue, also called breakbone fever, is a disease that causes fever, headaches and eye aches, and pain in the muscles and joints.


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Denim is a sturdy fabric made from cotton, synthetic fibers, or a blend of both.


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De Niro, Robert (1943-...), is an American motion-picture actor.


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Denmark is a small kingdom in northern Europe that is almost surrounded by water.


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Denning, Lord (1899-1999), was a distinguished British judge.


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Denominate, number, tells the amount of a quantity by giving the number of units and the kind of units that make up the quantity.


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Density is the mass--that is, the amount of matter--in a unit volume of any substance.


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Dent, John Charles (1841-1888), was a Canadian journalist and historian.


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Dental Association, American, is a national organization of dentists.


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Dental hygiene is the science and practice of preventing diseases of the teeth, gums, and other parts of the mouth.


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Dentistry is the art and science of diagnosing, treating, and preventing diseases of the teeth, jaws, and surrounding soft tissues of the mouth.


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Denver is the capital and largest city of Colorado.


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Deodorant is a consumer product or an ingredient designed to reduce, prevent, or cover up unpleasant body odors.


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Deodorizer is a substance or device that eliminates or reduces disagreeable odors.


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De Palma, Ralph (1883-1956), was a pioneer American automobile race driver.


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Department store is a large store that sells many kinds of goods in separate departments under one management.


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Depilatory, is a chemical cream or lotion that removes hair.


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Deportation is the action a government takes when it forces an alien to leave the country and return to the place where the alien was born or had lived.


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Deposition, in law, is a witness's testimony that is taken outside of court.


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Depressant is the former name for a group of drugs that slow the activity of the nervous system.


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Depression is a deep, extended slump in total business activity.


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Depression is a serious mental disorder in which a person suffers long periods of sadness and other negative feelings.


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Depth charge is an underwater bomb designed to disable or destroy submarines when they are under water.


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De Quincey, Thomas (1785-1859), was an English essayist.


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Derain, Andre, (1880-1954), was a French artist.


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Derby, (pop. 214,000) is a city in Derbyshire, England.


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Derby is the name of several important horse races for 3-year-old thoroughbreds.


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Derbyshire, Dales (pop. 67,700) is a local government district in Derbyshire, England.


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Derleth, August (1909-1971), was an American author and editor known for his stories of fantasy and the supernatural.


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Dermatitis, is an inflammation of the skin that itches or burns.


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Dermatology, is the branch of medicine that deals with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of skin diseases.


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Derrida, Jacques (1930-...), a French philosopher, is considered the founder of the deconstruction movement.


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Dervish, is a member of one of the mystical religious orders of the Islamic religion.


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DES is a synthetic compound that has the properties of natural estrogens.


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Descartes, Rene, (1596-1650), was a French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist.


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Deseret, is a word meaning honey bee in the Book of Mormon.


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Desert is generally thought of as a hot, barren region that receives little rainfall.


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Desertion is the military crime of running away from a military unit, organization, or place of duty with the intention of staying away permanently.


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De Seversky, Alexander Procofieff, (1894-1974), was a pilot, aircraft designer, and military authority.


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De Sica, Vittorio, (1902-1974), was an Italian motion-picture director and actor.


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Design is the organized arrangement of materials to satisfy a functional or artistic purpose.


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De Sitter, Willem, (1872-1934), was a noted Dutch astronomer.


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Desktop publishing is the use of a personal computer to write, illustrate, and lay out high-quality documents.


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De Smet, Pierre Jean (1801-1873), was a Roman Catholic missionary who worked in the American West.


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Des Moines, (pop. 198,682; met. area pop. 456,022), is the capital, largest city, and chief manufacturing center of Iowa.


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De Soto, Hernando (1500?-1542), a Spanish explorer, helped to defeat the Inca empire and led the first European expedition to reach the Mississippi River.


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Despotism, is a form of government in which the ruler has unlimited power over the people.


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Desprez, Josquin, (1440?-1521), was one of the greatest composers of the Renaissance period.


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Dessalines, Jean-Jacques, (1758-1806), is one of Haiti's national heroes.


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Destroyer is a major warship found in the larger navies of the world.


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Detective story is a work of fiction about a puzzling crime, a number of clues, and a detective who solves the mystery.


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Detergent and soap. A detergent is a substance that cleans soiled surfaces.


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Determinant, in mathematics, is a single number related to a square array (arrangement) of numbers called elements.


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Detonator, is a small metal or plastic capsule that contains an easily explodable charge.


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Detroit, is the largest city in Michigan and one of the world's greatest industrial centers.


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Detroit River is one of the most important inland waterways in North America.


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Deucalion, was the "Noah" of Greek mythology.


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Deuterium, also called heavy hydrogen, is a stable isotope of hydrogen (see Isotope).


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Deuteronomy, is the name of the fifth book of the Bible, and the last book of the Pentateuch, or Five Books of Moses.


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Deutschland uber Alles, or Germany Over All, became Germany's national anthem in 1922.


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Deutzia, is the name of a group of shrubs native to eastern Asia and Central America.


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De Valera, Eamon, (1882-1975), was a leader in Ireland's fight to win independence.


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Devaluation is a measure that a government may take to reduce the value of its currency in terms of foreign currencies.


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Developing country is any of the world's poor, or "have-not," nations.


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Developmental psychology is the study of changes in behavior during a lifetime.


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Devil, according to many religions, is an evil spirit that opposes God or good spirits.


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Devil worship is the practice of worshiping demons or other evil spirits.


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Devil's paintbrush, also called orange hawkweed, is a flowering plant native to Europe.


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Devils Postpile National Monument is in the Inyo National Forest in east-central California.


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Devils Tower National Monument is in northeastern Wyoming.


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Devonian, Period, in geology, is a period of the earth's history.


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Devonshire, Duke of (1868-1938), was governor general of Canada from 1916 to 1921.


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De Voto, Bernard Augustine (1897-1955), an American novelist, journalist, and conservationist, promoted the American West in his works.


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De Vries, Hugo (1848-1935), a Dutch botanist and student of organic evolution, was known primarily as the author of the mutation theory.


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Dew is the name given to the glistening beads of water that often appear on blades of grass, leaves, and car tops early on clear mornings.


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DEW line, which stands for Distant Early Warning line, was a long-range radar network.


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Dew point is the temperature at which moisture in the air begins to condense.


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Dewberry is a small, oval fruit that grows on a trailing blackberry plant.


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Dewey, George (1837-1917), an American naval officer, won fame as the hero of Manila.


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Dewey, John (1859-1952), was an American philosopher and educator.


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Dewey, Melvil (1851-1931), an American librarian, began the decimal library-classification system (see Dewey Decimal Classification).


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Dewey, Thomas Edmund (1902-1971), a prosecuting attorney and Republican politician, served as governor of New York from 1943 to 1954.


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Dewey Decimal Classification is the most widely used method of classifying books in a library.


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Dextrin, is a sticky substance formed during the chemical breakdown of starch.


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Dextrose, is the name used in industry for pure, crystalline glucose sugar.


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Dhaka, (pop. 3,637,892), is the capital, largest city, and commercial and industrial center of Bangla-desh.


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Dharma, is the moral and religious law of Buddhism and Hinduism.


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Diabetes is a long-term disease that disrupts the body's ability to use a sugar called glucose.


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Diacritical, mark is a sign used with letters of the alphabet to show pronunciation or meaning of words.


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Diaghilev, Sergei Pavlovich, (1872-1929), was one of the greatest producers and directors in ballet history.


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Dialect is a variation of a language used by a particular group of speakers.


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Diameter, in geometry, is the length of any straight line segment that passes through the center of a circle or a sphere and touches the figure's boundaries at opposite points.


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Diamond is the hardest naturally occurring substance, and also one of the most valuable natural substances.


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Diana, Princess of Wales (1961-1997), was the wife of Prince Charles, the heir to the British throne, from 1981 to 1996.


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Diaphragm, the large muscle attached to the lower ribs, separates the chest from the abdomen.


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Diarrhea, is a condition characterized by loose and frequent bowel movements.


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Diary is a written account of a person's experiences and thoughts, recorded each day or every few days.


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Dias, Bartolomeu (1450?-1500), also spelled Diaz, was a Portuguese sea captain and explorer.


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Diathermy, is a method of treating muscle and joint disorders and other diseases by creating heat energy in tissues beneath the skin.


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Diatom, is a microscopic, single-celled organism.


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Diaz, Porfirio, (1830-1915), served as president of Mexico from 1877 to 1880 and from 1884 to 1911.


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Dice are small cubes used in such games of chance as craps.


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Dick, Philip K. (1928-1982), was an American science-fiction writer. His works often feature common science-fiction elements, such as alien beings, alternate universes, and humanlike machines called androids.


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Dickcissel, is a small, colorful bird that lives primarily in the central part of the United States.


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Dickens, Charles (1812-1870), was a great English novelist and one of the most popular writers of all time.


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Dickey, James (1923-1997), was an American poet and novelist.


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Dickinson, Anna Elizabeth (1842-1932), was an orator of the Civil War period who spoke on abolitionism and women's rights.


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Dickinson, Emily (1830-1886), was an American poet.


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Dickinson, John (1732-1808), represented Delaware at the 1787 Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia and played an important role in drafting the Constitution of the United States.


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Dickson, Brian (1916-1998), served as chief justice of the Supreme Court of Canada from 1984 to 1990.


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Dicotyledon, is a type of flowering plant that has two cotyledons (leafy parts within each seed).


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Dictating machine is a device that records speech onto a magnetic medium such as a tape or disk.


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Dictatorship is a form of government in which an individual, a committee, or a group holds absolute power.


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Dictionary is a book that contains a selected list of words arranged in alphabetical order.


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Diderot, Denis, (1713-1784), was a major French philosopher of an intellectual movement called the Age of Reason.


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Didion, Joan (1934-...), is an American essayist and novelist.


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Dido, also called Elissa pronounced ih LIHS uh was the legendary founder and queen of Carthage.


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Die and diemaking. A die is a precision tool used to shape or cut metals or other materials.


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Diefenbaker, John George (1895-1979), served as prime minister of Canada from 1957 to 1963.


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Diego Garcia, is an island in the Indian Ocean.


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Dien Bien Phu, Battle of, was fought between Vietnamese Communists, called Vietminh, and France in 1954.


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Diesel, Rudolf (1858-1913), a German mechanical engineer, developed the first internal-combustion engine in which the fuel was ignited without a spark.


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Diesel, engine is a type of internal-combustion engine used chiefly for heavy-duty work.


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Diet is the food and drink that a person takes regularly day after day.


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Dietrich, Marlene, (1901?-1992), a German-born actress and singer, became a famous movie star.


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Diffraction is the spreading out of waves--water, sound, light, or any other kind--as they pass by the edge of an obstacle or through an opening.


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Diffusion, in chemistry, is the mixing of the atoms or molecules of one substance with those of another.


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Digestive system is the group of organs that break down food into smaller particles, or molecules, for use in the human body.


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Digital technology includes all types of electronic equipment and applications that use information in the form of numeric code.


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Digitalis, is the dried leaves of the purple foxglove, a garden flower.


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Dik-dik is one of the smallest antelopes.


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Dill is a plant used to increase the flavor of pickles and other foods, including fish, sour cream, and vinegar.


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Dillinger, John Herbert (1903-1934), was one of the most notorious criminals in United States history.


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DiMaggio, Joe (1914-1999), was one of the greatest outfielders in baseball history.


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Dime is a United States coin worth 10 cents, or one-tenth of a dollar.


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Dine, Jim (1935-...), is an American artist.


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Dinesen, Isak, (1885-1962), was the pen name of Baroness Karen Blixen-Finecke, a Danish author who wrote in English and Danish.


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Dinka, are a cattle-herding people of southern Sudan in central Africa.


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Dinkins, David Norman (1927-...), became the first African American mayor of New York City.


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Dinoflagellate, is a kind of one-celled organism found in oceans and freshwater lakes and ponds.


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Dinosaur is the name of a group of prehistoric reptiles that ruled the earth for about 160 million years.


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Dinosaur National Monument, located in Utah and Colorado, is a scenic region with spectacular canyons cut by the Green and Yampa rivers.


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Dinwiddie, Robert (1693-1770), was lieutenant governor of Virginia from 1751 to 1758.


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Diocletian, (A.D. 244?-311), ruled Rome as emperor from 284 to 305.


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Diogenes, (412?-323 B.C.), belonged to the Cynic school of ancient Greek philosophy.


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Dionysius the Elder, (430?-367 B.C.), was a Greek tyrant and military leader who ruled in ancient Sicily for almost 40 years.


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Dionysus, was the god of wine in Greek mythology.


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Diopside, is a widely occurring mineral with a glassy luster.


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Dior, Christian (1905-1957), is considered one of the great French fashion designers of the 1900's.


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Dioxin, is any of 75 related chemicals, all of which consist of carbon, chlorine, hydrogen, and oxygen.


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Diphtheria, is a severe, contagious infection of the upper respiratory system or the skin.


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Diphthong, is the sound produced by pronouncing two vowels as a single syllable.


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Diplodocus, was an extremely long, slender, plant-eating dinosaur that lived about 150 million years ago in what is now the Western United States.


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Diplomacy, is the means of conducting negotiations between nations.


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Diplomatic corps, consists of all the heads of diplomatic missions, such as ambassadors and ministers, who represent their governments in a foreign nation.


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Diponegoro, Pangeran (1785-1855), was a Javanese prince who fought against the Dutch in the Java War (1825-1830).


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Dipper is the name of several species of small birds that dive and walk underwater.


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Dirac, Paul Adrien Maurice (1902-1984), a British theoretical physicist, became noted for his mathematical equation describing the behavior of the electron.


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Direct Selling Association is a national trade organization of companies that market goods and services through group demonstrations or person-to-person methods.


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Dirksen, Everett McKinley (1896-1969), a Republican from Illinois, served as minority leader of the United States Senate from 1959 until his death.


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Disabled is a term used to describe people who have a physical or mental impairment that interferes with their ability to lead a happy, productive life.


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Disabled American Veterans (D.A.V.) is an organization of men and women who have been disabled in line of duty during time of war. It was founded in March 1920 by a group of disabled veterans led by Judge Robert S. Marx of Cincinnati, Ohio.


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Disaster is a sudden, extremely unfortunate event that affects many people.


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Disciples of Christ is a Protestant denomination in the United States.


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Discount is a term applied in business to a deduction from a stated price or from a payment due at some future date.


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Discount store is a type of store that sells goods to consumers at relatively low prices.


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Discus throw is one of the oldest individual sports.


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Disease is a disorder of the body or the mind.


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Disinfectant is any substance that destroys germs on nonliving objects.


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Dislocation occurs when any part of the body moves from its normal position.


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Dismal Swamp is one of the largest swamps in the United States.


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Disney, Walt (1901-1966), was one of the most famous motion-picture producers in history.


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Displacement behavior refers to any of a variety of activities that seem inappropriate in the situation in which they occur.


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Disraeli, Benjamin (1804-1881), was one of the most important British political leaders of the 1800's.


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Distemper is a contagious disease of dogs and other animals.


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Distillation, is a process that separates a substance or a mixture of substances from a solution through vaporization.


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Distilling is a process used in manufacturing various alcoholic beverages, including whiskey, brandy, vodka, gin, and rum.


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District attorney is a public official whose chief duties are bringing charges against and prosecuting persons charged with a crime or offense.


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District court is the court in which most federal cases are first heard in the United States.


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District of Columbia (D.C.) is the seat of the U.S. government. It covers 68 square miles (177 square kilometers) along the Potomac River between Maryland and Virginia.


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Disulfiram, is a drug used to treat alcoholism (see Alcoholism).


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Diuretic, is a drug or substance that increases the amount of urine discharged by the kidneys.


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Diverticulitis, is a common disease of the colon (part of the large intestine).


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Divide is a high place on the land, situated so that the streams on one side flow in the opposite direction to the streams on the other side.


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Divider is a drafting instrument used to divide lines and transfer measurements.


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Divination, is the practice of trying to learn about the unknown by magical or supernatural means.


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Divine, Father (1880?-1965), was a black American religious leader and the founder of the Peace Mission Movement.


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Divine Comedy is a beautiful, long epic poem by the Italian writer Dante Alighieri.


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Divine right of kings is the belief that monarchs get their right to rule directly from God, rather than from the consent or wish of their subjects.


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Diving is an exciting water sport that involves plunging head first or feet first into the water.


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Diving, Underwater, is the way people reach the strange and beautiful world beneath the surface of oceans, lakes, and rivers.


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Division is a unit in a nation's armed forces that is larger than a brigade and smaller than a corps.


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Division is a way of separating a group of things into equal parts.


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Divorce is the legal ending of a marriage.


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Dix, Dorothea Lynde (1802-1887), led the drive to build state hospitals for the mentally ill in the United States.


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Dixie is the name of a famous song especially popular in the Southern United States.


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Dixie, also called Dixieland, is a name often given to the southern part of the United States.


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Dixie Highway is a series of scenic automobile roads that lead from the Straits of Mackinac, at the northern tip of Lake Michigan, to Miami, near the southern end of the peninsula of Florida.


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Dixiecrat Party is the nickname for the States' Rights Democratic Party.


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Dixon, Joseph (1799-1869), was an American inventor and manufacturer.


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Dizziness is a condition in which people feel that their surroundings are whirling about, or that they are falling.


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Djibouti, is a small country in northeastern Africa.


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Djibouti, (pop. 317,000), is the capital of Djibouti, a country in northeastern Africa.


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DMSO is a controversial drug used to treat such conditions as arthritis, bursitis, and sprains.


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DNA, also known as deoxyribonucleic acid, is a thin, chainlike molecule found in every living cell on earth.


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Dnepr, River, also spelled Dnipro and Dnyapro, is one of the longest rivers in Europe.


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Dnepropetrovsk, (pop. 1,187,000), is a major industrial city in Ukraine.


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Doberman pinscher, is a breed of dog that originated in Germany.


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Dobie, J. Frank (1888-1964), an American author and professor, became famous for his writings on the culture of Texas and the Southwest. In 20 books and hundreds of articles, Dobie collected or retold stories about cowboys, longhorn cattle, and other peop


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Dock is the name of several species of plants found in many regions worldwide.


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Doctorfish is a tropical fish found in the Atlantic Ocean.


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Doctorow, E. L. (1931-...), is an American novelist. His works are noted for their mingling of American history and literary imagination through the interaction of fictional and real-life characters.


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Dodd, William Edward (1869-1940), a noted American historian, served as United States ambassador to Germany from 1933 to 1937.


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Dodder is a type of destructive weed found throughout most of the world.


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Dodge, Mary Elizabeth Mapes (1831-1905), an American author, wrote Hans Brinker, or, The Silver Skates (1865), a famous children's book about the Netherlands.


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Dodge brothers were two pioneers in automobile manufacturing.


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Dodge City, Kansas (pop. 25,176), was a well-known "Wild West" frontier town.


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Dodo, is an extinct, flightless bird related to the pigeon.


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Dodoma, (pop. 45,703), is a city in central Tanzania.


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Doenitz, Karl (1891-1980), a German admiral, became commander in chief of the German fleet in January 1943, during World War II.


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Dog is an animal that has lived with people as a pet for more than 10,000 years, longer than any other animal.


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Dog guide is a dog specially trained to guide a blind person or to alert a hearing-impaired person to important sounds.


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Dog racing, also called greyhound racing, is a sport in which greyhounds compete on an oval track.


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Dogbane is the name of several closely related plants.


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Doge, was the title of the rulers of Venice from 697 to 1797.


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Dogfish is a type of small shark that lives in the ocean.


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Dogtooth violet, also called trout lily and adder's tongue, is the name of several spring wild flowers of the United States and Canada.


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Dogwood is the common name for a group of herbs, shrubs, and small trees.


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Doha, also called Ad Dawhah (pop. 217,294), is the capital, largest city, and chief port of Qatar, a country on the Persian Gulf.


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Dolbear, Amos E. (1837-1910), an American inventor and physicist, was one of several people who claimed to have invented the telephone before Alexander Graham Bell did. In 1878, two years after Bell received his patent, Dolbear sold the rights to his own


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Dole, Elizabeth Hanford (1936-...), has had a long career in public service in the United States.


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Dole, Robert Joseph (1923-...), was the Republican nominee for president of the United States in 1996.


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Dole, Sanford Ballard (1844-1926), led a group that helped make Hawaii a United States territory.


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Doll is a child's toy made to look like a human being.


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Dollar is the monetary unit of the United States, Canada, and many other countries.


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Dollar diplomacy seeks to extend a nation's business interests in other countries through superior economic power instead of war.


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Dollhouse is a miniature house filled with tiny furniture and other home furnishings.


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Dolomite, is a mineral that serves as the chief source of magnesium obtained from the earth's crust.


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Dolphin, is the name of a group of sea animals closely related to whales and porpoises.


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Dolphin, is a large game fish that lives in warm salt waters.


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Domagk, Gerhard, (1895-1964), a German physician, identified the therapeutic ability of the chemical prontosil rubrum, the first of the sulfa drugs.


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Domesday Book, was the first official record of the property holders living in England and the amount of land they held.


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Domestic violence refers to physical, sexual, emotional, or psychological abuse between marital partners, former partners, and other adults who are, or have been, in close relationships.


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Dominance is a form of behavior among individual animals that shows their ability to win aggressive encounters with other animals.


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Domingo, Placido, (1941-...), a Spanish tenor, became one of the most popular opera singers of the 1900's.


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Dominic, Saint (1170?-1221), was a Spanish religious leader.


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Dominica, is a small island country in the Caribbean Sea.


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Dominican Republic is the country that makes up the eastern two-thirds of the island of Hispaniola.


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Dominicans are members of a Roman Catholic religious order founded by Saint Dominic of Spain in the early 1200's.


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Dominoes, are small, flat, oblong tiles used to play a variety of games.


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Domitian, (A.D. 51-96), succeeded his brother Titus as Roman emperor in A.D. 81.


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Don Juan, is the hero of one of the most famous legends in literature.


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Don Quixote, is a novel by Miguel de Cervantes of Spain.


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Don River is an important waterway that is located in southwestern Russia.


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Donatello, (about 1386-1466), was a great Italian sculptor.


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Donetsk, (pop. 1,117,000), is the largest city in the Donets River Basin.


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Donizetti, Gaetano, (1797-1848), was an Italian opera composer.


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Donkey is the name of the domesticated ass.


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Donne, John (1572-1631), was one of the greatest English poets and preachers of the 1600's.


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Donnelly, Ignatius (1831-1901), was an American politician, reformer, and author who helped form the Populist Party.


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Donner Pass cuts through the Sierra Nevada, a mountain range in eastern California.


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Dooley, Thomas Anthony, III (1927-1961), an American physician, became famous in the 1950's as the jungle doctor of Laos.


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Doolittle, Hilda (1886-1961), an American poet, was a leader of the Imagism movement in poetry during the early 1900's.


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Doolittle, James Harold (1896-1993), a noted American flier, led the first bombing raid on Tokyo in World War II.


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Dopamine, is a chemical that acts in the brain to influence a wide range of feelings and behaviors, including paying attention, planning, and moving the body.


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Doppler effect is the change in frequency of sound, light, or radio waves caused by the relative motion of the source of the waves and their observer.


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Dore, Gustave, (1832-1883), a French painter and sculptor, illustrated a large number of literary masterpieces.


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Dorians, were a group of ancient Greeks.


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Dorion, Marie (1790?-1850), an American Indian, became known for her bravery as a member of the Astor Overland Expedition.


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Dormouse, is a tiny mammal that looks like a small squirrel.


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Dorr Rebellion was an uprising against the state government of Rhode Island in 1842.


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Dos Passos, John (1896-1970), was an American novelist whose work is dominated by social and political themes.


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Dostoevsky, Fyodor, (1821-1881), was one of the greatest writers in Russian literature.


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Douala, (pop. 1,029,731), is the largest city and chief seaport of Cameroon.


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Doubleday, Abner (1819-1893), was a United States Army officer who was once considered the inventor of baseball.


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Doubloon, is a Spanish and Spanish-American gold coin that was widely used in America until the 1800's.


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Doughnut is a round, fried cake with a hole in the center.


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Douglas, Sir James (1803-1877), served as the first governor of the colony of British Columbia, in what is now Canada.


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Douglas, Norman (1868-1952), a British novelist and essayist, is best known for his witty and satirical novel South Wind (1917).


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Douglas, Stephen Arnold (1813-1861), was a popular and skillful American orator and political leader just before the American Civil War.


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Douglas, William Orville (1898-1980), served on the Supreme Court of the United States longer than any other justice.


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Douglas-fir is one of the largest and most valuable timber trees in the world.


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Douglass, Frederick (1818?-1895), was the leading spokesman of African Americans in the 1800's.


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Doukhobors, also spelled Dukhobors, belong to a Christian sect in western Canada.


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Doum, palm, also spelled doom palm, grows in Arabia, Upper Egypt, and Central Africa.


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Dove is the name generally given to smaller birds in the pigeon and dove family.


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Dove, Arthur Garfield (1880-1946), was one of the earliest abstract painters in the United States.


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Dove, Rita (1952-...), an American poet, won the 1987 Pulitzer Prize for Thomas and Beulah (1986).


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Dover (pop. 32,135; met. area pop. 126,697) is the capital of Delaware and the commercial center of a large rural area.


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Dover is an English town on the Strait of Dover.


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Dover, Strait of, is a narrow channel that connects the English Channel and the North Sea and separates England and France at their closest points.


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Dow, Herbert Henry (1866-1930), was an early leader in the United States chemical industry.


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Dow Jones averages are statistics that show the price trends of stocks traded in the United States.


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Dower is a wife's right to a share of her deceased husband's real property (real estate).


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Dowland, John (1563-1626), was an English composer during the Renaissance.


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Down syndrome, formerly called Mongolism, is a disorder that is present at birth.


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D'Oyly Carte, Richard (1844-1901), an English theater manager, produced all but the first of the 14 operettas written by Sir William S. Gilbert and Sir Arthur S. Sullivan.


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Drabble, Margaret (1939-...), is an English novelist.


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Drachma, is a nickel-brass coin that is the monetary unit of Greece.


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Draco, was a Greek lawmaker who introduced the first written code of law in ancient Athens in 621 B.C.


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Dracula, a novel by the English author Bram Stoker, is the most famous vampire story of all time.


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Draft is a written order drawn by one party, directing a second party to pay a definite amount of money to a third party.


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Draft, Military, also called conscription or national service, is a system of selecting men, and occasionally women, for required military service.


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Drago, Luis Maria (1859-1921), an Argentine statesman and jurist, supported the principle that became known as the Drago Doctrine.


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Dragon is a legendary beast in the folklore of many European and Asian cultures.


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Drainage, in agriculture, is the removal of excess water that is on or beneath the surface of the soil.


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Drake, Sir Francis (1543?-1596), an explorer and military commander, was the first Englishman to sail around the world.


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Drama is an art form that tells a story through the speech and actions of the characters in the story.


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Dramamine is the G. D. Searle Company's trade name for a drug used to prevent motion sickness, and to control nausea and vomiting in certain illnesses.


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Dravidians, were among the earliest known inhabitants of India.


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Drawing is the act of making a design or image, using line or tone, on any suitable surface.


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Drayton, Michael (1563-1631), was an English poet who experimented with many literary forms.


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Dream is a story that a person "watches" or appears to take part in during sleep.


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Dred Scott Decision was an important ruling by the Supreme Court of the United States on the issue of slavery.


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Dredging, is the work of clearing out the bottom of rivers, harbors, and other bodies of water so that ships can use them.


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Dreiser, Theodore (1871-1945), ranks as the foremost American writer in the naturalism movement (a pessimistic form of realism).


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Dresden (pop. 490,571) is one of the largest cities in Germany and a major European art center.


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Dresden, china is a type of porcelain that is produced in Meissen, Germany, near the city of Dresden.


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Drew, Charles Richard (1904-1950), was an African American physician known for his research on blood plasma and for setting up blood banks.


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Dreyfus, affair was a political scandal that reshaped French politics in the 1890's and early 1900's.


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Drill is a tool used to bore holes into a variety of materials.


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Dromedary, also called Arabian camel, is a swift camel used mainly for transportation and food in dry parts of India, the Middle East, and Africa.


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Drought, is a condition that results when the average rainfall for an area drops far below the normal amount for a long period of time.


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Drowning is death caused by suffocation in water or other liquid.


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Drug is one of the medical profession's most valuable tools.


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Drug abuse is the nonmedical use of a drug that interferes with a healthy and productive life.


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Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), an agency of the United States government, enforces federal laws and regulations dealing with narcotics and other dangerous drugs.


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Drug testing is the analysis of body fluids to determine whether a person is using illegal drugs.


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Druids, were the priestly, learned class among the Celts, a people of ancient Europe.


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Drum is any member of about 200 species of fishes.


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Drum and bugle corps, often called drum corps, are marching musical groups that perform in parades, at football games, and in competitions.


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Drummond, William Henry (1854-1907), was a Canadian poet and physician.


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Drupe, is a fleshy fruit that has a single seed surrounded by a hard covering called a stone or pit.


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Druses, are an Arabic-speaking people of the Middle East.


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Dry cleaning is a process that removes dirt and stains from fabrics without washing them in water.


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Dry dock is a dock in which a vessel can lie out of the water while repairs are being made below its water line (see Dock).


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Dry farming is a process of growing crops in semiarid regions without irrigation.


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Dry Tortugas, National Park is made up of 27 low coral islands, or keys, which lie about 70 miles (115 kilometers) west of Key West, Florida.


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Dryden, John (1631-1700), was the outstanding English writer of the Restoration period (about 1660 to 1700).


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Du Barry, Madame (1746-1793), was a mistress of King Louis XV of France.


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Du Bellay, Joachim, (1522-1560), was a French poet.


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Dubinsky, David (1892-1982), an American labor leader, was president of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union from 1932 to 1966.


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Dublin, (pop. 502,749; met. area pop. 866,241), is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Ireland.


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Dublin, University of, more generally known as Trinity College, Dublin, was founded in 1592 under a charter granted by Queen Elizabeth I. The financial support of this university came from funds and property given by James I. The university has faculties


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Dubnium is an artificially produced radioactive element with 105 protons--that is, with an atomic number of 105.


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Dubois, Eugene (1858-1941), was a Dutch anatomist and physical anthropologist.


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Du Bois, Guy Pene, (1884-1958), was an American painter and art critic.


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Du Bois, W. E. B. (1868-1963), was one of the most important leaders of African American protest in the United States. During the first half of the 1900's, he became the leading black opponent of racial discrimination.


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Dubos, Rene Jules, (1901-1982), a French-American microbiologist, pioneered in the development of antibiotics, a type of drug used to treat infections.


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Dubuffet, Jean, (1901-1985), was a French artist known for the primitive style of his works.


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Dubuque, Iowa (pop. 57,686; met. area pop. 89,143), is a port city on the west bank of the Mississippi River, opposite the Illinois-Wisconsin border.


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Dubuque, Julien (1762-1810), a French-Canadian adventurer, was the first white person to settle in Iowa.


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Ducat, is a coin first issued by Roger II of Sicily, Duke of Apulia, in the mid-1100's.


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Duccio di Buoninsegna, (1250?-1319?), was the first great painter from Siena, Italy.


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Duchamp, Marcel (1887-1968), was a French-born artist and a leader of the modern movement in art.


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Duck is a bird with waterproof feathers and webbed feet.


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Duck is a lightweight canvas usually made of linen, cotton, or synthetic fibers in a plain weave.


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Ducking stool was a form of punishment usually given to "witches and nagging women" in England and the American Colonies from the 1600's to the early 1800's.


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Duckweed is the name of several species of tiny plants that float on pools and ponds.


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Ducted propeller is a propeller that turns within a cylinderlike device called a duct.


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Ductility, is the ability of certain solids to undergo permanent changes in shape without breaking.


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Dude ranch is a Western-style ranch that receives paying guests.


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Dudley, Thomas (1576-1653), was a colonial governor of Massachusetts.


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Due process of law is a basic principle in the American legal system that requires fairness in the government's dealing with persons.


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Duel is a form of combat between two armed persons.


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Duff, Sir Lyman Poore (1865-1955), served on the Supreme Court of Canada from 1906 to 1944.


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Dufferin and Ava, Marquess of (1826-1902), was a successful British diplomat who served as governor general of Canada from 1872 to 1878.


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Dufy, Raoul, (1877-1953), was a French artist best known for his lively, decorative paintings.


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Duisburg, (pop. 535,447), is a trading and manufacturing city in the Ruhr region of Germany.


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Dukakis, Michael Stanley (1933-...), was the Democratic presidential nominee in 1988.


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Dukas, Paul Abraham (1865-1935), was a French composer, music teacher, critic, and editor.


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Duke, James Buchanan (1856-1925), an American businessman and philanthropist, organized the American Tobacco Company in 1890.


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Duke Endowment is a trust fund established in 1924 by James B. Duke, an American businessman.


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Duke University is a private coeducational school in Durham, N.C. It offers undergraduate programs in arts and sciences and engineering.


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Dulcimer, is a stringed musical instrument played with wooden hammers.


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Dulles, John Foster (1888-1959), was an American lawyer and diplomat.


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Duluth, (pop. 86,918), is the third largest city in Minnesota.


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Duma, officially called the State Duma, was the lower house of the Russian legislature in the early 1900's, during the reign of Czar Nicholas II.


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Dumas, Alexandre, pere (1802-1870), was a French novelist and playwright.


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Dumas, Alexandre, fils (1824-1895), was a French writer.


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Du Maurier, George (1834-1896), was an English artist and novelist.


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Dumbarton, Oaks was the name of an international conference held in August-October 1944 at Dumbarton Oaks, an estate in Washington, D.C. The name was also given to the proposals agreed upon at the conference.


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Dumont, Gabriel (1838-1906), served as military leader of the North West Rebellion, a revolt against the Canadian government in 1885.


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Dun Laoghaire, (pop. 54,715), is a town on the east coast of Ireland.


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Dunant, Jean Henri, (1828-1910), a Swiss banker, was the founder of the International Red Cross.


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Dunbar, Paul Laurence (1872-1906), was one of the most popular American poets of the 1890's and early 1900's.


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Duncan, I (?-1040), succeeded his grandfather Malcolm II as king of Scotland in 1034.


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Duncan, Isadora (1877-1927), an American dancer, greatly influenced dancing in the 1900's.


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Duncan, Robert (1919-1988), was an American poet.


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Dundee (pop. 165,548) is a major industrial center of Scotland and one of its largest cities.


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Dune is a mound or ridge of loose sand that has been deposited by the wind.


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Dunham, Katherine (1912-...), an American dancer and choreographer (dance creator), became noted for her interpretations of the dances of blacks of the West Indies and the United States.


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Duniway, Abigail Jane Scott (1834-1915), was a leader of the campaign for women's voting rights in the Pacific Northwest.


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Dunkerque, (pop. 73,120; met. area pop. 196,558), is a French seaport and industrial center and the site of a dramatic Allied evacuation during World War II.


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Dunlap, William (1766-1839), has been called the father of American drama.


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Dunlop, John Boyd (1840-1921), a Scottish veterinarian, improved on the pneumatic (air-filled) tire that Robert W. Thomson had invented.


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Dunne, Finley Peter (1867-1936), was an American humorist and journalist.


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Dunning, John Ray (1907-1975), an American physicist, did research work that was important in developing the atomic bomb.


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Duns Scotus, John (1265 or 1266-1308), was one of the greatest theologians and philosophers of the Middle Ages.


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Dunsany, Lord (1878-1957), was an Irish author who is remembered today for his fantastic tales.


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Dunstan, Saint (909?-988), was an English religious reformer, statesman, and archbishop of Canterbury.


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Duplicator is any of several machines that reproduce typed, printed, or handwritten matter using a special form called a master.


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Du Pont, Eleuthere Irenee, (1771-1834), founded a gunpowder company in 1802 that was the forerunner of the present-day DuPont Company.


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DuPont Company, officially E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, is one of the world's largest manufacturers and marketers of chemicals and chemical products.


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Du Pont de Nemours, Pierre Samuel (1739-1817), was a French economist and statesman.


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Duralumin, is a term for any one of a group of aluminum-copper alloys.


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Durant, Will (1885-1981), was an American historian, philosopher, and educator.


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Durant, William Crapo (1861-1947), was an American automobile manufacturer and the founder of General Motors.


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Durante, Jimmy (1893-1980), was an American entertainer.


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Durban, (pop. 715,669; met. area pop. 1,106,971), is the chief eastern seaport in South Africa.


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Durer, Albrecht (1471-1528), was the most famous painter and printmaker in the history of German art.


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Durham, (pop. 85,000), is a fortress town in northern England.


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Durham, North Carolina (pop. 187,035), is a city in the north-central part of the state.


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Durham, Earl of (1792-1840), was a British political leader and governor general of Britain's Canadian colonies.


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Durkheim, Emile, (1858-1917), was a French sociologist.


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Durrell, Gerald (1925-1995), was an English naturalist and author.


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Durrell, Lawrence (1912-1990), was an English novelist, travel writer, and poet.


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Durrenmatt, Friedrich, (1921-1990), was a Swiss dramatist and novelist.


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Duryea, brothers were two automobile pioneers.


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Du Sable, Jean Baptiste Point, (1745-1818), a black American pioneer, was the first known settler to build a house and open a trading post in what became Chicago.


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Duse, Eleonora, (1858-1924), an Italian actress, has been called the greatest actress of her time.


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Dushanbe, (pop. 595,000), is the capital and largest city of Tajikistan.


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Dusseldorf, (pop. 575,594), is a commercial and industrial city in Germany.


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Dust consists of dry, solid particles less than 0.0625 millimeter (1/400 inch) in diameter--smaller than the tiniest grains of sand.


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Dust Bowl refers to a series of destructive wind and dust storms that struck the United States during the 1930's.


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Dust mite is a tiny animal related to ticks and spiders that lives in people's homes.


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Dust storm is a strong, turbulent wind that carries fine particles of clay, silt, and other earthy material for long distances.


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Dutch East India Company was a powerful trading company that helped establish Dutch rule in what is now Indonesia.


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Dutch elm disease is a severe disease of the elm tree.


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Dutch oven is a covered metal cooking pot.


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Dutch West India Company was formed by Dutch merchants and chartered by the government of the Netherlands in 1621.


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Dutchman's-breeches, also called white heart, is a small, delicate plant with flattened, heart-shaped flowers.


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Duvalier, Francois, (1907-1971), was the president of Haiti from 1957 until his death in 1971.


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Duvoisin, Roger Antoine (1904-1980), was a children's artist and illustrator.


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Dvina, River is the name of two rivers in eastern Europe.


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Dvorak, Antonin, (1841-1904), was a Czech composer.


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Dwarf is an unusually small adult human being, animal, or plant.


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Dwight, John (1635?-1703), was an important early English potter.


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Dye is a chemical solution used to produce long-lasting colors in materials.


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Dyer, Mary (?-1660), a colonist from England, became a martyr (one who dies for religious beliefs) for the Quaker faith.


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Dylan, Bob (1941-...), an American composer, singer, and musician, was the most influential folk-song writer of the early 1960's.


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Dynamics, in physics, is the study of objects that change their speed or the direction of their motion because of forces acting upon them.


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Dynamite is an important industrial explosive.


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Dynamotor is a machine that can be used as both an electric motor and an electric generator.


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Dysentery, is a disease involving inflammation of the lining of the large intestine.


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Dyslexia, is a severe reading difficulty that continues despite years of reading instruction.


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Dyspepsia, is a term which is loosely used to refer to a disorder in digestion.


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Dysprosium, (chemical symbol, Dy), is one of the rare-earth metals.


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E. coli, is among the most extensively studied bacteria in the history of science. There are hundreds of different strains of this microbe, whose full name is Escherichia pronounced ehsh uh RIHK ee uh coli.


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E equals m times c-squared is a formula developed by the physicist Albert Einstein that directly relates mass (matter) and energy.


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E Pluribus Unum, is the Latin motto on the face of the Great Seal of the United States (see Great Seal of the United States).


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Eagle is the name of some of the largest and most powerful birds in the world.


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Eagle was the popular name for a $10 gold coin minted in the United States between 1795 and 1933.


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Eagles, Fraternal Order of, is a benefit-paying fraternal organization.


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Eagleton, Thomas Francis (1929-...), became the only man ever nominated by a national convention for Vice President of the United States who resigned his candidacy.


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Eakins, Thomas (1844-1916), was one of the greatest American realist painters of the 1800's.


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Eames, Charles (1907-1978), was an American designer who became internationally famous for creating some of the most imaginative furniture of the 1900's.


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Ear is the sense organ that makes it possible for us to hear.


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Earhart, Amelia (1897-1937?), an American aviator, became the first woman to fly across the Atlantic Ocean alone.


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Earle, Sylvia Alice (1935-...), is an American oceanographer and environmentalist.


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Early, Jubal Anderson (1816-1894), was a Confederate general in the American Civil War.


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Earnhardt, Dale (1951-2001), an American stock car driver, won the Winston Cup Championship seven times, tying the record set by Richard Petty.


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Earp, Wyatt (1848-1929), was a peace officer in the American West.


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Earth is a small planet in the vastness of space.


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Earth Day is an annual observance, held on April 22, to increase public awareness of environmental problems.


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Earth science is the study of the earth and its origin and development.


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Earthquake is a shaking of the ground caused by the sudden breaking and shifting of large sections of the earth's rocky outer shell.


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Earthworm, also called night crawler, is a name used for many kinds of common worms found in moist, warm soil throughout the world.


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Earwig is an insect that has a large pair of pincers at the rear of its body.


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Easement is the right to use another person's land for a specific purpose.


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East India Company was the name of several European companies that opened trade with India and the Far East in the 1600's.


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East Indies, in its widest sense, refers to southeastern Asia, including India, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam; the islands around the Malay Archipelago; and the Philippines.


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East Timor, is a region on the island of Timor in Southeast Asia.


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Easter is the most important Christian festival of the year.


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Easter Island, in the South Pacific Ocean, is famous as the site of enormous statues of people that were carved hundreds of years ago.


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Easter lily is a flower that has become a sign of Easter.


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Eastern Catholic Churches are a group of independent but related Christian churches in eastern Europe, Africa, and Asia that accept the pope as their head.


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Eastern Orthodox Churches are the major Christian churches in Greece, Russia, eastern Europe, and western Asia.


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Eastern Star is an organization for women and men associated with the men's fraternal society of Masons.


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Eastman, George (1854-1932), was an American businessman and inventor.


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Eastman Kodak Company is one of the world's largest manufacturers of photographic equipment.


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Eastman School of Music, a division of the University of Rochester, is one of the most noted comprehensive music schools in the United States.


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Eastwood, Clint (1930-...), is an American motion-picture actor and director.


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Eaton, Theophilus (1590-1658), a Puritan founder of New Haven colony, sailed from England for Boston in 1637 with 250 colonists.


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Eaton, Timothy (1834-1907), was a noted Canadian merchant.


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Eberhart, Richard (1904-...), is an American poet.


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Ebla was a kingdom that flourished during the 2000's B.C. in what is now northern Syria.


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Ebola, virus is a virus that has caused several outbreaks of deadly disease in Africa.


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Ecclesiastes, is the 21st book of the Old Testament, or Hebrew Bible.


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Echidna, is a type of mammal that lays eggs.


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Echinoderm, is the general name of certain spiny-skinned sea animals.


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Echo is a sound heard when it is reflected back to its source after striking some object.


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Eck, Johann (1486-1543), was a Catholic theologian who debated Martin Luther at Leipzig in 1519.


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Eckhart, Johannes (1260?-1328), was a German theologian.


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Eclipse is the darkening of a heavenly body.


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Ecole des Beaux-Arts, is a school of fine arts in Paris sponsored by the French government.


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Ecology, is the branch of science that deals with the relationships living things have to each other and to their environment.


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Econometrics, is the branch of economics that applies mathematics and statistics to economic theory.


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Economic Advisers, Council of, is a three-member group that advises the president of the United States on economic policies.


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Economic determinism is a theory for interpreting history which states that a society's economic system shapes its social, political, and religious institutions.


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Economics is the study of how goods and services get produced and how they are distributed.


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Ectoplasm, is a term with two meanings, one used by spiritualists and the other by biologists.


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Ecuador, is one of the smallest countries of South America.


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Eczema, is a skin disorder characterized by itching and inflammation.


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Edda, is a term that refers to two separate works of medieval Icelandic literature.


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Eddington, Sir Arthur Stanley (1882-1944), was a British astronomer who pioneered in the investigation of the internal structure of stars.


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Eddy, Mary Baker (1821-1910), was an American religious thinker and leader.


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Edelweiss, is a flower that grows in the mountain regions of Europe and Asia.


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Edema, is the swelling of body tissues caused by fluid build-up between cells.


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Eden, was a region described in the Bible as the place where God planted a garden for Adam and Eve.


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Edentate, is any one of a group of mammals that have incomplete sets of teeth or no teeth at all.


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Ederle, Gertrude Caroline (1906-...), a famous American swimmer, became the first woman to swim the English Channel.


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Edgerton, Harold Eugene (1903-1990), an American engineer and inventor, revolutionized high-speed photography with his electronic stroboscope, an instrument that can produce single or rapidly repeating flashes of light.


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Edinburgh, (pop. 421,213), is the capital and second largest city of Scotland.


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Edinburgh, University of, is one of the oldest and best-known universities in the United Kingdom.


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Edirne, formerly Adrianople pronounced ay dree uh NOH puhl (pop. 102,300), is an ancient Turkish city.


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Edison, Thomas Alva (1847-1931), was one of the greatest inventors and industrial leaders in history.


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Edison Project is a profit-seeking organization that manages public schools under contract with local school districts or charter school authorities.


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Editorial is usually a brief newspaper or magazine article that gives the publication's position on current events.


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Edmonds, Sarah Emma Evelyn (1841-1898), became the most famous woman soldier of the Civil War (1861-1865).


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Edmonds, Walter Dumaux (1903-1998), an American author, became known for his novel Drums Along the Mohawk (1936), and other books on the history of upstate New York.


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Edmonton is the capital of Alberta and the province's second largest city.


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Edom was an ancient kingdom that is mentioned often in the Old Testament.


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Education is the process by which people acquire knowledge, skills, habits, values, or attitudes.


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Education, Department of, is an executive department of the United States government that works to improve American education.


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Education Week, American, acquaints the public with the work of education, and with its problems, achievements, and needs.


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Educational psychology is a field of psychology in which psychological knowledge and methods are used to study the processes of teaching and learning.


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Edward (1330-1376), known as the Black Prince, is one of the most famous English warriors in history.


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Edward I (1239-1307) became king of England in 1272.


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Edward II (1284-1327) was one of the most unsuccessful kings in English history.


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Edward III (1312-1377) became king of England in 1327.


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Edward IV (1442-1483) became king of England in 1461.


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Edward V (1470-1483?) succeeded his father, Edward IV, as king of England in April 1483 at the age of 12.


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Edward VI (1537-1553) was king of England and Ireland from 1547 until his death.


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Edward VII (1841-1910) became king of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1901.


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Edward VIII (1894-1972) became king of the United Kingdom on Jan. 20, 1936, and gave up the throne on December 11 that same year.


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Edward the Confessor (1002?-1066), an Anglo-Saxon king descended from Alfred the Great, was crowned in 1042.


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Edwards, Jonathan (1703-1758), was a famous minister of Puritan New England.


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Edwards Air Force Base, California, is the site of the United States Air Force Flight Test Center.


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Eel is a long, slimy fish that looks like a snake.


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Eelgrass is the name of two species of underwater plants.


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Eelworm is a tiny, threadlike worm that lives as a parasite in plants.


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Efficiency, in engineering and physics, is the ratio of the work we get out of a machine to the amount of energy put into the machine.


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Effigy, Mounds National Monument is located in northeastern Iowa, 3 miles (5 kilometers) north of Marquette.


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Egbert (?-839) was king of Wessex in England from 802 until his death.


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Egg. Most people think of an egg only as a kind of food produced by chickens.


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Eggleston, Edward (1837-1902), wrote The Hoosier Schoolmaster (1871), a fresh, delightful story of early Indiana.


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Eggplant is a plant that bears large egg-shaped fruit.


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Eglantine, is a wild rose, commonly called sweetbrier.


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Ego, is a term used in psychoanalysis to describe one of the three parts of the mind.


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Egret, is any of eight species of birds in the heron family.


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Egypt is a Middle Eastern country in the northeast corner of Africa.


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Egypt, Ancient, was the birthplace of one of the world's first civilizations.


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Ehrlich, Paul (1854-1915), a German bacteriologist, founded chemotherapy and showed that certain dye injections cure certain tropical diseases.


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Ehrlich, Paul Ralph (1932-...), an American biologist, is a leader of the international movement for population control.


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Eichmann, Adolf (1906-1962), a lieutenant colonel in the Nazi secret police, was convicted and executed for his part in the killing of about 6 million Jews during World War II.


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Eider, duck is the name of four species of ducks known for their soft, warm down feathers.


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Eielson, Carl Ben (1897-1929), an American aviator and explorer, piloted the first airplane to cross the Arctic Ocean.


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Eiffel, Gustave, (1832-1923), a French structural engineer, built the 984-foot (300-meter) Eiffel Tower in Paris for a world's fair in 1889.


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Eiffel, Tower is the most famous landmark in Paris.


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Einstein, Albert (1879-1955), was one of the greatest scientists of all time.


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Einsteinium (chemical symbol, Es) is an artificially created radioactive element.


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Einthoven, Willem (1860-1927), a Dutch physiologist, was the founder of electrocardiography.


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Eisenhower, Dwight David (1890-1969), leader of the victorious Allied forces in Europe in World War II, rode a wave of popularity as a war hero to become president of the United States.


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Eisenstaedt, Alfred (1898-1995), an American photographer, is regarded as a pioneer of informal, unposed news photography.


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Eisenstein, Sergei Mikhailovich, (1898-1948), was a Russian motion-picture director, theorist, and teacher.


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El Aaiun, (pop. 96,784), also called Aiun or Laayoune, is the principal city of Western Sahara, a territory in northwestern Africa.


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El Alamein, (pop. 980), is an Egyptian coastal village that lies about 65 miles (105 kilometers) west of Alexandria.


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Eland, is the largest antelope in Africa.


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Elasticity is the ability of a solid to return to its original shape and size after it has been deformed by a force.


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Elat, (pop. 33,300), is an Israeli port on the Gulf of Aqaba, an arm of the Red Sea.


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Elba, is a mountainous island in the Mediterranean Sea, 6 miles (10 kilometers) southwest of the coast of Tuscany.


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Elbe, River is one of the major commercial waterways of central Europe.


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Elbow is the joint that connects a person's upper arm with the forearm.


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El Camino Real, was an early California highway.


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Elder is the name of a group of 30 species of small trees or shrubs in the honeysuckle family.


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El Dorado, is the name of a fictitious kingdom of enormous wealth located in South America.


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Eleanor of Aquitaine, (1122-1204), was the wife of King Louis VII of France and later of King Henry II of England.


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Elecampane, is a coarse perennial plant closely related to the asters.


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Election is the process by which people vote for the candidate or proposal of their choice.


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Election campaign is a series of operations designed to win votes for a certain candidate, party, or proposal.


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Election Day in the United States is the day on which national elections for presidential electors take place.


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Electoral College is a group of representatives chosen by the voters of each state to elect the president and vice president of the United States.


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Electoral Commission was a group created by Congress in 1877 to decide who won the presidential election of 1876.


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Electra, in Greek mythology was famous for her loyalty to her father, the Greek leader Agamemnon.


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Electric arc is a curve of intense heat and light formed when a strong electric current leaps across a gap between two electrodes.


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Electric bell is a type of bell operated by an electric current.


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Electric car is an automobile powered by rechargeable batteries.


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Electric circuit is the path followed by an electric current.


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Electric current is the movement or flow of electric charges.


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Electric eel is a long, narrow fish that can produce a strong electric discharge.


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Electric eye is an electronic device that either produces a current or allows a current to flow when light shines on it.


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Electric field exists in the space around a charged body and can be detected by its effect on another charged body in the field.


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Electric fish is any of several fishes with special muscles that can generate an electric current.


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Electric generator is a machine that changes mechanical energy into electrical energy.


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Electric light is a device that uses electric energy to produce visible light.


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Electric meter is the general name for a number of devices that measure various quantities related to electric energy.


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Electric motor is a machine that changes electric energy into mechanical power to do work.


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Electric power is the use of electric energy to do work.


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Electric railroad is an electrically powered railway system.


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Electric ray is the name of a group of fish that can give off electricity.


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Electric switch is a device that controls the flow of electric current in a circuit.


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Electrical Workers, International Brotherhood of (IBEW), is a labor union affiliated with the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations and with the Canadian Federation of Labour.


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Electricity is a basic feature of the matter that makes up everything in the universe.


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Electrocardiograph is an instrument used to diagnose heart disorders.


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Electrochemistry is a science that deals with chemical reactions that involve electricity.


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Electrocution is a means of killing a person by the use of a strong electric shock.


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Electrode is a conductor through which current enters or leaves an electric or electronic device.


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Electroencephalograph, is an instrument used to measure and record the electrical voltages produced by neurons (nerve cells) in the brain.


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Electrolysis, is a process in which an electric current is passed through a liquid, causing a chemical reaction to take place.


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Electrolyte, is a substance that conducts electricity.


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Electromagnet is a temporary magnet formed when electric current flows through a wire or other conductor.


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Electromagnetic waves are related patterns of electric and magnetic force.


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Electromagnetism is the branch of physics that studies the relationship between electricity and magnetism.


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Electromotive force is a measure of the amount of work required to carry a unit of electric charge through a circuit.


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Electromotive series, also called the electrochemical series or activity series, is a listing of metals and hydrogen with respect to their tendency to lose electrons during chemical reactions.


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Electron is a negatively charged subatomic particle.


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Electron microscope is a device that uses a beam of electrons to magnify an object's image.


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Electronic data processing (EDP) is the handling of information in electronic form by computers and similar machines.


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Electronic music is a kind of music in which sounds are produced electronically.


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Electronic publishing is the use of computers to design, edit, and distribute material that traditionally would have been produced on printing presses.


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Electronic tagging is a method of monitoring the whereabouts of a person, such as in the enforcement of house arrest.


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Electronics is a branch of physics and engineering that involves controlling the flow of electric charges in certain devices for a useful purpose.


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Electrophoresis, is a method of separating and purifying large biological molecules, such as proteins and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), through the use of an electric field.


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Electroplating, is the process of putting a metallic coating on a metal or other conducting surface by using an electric current.


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Electroscope, is an instrument that detects the presence of an electric charge.


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Electrotyping, is the process of making metal reproductions of type, engravings, or etchings for use in printing.


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Element, Chemical, is any substance that contains only one kind of atom.


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Element 110 is an artificially produced radioactive element.


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Element 111 is an artificially produced radioactive element.


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Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) was the first major program of the United States government that was designed specifically to improve elementary and secondary education.


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Elementary school is a school for children from age 5 or 6 to age 12 or 14.


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Elephant is the largest animal that lives on land.


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Elephant bird is any one of about seven species of giant extinct birds that once lived on the island of Madagascar.


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Elephant shrew is a small mouselike mammal with a long, flexible nose.


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Elephantiasis, is a skin disease that is most common in the tropics.


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Elephant's-ear is a plant with large leaves shaped like an elephant's ear or a shield.


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Elevated railroad, usually called an el, is an electric railroad that runs on tracks above other traffic.


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Elevator is a transportation device that carries people and freight to the floors of a building.


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Elf is an imaginary creature in northern European folklore.


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Elgar, Sir Edward William (1857-1934), a British composer, became best known for his Pomp and Circumstance, a set of five marches.


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Elgin, Earl of (1811-1863), served as governor general of Canada from 1847 to 1854.


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Elgin, Marbles are a group of ancient Greek sculptures that originally decorated the Acropolis in Athens.


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Elijah, was an Israelite prophet who lived in the 800's B.C.


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Elimination, also called excretion, is the process of removing water, waste matter, and harmful substances from the body.


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Elion, Gertrude Belle (1918-1999), an American biochemist, helped create important drugs used to treat cancer, malaria, and other deadly diseases.


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Eliot, Charles William (1834-1926), an American educator, served as president of Harvard University for 40 years, from 1869 to 1909.


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Eliot, George (1819-1880), was the pen name of Mary Ann (or Marian) Evans, a great English novelist.


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Eliot, John (1604-1690), was an American missionary to the Indians of Massachusetts.


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Eliot, T. S. (1888-1965), ranks among the most important poets of the 1900's. In "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock," The Waste Land, and other poems, he departed radically from the techniques and subject matter of pre-World War I poetry.


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Elisha, was the follower, servant, and later the successor of the Hebrew prophet Elijah.


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Elizabeth (pop. 120,568) is the oldest English settlement in New Jersey.


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Elizabeth I (1533-1603) was queen of England from 1558 until her death in 1603.


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Elizabeth II (1926-...) is the queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.


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Elizabeth, Saint, according to Luke 1, was the mother of Saint John the Baptist and a kinswoman of Mary.


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Elk is the name of two members of the deer family.


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Elks, Benevolent and Protective Order of, is a fraternal and charitable organization.


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Ellery, William (1727-1820), was one of the Rhode Island signers of the Declaration of Independence.


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Ellesmere, Island is part of Canada's territory of Nunavut.


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Ellington, Duke (1899-1974), was an American jazz bandleader, composer, and pianist.


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Ellipse, is a geometric figure with the shape of a flattened hoop.


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Ellis, Havelock (1859-1939), was a British writer and psychologist.


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Ellis Island was a United States reception center for immigrants for more than 60 years.


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Ellison, Ralph (1914-1994), a black American author, became famous for his novel Invisible Man (1952).


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Ellsworth, Lincoln (1880-1951), an American civil engineer and polar explorer, became the first person to fly across both the Arctic Ocean and Antarctica.


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Ellsworth, Oliver (1745-1807), was chief justice of the United States from 1796 to 1800.


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Elm is a beautiful, large tree that is valued for its lumber and shade.


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El Misti, is a beautiful cone-shaped volcano in southern Peru.


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El Nino, is a part of the interaction between the earth's atmosphere and the tropical waters of the Pacific Ocean.


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Elodea, is a plant that grows submerged in water.


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Elohim, is a Hebrew word that means gods, a god, or God, depending on the context in which it is used.


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El Paso, (pop. 563,662; met. area pop. 679,622), is a city in Texas that lies along the border between the United States and Mexico.


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El Salvador, is the smallest Central American country in area.


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Elton, Charles Sutherland (1900-1991), was an English biologist.


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El Toro Marine Corps Air Station, California, was the headquarters of the United States Marine Corps Air Bases Command, Western Area.


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Elysium, in Greek and Roman mythology, was the place to which the souls of heroes were sent after death as a reward for their virtuous lives.


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Elzevir, Louis (1546?-1617), was the first of what became a famous Dutch family of publishers, printers, and sellers of books.


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Emancipation Proclamation was a historic document that led to the end of slavery in the United States.


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Embalming, is the artificial preservation of dead bodies.


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Embargo is an order designed to stop the movement of goods.


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Embargo Act was a law passed by Congress in 1807 that began the most famous embargo in United States history.


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Embezzlement, is the crime committed when someone entrusted with another's money or property illegally takes it for personal use.


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Embolism, is a condition in which a blood vessel is blocked by material that has been carried there by the bloodstream.


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Embossing, is a process in which a raised design is stamped or pressed on such materials as leather, paper, wood, or metal.


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Embroidery is the art of stitching decorations on a fabric or similar material with a needle and thread.


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Embryo, is an animal or plant in an early stage of its development.


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Embryology, is the study of multicellular organisms during their early stages of development.


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Emerald is a rich green gemstone that is a variety of the mineral beryl.


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Emerald Isle is a poetic name for Ireland.


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Emergency Medical Services refers to a system of emergency health care.


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Emergency room is a hospital department that provides immediate care when any delay of treatment could cause extreme suffering or threaten life.


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Emerson, Ralph Waldo (1803-1882), ranks as a leading figure in the thought and literature of American civilization.


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Emery, is a hard black or gray rock that consists chiefly of the minerals corundum, magnetite, and, in some cases, spinel.


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Emetic, is a medicine used to produce vomiting.


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Emigres, were people who fled France because of the French Revolution.


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Emin Pasha, (1840-1892), was a German colonial administrator and explorer in Africa.


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Eminent domain, in the United States, is the power of a government to take private property for public use.


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Emmet, Robert (1778-1803), an Irish patriot, became one of that country's best-remembered heroes.


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Emmett, Daniel Decatur (1815-1904), an American minstrel performer and songwriter, wrote "Dixie" (1859).


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Emory University is a private, coeducational university in Atlanta, Ga.


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Emotion is usually considered to be a feeling about or reaction to certain important events or thoughts.


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Empedocles, (495?-435? B.C.), was an early Greek philosopher.


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Emperor is the ruler of an empire, or group of nations or states.


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Emphysema, is a lung disease in which victims have difficulty breathing, especially when they exhale.


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Empire is a domain made up of different countries or states, held together and ruled by the strongest nation in the group.


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Empire State Building is a famous landmark in New York City.


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Empiricism, is a philosophical approach that views experience as the most important source of knowledge.


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Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP) is a worker benefit program.


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Employment agency, also called a placement office, is a service that finds jobs for workers and workers for jobs.


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Employment Service, United States, also called USES, is an agency of the Employment and Training Administration of the Department of Labor.


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Emu, is a large Australian bird that cannot fly.


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Emulsion, is a preparation of one liquid evenly dispersed in another.


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Enabling act is a law that authorizes, or enables, individuals or groups to do things they would otherwise have no power to do.


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Enamel is a glasslike substance used primarily to form a smooth, glossy surface on metal.


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Encephalitis, is an inflammation of the brain.


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Enclave, is a territory belonging to one country but lying within the boundaries of another country.


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Encyclical, is a letter from a Christian leader, particularly the pope, which is intended for general distribution among churches.


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Encyclopedia is a collection of information about people, places, events, and things.


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Endangered species are living things threatened with extinction-that is, the dying off of all of their kind.


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Endecott, John (1588?-1665), also spelled Endicott, an American colonial official, led about 50 people from England to what is now the city of Salem, Massachusetts, in 1628.


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Enderby, Land is a region on the fringe of Antarctica.


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Enders, John Franklin (1897-1985), a research bacteriologist, shared the 1954 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine with Frederick C. Robbins and Thomas H. Weller.


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Endive, is a leafy vegetable closely related to chicory.


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Endometriosis, is a disease of the female reproductive system in which clusters of cells from the lining of the uterus invade other areas of the body.


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Endorphin, is any of a group of substances in the nervous system of human beings and animals.


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Endoscope, is a medical instrument used to examine the interior of a hollow organ or cavity of the body.


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Endowment is a fund that is set aside by a donor, or giver, for a specific purpose.


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Endymion, in Greek mythology, was a handsome youth passionately loved by Selene (the moon).


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Energy is the name given to the ability to do work.


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Energy, Department of, is an executive department of the United States government that works to meet the nation's energy needs.


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Energy supply is the total quantity of usable energy available to people for doing work.


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Enewetak, is an isolated atoll in the northwest corner of the Marshall Islands, in the Pacific Ocean.


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Engels, Friedrich, (1820-1895), was a German social scientist, journalist, and professional revolutionary.


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Engine is a machine that converts energy into mechanical work.


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Engine analyzer is an instrument used to determine the performance of parts of gasoline and diesel engines.


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Engineering is the profession that puts scientific knowledge to practical use.


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Engineers, Corps of, is the branch of the United States Army that is responsible for military engineering as well as for many kinds of civil-engineering projects.


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Engineers, International Union of Operating, is an international union affiliated with the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO) and the Canadian Federation of Labour (CFL).


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England is the largest of the four political divisions that make up the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.


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English, William Hayden (1822-1896), was the Democratic candidate for vice president of the United States in 1880.


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English Channel is a body of water between England and France that connects the Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea.


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English cocker spaniel is a popular sporting dog.


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English foxhound is one of the oldest breeds of hounds.


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English language is the most widely spoken language in the world.


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English literature consists of the poetry, prose, and drama written in the English language by authors in England, Scotland, and Wales.


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English setter is a popular dog because of its handsome face and sleek coat.


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English springer spaniel is a sporting dog that forces game to spring from hiding places.


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English toy spaniel is a breed of dog that was a favorite with English nobility in the 1600's.


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Engraving is a process of incising (cutting) a design or image into a flat metal plate.


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Engraving and Printing, Bureau of, designs, engraves, and prints the paper money and postage stamps issued by the United States government.


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Enid, (pop. 47,045; met. area pop. 57,813), a city in north-central Oklahoma, is the center of a wheat-growing district.


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Enright, Elizabeth (1909-1968), was an American author who is best known for her books for children.


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Ensor, James (1860-1949), was a Belgian painter and printmaker.


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Entail is an estate that descends to certain heirs, rather than to all the heirs.


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Entomology, is a major branch of zoology concerned with the study of insects.


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Entropy, is a measure of the amount of disorder or randomness in a system.


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Envelope is a piece of folded, sealed paper.


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Environment is everything that is external to an organism.


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Environmental Defense Fund is a private organization in the United States that works to protect the environment.


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Environmental impact statement is a report that evaluates all planned projects or programs which might seriously affect the environment.


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Environmental pollution is a term that refers to all the ways that human activity harms the natural environment.


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Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is an independent agency of the United States government.


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Enzyme, is a molecule that speeds up chemical reactions in all living things.


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Eoraptor, was one of the earliest dinosaurs.


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Ephesians, Epistle to the, is the 10th book of the New Testament.


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Ephesus, was an ancient Greek city that stood about 35 miles (56 kilometers) south of modern-day Izmir, Turkey.


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Ephron, Nora (1941-...), is an American journalist, essayist, and screenwriter.


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Epictetus, (A.D. 50?-138?), was a Greek Stoic philosopher.


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Epicurus, (342?-270 B.C.), was a Greek philosopher.


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Epidaurus, is the site of several ancient Greek ruins, including a famous outdoor theater.


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Epidemic is an outbreak of disease that attacks many people at about the same time.


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Epigram, is a short, witty poem or pointed saying.


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Epilepsy, is a disorder of the brain characterized by sudden attacks, or seizures.


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Epinephrine, is a hormone secreted by the adrenal glands.


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Epiphyte, also called air plant, is any plant that grows on another plant but manufactures its own food.


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Episcopal, Church is a Christian denomination in the United States.


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Epistle, can refer to any letter written to an individual or a group.


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Epithelioma, is any tumor of the epithelium, the tissue that lines the body cavities and covers the body surface and the internal organs.


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Epithelium, is one of the major kinds of tissue formed in the bodies of human beings and some animals.


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Epsom salt, is a white powder that in the past was commonly used as a laxative.


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Epstein, Sir Jacob (1880-1959), was an American-born sculptor who spent most of his life in London and became a major figure in British sculpture.


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Epstein-Barr, virus often called EBV, is a type of herpesvirus that causes infectious mononucleosis.


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Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) is a United States government agency.


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Equal Rights Amendment is a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution.


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Equator is the great circle of the earth that lies halfway between the North and South poles.


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Equatorial Guinea, is a small country in western Africa.


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Equestrian, order was a class of prominent citizens in ancient Rome.


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Equilibrium, Chemical, is a state of balance between a pair of forward and reverse chemical reactions.


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Equinox, is either of the two days of the year when the sun is directly above the earth's equator.


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Equity, in law, usually refers to a set of rules that were developed from broad principles of reason and justice.


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Eraser is a device for removing marks from paper or some other surface.


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Erasmus, Desiderius, (1466?-1536), was a Dutch priest and scholar who sought to reform the church.


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Eratosthenes, (276?-195? B.C.), was a Greek mathematician.


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Erbium, (chemical symbol, Er), is one of the rare earth metals.


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Ergonomics, is the science of designing machines, objects, and environments to match the physical and psychological needs of human beings.


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Ergot, is a parasitic fungus that attacks wheat, barley, rye, and many wild and cultivated grasses.


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Eric the Red (A.D. 950?-1000?) was a Viking explorer who colonized Greenland.


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Erickson, Arthur Charles (1924-...), a Canadian architect, became noted for buildings that dramatically harmonize with the landscape.


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Ericson, Leif (A.D. 980?-1025?), was a Norse explorer who led what was probably the first European expedition to the mainland of North America.


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Ericsson, John (1803-1889), was a Swedish-born American engineer.


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Erie, (pop. 103,717; met. area pop. 280,843), is the fourth largest city in Pennsylvania.


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Erie, Canal was the first important national waterway built in the United States.


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Erikson, Erik Homburger (1902-1994), was an American psychoanalyst.


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Eritrea, is a small country on the northeast coast of Africa.


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Ermine, is a small animal that lives in northern regions of North America, Europe, and Asia.


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Ernst, Max (1891-1976), was a German artist associated with the development of the Dada and Surrealist movements.


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Erosion, is a natural process by which rock and soil are broken loose from the earth's surface at one location and moved to another.


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Erving, Julius (1950-...), became one of the most exciting and popular players in the National Basketball Association (NBA).


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Erysipelas, is a skin infection that chiefly affects infants, young children, and elderly people.


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Erythromycin, is an antibiotic used to treat scarlet fever, strep throat, and many other bacterial infections.


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Esau, was the son of Isaac and Rebecca, and the elder twin brother of Jacob in the Bible.


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Escalator is a moving stairway that transports people from one floor or level to another.


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Escheat, is the turning over of property to the state when no owner claims it.


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Escher, M. C. (1898-1972), was a Dutch artist known for his intricate, detailed prints. Most of his work consists of black-and-white lithographs and woodcuts.


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Escobedo, v. Illinois was a landmark decision of the Supreme Court of the United States concerning the rights of people accused of crimes.


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Escorial, is a large complex of buildings and courtyards about 30 miles (48 kilometers) northwest of Madrid, Spain.


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Escrow, is cash, a document, or other property given to one person for delivery to someone else when a certain condition is met.


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Eshkol, Levi, (1895-1969), helped found the state of Israel and served as prime minister from 1963 until his death.


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Esophagus, also called gullet, is the muscular tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach.


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Espalier, is a method of training a fruit tree or shrub to grow into a definite pattern on a trellis, on a lattice, or against a wall.


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Esperanto, is the most widely used international language.


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Espionage, is the act of spying on a country, organization, movement, or person.


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Esposito, Phil (1942-...), was one of the greatest scorers in National Hockey League (NHL) history.


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Espy, Mike (1953-...), became the first African American to serve as United States secretary of agriculture.


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Essay is a short, nonfictional composition that presents the writer's opinion or analysis of a particular subject.


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Essen (pop. 626,973), a city in western Germany, is in a major industrial region called the Ruhr.


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Essenes, were members of a Jewish sect living in Palestine from about 150 B.C. to A.D. 68.


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Estate is a legal term that refers to a person's total property.


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Estates-General was a French representative assembly that met irregularly between 1302 and 1789.


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Ester is any of an important group of organic (carbon-containing) compounds.


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Estevanico, (1500?-1539), also called Esteban, was a black slave from Morocco who became one of the first explorers of the Southwestern United States.


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Esther, Book of, a book of the Bible, tells the story of Esther, a young Jewish woman, during the reign of Persian King Ahasuerus.


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Estivation, is a dormant state that occurs in the life of some animals during hot, dry periods.


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Estonia, is a country on the Baltic Sea in northeastern Europe.


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Estrogen, is any of a group of chemically similar hormones that cause the growth and development of female sexual characteristics in human beings and other animals.


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Estrous, cycle is the process that prepares the females of most species of mammals for mating and bearing young.


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Etching is a process of creating a design on a metal plate with the use of acid.


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Ether, in chemistry, is a colorless, highly flammable liquid with a strong, sweet smell.


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Ether, in physics, was once believed to be a substance that filled all space.


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Etherege, Sir George (1634?-1691), was an English playwright.


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Ethics is a branch of philosophy that attempts to help us understand which ways of life are worth following and which actions are right or wrong.


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Ethiopia, is a country in northeastern Africa.


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Ethnic group is a group of people with characteristics in common that distinguish them from most other people of the same society.


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Ethnocentrism, is the belief that one's own culture is the best and most natural.


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Ethnography is a branch of anthropology that produces scientific descriptions of contemporary cultures.


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Ethology, is the branch of zoology that deals with animal instincts.


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Ethylene, an organic gas, is one of the most important industrial chemicals.


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Etiquette, is a code of behavior that helps people get along with one another.


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Eton, College is the largest and most famous of the group of English private secondary schools called public schools.


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Etruscans, were a people who lived in Etruria (present-day Tuscany, Umbria, and Latium) in Italy.


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Etude, is a short musical composition written especially to enable students to practice a particular technique.


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Etymology, is the study of the origin and development of words.


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Eucalyptus, is the name of a large group of trees native to Australia.


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Euclid, (330?-270? B.C.), a Greek mathematician, is often called the father of geometry.


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Eugene III (?-1153) was elected pope in 1145.


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Eugene IV (1383-1447) was elected pope in 1431.


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Eugene (pop. 137,893; met. area pop. 322,959) is the second largest city in Oregon.


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Eugenics, is a method that aims at improving the human race by selection of parents based on their inherited characteristics.


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Eugenie Marie de Montijo, (1826-1920), became empress of France as the wife of Napoleon III.


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Euglena, is a genus (group) of microscopic, one-celled organisms.


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Eulachon, is a saltwater fish about 9 inches (23 centimeters) long.


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Eulenspiegel, Till, was a practical joker whose pranks became a favorite subject of writers and musicians.


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Euler, Leonhard (1707-1783), a Swiss mathematician, became famous for his great output of original mathematics, and for the wide range of subjects he covered.


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Euphrates, River is the longest river in southwestern Asia.


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Euripides, (about 480-406 B.C.), was the third of the three great writers of Greek tragedy.


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Eurodollar, refers to a transfer of credit designated in U.S. dollars from a U.S. bank to a foreign bank.


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Europa, in Greek mythology, was the beautiful daughter of Agenor, king of the city of Tyre in Phoenicia.


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Europe is one of the smallest of the world's seven continents in area but one of the largest in population.


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Europe, Council of, is an organization of European nations that seeks to promote unity among its members in order to achieve economic and social progress.


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European Free Trade Association (EFTA) is a trade organization of four European nations.


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European Monetary System (EMS) is an arrangement between several European nations that aims to prevent wide swings in the prices of its members' currencies in relation to one another.


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European Space Agency (ESA) promotes the development of a cooperative space program among the nations of Western Europe.


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European Union, sometimes called the EU, is an organization of 15 Western European countries that promotes cooperation among its members.


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Europium, (chemical symbol, Eu), is one of the rare-earth metals.


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Eurydice, in Greek mythology, was a tree nymph loved by Orpheus, who was a legendary Greek musician.


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Euthanasia, is the practice of painlessly ending the lives of people who have incurable, painful, or distressing diseases or handicaps.


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Eutrophication, is a process that affects lakes and other bodies of water.


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Evangelical Lutheran Church in America is the largest Lutheran denomination in the United States.


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Evangelicalism is a term used primarily to describe the religious views of various theologically conservative Protestants in Europe and North America.


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Evans, Sir Arthur John (1851-1941), a British archaeologist, became known for excavations he started on the island of Crete in 1893.


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Evans, Godfrey (1920-1999), was one of the greatest wicketkeepers in the history of cricket.


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Evans, Oliver (1755-1819), an American engineer, inventor, and manufacturer, built what was probably America's first self-propelled land vehicle (see Automobile).


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Evans, Walker (1903-1975), was an American photographer who became best known for his pictures of Southern sharecroppers of the 1930's.


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Evaporation is the conversion of a liquid or solid to a gas.


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Evarts, William Maxwell (1818-1901), an American lawyer, gained fame for successfully handling important trials.


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Evening primrose is any of several related wild flowering plants that grow from Labrador to Florida and westward to Wyoming and New Mexico.


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Evening star is any planet that can be seen after sunset.


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Everett, Edward (1794-1865), an American statesman, was considered one of the greatest orators of his day.


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Everglades, in southern Florida, are one of the most interesting and unusual swamp areas in the world.


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Everglades National Park is one of the few subtropical regions in the United States.


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Evergreen is a plant that remains green throughout the year.


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Evers, Medgar (1925-1963), was an African American civil rights leader.


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Evers-Williams, Myrlie (1933-...), served as chairwoman of the board of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) from 1995 to 1998.


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Evert, Chris (1954-...), is an American tennis champion and one of the top women players in the world.


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Eviction, in law, is an action that deprives a tenant of the use of leased premises, such as an apartment or an office.


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Evidence is information that tends to prove or disprove a fact in question.


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Evil eye is the supposed power to harm people or their possessions by merely looking at them.


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Evolution is a process of change over time.


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Ewell, Richard Stoddert (1817-1872), was a Confederate general in the American Civil War.


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Ex parte, Milligan was a legal case in which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that civilians cannot be tried by military courts if civil courts are available.


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Ex post facto is a Latin term meaning from what is done afterwards.


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Excalibur, was the sword of King Arthur, a legendary British ruler of medieval times.


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Exchange rate is the price of one nation's currency expressed in terms of another country's currency.


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Excise is a tax on the manufacture, sale, or use of goods or services levied by local, state, or national governments.


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Exclamation point is a punctuation mark shown as !.


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Excommunication is the most severe penalty that a religious body can impose on a member.


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Executive, is the branch of government that enforces the laws.


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Executor, is a person who is named in a will to carry out the provisions of the will.


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Exile, is banishment from one's own land.


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Existentialism, is a philosophical movement that developed in continental Europe during the 1800's and 1900's.


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Exobiology is the branch of biology that specializes in the search for and study of life elsewhere in the universe.


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Exorcism, is the act of breaking the power of the Devil or other evil spirits that influence or control a person's actions.


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Expansion is an increase in the size of a body without the addition of material to the body.


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Exploration is one of the oldest and most widespread of human activities.


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Explosive is a material that produces a rapid, violent reaction when acted upon by heat or a strong blow.


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Export-Import Bank of the United States, also called Eximbank, is an independent agency of the United States government.


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Exports and imports are the articles shipped from and into a country.


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Expressionism was an art movement that flourished in the early 1900's.


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Extension programs are educational services that colleges offer to people who cannot attend school fulltime or who live far from a campus.


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Extinct animal. A species of animal becomes extinct when every one of its kind has died.


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Extortion is the attempt to obtain money or property by threatening to physically harm a person, injure a person's property or reputation, or accuse a person of a crime.


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Extract is a concentrated preparation of certain substances obtained from plants, herbs, flowers, or animal tissues.


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Extradition, is the handing over by one state or country to another of people accused of crimes.


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Extrasensory perception, usually abbreviated ESP, describes a way of communicating or of being aware of something without using the known senses.


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Extraterrestrial, intelligence is intelligent life that developed somewhere other than the earth.


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Extraterritoriality, is a legal term for the privilege granted to ambassadors, ministers, and other diplomatic agents living in foreign countries.


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Extrovert, when used nontechnically, means a sociable person who makes friends easily.


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Extrusion is the process of shaping a piece of solid material, such as steel, by forcing it through an opening.


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Eye bank is a nonprofit agency through which eyes removed shortly after death are distributed to specially trained surgeons.


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Ezekiel, Book of, is a book of the Bible named for a Jewish prophet.


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Faber, Eberhard, (1822-1879), an American businessman born in Bavaria, built the first mass-production pencil factory in the United States.


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Faberge, Peter Carl (1846-1920), was a Russian goldsmith and jeweler who won international fame for his design of decorative objects.


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Fabian, Society is a group of British socialists.


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Fabius Maximus, Quintus, (275?-203 B.C.), was a Roman military leader known for his strategy of wearing down the enemy but avoiding any decisive conflict.


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Fable is a brief fictitious story that teaches a moral.


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Fabre, Jean Henri Casimir, (1823-1915), a French naturalist, spent his life observing insects and spiders.


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Face is the front part of a person's head.


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Face fly is an annoying pest for livestock.


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Factor. Factors of a number are numbers which when multiplied together give the original number.


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Factory is a building or group of buildings in which products are manufactured.


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Fafnir, in Scandinavian mythology, was a man who turned himself into a dragon.


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Fagin, was a receiver of stolen goods and a trainer of young thieves.


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Fahd (1923-...) became king and prime minister of Saudi Arabia in 1982.


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Fahrenheit, Gabriel Daniel (1686-1736), a German physicist, developed the Fahrenheit temperature scale.


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Fainting is a temporary loss of consciousness.


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Fair is an event held for the presenting or viewing of exhibits.


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Fair Deal is the name United States President Harry S. Truman gave to his domestic legislative program in 1949.


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Fair Labor Standards Act is a law that sets the minimum wage and the length of the standard workweek for most employees in the United States.


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Fair-trade laws were designed to prevent large retail stores from selling certain merchandise at extremely low prices in attempts to drive their smaller competitors out of business.


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Fairbanks (pop. 30,224) is the third largest city in Alaska.


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Fairbanks, Charles Warren (1852-1918), served as vice president of the United States from 1905 to 1909 under President Theodore Roosevelt.


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Fairbanks, Douglas, Sr. (1883-1939), was an American motion-picture actor who became famous for his acrobatic acting in colorful adventure films. All of Fairbanks' notable movies were silent films.


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Fairbanks, Douglas, Jr. (1909-2000), was an American motion-picture actor. His father was Douglas Fairbanks, Sr., a star of silent films.


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Fairchild, David Grandison (1869-1954), an American botanist and explorer, brought over 20,000 species of plants to the United States.


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Fairchild, Sherman Mills (1896-1971), was an American inventor and businessman who pioneered in aircraft design and aerial photography.


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Fairless, Benjamin Franklin (1890-1962), was an American industrialist.


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Fairy is an imaginary creature that appears in the folklore of Western Europe.


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Fairy Falls is a waterfall in Mount Rainier National Park in western Washington.


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Faisal, (1906?-1975), was king of Saudi Arabia from 1964 to 1975.


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Faisal, I (1885-1933) was king of Iraq from 1921 to 1933.


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Faith healing involves the belief that trust in God's power can cure sickness and other physical problems.


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Fakir, is a Muslim or Hindu man who practices extreme self-denial as part of his religion.


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Falange Espanola, also called Spanish Phalanx, was the only legal political party in Spain under dictator Francisco Franco.


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Falcon is a type of bird closely related to hawks.


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Falconry, once the "sport of kings," is the art of training falcons, hawks, or eagles to hunt game.


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Falkland, Islands make up an overseas territory of the United Kingdom.


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Fall, Albert Bacon (1861-1944), served as United States secretary of the interior from 1921 to 1923 under President Warren G. Harding.


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Fall line is a series of waterfalls and rapids formed where hard rock meets softer rock.


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Fall River (pop. 91,938) is an industrial city in southeastern Massachusetts.


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Falla, Manuel de, (1876-1946), was a Spanish composer who gained international recognition for his success in developing a modern Spanish style of music.


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Falling bodies, Law of. Several laws, or rules, tell what an object does when it is allowed to fall to the ground without anything stopping it.


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Falling sickness is another name for epilepsy.


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Fallopian tube, also called oviduct or uterine tube, is either of a pair of female reproductive organs through which eggs from the ovaries pass to the uterus.


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Fallout is radioactive material that settles over the earth's surface following a nuclear explosion in the atmosphere.


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False imprisonment is any unlawful restraint of a person, whether by confinement in a jail or elsewhere, by threats, or by force.


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Family, in biology, is a unit of scientific classification.


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Family is the basic unit of social organization in all human societies.


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Family Service America is a national federation of about 300 social work-counseling agencies.


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Famine is a prolonged food shortage that causes widespread hunger and death.


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Fan. Long ago, people learned they could make themselves feel cooler on hot days by waving a leaf through the air and creating an artificial breeze.


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Faneuil, Peter (1700-1743), a Boston merchant, built Faneuil Hall for Boston as a public market and meeting place.


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Fanon, Frantz Omar (1925-1961), was a political theorist who became a leader of Algeria's struggle to gain independence from France.


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Fantasia, is an instrumental musical composition that has no fixed form or style.


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Far East is a term that is sometimes used for the easternmost part of Asia.


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Farad, is a unit used to measure electrical capacitance.


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Faraday, Michael (1791-1867), one of the greatest English chemists and physicists, discovered the principle of electromagnetic induction in 1831 (see Electromagnetism).


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Fargo (pop. 90,599) is the largest city in North Dakota.


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Fargo, William George (1818-1881), was a partner in the gold rush express company of Wells, Fargo & Company (see Wells, Fargo & Company).


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Farjeon, Eleanor (1881-1965), was a British author who became famous for her stories and poems for children.


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Farley, James Aloysius, (1888-1976), a politician and businessman, served as postmaster general of the United States from 1933 to 1940.


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Farm and farming. Farming is the most important occupation in the world.


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Farm Credit System is the nationwide system of cooperatively owned banks and associations in the United States.


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Farmer, James Leonard (1920-1999), an American civil rights leader, was assistant secretary of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare in 1969 and 1970.


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Farmer-Labor Party was a leading Minnesota political party.


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Farmers Home Administration was an agency of the United States Department of Agriculture from 1946 to 1994.


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Farnese, Bull is a famous ancient group sculpture that portrays an episode in Greek mythology.


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Farnsworth, Philo, Taylor (1906-1971), an American inventor, was a pioneer in television technology.


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Faroe, Islands, also spelled Faeroe and Foroyar, are a group of 18 islands and some reefs in the North Atlantic Ocean.


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Farquhar, George (1678-1707), is a transitional figure in the history of English drama.


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Farragut, David Glasgow, (1801-1870), an American naval officer, won fame at the Civil War battle of Mobile Bay with the slogan: "Damn the torpedoes!


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Farrakhan, Louis (1933-...), became the leader of the Nation of Islam in 1977.


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Farrell, James T. (1904-1979), was an American writer best known for his novels about lower middle-class life in a decaying neighborhood of a large city. Farrell followed the theory of naturalism in his early works, believing that people are influenced ov


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Farsightedness, also called longsightedness, is a visual defect in which a person can see distant objects clearly, but near vision may be blurred.


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Farthing was a bronze coin of the lowest value in British currency.


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Faruk, I (1920-1965), also spelled Farouk, was the last king of Egypt.


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Fasces, were a symbol of power in the days of the Roman Republic, of the Roman Empire, and, later, of Benito Mussolini's Fascist government in Italy.


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Fascism, is a form of government headed, in most cases, by a dictator.


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Fashion, in its broadest sense, is a particular style that is popular for a few months or years.


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Fast is abstinence from food, or certain kinds of food, for a period of time.


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Fat is one of three main classes of nutrients that provide energy to the body.


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Fatalism, is the belief that events are determined by forces that human beings cannot control.


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Fates were three goddesses who ruled people's lives.


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Father Abraham was a popular name for Abraham Lincoln.


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Father's Day is a day on which the people of many countries express gratitude and appreciation for their fathers by giving them gifts or greeting cards.


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Fathom, is a unit of length used to measure ropes or cables and the depths of water.


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Fathometer, is an instrument used on ships to measure the depth of the water.


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Fatima, Our Lady of, refers to the Virgin Mary, who reportedly appeared near Fatima, Portugal, in 1917.


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Fatimid, dynasty was a line of Muslim caliphs (rulers) who held power from A.D. 909 to 1171.


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Faulkner, William (1897-1962), ranks among the leading authors in American literature.


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Faun, was a half-human and half-animal spirit of the woods and herds in Roman mythology.


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Fauna, is the name given to the animal life of a certain period of time or of a certain part of the world.


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Faure, Gabriel Urbain, (1845-1924), was a French composer.


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Faust, more correctly called Faustus pronounced FOWS tuhs was a German astrologer and magician who became an important figure in legend and literature.


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Fauves, were a group of French artists who painted in a style that emphasized intense color and rapid, vigorous brushstrokes.


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Favre, Brett (1969-...), is one of the leading quarterbacks in the National Football League (NFL).


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Fawkes, Guy (1570-1606), participated in a conspiracy to blow up King James I and the Parliament on Nov. 5, 1605, to stop the persecution of Roman Catholics in England (see Gunpowder Plot).


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Fax machine is an electronic device that sends and receives written words and pictures over telephone lines.


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Fawkner, John Pascoe (1792-1869), an Australian pioneer, was a cofounder of Melbourne.


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Feasts and festivals are special times of celebration.


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Feather is one of the light, thin growths that cover a bird's body.


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February is the second month of the year according to the Gregorian calendar, which is used in almost all the world today.


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Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is an agency in the United States Department of Transportation.


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Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is the primary investigating branch of the United States Department of Justice.


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Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is an independent agency of the United States government.


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Federal Crop Insurance Corporation (FCIC) is an agency of the United States Department of Agriculture.


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Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) is an independent United States government agency that insures deposits at almost all U.S. banks and savings and loan associations, or thrifts.


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Federal district is a tract of land that a country sets apart as the seat of its national capital.


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Federal Election Commission is an independent regulatory agency of the United States government.


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Federal Hall, in New York City, was the first Capitol of the United States under the Constitution.


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Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) is an agency within the United States Department of Transportation.


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Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation is a private corporation chartered by the United States government to increase funds for housing.


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Federal Housing Administration (FHA) is a United States government agency that works with private industry to provide good housing.


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Federal Maritime Commission is an independent agency of the United States government.


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Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service (FMCS) is an independent agency of the United States government.


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Federal National Mortgage Association is a private corporation chartered by the United States government.


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Federal Reserve System is an independent agency of the United States government that helps oversee the nation's banking system.


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Federal Trade Commission (FTC) is an independent U.S. government agency that works to (1) maintain free and fair competition in the economy and (2) protect consumers from unfair or misleading practices.


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Federalism is a system in which political power is divided between a central (national) government and smaller governmental units.


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Federalist, The, is a series of 85 letters that urged ratification of the United States Constitution.


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Federalist Party was one of the first political organizations in the United States.


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Fee, in modern property law, describes the kind of ownership that may pass to an owner's heirs on his or her death.


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Feed is a term for food given to farm animals.


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Fegen, Fogarty (1891-1940), an Australian sailor, was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross during World War II (1939-1945).


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Feininger, Lyonel (1871-1956), was an American painter whose works combine qualities of cubism and expressionism.


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Feinstein, Dianne (1933-...), is one of the most prominent women in American politics.


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Feke, Robert (1707?-1752?), was the earliest noteworthy American-born painter.


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Feldspar is the name of a group of minerals that make up about 60 per cent of the earth's crust.


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Feller, Bob (1918-...), became the strikeout king of baseball while pitching for the Cleveland Indians.


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Fellini, Federico (1920-1993), was a famous Italian motion-picture director.


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Fellowship is a sum of money given to scholars so they can continue their studies.


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Fellowship of Christian Athletes is a nondenominational organization mainly of athletes and coaches that promotes Christian ideals.


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Felony, is a crime for which punishment is death or imprisonment for a year or more.


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Felt is a fabric made of wool fibers or animal hair matted together by steam and pressure.


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Feminism, is the belief that women should have economic, political, and social equality with men.


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Fencing is the art and sport of swordsmanship using blunted weapons.


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Fenech Adami, Eddie (1934-...), is the prime minister of Malta.


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Fenelon, Francois de Salignac de la Mothe-, (1651-1715), was a French author and a Roman Catholic archbishop.


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Fenian, movement was a struggle by Irish nationalists to free Ireland from English rule.


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Fer-de-lance, is one of the largest and deadliest of the poisonous snakes.


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Ferber, Edna (1885-1968), an American novelist and playwright, wrote many books about the colorful American life of the 1800's.


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Ferdinand II (1578-1637) ruled the Holy Roman Empire from 1619 until his death.


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Ferdinand III (1608-1657) ruled the Holy Roman Empire from 1637 until his death.


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Ferdinand V (1452-1516) of Castile ruled what is now Spain and helped unify the country.


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Ferlinghetti, Lawrence (1919-...), is an American poet best known as a leader of the beat movement of the 1950's.


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Fermat, Pierre de (1601-1665), a French mathematician, founded modern number theory.


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Fermentation, is a chemical process that breaks down organic materials.


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Fermi, Enrico, (1901-1954), an Italian-born American physicist, designed the first atomic pile and produced the first nuclear chain reaction in 1942.


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Fermi, National Accelerator Laboratory is a high-energy physics laboratory near Batavia, Illinois.


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Fermion, is any member of a certain class of atomic and subatomic particles.


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Fermium, (chemical symbol, Fm), is an artificially created radioactive element.


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Fern is a green, nonflowering plant that grows in most parts of the world.


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Ferraro, Geraldine Anne (1935-...), became the Democratic nominee for Vice President of the United States in 1984.


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Ferre, Maurice (1935-...), became the first Hispanic mayor of a large United States city when he took office as mayor of Miami, Florida, in 1973.


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Ferret is a type of small mammal that belongs to the weasel family.


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Ferris wheel is an entertainment device used at fairs, carnivals, and amusement and theme parks.


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Ferrous sulfate, is a substance which occurs in light-green crystals.


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Ferry is a boat used to carry persons, vehicles, and freight across narrow bodies of water.


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Fertile Crescent is a crescent-shaped region in Asia.


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Fertilization, is the process by which male and female sex cells unite to form a new individual.


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Fertilizer is a substance that is added to soil to help plants grow.


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Fescue, is the name of a group of grasses that grow in the United States and other temperate regions.


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Fessenden, William Pitt (1806-1869), was a United States senator from Maine from 1854 to 1864 and from 1865 to 1869.


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Fetish, is an object that is believed to have magical powers or to embody or contain a powerful spirit.


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Feud is a long and sometimes murderous conflict between individuals, families, or groups.


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Feudalism is the general term used to describe the political and military system of western Europe during the Middle Ages.


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Feuerbach, Ludwig Andreas, (1804-1872), was a German philosopher.


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Fever is a condition in which the brain maintains the body temperature at a higher than normal level.


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Feverfew is a bushy plant native to Europe.


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Few, William (1748-1828), a lawyer, judge, and banker, was a Georgia signer of the Constitution of the United States.


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Feynman, Richard Phillips (1918-1988), of the United States, shared the 1965 Nobel Prize in physics with Julian S. Schwinger and Sin-itiro Tomonaga.


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Fez, also spelled Fes (pop. 769,014), is the religious center of Morocco and one of its traditional capitals.


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Fez is a tall, red, brimless cap with a colored tassel of silk or wool.


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FFA, formerly known as Future Farmers of America, is an organization mainly for students in grades 7 through 12 who study agriculture.


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Fiat, in government, is an executive order or decree that requires obedience but is not a law.


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Fiber is a hairlike strand of a substance that is extremely long in relation to its width.


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Fiber, Dietary, refers to a variety of edible plant materials that normally pass undigested through the body.


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Fiber optics is a branch of physics based on the transmission of light through transparent fibers of glass or plastic.


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Fiberglass, also called fibrous glass, is glass in the form of fine fibers (threads).


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Fibonacci, Leonardo, (1175?-1240?), was an Italian mathematician who helped introduce the Hindu-Arabic numerals (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) into Western Europe.


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Fibrin, is a white, fibrous protein substance that makes up the most important part of a blood clot.


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Fibromyalgia, is a condition in which people experience long-lasting, severe pain in muscles and other soft tissues throughout their bodies.


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Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, (1762-1814), was a German philosopher.


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Fiction is a story created from an author's imagination.


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Fiddler crab is the name of a group of small crabs that live along temperate and tropical seacoasts.


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Fiedler, Arthur (1894-1979), conducted the Boston Pops Orchestra from 1930 to 1979.


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Field is the name of an American family that became prominent in merchandising, publishing, and philanthropy.


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Field, Cyrus West (1819-1892), was an American financier who promoted the first telegraph cable across the Atlantic (see Cable).


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Field, David Dudley, Jr. (1805-1894), was a prominent lawyer and legal reformer. He wrote a code of legal procedure that the state of New York adopted in 1848.


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Field, Eugene (1850-1895), was a popular American author and journalist who is best known today as a writer of children's literature.


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Field, Rachel (1894-1942), was an American author.


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Field, Stephen Johnson (1816-1899), was an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1863 to 1897.


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Field hockey is a fast and exciting team sport in which players use sticks to try to hit a ball into their opponents' goal.


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Fielding, Henry (1707-1754), an English author, helped raise the novel to the status of high literature and shaped the novel as a literary form.


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Fields, W. C. (1879-1946), was an American motion-picture comedian. Fields incorporated his personal prejudices into his films, and it became difficult to separate his real personality from his film characters.


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Fife is a small woodwind instrument that belongs to the flute family.


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Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees that an American citizen shall not be discriminated against in exercising the right to vote.


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Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees that people cannot be forced to testify against themselves in a criminal case.


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Fifth column refers to undercover agents operating within the ranks of an enemy to undermine its cause.


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Fifty-Four Forty or Fight was a slogan used during a boundary dispute between the United States and Britain.


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Fig is a fruit that has probably been cultivated for more than 5,000 years.


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Fightingfish is a small, quarrelsome fish that lives in the waters around the Malay Archipelago.


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Figure of speech is the use of words in certain conventional patterns of thought and expression.


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Figwort family is a group of about 3,000 species of herbs, shrubs, and small trees.


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Fiji, is a country in the South Pacific Ocean.


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Filaria, is a long, threadlike roundworm that lives as a parasite in the bodies of human beings and animals.


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Filbert is the name for both the nut and the plant of a group of trees and shrubs that are closely related to the birches.


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Filibustering, is the practice by which a minority in a legislature uses extended debate to block or delay action on a proposed bill.


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Fillmore, Millard (1800-1874), the second vice president of the United States to inherit the nation's highest office, became president when Zachary Taylor died.


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Filmstrip is a related series of still pictures on 35 mm. film.


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Filter is a device that removes unwanted quantities from the flow of liquids or gases, or from the transmission of electric currents, beams of light, and sound waves.


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Fin whale is the second-largest animal on earth.


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Finance company is a firm that loans money to people who promise to repay the loan with interest in a specified period of time.


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Finch is a general term applied to any small seed-eating songbird.


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Fine is a payment of money ordered by a court from a person who has been found guilty of violating a law.


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Fine arts is a term that refers in its broadest modern sense to architecture, ballet, concert music, literature, opera, painting, and sculpture.


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Finger, Charles Joseph (1871-1941), an American adventure writer, won the 1925 Newbery Medal for his children's book Tales from Silver Lands (1924).


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Finger Lakes are a group of long, narrow lakes in west-central New York.


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Finger painting is a method of painting pictures using the fingers, hands, and arms to apply the paint.


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Fingerprinting is a process of identification based on the impressions made by the ends of the fingers and thumbs.


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Fink, Mike (1770-1823), was an American frontier fighter and boatman whose adventures became the subject of many stories and legends.


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Finland is a country in northern Europe famous for its scenic beauty.


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Finlay, Carlos Juan (1833-1915), a Cuban physician, was the first person to suggest that yellow fever might be transmitted by the bite of the household mosquito (Aedes aegypti).


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Finn MacCool, was the leader of the Fianna, an Irish band of warriors who appear in the Fenian cycle of ancient Irish tales.


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Finnish spitz is a strong, sturdy dog related to the Siberian husky, the Samoyed, and other Arctic dogs.


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Fiord, also spelled fjord, is a long, narrow, winding inlet or arm of the sea.


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Fir is a common name for a number of handsome evergreen trees that belong to the pine family.


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Fire. The earliest use people made of fire was to keep warm.


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Fire ant is the name of several species of ants that inflict painful, burning stings.


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Fire department is one of the most important organizations in a community.


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Fire drill is an exercise to teach people to leave a place safely and speedily if fire breaks out.


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Fire extinguisher is a metal container filled with water or chemicals used to put out fires.


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Fire prevention is a term for the many safety measures used to keep harmful fires from starting.


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Fire worship is an ancient religious practice based on the idea that fire is sacred.


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Firearm is any weapon that uses gunpowder to fire a bullet or shell.


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Fireball is a meteor that burns brightly as it plunges through the earth's atmosphere.


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Firecracker flower is a plant with colorful tubelike flowers.


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Firefly is any member of a family of soft-bodied beetles known for producing glowing or flashing light.


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Fireproofing is the popular name for the coatings and methods used to protect paper, plastic, textiles, wood, and other materials against fire.


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Firestone, Harvey Samuel (1868-1938), was an American industrial leader who pioneered in the field of automobile tires.


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Fireweed, also called willow herb, is a plant native to North America, Europe, and Asia.


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Fireworks are combinations of gunpowder and other ingredients that explode with loud noises and colorful sparks and flames when they burn.


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First aid is the immediate care given to a victim of an accident, sudden illness, or other medical emergency.


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First ladies, in the United States, refers to the wives of the country's presidents.


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Firth of Forth is the large mouth of the River Forth on the east coast of Scotland.


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Fischer, Bobby (1943-...), became the first American to win the official world chess championship.


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Fischer-Dieskau, Dietrich (1925-...), a German baritone, is considered one of the finest singers of lieder (German art songs) of his time (see Lieder).


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Fish are vertebrates (backboned animals) that live in water.


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Fish, Hamilton (1808-1893), was an American statesman.


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Fish and Wildlife Service is an agency of the United States government that helps conserve the nation's birds, mammals, fish, and other wildlife.


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Fisher, Saint John (1469?-1535), was a Roman Catholic bishop of Rochester, England.


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Fisher, Vardis (1895-1968), an American author, became best known for his fictional history of the Mormons, The Children of God (1939).


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Fisher's ghost is the subject of an Australian legend dating from the 1820's.


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Fishing is one of the most popular, relaxing, and rewarding forms of outdoor recreation.


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Fishing industry is an important economic activity that provides food and jobs for millions of people.


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Fisk, James (1834-1872), was an American financier who was involved in several business scandals in the late 1800's.


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Fiske, John (1842-1901), was an American philosopher and historian who helped promote the theory of evolution.


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Fiske, Minnie Maddern (1865-1932), was a leading American stage actress during the late 1800's and early 1900's.


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Fission, in physics, is the splitting of the nucleus of an atom into two nearly equal parts.


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Fitch, Clyde (1865-1909), was one of the most productive and successful American playwrights of his time.


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Fitch, John (1743-1798), was an American inventor.


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FitzGerald, Edward (1809-1883), was an English writer famous for compiling and translating The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, a collection of short poems attributed to the Persian poet, astronomer, and mathematician Omar Khayyam.


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Fitzgerald, Ella (1917-1996), ranked among the best and most popular singers in jazz history.


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Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1896-1940), was the leading writer of America's Jazz Age, the Roaring Twenties, and one of its glittering heroes. The chief quality of Fitzgerald's talent was his ability to be both a leading participant in the high life he described


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Fitzpatrick, Thomas (1799?-1854), was a trapper and guide in the American West.


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Fitzroy is the name of three Australian rivers.


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Fitzsimmons, Bob (1863-1917), held the world's heavyweight boxing championship from 1897 to 1899.


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Fitzsimmons, Frank Edward (1908-1981), served as president of the Teamsters Union from 1971 to 1981.


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FitzSimons, Thomas (1741-1811), was a Pennsylvanian signer of the Constitution of the United States.


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Five Civilized Tribes is a name for the Chickasaw, Choctaw, Cherokee, Creek, and Seminole Indians.


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Five-year plan is a program to increase a country's standard of living in a five-year period.


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Fives is a simple British ball game for two players.


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Fixture, in law, refers to personal property that has been affixed to houses, land, or other real estate.


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Flag is a piece of cloth, usually with a picture or design on it, that stands for something.


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Flag Day is celebrated on June 14 in memory of the day in 1777 when the Continental Congress adopted the Stars and Stripes as the official flag of the United States.


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Flag of truce is a plain white flag used by opposing sides on a battlefield when they want to discuss peace terms.


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Flag officer is the rank of the five highest officer grades in the United States Navy.


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Flagellum is the singular form of flagella.


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Flageolet, is a small woodwind instrument that belongs to the flute family.


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Flagler, Henry Morrison (1830-1913), was an American businessman.


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Flagstad, Kirsten, (1895-1962), a Norwegian operatic soprano, became famous as an interpreter of the heroines in the operas of Richard Wagner.


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Flagstaff, Arizona (pop. 52,894), is a retail and transportation center near the San Francisco Mountains in northern Arizona.


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Flaherty, Robert Joseph (1884-1951), was a pioneer American filmmaker.


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Flahiff, George Bernard Cardinal (1905-1989), archbishop of Winnipeg, Manitoba, was appointed a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church in 1969 by Pope Paul VI. He became the first Canadian cardinal named in a province west of Ontario.


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Flail, is a hand implement used to thresh small grain crops such as wheat, barley, and oats.


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Flame test is a way of identifying a chemical element by the color of the light it gives off when held in a flame.


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Flame thrower is a weapon of war that shoots a stream of burning fuel much as a fire hose squirts water.


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Flamenco, is a type of dance and music originally associated with the Gypsies of southern Spain.


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Flamingo, is a bird known for its long, stiltlike legs and curved bill and neck.


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Flanagan, Edward Joseph (1886-1948), a Roman Catholic priest, founded Boys Town (now Girls and Boys Town) near Omaha, Nebraska, in 1917.


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Flanders, is a part of northern Europe that was a separate political unit until modern times.


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Flanders Field is a United States military cemetery near Waregem, Belgium.


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Flashlight is a portable electric light in a metal, fiber, or plastic case.


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Flat-coated retriever is a breed of medium-sized dog often used for hunting, flushing, and retrieving game from land and water.


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Flat tax is a term used to describe any proposal that would flatten tax rates and eliminate most tax exemptions.


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Flatboat is a large, raftlike barge used to haul freight and passengers.


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Flatfish is the name of a large group of valuable food fishes that includes the halibut, flounder, and sole.


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Flatfoot is an inherited condition in which the long arch of the foot appears to be flat or collapsed.


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Flatley, Michael (1958-...), is an American dancer best known for his lead role in the Irish dance production Riverdance (1994).


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Flaubert, Gustave, (1821-1880), was a French writer whose novels contain some of the most vivid and lifelike characters and descriptions in literature.


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Flax is a plant raised for its fiber and seed.


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Flea, is a small, wingless insect that lives on mammals and birds and sucks blood for food.


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Fleabane is the name of a group of plants found throughout the world.


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Fleet Prison, a historic London jail, took its name from its location near Fleet stream.


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Fleming, Sir Alexander (1881-1955), was a British bacteriologist at St. Mary's Hospital at the University of London.


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Fleming, Ian Lancaster (1908-1964), an English novelist, became one of the most popular authors of the mid-1900's.


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Fleming, Sir Sandford (1827-1915), a Canadian civil engineer, built the Intercolonial Railway, which connected New Brunswick and Nova Scotia with Quebec.


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Flemings are a group of people who live in northern Belgium.


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Flesh is the name given to the soft tissues or parts of the body of human beings and of most animals with backbones.


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Fletcher, John (1579-1625), was an English playwright.


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Fletcher v. Peck, an 1810 Supreme Court case, marked the first time the Supreme Court of the United States interpreted the contract clause of the U.S. Constitution.


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Fleur-de-lis, is a French name that literally means flower of the lily, but actually refers to the iris.


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Flexner, Abraham (1866-1959), became a leading authority on higher education, especially in the field of medicine.


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Flicker is the name of several species of woodpeckers that live in North America and South America.


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Flin Flon is a town on the border of Manitoba and Saskatchewan.


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Flinders River is the longest river in Queensland, Australia.


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Flint (pop. 124,943; met. area pop. 436,141) is Michigan's fourth largest city.


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Flint is a hard rock that ranges in color from brown to dark gray to black.


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Flintlock was a firing mechanism used in pistols, muskets, and other firearms from about 1620 to the mid-1800's.


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Flood is a body of water that covers normally dry land.


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Flooring is the general name given to all materials used to cover floors.


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Flora is the name given to the plant life of a particular period of time or part of the world.


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Florence (pop. 403,294) is an Italian city that became famous as the birthplace of the Renaissance.


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Flores, Island (pop. 4,367), famed for its abundant foliage, is the westernmost island of the Portuguese Azores.


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Florey, Lord (1898-1968), a British bacteriologist, helped develop with Ernst B. Chain the antibiotic penicillin (see Antibiotic; Penicillin).


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Floriculture, is the art, science, and business of growing ornamental plants.


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Florida is one of the leading tourist states in the United States.


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Florida, University of, is a combined state and land-grant university in Gainesville, Fla.


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Florida Keys are a group of small islands or reefs that stretch in a curved line about 150 miles (241 kilometers) long from Biscayne Bay at Miami southwest into the Gulf of Mexico.


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Florida panther is a large mammal that lives in the forests and swamps of southern Florida.


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Florida State University is a state-controlled coeducational school in Tallahassee, Fla.


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Florin, is a type of coin first made in the Italian city of Florence in 1252.


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Florissant, Fossil Beds National Monument is near Florissant, Colo.


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Flotation, process is used to separate valuable minerals from each other or from other minerals with which they are mixed.


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Flotsam,  jetsam, and lagan, are terms used to describe goods in the sea.


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Flounder is the name of a group of saltwater flatfishes.


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Flour is a powdery food made by grinding grain.


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Flour beetle is any of several small, reddish, flattened beetles that breed in flour, meal, and other grain products.


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Flower is a blossom or an entire plant that is known for its blossoms.


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Flowering maple is the common name for about 90 kinds of herbs and shrubs that grow in temperate regions of Africa, Asia, and North and South America.


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Flowering tobacco is the name of several annual and perennial plants in the nightshade family.


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Flowerpecker is the name of a group of small birds with short legs and tails.


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Floyd, William (1734-1821), an American statesman, was a New York signer of the Declaration of Independence in 1776.


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Flugelhorn is a brass musical instrument that resembles a large cornet and has the same general range of about 21/2 octaves.


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Fluid is any substance that flows easily.


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Fluid mechanics is the study of how fluids--liquids and gases--behave at rest and in motion.


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Fluke is any one of a large group of parasitic flatworms (see Flatworm).


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Fluorescence, is a process by which a variety of substances give off light or another form of electromagnetic radiation when they absorb energy.


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Fluorescent, lamp is a tube-shaped electric light that has wide use in factories, offices, and schools.


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Fluoridation is the addition of a chemical called fluoride to water supplies to help teeth resist decay.


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Fluorite, also called fluorspar or fluor, is a common mineral composed of calcium and fluorine.


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Fluoroscopy, is a diagnostic medical procedure that uses X rays.


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Flute is a woodwind instrument that serves as a soprano voice in many bands, orchestras, and woodwind groups.


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Flux, in chemistry, is any substance that lowers the melting point of a substance to which it is added.


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Fly is an insect with one pair of well-developed wings.


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Flycatcher is the name of several groups of birds that catch insects in the air.


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Flying dragon is the name commonly given to the so-called flying lizards of southeastern Asia and the East Indies.


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Flying Dutchman is a ghost ship in folklore.


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Flying fox is a kind of large bat, not a fox.


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Flying lemur, or colugo, is a mammal of Southeast Asia.


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Flying squirrel is a squirrel that can glide through the air.


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Flying Tigers was the popular name for the American Volunteer Group, a small force of volunteer U.S. aviators who became widely known as one of the most colorful groups of World War II (1939-1945).


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Flyingfish is a type of fish that throws itself from the water with the motion of its strong tail.


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Flynn, Elizabeth Gurley (1890-1964), was an American labor leader.


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Flynn, John (1880-1951), was an Australian Presbyterian minister who gained worldwide fame for his work with the Australian Inland Mission and the Royal Flying Doctor Service.


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Flywheel is a heavy wheel attached to the shaft of an engine to keep its speed nearly constant.


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Foch, Ferdinand, (1851-1929), a French military leader, was acclaimed by many as the greatest Allied general of World War I. He became supreme Allied commander in April 1918, when a powerful German drive across France seemed on the verge of victory.


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Foehn, is a warm, dry wind that blows down a mountainside.


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Fog is a collection of tiny water droplets that float in the air.


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Fokine, Michel, (1880-1942), was a great Russian choreographer (dance creator).


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Fokker, Anthony Herman Gerard (1890-1939), was a Dutch engineer, pilot, and aircraft manufacturer.


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Foley, Thomas Stephen (1929-...), a Democrat from the state of Washington, served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1965 to 1995.


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Folger Shakespeare Library, in Washington, D.C., houses one of the most important collections of books on British civilization from about 1485 to 1715.


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Folio, is the name printers and publishers use for a sheet of paper folded once, making four pages, front and back.


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Folk art is a term that refers to the work of painters, sculptors, and craftworkers who have little or no training as artists.


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Folk dancing is the traditional form of social dancing of a nation or ethnic group.


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Folk music consists of a people's traditional songs and melodies.


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Folklore is any of the beliefs, customs, and traditions that people pass on from generation to generation.


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Follies are buildings and monuments of various kinds, generally erected purely as decorations.


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Folsom point, a type of prehistoric spearhead, was the first evidence that human beings lived in North America during the Ice Age.


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Fonda, Henry (1905-1982), was an American stage and motion-picture actor.


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Fonda, Jane (1937-...), is an American motion-picture actress.


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Fong, Hiram Leong (1906-...), a Republican from Hawaii, was the first Asian American to serve in the United States Senate.


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Fontainebleau, (pop. 18,037), a small city in northern France, is famous for a magnificent chateau (castle) that stands in a nearby forest.


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Fontane, Theodor (1819-1898), a German author, became known for his realistic and critical novels about Prussian society during the 1800's.


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Fontanne, Lynn (1887-1983), was an American actress.


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Food, Frozen. Freezing is one of the best ways to preserve foods.


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Food additive is any substance that a consumer, a chef, or a food manufacturer adds to a food.


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Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations.


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Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services.


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Food for Peace is a United States government program that gives agricultural assistance to other countries.


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Food poisoning is illness that results from eating food that is contaminated by microorganisms or chemicals, or that is poisonous in itself.


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Food preservation is the term used to describe any process used to slow the normal decay of food.


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Food Stamp Program is a United States government plan to help low-income households buy more and better food than they normally could afford.


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Food supply is the total amount of food available to all the people in the world.


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Foot is a unit of length in the inch-pound system of measurement customarily used in the United States.


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Foot is the structure at the end of the leg, on which humans and some animals stand.


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Foot, Michael (1913-...), served as the leader of Britain's Labour Party from 1980 to 1983.


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Foot-and-mouth disease is a highly contagious viral disease of cattle, sheep, hogs, and other animals with cloven (divided) hoofs.


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Foot-candle is a unit of measurement of illumination, the amount of light that falls on an object.


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Foot-pound is a unit of work and energy in the inch-pound system of measurement customarily used in the United States.


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Football, also called American football, is an exciting team sport played chiefly in the United States and Canada.


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Foote, Andrew Hull (1806-1863), was a Union Navy officer during the Civil War.


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Footnote is a note printed in small type at the bottom of a page or at the end of a chapter or book.


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Footprinting is a system of identification similar to fingerprinting.


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Forbes, Esther (1891-1967), was an American author.


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Forbes, George (1869-1947), was the prime minister of New Zealand in 1930 as leader of the United Party and also in 1931 during the coalition administration that followed the election.


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Force bill was any of several measures passed or considered by the United States Congress that authorized the use of military power to enforce federal law.


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Ford is a place where a stream or river can be crossed.


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Ford, Ford Madox (1873-1939), was an English author of complex and symbolic novels which show the influence of the psychological novels of Henry James.


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Ford, Gerald Rudolph (1913-...), was the only vice president of the United States to become president upon the resignation of a chief executive.


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Ford, Hannibal Choate (1877-1955), an American inventor and engineer, developed equipment to control the range and accuracy of gunfire.


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Ford, Henry (1863-1947), was the leading manufacturer of American automobiles in the early 1900's.


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Ford, Henry, II (1917-1987), was an American automobile manufacturer who reorganized the Ford Motor Company during the 1940's and rescued it from near bankruptcy.


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Ford, John (1586-1640?), was an English playwright.


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Ford, John (1895-1973), became the first motion-picture director to win Academy Awards for four movies.


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Ford, Wendell Hampton (1924-...), a Democrat from Kentucky, was a member of the United States Senate from 1974 to 1999.


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Ford Foundation is one of the world's largest foundations.


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Ford Motor Company, a giant of American industry, is the world's second largest automotive manufacturer.


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Foreign aid refers to the money, goods, or services that governments and private organizations give to help other nations and their people.


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Foreign correspondent reports the news from important places in other countries.


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Foreign Legion is one of the world's most colorful and gallant fighting forces.


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Foreign policy refers to the relations of a nation with other nations in an attempt to achieve a set of objectives.


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Foreign Policy Association (FPA) is a national organization whose purpose is to increase the interest and understanding of Americans in world affairs.


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Foreign Service is the principal organization through which the international affairs of the United States government are conducted.


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Foreign trade zone is an area in the United States where importers may store, exhibit, and process foreign goods without paying customs duties (import taxes).


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Foreman, George (1949-...), an American boxer, became the oldest fighter to win the heavyweight championship.


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Foreordination, is the belief that every event is foreordained, or decreed beforehand, by God.


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Forest is a large area of land covered with trees.


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Forest products have long provided people with food, shelter, clothing, and fuel.


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Forest Service is an agency of the United States Department of Agriculture.


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Forester, Cecil Scott (1899-1966), was an English novelist who won fame for his fictional creation of Horatio Hornblower, a British naval hero of the 1800's.


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Forestry is the science of managing forest resources for human benefit.


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Forfeiture, is a legal punishment or penalty by which a person who is guilty of wrongdoing or who has breached a contract or condition loses some right or possession.


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Forgery, is deliberately tampering with a written paper for the purpose of deceit or fraud.


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Forget-me-not is a plant that belongs to the borage family.


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Forging is a process in which metal is shaped by being heated and then hammered or pressed.


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Formaldehyde is probably most familiar as the active ingredient in the solution used to preserve insects and other biological specimens.


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Formic acid is an important industrial chemical.


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Forrest, Edwin (1806-1872), was probably the first important actor in the history of American theater.


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Forrest, Nathan Bedford (1821-1877), was a Confederate general in the American Civil War.


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Forrestal, James Vincent (1892-1949), was the first United States secretary of defense.


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Forrest is the family name of two brothers, born in Australia, who did much for Australian exploration and politics.


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Forster, E. M. (1879-1970), was an English novelist, essayist, and literary critic. His novels show his interest in personal relationships and in the social, psychological, and racial obstacles to such relationships.


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Forsythe, William (1949-...), is an American-born dancer and choreographer.


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Forsythia, is a shrub that belongs to the olive family.


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Fort originally was a fortified building or place that provided defense against attack.


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Fort Belvoir, Virginia, is the site of more than 100 administrative, research, academic, and logistical Department of Defense and Army agencies.


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Fort Benning, Georgia, is the site of the United States Army Infantry Center.


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Fort Bliss, Texas, houses the United States Army Air Defense Artillery Center and School.


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Fort Bragg, North Carolina, is the home of airborne combat units of the United States Army.


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Fort Dearborn, a famous American fort, was built near the mouth of the Chicago River, close to Chicago's present Michigan Avenue Bridge.


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Fort-de-France, (pop. 99,844), is the capital of Martinique, an island in the West Indies that is an overseas department of France.


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Fort Dix, New Jersey, is a center of training for both reserve and active-duty members of the Army and other United States armed services.


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Fort Duquesne, was built by the French in 1754 at the headwaters of the Ohio River near what is now Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.


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Fort Eustis, Virginia, houses the United States Army Transportation Center.


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Fort Frederica, National Monument is on Saint Simons Island in Georgia.


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Fort George G. Meade, Maryland, houses the headquarters of the First United States Army and the National Security Agency. The fort covers about 5,400 acres (2,200 hectares) and lies about 15 miles (24 kilometers) northeast of Washington, D.C. The post was


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Fort Gordon, Georgia, is the home of the United States Army Signal School and the Dwight D. Eisenhower Medical Center.


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Fort Hood, Texas, houses some of the armored units of the United States Army.


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Fort Knox, Kentucky, houses the United States Army Armor Center.


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Fort Lauderdale, (pop. 152,397; met. area pop. 1,623,018), is a major resort city in Florida.


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Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, is the home of the United States Army Combined Arms Center.


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Fort Lee, Virginia, is the home of the United States Army Quartermaster Center and School, the Army Logistics Center, and the Army Logistics Management College.


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Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri, is the home of the United States Army's Engineer Center and School.


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Fort Matanzas, National Monument is near St. Augustine, Florida.


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Fort McClellan, was a United States Army training center in Alabama.


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Fort McHenry National Monument and Historic Shrine is in Baltimore.


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Fort McPherson, Georgia, serves as the headquarters of the United States Army Forces Command.


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Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, is the headquarters of the United States Army Communications-Electronics Command.


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Fort Monroe, Virginia, is the headquarters of the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command.


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Fort Moultrie, is an American fort on Sullivan's Island at the main entrance to Charleston Harbor, S.C. Settlers first called it Fort Sullivan.


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Fort Necessity was a small, circular log stockade built by George Washington in 1754 in southwestern Pennsylvania.


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Fort Niagara was built by the French in 1726 on land bought from the Seneca Indians.


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Fort Peck Dam, on the Missouri River in northeastern Montana, is one of the largest earth-fill dams in the world.


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Fort Pickens was a United States military post on Santa Rosa Island near Pensacola, Florida.


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Fort Pulaski, National Monument is on the coast of Georgia.


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Fort Randall Dam is part of a large-scale federal program for the development of the Missouri River basin.


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Fort Riley, Kansas, is the home of the United States Army's First Infantry Division.


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Fort Rucker, Alabama, houses the United States Army Aviation Center.


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Fort Sam Houston, Texas, houses the headquarters of the Fifth United States Army.


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Fort Shafter, Hawaii, serves as the headquarters of the United States Army Western Command.


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Fort Sill, Oklahoma, is the site of the United States Army Field Artillery Center and School.


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Fort Smith (pop. 80,268; met. area pop. 207,290) is the most important manufacturing center in Arkansas and the state's second largest city.


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Fort Stanwix National Monument, in Rome, N.Y., was authorized in 1935 as a memorial to the Revolutionary War in America (1775-1783) and United States colonial history.


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Fort Sumter was the site of the first shot fired in the American Civil War (1861-1865).


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Fort Sumter National Monument lies in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina.


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Fort Supply Dam is a federal flood-control project in northwestern Oklahoma.


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Fort Ticonderoga, on the western shore of Lake Champlain in New York state, was a stronghold during the Revolutionary War in America (1775-1783).


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Fort Union National Monument is near Watrous, N. Mex.


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Fort Wayne (pop. 205,727; met. area pop. 502,141) is a commercial and industrial center in northeastern Indiana.


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Fort Worth, Texas (pop. 534,694; met. area pop. 1,702,625), is a major industrial city and one of the nation's chief aircraft producers.


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Fortaleza, (pop. 1,824,911; met. area pop. 2,119,774), is a city on the northeast coast of Brazil.


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Fortas, Abe (1910-1982), was appointed an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States by President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1965.


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Forten, James (1766-1842), was an African American businessman who won fame as an abolitionist during the early 1800's.


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Fortuna, was the goddess of luck in Roman mythology.


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Fortunetelling is the practice of predicting future events by methods generally considered illogical and unscientific.


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Forty-Niners were gold-seekers who rushed to California after gold was discovered there in 1848.


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Forum, Roman, was the section of ancient Rome that served as the center of government.


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Foscolo, Ugo (1778-1827), was an Italian author.


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Fosdick, Harry Emerson (1878-1969), became one of the best-known Protestant preachers in the United States.


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Foss, Joseph Jacob (1915-...), was a leading United States fighter pilot in the South Pacific during World War II (1939-1945).


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Fossey, Dian (1932-1985), was an American zoologist who studied the mountain gorillas of the Virunga Mountains in east-central Africa.


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Fossil is the mark or remains of an organism that lived thousands or millions of years ago.


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Fossil Butte, National Monument, an area of rare fish fossils, is in southwestern Wyoming.


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Foster, Sir George Eulas (1847-1931), was an outstanding Canadian statesman.


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Foster, Stephen Collins (1826-1864), was one of America's best-loved songwriters.


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Foster care provides children or adults with supervision and a place to live outside their usual home setting.


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Foucault, Jean Bernard Leon, (1819-1868), a French physicist, used a revolving mirror to measure the speed of light.


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Foucault, Michel, (1926-1984), was a French philosopher and historian.


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Foundations are nongovernmental, nonprofit organizations that aid educational, social, charitable, religious, or other activities.


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Founding Fathers were American statesmen of the revolutionary period (late 1700's), particularly those who wrote the Constitution of the United States.


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Foundry is a plant where workers make molded metal products called castings.


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Fountain is a jet or stream of water that rises naturally or artificially as a result of pressure.


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Fountain of Youth was an imaginary spring.


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Four Corners is the only place in the United States where four states meet.


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4-H is an educational program that helps young people develop new skills, explore possible career choices, and serve their communities.


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Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, are beings mentioned in the sixth chapter of the last book of the New Testament of the Bible, The Revelation of St. John the Divine.


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Four-o'clock, also called the marvel-of-Peru, is an attractive perennial from tropical America.


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Fourier, Charles (1772-1837), was an important French socialist.


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Fourteen Points were a set of principles proposed by United States President Woodrow Wilson as the basis for ending World War I (1914-1918) and for keeping the peace.


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Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States forbids the states to deny any citizen the rights granted by federal law.


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Fourth dimension. We usually think of space as having three dimensions: length, width, and height.


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Foveaux, Strait is a narrow channel that separates Stewart Island from South Island in New Zealand.


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Fourth estate is a name often given to the newspaper profession.


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Fox is a bushy-tailed, sharp-snouted member of the dog family.


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Fox, Charles James (1749-1806), a brilliant English statesman and speaker, was a friend of the American Colonies in their fight for freedom.


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Fox, George (1624-1691), an English religious leader, founded the Society of Friends, or Quakers, about 1647.


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Fox, Paula (1923-...), an American author, won the 1974 Newbery Medal for her children's novel The Slave Dancer.


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Fox, Terry (1958-1981), was a courageous young Canadian athlete.


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Fox hunting, also called riding to hounds, is a sport that originated in England in about the middle 1700's.


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Fox trot is a ballroom dance that first became popular in the United States about 1914.


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Foxglove is the name for a group of plants native to Europe, northern Africa, and western and central Asia.


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Foxtail barley is a troublesome weed found throughout North America.


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Foxx, Jimmie (1907-1967), became one of the leading home run hitters in baseball history.


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Foyt, A. J. (1935-...), became one of the greatest drivers in auto racing history. Foyt won the national Indy car championship seven times.


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Fractal, is a complex geometric figure made up of patterns that repeat themselves at smaller and smaller scales.


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Fragmentation, is the breaking of any material into small pieces.


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Fragonard, Jean Honore, (1732-1806), a French painter, was one of the most versatile artists of the 1700's.


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France, Anatole, (1844-1924), was the pen name of Jacques Anatole Francois Thibault, a French novelist and critic.


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Franchise, is the right to sell certain products or services for a particular period at a specific location.


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Francis I (1494-1547) of France became king in 1515.


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Francis II (1768-1835) was the last Holy Roman emperor.


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Francis, Dick (1920-...), is a British author of mystery novels, most with horse-racing backgrounds.


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Francis de Sales, Saint (1567-1622), was a French nobleman.


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Francis Joseph (1830-1916), also spelled Franz Josef, was the aged ruler of the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary at the beginning of World War I (1914-1918).


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Francis of Assisi, Saint (1181 or 1182-1226), founded the Franciscans, a Roman Catholic religious order.


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Franciscans are members of a variety of Roman Catholic religious orders that take their inspiration and rule (program of life) from Saint Francis of Assisi.


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Francium, is a radioactive element produced in certain nuclear reactions.


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Franck, Cesar (1822-1890), was a French composer, organist, and teacher.


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Franco, Francisco (1892-1975), was dictator of Spain from 1939 until his death in 1975.


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Franco-Prussian War began in 1870 as a result of a dispute between France and Prussia, a German state.


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Frank, Anne (1929-1945), a German-Jewish girl, wrote a vivid, tender diary while hiding from the Nazis during World War II.


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Frankenstein is a famous horror novel written by the English author Mary Shelley.


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Frankenthaler, Helen (1928-...), is a leading American painter.


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Frankfort (pop. 27,741) is the capital of Kentucky.


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Frankfurt, (pop. 644,865), is the transportation hub of Germany.


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Frankfurter, Felix (1882-1965), served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1939 until he retired in 1962.


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Frankincense is a fragrant gum resin used as a raw material for perfumes.


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Franking and penalty privileges are ways of sending official matter through the United States mails without prepayment of postage.


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Franklin, Aretha (1942-...), an American rhythm and blues singer, ranks among the best-selling female artists in the history of recorded music.


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Franklin, Benjamin (1706-1790), was a jack-of-all-trades and master of many.


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Franklin, Sir John (1786-1847), an English explorer, led several expeditions to the Arctic region.


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Franklin, John Hope (1915-...), an American historian, has written many books about African Americans.


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Franklin, Rosalind Elsie (1920-1958), was a British chemist and molecular biologist.


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Franklin, State of, was never admitted to the Union.


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Franklin River is a river in southwestern Tasmania, Australia.


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Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial honors Franklin D. Roosevelt, who led the United States through the Great Depression and World War II during his long presidency from 1933 to 1945.


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Franklin Institute is a science education institution in Philadelphia.


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Franks were members of a confederation of Germanic peoples that attacked the Roman Empire beginning in the A.D. 200's.


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Franz Josef Land is a group of about 85 islands in the Arctic Ocean, north of Novaya Zemlya.


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Fraser, Douglas Andrew (1916-...), was an American labor leader.


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Fraser, James Earle (1876-1953), an American sculptor, created many public and architectural sculptures.


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Fraser, Malcolm (1930-...), served as prime minister of Australia from 1975 to 1983.


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Fraser, Peter (1884-1950), was prime minister of New Zealand from 1940 to 1948.


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Fraser, Simon (1776-1862), was a fur trader and explorer in what is now the Canadian province of British Columbia.


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Fraser River is a waterway in British Columbia that is famous for its salmon fisheries.


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Fraternal organization is an association set up to provide companionship or economic benefits for its members and, in many cases, to perform community service.


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Fraternity is a society of college or university students and graduates.


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Fraud is an intentional untruth or a dishonest scheme used to take deliberate and unfair advantage of another person or group of persons.


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Fraunces, Tavern is famous as the place where George Washington said farewell to his officers on Dec. 4, 1783.


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Frazer, Sir James George (1854-1941), a Scottish anthropologist, wrote the famous Golden Bough.


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Frazier, Edward Franklin (1894-1962), a sociologist, was a leading authority on black life in the United States.


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Frederic, Harold (1856-1898), played an important part in the rise of realism in American fiction.


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Frederick I (1121?-1190), called Barbarossa or Red Beard, succeeded his uncle Conrad III as king of Germany in 1152.


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Frederick II (1194-1250), called Stupor Mundi (The Amazement of the World), was one of the most brilliant rulers of the Middle Ages.


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Frederick II (1712-1786), the third king of Prussia, became known as Frederick the Great.


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Frederick III (1831-1888), the only son of Wilhelm I, became king of Prussia and German emperor in 1888.


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Frederick William (1620-1688), often called the Great Elector, ruled the German state of Brandenburg from 1640 to 1688.


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Frederick William I (1688-1740) served as king of Prussia from 1713 until his death.


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Fredericksburg, Virginia (pop. 19,279), is one of the most historic cities in the United States.


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Fredericton (pop. 46,507) is the capital of the Canadian province of New Brunswick.


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Frederik, also spelled Frederick, is the name of two kings of Denmark who were members of the House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glucksburg.


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Free city is an independent or nearly independent city-state with its own government.


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Free Methodist Church is a religious denomination.


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Free-piston engine, sometimes called a gasifier, generates hot gases usually used to run a turbine.


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Free silver was a plan to put more money in circulation in the United States by coining silver dollars.


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Free Soil Party was a political group organized in Buffalo, N.Y., in 1848.


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Free trade is the policy of permitting the people of a country to buy and sell where they please without restrictions.


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Free trade zone is an area in a country where goods can be imported without paying customs duties (import taxes).


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Free verse is a style of poetry that does not follow traditional rules of poetry composition.


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Free will is a term for the free choice most of us assume we have in making decisions.


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Freedmen's Bureau was an agency created by the United States Congress to help the slaves freed at the end of the Civil War (1861-1865).


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Freedom is the ability to make choices and to carry them out.


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Freedom Day, National, falls on February 1.


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Freedom of assembly is the right of people to gather peacefully to exchange ideas or to protest social, economic, or political conditions and demand reform.


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Freedom of Information Act is a law that authorizes anyone to examine most of the records of agencies in the executive branch of the United States government.


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Freedom of religion is the right of a person to believe in and practice whatever faith he or she chooses.


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Freedom of speech is the right to speak out publicly or privately.


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Freedom of the press is the right to publish facts, ideas, and opinions without interference from the government or from private groups.


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Freeman, Douglas Southall (1886-1953), a United States historian and editor, became a leading authority on the history of the Confederacy.


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Freeman, Mary Eleanor Wilkins (1852-1930), was an American author.


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Freeman, Orville Lothrop (1918-...), served as secretary of agriculture from 1961 to 1969, under Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson.


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Freer Gallery of Art, in Washington, D.C., is a government museum famous for its collections of Asian art.


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Freesia, is the name of about 20 species of plants with fragrant, colorful flowers.


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Freethinker is a person who refuses to accept the authority of a church or the Bible.


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Freetown (pop. 469,776) is the seaport capital of Sierra Leone.


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Freeze-drying is a method of preserving substances by removing water from them.


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Freezing point is the temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a solid.


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Freight is raw materials or manufactured goods transported from one place to another.


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Frejus, Tunnels are two tunnels--one a railroad tunnel and the other a motor-traffic tunnel--that connect the Italian province of Turin with the French province of Savoy.


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Fremont, John Charles (1813-1890), sometimes called "The Pathfinder," explored much of the area between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Ocean.


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French, Daniel Chester (1850-1931), was one of the most famous American sculptors of his time.


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French, John Alexander (1914-1942), an Australian corporal, was awarded the Victoria Cross for heroic action in World War II (1939-1945).


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French, John Denton Pinkstone (1852-1925), Earl of Ypres, commanded the first units of British soldiers sent to France in World War I (1914-1918).


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French Academy is a French organization of intellectuals.


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French and Indian wars were four wars fought one after another in North America between 1689 and 1763.


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French bulldog is a strong, heavy little dog.


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French Equatorial Africa was a federation of four French colonies in central Africa.


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French Guiana, is an overseas department (administrative district) of France on the northeastern coast of South America.


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French horn is a brass musical instrument.


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French language is the official language of France, its overseas territories, and associated states.


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French literature is one of the world's richest and most influential national literatures.


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French Polynesia, is an overseas territory of France in the South Pacific Ocean.


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French Revolution brought about great changes in the society and government of France.


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French Southern and Antarctic Territories are overseas possessions of France.


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French West Africa was a federation of eight territories in western Africa.


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French West Indies consist of several small islands at the eastern end of the Caribbean Sea.


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Freneau, Philip (1752-1832), was an American poet and journalist.


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Frequency modulation, usually called simply FM, is a method of sending sound signals on radio waves.


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Fresco, is a painting made on damp plaster, using pigments mixed with water.


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Fresno, (pop. 427,652; met. area pop. 922,516), is the main marketing, distribution, and financial center of central California.


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Freud, Anna (1895-1982), was an Austrian-born leader in the field of child psychoanalysis, the treatment of mental illness in children.


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Freud, Sigmund (1856-1939), was an Austrian physician who revolutionized ideas on how the human mind works.


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Frey, also called Freyr pronounced frayr, was the god of agriculture and fertility in Norse mythology.


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Freyja, was the goddess of love and fertility in Norse mythology.


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Friar is the title applied to a member of one of the Roman Catholic religious orders of men who originally lived as mendicants (beggars).


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Frick Collection, in New York City, is one of the world's great art museums.


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Friction is the property that objects have which makes them resist being moved across one another.


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Friedan, Betty (1921-...), is considered the founder of the women's liberation movement in the United States.


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Friedman, Milton (1912-...), is an American economist whose controversial theories sparked widespread debate.


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Friel, Brian (1929-...), is a popular Irish dramatist.


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Frietchie, Barbara, is the name of a woman who supposedly acted bravely to protect the Union flag against Confederate troops in 1862.


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Frigate, is a warship used chiefly to escort amphibious and merchant ships.


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Frigatebird, is a sea bird with a large wingspread and unusually great powers of flight.


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Friml, Rudolf (1879-1972), was one of the most popular composers of operettas of the early 1900's.


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Frisbee, is a plastic, saucer-shaped disk that skims through the air when flipped with the hand.


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Frisch, Karl von (1886-1982), an Austrian zoologist, was a pioneer in the field of animal behavior.


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Frisch, Max (1911-1991), a Swiss author, became one of the leading writers in the German-speaking world after World War II.


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Frisch, Ragnar, (1895-1973), a Norwegian economist, shared the 1969 Nobel Prize in economics with Jan Tinbergen of the Netherlands.


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Fritillary, is the common name for a genus (group) of herbs that belong to the lily family.


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Frobel, Friedrich Wilhelm August, (1782-1852), was a German educator who founded the kindergarten movement.


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Frobisher, Sir Martin (1535?-1594), was one of the first English navigators to search for a Northwest Passage to India and eastern Asia.


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Frog is a small, tailless animal with bulging eyes.


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Froissart, Jean, (1337?-after 1404), was a French historian and poet who is best known for his Chronicles (1369-1400?).


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Fromm, Erich (1900-1980), was a German-born social philosopher and psychoanalyst.


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Fronde, was a series of revolts against the French monarchy.


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Frontenac, Comte de, (1620-1698), was governor general of New France, the French empire in North America, in the late 1600's.


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Frost is a pattern of ice crystals formed from water vapor on grass, windowpanes, and other exposed surfaces near the ground.


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Frost, Robert Lee (1874-1963), became the most popular American poet of his time.


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Frostbite is an injury that results from overexposure of the skin to extreme cold.


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Fructose is a sugar produced by nearly all fruits and by many vegetables.


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Fruit is the part of a flowering plant that contains the plant's seeds.


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Fruit fly is any of several kinds of flies whose larvae eat their way through different fruits.


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Fry, Christopher (1907-...), is an English playwright.


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Fry, Elizabeth Gurney (1780-1845), a British reformer, was among the first to insist that prisoners need help rather than punishment in becoming good citizens.


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Frye, Northrop (1912-1991), was a Canadian literary and social critic.


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Fuchs, Sir Vivian Ernest (1908-1999), was a British geologist and Antarctic expert.


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Fuchsia, is a house and garden plant that is widely cultivated in North America and Europe.


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Fuel is a material that provides useful energy.


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Fuel cell is a device that converts chemical energy to electrical energy.


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Fuel injection is a system for squirting fuel into the cylinders of gasoline and diesel engines.


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Fuentes, Carlos (1928-...), is Mexico's best-known fiction writer and an important figure in Spanish-American literature.


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Fugard, Athol, (1932-...), is a South African playwright.


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Fugitive slave laws were laws that provided for the return of runaway slaves who escaped from one state to another.


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Fugue, is a musical composition in which several voices or instruments repeat a number of melodies with slight variations.


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Fulani, are a people of the grassy regions of western Africa.


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Fulbright, J. William (1905-1995), an Arkansas Democrat, served in the United States Senate from 1945 to 1974. He was chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee from 1959 to 1974.


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Fulbright Scholarship is an award by the United States government for research, teaching, or graduate study.


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Fuller, Buckminster (1895-1983), was an American engineer and inventor who sought to express the technology and needs of modern life in buildings and enclosures of space.


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Fuller, Margaret (1810-1850), was an American journalist and reformer.


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Fuller, Melville Weston (1833-1910), served as chief justice of the United States from 1888 to 1910.


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Fuller's earth is a clay-rich material used mainly as a cleaner and purifier.


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Fulmar, an ocean bird, is one of the petrels.


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Fulton, Robert (1765-1815), was an American inventor, mechanical and civil engineer, and artist.


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Fumarole, is a hole or vent in the ground that gives off volcanic gases.


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Fumigation, is a method of killing pests that involves the use of toxic gases.


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Funafuti, (pop. 2,800), is the capital of Tuvalu, a small island country in the South Pacific Ocean.


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Funchal, (pop. 99,244), is the capital, largest city, and chief port of the Madeira Islands.


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Fundamentalism, is a broad movement within Protestantism in the United States.


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Funeral customs are special ceremonies performed after a person dies.


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Fungal, disease is any sickness caused by fungi.


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Fungi, are organisms that lack chlorophyll, the green coloring matter that many plants use to make food.


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Fungicide, is a substance used to kill or retard the growth of fungi that are harmful to human beings, other animals, or plants.


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Funj Sultanate, was a Muslim empire in what is now Sudan in northeastern Africa.


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Funny bone is not a bone, but a sensitive place at the bend of the elbow.


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Funston, Frederick (1865-1917), an American soldier, played an important part in the overseas expansion of the United States in the 1890's and early 1900's.


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Fur is the thick growth of hair that covers the skin of many kinds of mammals.


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Fur trade was one of the earliest and most important industries in North America.


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Furfural, is a liquid chemical used in many industries.


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Furies, were the terrible goddesses of vengeance in Roman mythology.


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Furlong is a unit of length in the inch-pound system of measurement that is customarily used in the United States.


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Furnace is a device in which heat is produced.


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Furniture consists of chairs, tables, beds, and other pieces that provide comfort and convenience in our daily lives.


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Furtwangler, Wilhelm, (1886-1954), was a noted German orchestra conductor.


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Furze is a spiny shrub native to Europe and Africa.


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Fuse is a device used to cause an explosion.


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Fuse is a device that protects an electric circuit against damage from excessive current.


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Fusion, in physics, is the joining of the nuclei of two atoms to form the nucleus of a heavier element.


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Futurism was an Italian art movement that flourished from 1909 to about 1916.


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Fuzhou, (pop. 1,395,739), also spelled Foo-chow or Fu-chou, is the capital of Fujian Province in China.


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G is the seventh letter of our alphabet.


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G is a symbol used to rate the forces that act on riders in any kind of vehicle, whether an airplane, a spacecraft, or even a Ferris wheel.


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Gabardine, is a fabric woven in such a way that it has diagonal lines of the yarn raised on one side of the cloth.


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Gable, Clark (1901-1960), was a popular romantic star of American motion pictures.


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Gabo, Naum, (1890-1977), was a Russian-born sculptor.


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Gabon, is a small, heavily forested country that lies on the west coast of Africa.


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Gabor, Dennis (1900-1979), a Hungarian-born engineer, invented holography, a method of making three-dimensional photographs.


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Gaborone, (pop. 96,000), is the capital and largest city of Botswana.


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Gades, Antonio (1936-...), is a Spanish dancer and choreographer (creator of dances).


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Gadolinium, is a silver-white metal of the rare-earth group of chemical elements (see Rare earth).


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Gadsden was the family name of two famous South Carolinians, grandfather and grandson.


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Gadsden Purchase. The treaty that ended the Mexican War in 1848 left some doubt about the western part of the boundary between Mexico and the United States.


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Gadwall is a duck found in much of the Northern Hemisphere.


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Gaelic, language belongs to the Celtic branch of the Indo-European family of languages.


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Gaelic literature includes all the writings in Gaelic, the ancient language of Scotland and Ireland.


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Gaels, are members of the Goidelic (Gadhelic) branch of the Celtic-speaking peoples.


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Gagarin, Yuri Alekseyevich, (1934-1968), a Soviet air force pilot, was the first human to travel in space.


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Gage, Thomas (1721-1787), a British general, gave the orders that resulted in the first battle of the Revolutionary War in America.


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Gaia, is the idea that the earth is a living organism which functions as a unified whole to regulate conditions in the air, land, and water.


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Gaillardia, is a type of flower that looks like a daisy with a dark-colored disk and yellow or red rays.


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Gainsborough, Thomas (1727-1788), was one of the greatest British painters.


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Gair, Vincent (1902-1980), was parliamentary leader of the Democratic Labor Party in Australia from 1965 to 1973.


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Gairy, Sir Eric (1922-1997), was prime minister of Grenada from 1974 to 1979.


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Galago, is the name of a group of tree-dwelling African animals known for their ability to leap great distances among branches.


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Galahad, Sir, was the noblest and most virtuous knight in the legends of King Arthur's Round Table in medieval Britain.


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Galapagos, Islands lie in the Pacific Ocean about 600 miles (970 kilometers) west of Ecuador.


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Galarza, Ernesto (1905-1984), was a Mexican-American historian and civil rights leader.


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Galatia, was a region in central Asia Minor, a region that is now central Turkey.


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Galatians, Epistle to the, is the ninth book of the New Testament.


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Galaxy is a system of stars, dust, and gas held together by gravity.


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Galbraith, John Kenneth (1908-...), is an American economist whose skillfully written books sparked widespread interest in economic issues.


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Gale, Zona, (1874-1938), was an American author known for her descriptions of small-town life in the Midwest.


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Galen, (A.D. 129-about 210), became one of the most famous and influential physicians in the history of medicine.


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Galicia, is a region that lies on the north slope of the Carpathian Mountains in southeastern Poland and the western part of Ukraine.


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Galilee, was the northernmost part of Palestine in Roman times.


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Galilee, Sea of, is a small freshwater lake in northern Israel (formerly Palestine).


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Galileo, (1564-1642), an Italian astronomer and physicist, has been called the founder of modern experimental science.


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Galileo is a space probe launched by the United States to observe Jupiter, its moons and rings, and the radiation and magnetism in the neighboring space.


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Gall (1840-1894) was a leader of the Hunkpapa band of the Teton Sioux Indians.


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Gall is an abnormal growth on plants that is often seen as a rounded swelling.


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Gallant, Mavis (1922-...), is a Canadian short-story writer and novelist.


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Gallatin, Albert (1761-1849), was a prominent American statesman and diplomat.


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Gallaudet, is the name of three American educators, father and two sons, who pioneered in the education of deaf people in the United States.


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Gallaudet University, in Washington, D.C., is a private, coeducational liberal arts university for deaf students.


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Gallbladder is a small pouch that stores bile.


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Galleon, was at first an Italian armed merchant ship.


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Galley, was a long, narrow, wooden warship.


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Gallienus, (A.D. 218?-268), was a Roman emperor.


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Gallinule, is a water bird that lives in marshes throughout the world.


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Gallium, is a soft, silver-white metal found throughout the earth's crust.


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Gallon, is a unit of volume and capacity used for liquids.


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Galloway, Joseph (1731-1803), was a prominent Philadelphia lawyer and politician who opposed the Revolutionary War in America (1775-1783).


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Gallup, New Mexico (pop. 20,209), is called the American Indian capital because it is the trading center of Southwest tribes.


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Gallup, George Horace (1901-1984), an American statistician, specialized in public opinion and business surveys.


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Galsworthy, John (1867-1933), an English novelist and playwright, won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1932.


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Galt, Sir Alexander Tilloch, (1817-1893), was one of Canada's Fathers of Confederation.


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Galton, Sir Francis (1822-1911), a British scientist and cousin of Charles Darwin, became known for his research in meteorology, heredity, and anthropology.


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Galvani, Luigi, (1737-1798), an Italian physician and anatomist, discovered that electric currents could cause contractions in muscles and nerves.


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Galvanizing, is the process of coating such metals as iron and steel with a thin protective layer of zinc or zinc alloy.


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Galveston, Texas (pop. 57,247; met. area pop. 250,158), is a seaport on the Gulf of Mexico.


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Galvez, Bernardo de (1746-1786), was governor of the Spanish colony of Louisiana during most of the Revolutionary War in America (1775-1783).


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Galway, (pop. 47,104), is a port city on the west coast of Ireland.


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Gamaliel, was the name of six great ancient Jewish scholars who lived in Palestine.


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Gambia is one of the smallest independent countries in Africa.


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Gamblers Anonymous, also called G.A., is a worldwide organization that works to help men and women who suffer from a driving urge to gamble.


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Gambling is betting on the outcome of a game, event, or chance happening.


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Game is the name given to most wild animals, especially those sought for the sport of hunting or fishing.


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Game is a mental or physical contest played according to rules.


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Game theory is a method of studying decision-making situations in which the choices of two or more individuals or groups influence one another.


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Gamio, Manuel (1883-1960), was a Mexican anthropologist and archaeologist.


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Gamma globulin is one of the classes of proteins found in blood plasma.


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Gamma rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation similar to X rays.


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Gamow, George (1904-1968), was a Russian-born physicist known for his contributions to many fields of science.


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Ganda, are the largest ethnic group in the African nation of Uganda.


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Gandhi, Indira, (1917-1984), was the first woman prime minister of India.


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Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand, (1869-1948), was one of the foremost spiritual and political leaders of the 1900's.


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Gandhi, Rajiv, (1944-1991), was prime minister of India from 1984 to 1989.


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Gang is a group of people who associate with one another for social or criminal reasons.


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Ganges River, is the greatest waterway in India and one of the longest in the world.


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Gangrene, is the death of body tissues from lack of oxygen.


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Gannet, is a large, white sea bird with black-tipped wings.


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Ganymede, was a handsome Trojan prince in Greek mythology.


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Ganymede, a satellite of Jupiter, is the largest moon in the solar system.


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Gap is a narrow valley or gorge cut by a stream across a ridge or mountain.


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Gar, is a fierce, hungry fish that lives chiefly in freshwater lakes and large rivers.


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Garand, rifle, also called the M1 rifle, is a .30-caliber, eight-shot semiautomatic weapon.


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Garbage disposer is an electric machine used in many homes and restaurants to get rid of waste food.


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Garbo, Greta (1905-1990), became one of the most famous actresses in motion-picture history.


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Garcia Iniguez, Calixto, (1839-1898), was a Cuban lawyer and revolutionary general.


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Garcia Lorca, Federico, (1898-1936), was one of the greatest Spanish poets and dramatists.


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Garcia Marquez, Gabriel Jose (1928-...), is a Colombian novelist.


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Garcia Y Iniguez, Calixto, (1839-1898), was a Cuban lawyer and revolutionary general.


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Garden, Mary (1874-1967), a Scottish-born soprano, was considered one of the best singing actresses of her time.


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Garden of the Gods is a scenic park near Colorado Springs, Colo.


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Gardenia is an evergreen shrub or small tree that bears a fragrant, waxy, white flower.


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Gardening is the cultivation of plants, usually in or near the home as a hobby.


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Gardiner, Frank (1831-1890?), was an Australian bushranger.


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Gardner, Erle Stanley (1889-1970), wrote 129 mystery novels that have sold more than 300 million copies throughout the world.


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Gardner, John William (1912-2002), served as United States secretary of health, education, and welfare from 1965 to 1968.


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Garfield, James Abram (1831-1881), was the last president to be born in a log cabin.


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Gargle is a liquid used to soothe sore throats and help prevent the spread of germs.


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Gargoyle, is a decorated waterspout that projects from the upper part of a building or tower.


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Garibaldi, Giuseppe, (1807-1882), was a military hero who fought to create an independent, united Italy.


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Garland, Hamlin (1860-1940), an American author, was one of the finest writers of regional fiction during the late 1800's.


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Garland, Judy (1922-1969), was an American singer and motion-picture actress.


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Garlic is a plant grown for its pungently flavored bulb, which is used to season foods.


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Garneau, Marc (1949-...), was the first Canadian to travel in space.


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Garner, John Nance (1868-1967), served as Vice President of the United States from 1933 to 1941, during the first two terms of President Franklin D. Roosevelt.


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Garnet is any of a group of hard, glassy minerals.


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Garnishment is a legal process by which the credits or property of a debtor, in the hands of a third party, may be held for payment of debts.


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Garrett, Pat (1850-1908), an American frontier rancher and sheriff in the West, is best known for killing the outlaw Billy the Kid (see Billy the Kid).


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Garrick, David (1717-1779), ranks among the greatest British actors.


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Garrison, William Lloyd (1805-1879), was an American journalist and reformer who became famous in the 1830's for his denunciations of slavery.


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Garrison Dam, about 77 miles (124 kilometers) north of Bismarck, N. Dak., is part of the United States government's Missouri River Basin development program.


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Garter, Order of the, is the highest and oldest order of knighthood in Great Britain.


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Garter snake is one of a group of harmless snakes familiar throughout the United States.


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Garvey, Marcus (1887-1940), was a black leader who started a "Back-to-Africa" movement in the United States.


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Gary, Indiana (pop. 102,746; met. area pop. 631,362), is a leading steel-producing center of the United States.


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Gary, Elbert Henry (1846-1927), was an American industrialist and lawyer who helped organize the United States Steel Corporation (now USX Corporation) in 1901.


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Gas is one of the three basic states of matter.


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Gas (fuel) is one of our most important resources.


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Gas chamber is a legal means of execution in some states of the United States.


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Gas mask protects the wearer from breathing harmful gases into the lungs.


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Gas meter is a device for measuring the volume of gas used.


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Gas oil is one of the fractions (parts) into which petroleum is divided by distillation.


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Gascoigne, George (1525?-1577), was an Elizabethan author who pioneered in many literary forms.


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Gascony, an old French province, lies between the Pyrenees Mountains and the Garonne River in southwest France.


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Gascoyne River rises to the north of the Robinson Ranges in Western Australia and flows westward for about 420 miles (680 kilometers).


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Gaskell, Elizabeth (1810-1865), an English writer, is best known for her novel Cranford (1853).


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Gasoline is one of the most important fuels used for transportation.


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Gasoline engine is an engine that uses gasoline as a fuel.


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Gasoline tax is a tax on the purchase of gasoline.


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Gaspe, Peninsula is the mountainous southeastern part of the province of Quebec.


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Gastritis, is an inflammation of the stomach.


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Gastroscope, is an instrument used by physicians to examine the inside of the stomach.


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Gates, Bill (1955-...), is a cofounder and the chairman and chief software architect of Microsoft Corporation.


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Gates, Horatio (1728?-1806), was an American Revolutionary War general.


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Gates of the Arctic National Park is in north-central Alaska.


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Gatling, Richard Jordan (1818-1903), was an American inventor.


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Gatling gun was the first practical, rapid-firing machine gun.


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Gatun, Lake is an artificial body of water, 85 feet (26 meters) above sea level.


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Gaucher's, disease is a severe hereditary disorder that affects the spleen, liver, bones, and, in some forms of the disease, the brain and nerves.


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Gaucho, is the cowboy of the South American pampas, or plains.


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Gaudi, Antonio (1852-1926), was a major Spanish architect.


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Gaudier-Brzeska, Henri, (1891-1915), was a French-born sculptor and artist.


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Gauge, also called gage, is an instrument used for measurement.


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Gauguin, Paul (1848-1903), was a French artist.


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Gaul, is the English name for the region called Gallia by the Romans.


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Gauntlet was a leather glove covered with steel plates that medieval knights wore as part of their armor.


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Gaur, is a wild ox of India, Myanmar, and the Malay Peninsula.


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Gauss, is a unit used to measure the strength of a magnetic field.


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Gauss, Carl Friedrich, (1777-1855), was a great German mathematician.


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Gautier, Theophile, (1811-1872), was a French poet, novelist, and critic.


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Gauze is a thin, open cloth made of cotton, silk, rayon, or synthetic fibers.


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Gavial, is a reptile that looks like a crocodile.


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Gawain, Sir, was the nephew of the legendary King Arthur of medieval Britain and one of the knights first associated with Arthur's story.


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Gawler, George (1795-1869), was governor of South Australia from 1838 to 1841.


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Gay, John (1685-1732), an English playwright and poet, is best known for The Beggar's Opera (1728).


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Gay-Lussac, Joseph Louis (1778-1850), was a French chemist and physicist.


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Gay Nineties was the period of the 1890's in United States history.


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Gaza Strip, is a piece of land that is administered by Palestinians.


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Gazelle, is a slender antelope that is noted for its beauty, grace, and gentleness.


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Gdansk, (pop. 466,500), is a Polish port city 4 miles (6 kilometers) from the Baltic Sea.


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Ge, Indians make up a number of tribes in the dry highland plains of east-central Brazil.


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Gear is a mechanical device that transfers rotating motion and power from one part of a machine to another.


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Gecko, is the name of certain small, harmless lizards that live in warm climates.


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Geelong, (pop. 146,166) is a city and port in Victoria, Australia.


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Gehrig, Lou (1903-1941), was one of the greatest players in baseball history.


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Gehry, Frank (1929-...), is one of the most original and provocative American architects working today.


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Geiger counter, also called Geiger-Muller counter, is an instrument that detects forms of ionizing radiation.


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Geissler tube is a gaseous-discharge tube similar to a neon lamp.


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Gelasius, I, Saint ( ? -496), was elected pope in 492.


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Gelatin, is a protein substance that comes from the skins and bones of animals.


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Gell-Mann, Murray (1929-...), an American physicist, won the 1969 Nobel Prize in physics for his work in classifying subatomic particles and their interactions.


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Gem is a mineral or other material used in jewelry and other ornaments.


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Gemini, is the third sign of the zodiac.


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Gemsbok, also called gemsbuck, is a large antelope related to the roan and sable antelopes.


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Gender. In English, living things are classed as male or female, and things without life as neuter, or sexless.


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Gene, is part of a cell that determines which characteristics living things inherit from their parents.


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Gene mapping is a method of identifying and locating genes on the chromosomes within cells.


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Gene therapy is an experimental technique for treating or preventing diseases by inserting a gene into a patient's cells.


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Genealogy, is the study of family origins based on records of important events in the lives of individuals and their ancestors.


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General is an officer of the highest rank in the armed forces of many countries.


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General Accounting Office (GAO) is an independent agency in the legislative branch of the United States government.


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General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) is a multilateral treaty that aims to promote trade among its members in manufactured and agricultural goods.


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General Electric Company is one of the largest corporations in the United States.


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General Motors Corporation is one of the biggest manufacturers, and the largest producer of automobiles, in the world.


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General Services Administration (GSA) is an independent executive agency of the United States government.


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Generation is a term that refers to a particular group of animals or plants in a line of descent.


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Genesis, is the first book of the Bible.


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Genet, Edmond Charles Edouard, (1763-1834), created the first international crisis for the United States.


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Genet, Jean, (1910-1986), a French author, became known for his violent, complex plays.


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Genetic counseling is a process in which people seek professional help to diagnose, understand, and cope with inherited conditions.


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Genetic engineering is the term applied to techniques that alter the genes (hereditary material) or combination of genes in an organism.


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Genetic testing is a medical evaluation that indicates whether a person's cells contain genetic material associated with an inherited disorder.


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Genetics is the scientific study of heredity, the passing on of characteristics of living organisms from one generation to the next.


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Geneva, (pop. 171,042; met. area pop. 424,028), is a historic city in southwestern Switzerland.


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Geneva, Accords were a series of international agreements made on July 20 and 21, 1954.


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Geneva, Conventions provide for the humane treatment of civilians, prisoners, and wounded persons in wartime.


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Genghis Khan, (1162?-1227), was a Mongol conqueror who founded the largest land empire in history.


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Genie is a word often used in English for jinni (plural, jinn), a type of demon in Arabian mythology.


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Genius was a guardian spirit worshiped by the ancient Romans.


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Genoa, (pop. 678,771), is Italy's busiest and largest port and a major industrial center.


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Genocide, is the deliberate and systematic mistreatment or extermination of a national, racial, political, religious, or cultural group.


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Gentian, is a group of wild and cultivated plants that includes about 600 species.


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Gentile, in ancient times, referred to the people of all nations other than the Jews.


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Gentileschi, Artemisia (1593-1652?), was an Italian painter.


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Gentlemen's agreement. In the 1890's, many persons feared that workers coming to the United States from Japan would take all the jobs and put them out of work.


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Geochemistry is a science that applies chemistry to the study of the earth.


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Geode, is a hollow, stonelike formation often lined with crystals.


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Geodesy, is a science that seeks to determine the size, shape, and gravitational field of the earth.


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Geodetic, center of North America is located at the Meades Ranch Triangulation Station in Osborne County, Kansas.


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Geoduck, also spelled goeduck or gweduc, is a huge edible clam found along the Pacific coast from Puget Sound to San Diego.


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Geoffrey of Monmouth, (1100?-1155?), was a Welsh historian who wrote the first narrative of the entire life of King Arthur, a legendary ruler of Britain.


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Geographic center of North America is in Pierce County, North Dakota, just southwest of Rugby.


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Geographic center of the United States is in South Dakota, about 17 miles (27 kilometers) west of Castle Rock in Butte County.


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Geographic Names, United States Board on, a United States government organization, decides official names of geographic features and places for federal maps and other publications.


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Geography is the study of the location and distribution of living things and the earth features among which they live.


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Geology is the study of how the planet Earth formed and how it changes.


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Geometric style is a term for a number of ancient and modern styles in art.


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Geomorphology, is the study of the earth's surface and the changes that occur there.


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Geophysics is the study of the earth and its atmosphere and waters by means of the science of physics.


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Geopolitics, attempts to explain world political developments in terms of geographic space.


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George I (1660-1727) of Britain became king when his distant cousin Queen Anne died in 1714.


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George I (1845-1913) was king of Greece from 1863 to 1913.


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George II (1683-1760) of Britain succeeded his father, George I, in 1727.


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George II (1890-1947) was king of Greece from 1922 to 1923 and from 1935 to 1947.


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George III (1738-1820) of Britain was king during one of the most critical periods in the country's history.


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George IV (1762-1830) of Britain became king in 1820.


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George V (1865-1936) of Britain became king in 1910.


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George VI (1895-1952) of Britain became king in December 1936, after his older brother, Edward VIII, abdicated.


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George, Francis Cardinal (1937-...), was appointed a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church in 1998 by Pope John Paul II.


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George, Henry (1839-1897), an American political economist and social reformer, originated the single tax.


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George, James Zachariah (1826-1897), was an American soldier, jurist, and politician.


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George, Saint, is the patron saint of England.


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George, Stefan, (1868-1933), was a major German representative of the European symbolism movement in poetry.


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George Town (pop. 219,603) is the capital of the state of Penang in northwestern Malaysia.


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George Washington Birthplace National Monument, in Virginia, contains the site of the house where George Washington was born.


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George Washington Bridge over the Hudson River connects New York City at 178th Street with Fort Lee, New Jersey.


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George Washington Carver National Monument, in southwestern Missouri, marks the birthplace of this famous scientist.


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Georgetown (pop. 72,049; met. area pop. 188,000) is the capital and chief city of Guyana.


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Georgetown University is a coeducational institution in Washington, D.C. It is the oldest Roman Catholic university in the United States.


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Georgia is a country in the Caucasus Mountains at the eastern end of the Black Sea.


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Georgia has the largest land area of any state of the United States that lies east of the Mississippi River.


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Georgia, University of, is a coeducational state-assisted institution in Athens, Georgia.


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Georgia Institute of Technology is a state-assisted coeducational university in Atlanta.


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Georgian architecture was the chief architectural style of England during the reigns of Kings George I, II, III, and IV. The kings reigned from 1714 to 1830.


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Georgian Bay is a northeastern arm of Lake Huron.


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Gephardt, Richard Andrew (1941-...), a Democrat from Missouri, became minority leader of the United States House of Representatives in 1995.


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Geraldton (pop. 19,816) is a port and resort city in Western Australia.


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Geranium is a plant native to temperate regions throughout the world.


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Gerbil, is any of a group of furry, ratlike rodents, most of which have long hind legs and a long, hairy tail.


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Geriatrics, is the branch of medicine that deals with old age and its diseases.


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Gericault, Theodore, (1791-1824), a French artist, was one of the first romantic painters.


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German language is the official language of Germany, Austria, and Liechtenstein, and one of the official languages of Switzerland and Luxembourg.


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German literature is the literature of the German-speaking peoples of central Europe.


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German shepherd dog is one of the most useful dog breeds.


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German shorthaired pointer is a dog often used to hunt game birds.


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German wirehaired pointer is a hunting dog that was developed by crossing German shorthaired pointers and "poodle-pointers."


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Germanium, is a hard, brittle, grayish-white metallic element.


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Germany is a large country in central Europe.


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Germination, is the sprouting of a seed.


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Geronimo, (1829-1909), was a warrior of the Chiricahua Apache Indians.


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Gerry, Elbridge (1744-1814), served as vice president of the United States under President James Madison from 1813 until his death.


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Gerrymander, is the practice of dividing a city, state, or country into voting districts to favor the party in power or some other group.


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Gershwin, George (1898-1937), an American composer, became famous for his musical comedies, popular songs, symphonic works, and the opera Porgy and Bess.


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Gershwin, Ira (1896-1983), became famous for the sparkling, witty lyrics he wrote for musical comedies and motion pictures.


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Gesso, is a plasterlike coating used to cover wooden surfaces before artists paint them or apply gold or silver leaf to them.


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Gestalt, psychology is a school of psychology that emphasizes the study of experience as a unified whole.


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Gestapo, was the secret police force of Nazi Germany.


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Gesualdo, Carlo (1560-1613), Prince of Venosa, was an Italian composer.


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Gethsemane, is a garden spoken of in the New Testament.


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Getty, J. Paul (1892-1976), an American business executive, became one of the richest people in the world. Getty made his fortune, which may have totaled as much as $4 billion, in the petroleum business.


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Getty Center is a complex of six buildings devoted to the fine arts and humanities.


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Getty Museum, J. Paul, houses a distinguished collection of Western European art. The museum, which opened in 1997, is located in the Getty Center in Los Angeles.


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Getty Trust, J. Paul, is a private foundation that promotes education, conservation, and scholarship in the visual arts and related humanities. The trust is one of the largest foundations in the United States.


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Gettysburg, (pop. 7,490), is a community in southern Pennsylvania that is famous as the site of the Battle of Gettysburg, one of the most important battles of the American Civil War (1861-1865).


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Gettysburg, Battle of, fought from July 1 through July 3, 1863, marked a turning point in the American Civil War in the North's favor.


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Gettysburg Address is a short speech that United States President Abraham Lincoln delivered during the American Civil War at the site of the Battle of Gettysburg in Pennsylvania.


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Getz, Stan (1927-1991), was an American jazz tenor saxophonist known for his light, smooth tone and lyrical approach to improvisation.


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Geyser, is a spring that throws up hot water with explosive force from time to time.


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Ghana, is a tropical country in western Africa.


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Ghana, Empire was an important black trading state in West Africa from about the A.D. 300's to the mid-1000's.


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Ghent, (pop. 228,490), is a Belgian city 31 miles (50 kilometers) northwest of Brussels.


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Ghent, Treaty of, ended the War of 1812 between the United Kingdom and the United States.


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Ghetto, is a section of a city settled by a minority ethnic, religious, or nationality group.


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Ghiberti, Lorenzo (1378-1455), was an Italian sculptor and goldsmith.


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Ghirlandajo, Domenico, (1449-1494), also spelled Ghirlandaio, was the most successful Italian painter of his time in Florence.


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Ghost, according to tradition, is a spirit of a dead person that visits the living.


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Ghost Dance was a religious movement among American Indians of the Western United States in the late 1800's.


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Ghost story is a supernatural tale in which the spirit of a dead person haunts the living.


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Ghost town is the name given to the ruins of a town that has been abandoned.


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GI is a common term for members of the United States Army.


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Giacometti, Alberto (1901-1966), was a Swiss-born sculptor.


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Giant is a person who grows abnormally tall because of a disorder in the pituitary gland.


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Giant, in Greek and Roman mythology, belonged to a race of beings that looked like people, but were much bigger.


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Giant schnauzer, is the largest of the three schnauzer dog breeds.


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Giant squid is a huge sea creature that lives in many parts of the world's oceans, probably at depths of 1,000 to 3,300 feet (300 to 1,000 meters).


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Giant's Causeway is an unusual formation of rock columns along the north coast of Northern Ireland.


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Giardiasis, is a common intestinal disease.


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Gibberellin, also called GA, is any of a group of hormones that regulate plant growth.


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Gibbon, Edward (1737-1794), was a British scholar who wrote the History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, a masterpiece of historical writing.


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Gibbons, Orlando (1583-1625), was an English composer and musician.


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Gibbons v. Ogden, an 1824 Supreme Court case, marked the first time the Supreme Court of the United States dealt with the powers of Congress to regulate interstate commerce (trade between states).


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Gibbs, Josiah Willard (1839-1903), was an American mathematical physicist who contributed to the basic theories of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics.


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Gibraltar, is an overseas territory of the United Kingdom on Spain's southern coast.


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Gibraltar, Strait of, is a narrow body of water that connects the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean.


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Gibran, Kahlil, (1883-1931), was a Lebanese writer.


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Gibson, Althea, (1927-...), became the first important black tennis player.


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Gibson, Charles Dana, (1867-1944), an American illustrator, drew the famous "Gibson girl."


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Gibson, Josh (1911-1947), was one of the greatest hitters in baseball history.


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Gide, Andre, (1869-1951), a French author, won the 1947 Nobel Prize for literature.


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Gideon, in the Old Testament, was a hero of Israel who saved his people from the Midianites.


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Gideon, v. Wainwright was a landmark decision of the Supreme Court of the United States concerning the rights of accused persons.


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Gideons, International is an association of Christian business and professional men.


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Gifted children are young people who have extremely high intelligence or exceptional creative ability--or both--in one or more areas.


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Gigli, Beniamino, (1890-1957), was a famous Italian opera singer.


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Gila, Cliff Dwellings National Monument lies in southwestern New Mexico, in the Gila Wilderness Area.


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Gila, monster is a large, poisonous lizard.


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Gila, River rises in the Mogollon Mountains of New Mexico and flows west across Arizona to empty into the Colorado River near Yuma.


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Gilbert, Sir Humphrey (1539?-1583), an English scholar and soldier, became famous as a navigator and explorer.


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Gilbert, William (1540-1603), an English doctor and scientist, was the first person to use the word electricity.


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Gilbert, Sir William Schwenck (1836-1911), was one of the most eminent playwrights in Victorian England.


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Gilbert and Sullivan wrote the most popular operettas in the history of the English theater.


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Gilbert Islands are a group of 16 small atolls (coral reefs) in the central Pacific Ocean.


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Gilbreth, Frank and Lillian, were American industrial engineers and were husband and wife.


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Gilding is the technique of applying a coating of gold leaf or gold dust to glass, metal, paper, porcelain, or other material.


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Gilgamesh, Epic of, a Middle Eastern poem, is one of the oldest epics in world literature.


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Gillespie, Dizzy (1917-1993), was an American trumpet player, composer, and bandleader.


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Gillette, William (1855-1937), was a leading American playwright and actor.


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Gilman, Charlotte Perkins (1860-1935), was a leading writer on women's rights in the United States.


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Gilman, Nicholas (1755-1814), was a New Hampshire signer of the Constitution of the United States.


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Gilmore, Patrick Sarsfield (1829-1892), was the best-known American bandmaster of the 1800's.


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Ginastera, Alberto (1916-1983), was an Argentine composer.


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Ginger is a tangy spice most commonly used in baking, in cooking, and in flavoring beverages.


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Gingham is a cloth used to make clothes, curtains, and furniture covers.


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Gingrich, Newt (1943-...), a Georgia Republican, served as speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1995 to 1999.


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Ginkgo, also called the maidenhair tree, is the only surviving member of a group of plants that lived millions of years ago.


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Ginsberg, Allen (1926-1997), was an American poet.


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Ginsburg, Ruth Bader (1933-...), became an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States in 1993.


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Ginseng, is a perennial herb of eastern Asia and eastern North America.


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Giorgione, (1478?-1510), was an Italian artist who helped make Venice a center of painting during the Italian Renaissance.


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Giotto, (1267?-1337), was the most important painter of the 1300's.


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Giovanni, Nikki (1943-...), is an American poet, essayist, and children's writer.


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Gipps, Sir George (1791-1847), was governor of New South Wales, Australia, from 1838 to 1846.


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Giraudoux, Jean, (1882-1944), was a prominent French playwright.


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Girl Guides is an international organization for girls between the ages of 6 and 18.


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Girl Scouts is an organization dedicated to helping girls build character and develop skills for success.


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Girls Incorporated is an organization of community clubs in the United States for girls age 6 through 18.


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Girona, a ship of the Spanish Armada, provided the richest treasure in the history of Irish archaeology.


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Girls State is a program for training girls in democratic leadership, sponsored by the American Legion Auxiliary.


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Girondists, were members of a French political group that began during the French Revolution (1789-1799).


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Girty, Simon (1741-1818), was an American pioneer who fought with the Indians against white settlers.


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Giscard d'Estaing, Valery (1926-...), served as president of France from 1974 until 1981.


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Gish, Dorothy (1898-1968), was an American star of silent motion pictures.


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Gish, Lillian (1893-1993), was one of the leading stars of silent motion pictures in the United States.


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Gissing, George Robert (1857-1903), was an English novelist.


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Gist, Christopher (1706?-1759), was an American frontier guide and a friend of future United States President George Washington.


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Giza, (pop. 2,144,000), is a suburb of Cairo and Egypt's third largest city.


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Gizzard is a muscular organ of the digestive system of birds and a few other animals.


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Glacier is a large mass of ice that flows slowly over land in the cold polar regions and in high mountain valleys.


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Glacier Bay National Park lies in southeastern Alaska, about 100 miles (160 kilometers) west of Juneau.


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Glacier National Park lies in northern Montana on the boundary between the United States and Canada.


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Glackens, William James (1870-1938), was an American painter and illustrator.


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Gladiator, was a trained warrior who fought bloody battles to entertain the ancient Romans.


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Gladiolus, is a garden plant with spikes of large silky blossoms that are popular as cut flowers.


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Gladstone, William Ewart, (1809-1898), was one of the most respected British political leaders of the 1800's.


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Gland is a tissue or organ that produces and releases a useful chemical substance.


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Glanders is a severe disease of horses and mules.


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Glasgow, (pop. 654,542), is the largest city in Scotland and a center of industry and commerce.


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Glasgow, Ellen (1873-1945), was an American author known for her novels about the South.


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Glasgow, University of, is the second oldest university in Scotland.


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Glaspell, Susan (1882-1948), was an American playwright.


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Glass is one of the most useful materials in the world.


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Glass, Carter (1858-1946), was a leading American statesman.


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Glass, Philip (1937-...), is an American composer.


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Glass lizard is the name of certain legless lizards.


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Glasses are a pair of lenses held in place in front of the eyes by a frame.


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Glasswort is the name of several species of plants found worldwide.


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Glastonbury, an English town, is famous in history and in the legends of King Arthur.


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Glauber's salt is a chemical compound of sodium sulfate and water.


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Glaucoma, is an eye disease characterized by increased pressure of the fluid within the eye.


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Glauconite, is a bright green mineral that looks like tiny flakes of the mineral mica, or small lumps of clay.


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Glen Canyon Dam, in northern Arizona near the Utah border, helps control the flow of the Colorado River.


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Glenn, John Herschel, Jr. (1921-...), was the first American to orbit the earth. On Feb. 20, 1962, he circled the earth three times in less than five hours.


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Glenview Naval Air Station served as headquarters of the naval and marine air reserve training commands of the United States from 1942 to 1995.


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Glick, George Washington (1827-1911), was the first Democrat to be elected governor of Kansas.


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Glidden, Carlos (1834-1877), an American inventor, is best known for his share in the invention of the Remington typewriter.


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Glider is an aircraft that resembles an airplane but has no engine.


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Glider is a type of possum that lives in forests in New Guinea and northern and eastern Australia.


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Glinka, Mikhail Ivanovich, (1804-1857), was the first important Russian composer of the 1800's.


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Global Positioning System, or GPS, is a worldwide navigation system that uses radio signals broadcast by satellites.


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Global warming is an increase in the average temperature of the earth's surface.


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Globe is a hollow sphere with a world map on it.


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Globe Theatre was an early English theater in London.


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Globulin, is a protein component of the plasma (watery) part of the blood.


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Glockenspiel, is a percussion instrument that consists of two rows of metal bars on a frame.


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Glorious Revolution of 1688 ended the rule of King James II of England and brought William III and Mary II to the throne.


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Gloucester, Massachusetts (pop. 30,273), has been an important fishing center since colonial days.


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Glove is a protective or decorative covering for the hand.


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Gloxinia, is a plant remarkable for its richly colored velvety leaves and large bell-shaped flowers.


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Gluck, Christoph Willibald, (1714-1787), a German composer, reformed opera in the 1700's.


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Glue is an adhesive made from the skins, connective tissues, or bones of animals.


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Gluon, is a subatomic particle that carries a powerful force which holds together the components of protons and neutrons.


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Gluten, is the sticky, elastic substance in bread dough.


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Glycerol, also called glycerin, pronounced GLIHS uhr ihn, is a thick, sweet-tasting liquid used in the manufacture of many products for homes and industry.


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Glycogen, is a tasteless, odorless white powder.


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Gnat, is a general name given to a wide variety of small flies.


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Gnatcatcher, is the name of several small songbirds native to the Western Hemisphere.


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Gneiss, is a banded, coarse-grained rock.


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Gnome, is a dwarflike creature in European folklore.


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Gnosticism, was a religious and philosophical movement in Europe and the Middle East that flourished from about the A.D. 100's to the 700's.


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Gnotobiotics, is the scientific study of animals or other organisms raised in environments that are free of germs or that contain only specifically known germs.


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Gnu, also called wildebeest pronounced WIHL duh beest, is a large African antelope.


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Goat is an animal that has provided people with milk, meat, and wool since prehistoric times.


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Goatsucker, or nightjar, is one of a widespread family of birds that largely fly at night.


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Gobi, is a windswept, nearly treeless desert that stretches across part of southern Mongolia and northern China.


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Goby, is the name of about 2,000 kinds of fish that live in the shallow parts of warm oceans.


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God is a religious term for the "supreme reality."


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God Bless America is a popular American patriotic song composed by Irving Berlin.


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God Save the Queen, or "God Save the King," is the national anthem of the United Kingdom.


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Godard, Jean-Luc, (1930-...), is a controversial French motion-picture director.


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Goddard, Mary Katherine (1736-1816), helped publish and print three newspapers in the American Colonies--The Providence Gazette, The Pennsylvania Chronicle, and The Maryland Journal.


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Goddard, Robert Hutchings (1882-1945), was an American pioneer of rocket science.


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Goddard, William (1740-1817), was an American publisher, editor, and printer.


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Goderich, Viscount (1782-1859), Frederick John Robinson, was a minister in successive British governments for more than 30 years.


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Godetia, is the name of a group of popular garden flowers.


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Godey, Louis Antoine, (1804-1878), in 1830 founded Godey's Lady's Book, the first women's magazine in the United States.


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Godiva, Lady, lived in England during the 1000's.


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Godkin, Edward Lawrence (1831-1902), founded The Nation and edited it from 1865 to 1901.


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Godthab, (pop. 11,957), is the capital of Greenland.


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Godwin, William (1756-1836), was an English author and philosopher.


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Godwit, is the name of four species of wading birds.


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Goebbels, Joseph, (1897-1945), was the official propagandist of Nazi Germany.


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Goering, Hermann Wilhelm, (1893-1946), was second to Adolf Hitler as a leader of Nazi Germany.


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Goethals, George Washington (1858-1928), an American civil engineer and Army officer, directed the completion of the Panama Canal.


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Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, (1749-1832), was a German poet, novelist, and playwright.


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Gogol, Nikolai, (1809-1852), was a major Russian playwright, novelist, and short story writer.


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Goiter is a condition in which the thyroid gland becomes enlarged.


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Golan, Heights is a hilly area in the southwestern corner of Syria.


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Gold is a metal prized for its beauty, usefulness, and scarcity.


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Gold leaf is gold metal that has been beaten into very thin sheets or leaves.


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Gold rush is a rapid movement of people to a site where gold has been discovered.


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Gold standard is the use of gold as the standard of value for the money of a country.


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Goldberg, Arthur Joseph (1908-1990), served as secretary of labor, Supreme Court justice, and United States ambassador to the United Nations.


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Goldberger, Joseph (1874-1929), was an American physician known for his work on pellagra.


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Golden Age is a term used by the Greek poet Homer to describe a remote period of the past that he considered more civilized and enlightened than his own.


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Golden Fleece, in Greek mythology, was the golden wool of a flying ram.


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Golden Gate Bridge is one of the largest and most spectacular suspension bridges in the world.


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Golden retriever is a medium-sized hunting dog.


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Golden rule is the principle that people should treat others as they would like to be treated themselves.


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Golden section, also called the divine proportion, is the division of a line segment in such a way that the ratio of the whole segment to the larger part is equal to the ratio of the larger part to the smaller part.


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Goldfield, Nevada, was the scene of one of the greatest gold rushes in the history of the United States.


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Goldfinch is the name of several kinds of small, short-tailed birds.


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Goldfish, also called golden carp, is a fish in the carp family.


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Goldman, Edwin Franko (1878-1956), was a leading American bandmaster.


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Goldman, Emma (1869-1940), was a revolutionary who came to the United States from Russia in 1885.


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Goldoni, Carlo (1707-1793), was an Italian playwright.


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Goldsmith, Oliver (1730?-1774), was an Irish-born writer who produced a variety of works marked by a charming, lively style.


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Goldwater, Barry Morris (1909-1998), an American statesman, was the Republican presidential candidate in 1964.


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Goldwyn, Samuel (1882-1974), was one of the first and most successful American motion-picture producers.


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Golf is an outdoor sport in which a player attempts to hit a small, hard ball into a hole in as few swings as possible.


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Golgi, Camillo, (1844-1926), an Italian anatomist and pathologist, shared the 1906 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine for his studies on the structure of the nervous system.


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Goliath, in the Old Testament, was a Philistine warrior almost 10 feet (300 centimeters) tall.


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Gompers, Samuel (1850-1924), an American labor leader, was the first president of the American Federation of Labor.


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Goncourt, was the family name of two French brothers who had an important influence on literature.


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Gondola, is a long, slender boat used on the canals of Venice, Italy.


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Gong is a metal percussion instrument shaped like a circular plate.


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Gongora, Luis de, (1561-1627), was the greatest poet of the Spanish baroque period.


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Gonorrhea, is a sexually transmitted disease caused by a bacterium found only in human beings.


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Gonzales, Rodolfo, (1928-...), is a leader of the Chicano movement, a civil rights campaign by Mexican Americans.


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Gonzalez, Pancho, (1928-1995), became one of the greatest players in tennis history.


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Good Friday is the Friday before Easter Sunday, the central festival of the Christian year.


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Good Templars, International Organization of, is an organization founded in Utica, New York, in 1851, to promote temperance, peace, and brotherhood.


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Goodall, Jane (1934-...), is an English zoologist who studies the behavior of animals.


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Goodman, Benny (1909-1986), was an American clarinet player and bandleader.


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Goodrich, Benjamin Franklin (1841-1888), founded the rubber industry in Akron, Ohio.


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Goodwill Industries are nonprofit organizations that provide disabled and socially disadvantaged individuals with such work-related services as employment, job placement, training, and vocational evaluation.


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Goodyear, Charles (1800-1860), was an American inventor.


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Goodyear, Miles (1817-1849), an American pioneer and fur trader, built the first settled homestead in Utah in about 1845.


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Googol, is the number written as 1 followed by 100 zeros, or 10 to the power of 100.


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Goose is a water bird closely related to the duck and swan.


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Gooseberry is an oval, tart fruit or berry that is closely related to the currant.


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Gopher is a small mammal that lives in long, underground tunnels.


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Gorbachev, Mikhail Sergeyevich, (1931-...), was the leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991.


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Gordian, knot, in Greek mythology, was a skillfully tied knot.


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Gordimer, Nadine (1923-...), a South African writer, won the 1991 Nobel Prize for literature, the first South African author to receive the award.


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Gordon, Charles George (1833-1885), a British soldier, was called Chinese Gordon and Gordon Pasha because of his distinguished service in China and Egypt.


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Gordon, Charles William (1860-1937), was a Canadian novelist and clergyman who wrote under the pen name of Ralph Connor.


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Gordon setter is a black-and-tan hunting dog that was well known as early as 1620.


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Gore, Al (1948-...), was vice president of the United States from 1993 to 2001, under President Bill Clinton.


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Gorgas, William Crawford (1854-1920), an American physician, became known as the world's leading public health expert.


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Gorgons, were three sisters in Greek mythology.


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Gorham, Nathaniel (1738-1796), was a Massachusetts signer of the Constitution of the United States.


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Gorki, Maxim, (1868-1936), was a Russian novelist, playwright, and short-story writer.


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Gorky, Arshile, (1904-1948), an American artist, was a leading member of the abstract expressionist movement.


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Gosnold, Bartholomew (?-1607), was an English navigator.


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Gospels are the first four books of the New Testament.


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Goteborg, also called Gothenburg pronounced GOTH uhn buhrg (pop. 437,313), is Sweden's second largest city and its most important port.


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Gothic art is the name given to the art of the later Middle Ages, especially from the mid-1100's to about 1400.


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Gothic novel was a type of fiction that became popular in England during the late 1700's and early 1800's.


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Goths, were a confederation of Germanic tribes who attacked the Roman Empire beginning in the A.D. 200's.


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Gottfried von Strassburg (1170?-1220?) was a medieval German poet.


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Gottlieb, Adolph (1903-1974), was a leading American abstract expressionist artist.


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Gottschalk, Louis Moreau, (1829-1869), was the first internationally famous American musical artist.


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Goudy, Frederic William (1865-1947), was an American type designer and printer.


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Gould, Glenn (1932-1982), was a famous Canadian pianist.


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Gould, Jay (1836-1892), was an American financier who became the leading railroad owner of the late 1800's.


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Gould, Morton (1913-1996), was an American composer.


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Gould, Stephen Jay (1941-2002), was an American scientist and educator.


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Gounod, Charles (1818-1893), was a French composer best known for his opera Faust (1859, revised and expanded 1869).


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Gourd is the name of a group of ornamental trailing or climbing plants.


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Gout is a chronic disease that can produce severe swelling of the joints.


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Government is one of humanity's oldest and most important institutions.


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Government National Mortgage Association is a corporation owned by the United States government.


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Government ownership, also called public ownership, is the ownership and operation of a service, business, or industry by a government.


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Government Printing Office (GPO) is the largest multipurpose printing plant in the world.


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Government regulation is the supervision of privately owned businesses by government agencies to serve the public interest.


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Governor is an instrument that keeps machines running at desired speeds.


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Governor, in the United States, is the chief executive of a state.


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Governor general is an executive official who directs the activities of deputy or lieutenant governors.


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Governor General's Literary Awards are the highest national prizes given to Canadian authors.


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Goya, Francisco (1746-1828), a leading Spanish painter, was one of the first masters of modern art.


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Gracchus, family was a family of high nobility in ancient Rome.


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Grace, in Christianity, is the term for God's action in forgiving, sanctifying, or strengthening people.


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Graces, in Greek mythology, were daughters of Zeus, king of the gods, and the nymph Eurynome.


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Grackle is the name of several species of blackbirds that live in North and South America.


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Grading is a method used by teachers to evaluate, record, and report student achievement.


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Graduation. Schools and colleges usually award a diploma or certificate in recognition of achievement to students who satisfactorily complete a regular course.


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Grady, Henry Woodfin (1850-1889), was a journalist and orator of the southern United States.


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Graf, Steffi (1969-...), a German tennis player, became one of the most dominant champions in women's professional tennis in the late 1980's and 1990's.


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Graf Spee, was one of three German pocket battleships (swift, heavily armed cruisers) which preyed on British merchant ships in the Atlantic Ocean early in World War II.


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Graft in American politics refers to the acquisition of money or position through dishonest means.


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Grafting is the process of uniting parts of two plants to form a single plant.


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Grafton, Sue (1940-...), is an American author of detective novels.


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Graham, Billy (1918-...), of the United States, became a world-famous evangelist.


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Graham, Katharine (1917-2001), was an influential American journalist.


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Graham, Martha (1894-1991), became a leading American dancer and choreographer (creator of dances).


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Grahame, Kenneth (1859-1932), a Scottish author, wrote The Wind in the Willows (1908), a children's classic.


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Grain is any of several cereal plants that rank among the most important food crops.


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Grain elevator is a tall building equipped with machinery for loading, unloading, cleaning, mixing, and storing grain.


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Grain sorghum, is a cereal plant grown mainly as food for livestock.


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Grain weevil is a small, dark beetle that destroys grain.


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Grainger, Percy Aldridge (1882-1961), was an Australian-born composer and pianist.


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Gram is a unit of mass (quantity of matter) in the metric system.


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Gramm, Phil (1942-...), a Texas Republican, is one of the most prominent members of the United States Senate.


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Grammar is the system by which a language functions.


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Gramophone, is the term used in the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth nations for phonograph.


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Gran Chaco, is a great, low-lying plain in South America.


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Granada, (pop. 58,108), a port on Lake Nicaragua, is an important commercial center in Nicaragua.


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Granada, (pop. 254,034), in southeastern Spain, is the site of the Alhambra palace and fortress (see Alhambra).


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Granada, was once a Moorish kingdom in southern Spain.


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Grand Alliance was the name of three unions of European countries formed to curb the military power of France under King Louis XIV. Each checked French expansion and maintained a balance of power in Europe.


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Grand Army of the Republic (G.A.R.) was a society of veterans who fought for the North in the Civil War (1861-1865). The G.A.R. was founded by Benjamin F. Stephenson in Decatur, Ill., on April 6, 1866.


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Grand Banks is one of the world's richest fishing grounds.


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Grand bleu de Gascogne, is one of the oldest breeds of French hounds.


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Grand Canyon is one of the most spectacular canyons in the world.


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Grand Canyon National Park, in northwest Arizona, consists almost entirely of the spectacular Grand Canyon.


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Grand Coulee Dam is the largest concrete dam and the greatest single source of water power in the United States.


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Grand jury is a group of citizens who decide whether there is sufficient evidence of a crime to try a person in court.


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Grand National is the most famous steeplechase horse race in the world.


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Grand Ole Opry is a radio program that has been a popular showcase for music since 1925.


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Grand Portage National Monument marks the site of a famous trail crossing and fur-trading center during the 1700's.


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Grand Pre, is a historic village on Minas Basin in Nova Scotia.


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Grand Rapids (pop. 197,800) is the chief manufacturing, distribution, financial, and transportation center of western Michigan.


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Grand Teton, National Park is an area of mountains, lakes, and forests in northwestern Wyoming, 7 miles (11 kilometers) south of Yellowstone National Park.


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Grand unified theories, also called GUT's, attempt to unite three of the four fundamental forces that are thought to govern the universe.


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Grandfather clause, in modern law, refers to any legal provision that excuses an individual or corporation from a requirement or prohibition because the person or corporation has enjoyed a certain privilege or right at some time in the past.


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Grange, National, officially called the Patrons of Husbandry, is a major farm and rural community service organization in the United States.


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Grange, Red (1903-1991), was one of the greatest running backs in football history.


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Granger cases were five cases decided by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1877.


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Granite is a hard, coarse-grained rock that makes up a large part of every continent.


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Grant, Cary (1904-1986), was an American motion-picture actor.


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Grant, George Monro (1835-1902), was a Canadian educator, minister, and writer.


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Grant, Ulysses S. (1822-1885), commanded the victorious Union armies at the close of the American Civil War in 1865. His success and fame as a general led to his election as president in 1868.


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Granville-Barker, Harley (1877-1946), was an English playwright, actor, producer, and critic.


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Grape is a juicy, smooth-skinned berry that grows on a woody vine.


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Grapefruit is a large, round citrus fruit.


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Graph is a drawing that shows the relative sizes of numerical quantities.


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Graphic arts is a general term for drawing and other techniques used to reproduce words and pictures.


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Graphite is a soft black mineral that is greasy to the touch.


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Graphology, is the study of a person's handwriting to obtain information about his or her personality.


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Grass is one of the largest and most varied families in the plant kingdom.


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Grass, Gunter, (1927-...), is a German novelist, poet, playwright, artist, and essayist.


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Grasshopper is an insect that can leap about 20 times as far as the length of its body.


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Grassland is one of the four chief kinds of natural vegetation.


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Grasso, Ella Tambussi (1919-1981), served as governor of Connecticut from 1975 to 1980.


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Grateful Dead was one of the most popular and longest-lasting American bands in rock music history.


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Grattan, Henry (1746-1820), an Irish politician, led a movement that temporarily freed Ireland's Parliament from British control.


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Gravel is a mixture of loose pieces of rock and particles of sand and clay.


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Graves, Michael (1934-...), an American architect, is a leader of the movement in architecture known as Postmodernism.


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Graves, Morris (1910-2001), was an American artist who became known for his paintings and water colors that show the influence of Asian mysticism.


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Graves, Robert (1895-1985), was an English author.


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Graves' disease is a disorder that causes the thyroid gland to become overactive.


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Gravitation is the force of attraction that acts between all objects because of their mass--that is, the amount of matter they are made of.


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Gravity, Center of, is the point in an object where the force of gravity appears to act.


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Gray, Asa (1810-1888), was the leading authority of his time on plant life in the United States.


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Gray, Elisha (1835-1901), was an American inventor who--were it not for a few hours--might have become known as the inventor of the telephone.


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Gray, Robert (1755-1806), was the first person to sail around the world under the United States flag.


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Gray, Simon (1936-...), is an English dramatist known for his plays with academic and publishing settings.


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Gray, Thomas (1716-1771), was an English poet.


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Gray Panthers is a national organization that fights age discrimination.


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Gray whale is a medium-sized whale that lives in the Pacific Ocean.


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Grayling is a game fish related to trout.


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Graz, (pop. 237,810) is the second largest city in Austria.


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Greasewood is a scraggly, thorny bush with stiff, dense, gray-barked branches and narrow, fleshy leaves.


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Great Awakening is the name given to a series of religious revivals in the American Colonies during the mid-1700's.


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Great Barrier Reef is the largest group of coral reefs in the world.


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Great Barrier Island, the largest island near the coast of the North Island of New Zealand, lies northeast of Auckland and the Coromandel Peninsula.


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Great Basin is a large desert region in the western United States.


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Great Basin National Park is in eastern Nevada.


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Great Bear Lake is the largest lake in Canada and the fourth largest in the Americas.


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Great Britain is an island located off the northwest coast of the mainland of Europe.


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Great-circle route is the shortest, most direct route between two points on the earth's surface.


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Great Depression was a worldwide business slump of the 1930's.


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Great Divide, also called Continental Divide, is the high ground in North America that separates streams flowing into the Pacific Ocean from those flowing into the Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico, and Arctic Ocean.


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Great Falls (pop. 56,690; met. area pop. 80,357) is an industrial and trade center in north-central Montana.


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Great Lakes. Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario-the five Great Lakes-are the world's largest group of freshwater lakes.


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Great Lakes Naval Training Center, Ill., is the site of the United States Navy's largest recruit training command.


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Great Plains is a vast, dry grassland in North America.


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Great Pyrenees is a large breed of dog developed in the Pyrenees Mountain of southwestern Europe.


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Great Rift Valley is a series of valleys that cuts through much of eastern Africa and part of southwestern Asia.


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Great Salt Lake, a saltwater lake in northwestern Utah, is the largest lake in the western United States.


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Great Salt Lake Desert is a low, flat, arid region in northwestern Utah, just west of Salt Lake City.


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Great Seal of the United States, also called Seal of the United States, symbolizes the sovereignty of the United States.


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Great Slave Lake is one of the largest lakes in the Americas.


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Great Smoky Mountains, a range of the Blue Ridge Mountains, are so named because they are usually covered by a smoky mist or haze.


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Great Smoky Mountains National Park contains the most extensive virgin hardwood and red spruce forests in the United States.


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Great Society is the name given to the domestic program of United States President Lyndon B. Johnson, who served from 1963 to 1969.


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Great Victoria Desert, an area of shifting sand dunes, stretches for about 800 miles (1,300 kilometers) across southwestern Australia.


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Great Wall of China is the longest structure ever built.


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Greater Swiss mountain dog is a breed of dog developed in Switzerland.


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Greco, El, (1541?-1614), was one of the world's great painters.


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Greco, Jose (1918-2000), was one of the world's best Spanish dancers and choreographers (dance creators).


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Greece is a small country where Western civilization started about 2,500 years ago.


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Greece, Ancient, was the birthplace of Western civilization about 2,500 years ago.


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Greek fire was a chemical mixture that burned furiously.


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Greek language is one of the oldest surviving branches of the Indo-European family of languages.


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Greek literature is the oldest and most influential national literature in the Western world.


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Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of North and South America has under its jurisdiction more than 500 Greek Orthodox Church communities in Canada, the United States, and Central and South America.


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Greeley, Horace (1811-1872), a prominent American newspaper publisher, founded and edited the New York Tribune.


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Green, Henry (1905-1973), was the pen name of Henry Vincent Yorke, an English novelist.


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Green, Paul Eliot (1894-1981), was an American playwright.


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Green, Theodore Francis (1867-1966), was a Democratic, United States senator from Rhode Island.


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Green, William (1873-1952), succeeded Samuel Gompers as president of the American Federation of Labor (AFL) in 1924, and held the position until his death.


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Green Bay (pop. 102,313; met. area pop. 226,778) is one of the most important trade and shipping centers in Wisconsin.


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Green Mountain Boys were soldiers from Vermont who fought for the American Colonies in the Revolutionary War (1775-1783).


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Green Mountains form part of the Appalachian system.


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Green party is any of a number of political parties that are most widely known for promoting environmental issues.


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Greenaway, Kate (1846-1901), was an English illustrator of children's books.


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Greenback is a popular name for United States notes, a kind of paper money.


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Greenback Party was an American political party that was active between 1876 and 1884.


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Greenbrier is the name for several types of climbing vines that have prickly green stems.


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Greene, Graham (1904-1991), an English author, won fame for both serious novels and for lighter books he called "entertainments."


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Greene, Nathanael (1742-1786), an American Revolutionary War general, is noted for his campaigns against the British in North and South Carolina between 1780 and 1782.


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Greene, Robert (1558?-1592), was an English writer.


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Greenfield Village is a collection of about 100 historic buildings in Dearborn, Michigan.


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Greenhouse is a building in which people can grow plants the year around.


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Greenhouse effect is a warming of the lower atmosphere and surface of a planet by a complex process involving sunlight, gases, and particles in the atmosphere.


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Greenland is the largest island in the world.


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Greenough, Horatio (1805-1852), was the first American sculptor to gain international fame.


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Greenpeace is an international environmental organization.


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Greensboro, (pop. 223,891) is one of the largest cities in North Carolina.


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Greenspan, Alan (1926-...), became chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (FRS) in 1987.


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Greenway, John Campbell (1872-1926), an American mining engineer and soldier, led in the development of mining and transportation in Arizona.


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Greenwich Meridian, is a north-south line that passes through Greenwich, a borough of London, on a map of the earth.


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Greenwich, Observatory, Royal was founded in 1675 by Charles II of England.


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Greer, Germaine (1939-...), is an Australian writer and intellectual.


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Greeting cards mark special occasions or provide friendly greetings to persons receiving them.


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Gregg, John Robert (1867-1948), invented the Gregg system of shorthand, in which lines and curves represent letters and syllables.


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Gregoire, Paul Cardinal, (1911-1993), was appointed a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church by Pope John Paul II in 1988.


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Gregorian, calendar is the calendar that is used in almost all the world today.


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Gregory I, Saint (540?-604), was elected pope in 590.


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Gregory VII, Saint (1020?-1085), was elected pope in 1073.


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Gregory IX (about 1155-1241) was elected pope in 1227.


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Gregory X (1210-1276) was elected pope in 1271, after the office had been vacant for almost three years.


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Gregory XIII (1502-1585) was elected pope in 1572 and devoted his reign to Catholic reform.


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Gregory, Dick (1932-...), is a black American entertainer who gained fame for his satirical views on American racial attitudes.


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Gregory, Lady (1852-1932), an Irish playwright and folklorist, helped launch the renaissance in Irish drama associated with Dublin's Abbey Theatre.


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Gremlin, is a small imaginary creature that supposedly causes mechanical problems in airplanes.


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Grenada, is an island nation in the West Indies.


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Grenade is a small explosive bomb that may be thrown, or may be fired from a rifle.


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Grenadines, make up a chain of over 100 small and mostly uninhabited islands in the West Indies.


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Grenfell, Sir Wilfred Thomason (1865-1940), a British medical missionary, became known as Grenfell of Labrador.


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Grenoble, (pop. 153,973; met. area pop. 400,141) is a manufacturing city in southeastern France.


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Grenville, Sir Richard (1542-1591), an English naval commander, led Sir Walter Raleigh's first colonizing expedition to America.


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Gresham's law is an economic principle dealing with the circulation of money.


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Gretzky, Wayne (1961-...), became the greatest scorer in the history of the National Hockey League (NHL).


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Grey, Earl (1851-1917), a British diplomat, served as governor general of Canada from 1904 to 1911.


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Grey, Lady Jane (1537-1554), became known as "the nine-day queen" of England.


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Grey, Zane (1872-1939), ranks as one of the most popular authors in American literature of novels about the Wild West.


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Grey Cup is a Canadian professional football trophy.


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Grey Owl (1888-1938) was the Indian name of Archibald Stansfeld Belaney, an adopted Ojibwa who gained fame as a wildlife writer and lecturer.


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Greyhound is one of the fastest of all dogs.


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Grieg, Edvard (1843-1907), was a Norwegian composer.


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Griffey, Ken, Jr. (1969-...), ranks among the most exciting players in baseball. As a batter, Griffey combines power with the ability to hit for a high average.


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Griffin was a strange creature of Greek mythology, with the head and wings of an eagle and the body of a lion.


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Griffin, Walter Burley (1876-1937), an American architect, gained worldwide recognition as a town planner with his design for Canberra, the capital of Australia.


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Griffith, Arthur (1872-1922), an Irish journalist and politician, was a leader in Ireland's fight for independence from Britain.


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Griffith, D. W. (1875-1948), was a pioneer American motion-picture director and producer. Between 1908 and 1912, he developed basic strategies that helped turn filmmaking into a popular narrative art.


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Grimes, Martha (1931-...), is an American author famous for detective novels with an English background.


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Grimke, was the family name of two sisters who became abolitionists and pioneers in the women's rights movement in the United States.


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Grimm is the family name of two German brothers, Jakob Ludwig Grimm (1785-1863) and Wilhelm Karl Grimm (1786-1859).


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Grimmelshausen, Hans Jakob Christoffel von (1622?-1676), was a German author.


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Grimm's Fairy Tales is a famous collection of German folk tales.


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Grinding and polishing are two important manufacturing processes.


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Gris, Juan, (1887-1927), a Spanish-born painter, made important contributions to the modern style of painting called cubism.


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Grisham, John (1955-...), is a popular American author known for his suspense novels with lawyer heroes.


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Grison, is the name of two species of furry, weasellike animals that live in Central and South America.


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Grissom, Virgil Ivan (1926-1967), was one of the first United States astronauts, and the first American to make more than one space flight.


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Grizzly bear is a large, powerful bear of western North America.


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Grofe, Ferde, (1892-1972), was an American composer and arranger.


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Gromyko, Andrei Andreyevich (1909-1989), was an important official of the Soviet Union for many years.


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Groote Eylandt, is an island in the Gulf of Carpentaria, in northern Australia.


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Gropius, Walter (1883-1969), was a German architect.


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Gros Ventre Indians make up two tribes of Plains Indians.


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Grosbeak, is any one of several handsome songbirds that have thick, powerful bills.


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Groseilliers, Sieur des (1618?-1696?), was a French explorer and fur trader.


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Gross domestic product (GDP) is the value of all goods and services produced in a country during a given period.


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Grosvenor, Gilbert Hovey, (1875-1966), edited National Geographic Magazine for more than 50 years.


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Grosz, George (1893-1959), a German painter, became famous in the 1920's for his biting satires of the military and wealthy classes, and for drawings criticizing the moral collapse of society after World War I (1914-1918).


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Grotius, Hugo (1583-1645), a Dutch lawyer, theologian, statesman, and poet, is considered the founder of international law.


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Ground, in electricity, is an electrical conductor that is connected to the earth to complete a circuit.


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Ground-Hog Day is an American tradition that supposedly predicts when spring will arrive.


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Ground sloth is a huge, extinct animal of the sloth family.


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Ground squirrel is any member of the squirrel family that burrows underground to build its nest.


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Ground water is water beneath the surface of the earth.


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Grounds, Sir Roy (1905-1981), a prominent Australian architect, was awarded the Royal Australian Institute of Architects Gold Medal in 1968.


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Group dynamics includes the forces that work on any group of people and determine what it does.


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Group of Seven was a school of Canadian landscape painters.


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Grouper is a type of ocean fish that lives in warm and temperate seas, mostly around rocky shores and coral reefs.


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Grouse is a type of bird that lives in the Northern Hemisphere.


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Grove, Frederick Philip (1879-1948), was a Canadian novelist noted for his realistic descriptions of prairie life combined with romantic fatalism.


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Growth is an increase in the number or size of a living thing's cells.


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Grub is the name given to the larva (immature form) of certain insects.


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Gruening, Ernest (1887-1974), was a leader in Alaska's drive for statehood.


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Grumman, Leroy (1895-1982), an American industrialist, founded and became chairman of the board of the Grumman Aircraft Corporation (now part of the Northrop Grumman Corporation) in 1929.


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Grunewald, Matthias, (1470's-1528), was a German painter of dramatic religious scenes.


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Grunion, is a small, silvery fish that lives along the coast of southern California and northwestern Mexico.


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Grunt is an ocean fish that makes grunting sounds when taken from the water.


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Gu Kaizhi, (A.D. 345?-406?), also spelled Ku K'ai-chih, was the first Chinese painter recognized as a great master.


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Guadalajara, (pop. 1,647,720; met. area pop. 3,669,021), is the second largest city in Mexico.


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Guadalcanal, Island lies in the Coral Sea, east of the southern tip of New Guinea.


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Guadalupe, Day commemorates the day that the Virgin Mary is believed to have appeared to Juan Diego, a poor Indian.


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Guadalupe Hidalgo, Treaty of, officially ended the Mexican War (1846-1848).


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Guadalupe, Mountains National Park, in western Texas, contains one of the most significant fossil reefs in the world.


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Guadeloupe, is a group of islands in the West Indies.


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Guam, is a territory of the United States in the Mariana Islands.


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Guan, is the name of a group of tropical American game birds.


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Guanaco, is an animal that looks like a small camel without a hump.


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Guangzhou, (pop. 3,918,010), is the largest city in southern China and a major center of international trade.


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Guano, is the waste matter of sea birds and bats.


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Guantanamo, (pop. 203,371) is a city in southern Cuba.


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Guar, is a hardy, drought-resistant legume grown for its seeds, as forage, and as a green manure crop to improve the soil.


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Guaranty, is an agreement whereby one person promises to pay another's debt if the latter fails to pay.


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Guardian, in law, is a person appointed by a court to care for another person called a ward, or for another person's property, or both.


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Guarneri, is the name of a famous family of violinmakers who lived in Cremona, Italy.


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Guatemala, has more people than any other Central American country.


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Guatemala, City is the capital and largest city of Guatemala.


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Guayaquil, (pop. 1,764,170) is the largest city and chief seaport in Ecuador.


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Guayule, is a rubber-producing shrub that is native to the desert of southwestern Texas and north-central Mexico.


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Guelphs and Ghibellines, were two political groups in Italy during the late Middle Ages.


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Guenon, is any of a group of monkeys that live throughout Africa south of the Sahara.


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Guernsey, is the westernmost of the Channel Islands in the English Channel.


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Guerrilla, warfare is warfare by roving bands of fighters who torment the enemy with ambushes, sudden raids, and other small-scale attacks.


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Guest, Edgar Albert (1881-1959), an English-born American poet, wrote about friendship, family affection, the home, and similar subjects.


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Guevara, Che, (1928-1967), was one of the most powerful members of the Cuban government under Fidel Castro.


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Guggenheim, Meyer, (1828?-1905), was a Swiss-born industrialist who made a fortune in the United States in the mining and smelting business.


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Guggenheim, Museum, in New York City, houses an important collection of paintings, sculptures, and other art created from the 1900's to the present.


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Guiana, is a name for regions on the northeast coast of South America.


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Guidance, in education, is the process of helping students make the best possible decisions about their lives.


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Guided missile is a bomblike flying weapon that is steered to its target.


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Guild, in the Middle Ages, was an association of people with a common interest.


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Guilds, in the Middle Ages, were associations of people who had common interests, or who were engaged in the same work.


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Guilder, is a monetary unit of the Netherlands and the Netherlands Antilles.


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Guillemot, is a sea bird in the auk family.


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Guinea, is a region on the west coast of Africa.


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Guinea, is a country on the west coast of Africa.


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Guinea, was an old English coin, equal to 21 shillings.


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Guinea-Bissau, is a small, independent country on the bulge of Africa's west coast.


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Guinea, pig is the name of a group of furry South American mammals.


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Guineafowl, is a close relative of the pheasant.


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Guitar is a popular stringed instrument.


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Gulf is a large body of salt water that is partially enclosed by land.


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Gulf Cooperation Council is an organization of Arab states that work together in such matters as military defense and economic policy.


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Gulf Intracoastal Waterway is a water route along the Gulf of Mexico from Carrabelle, Fla., to Brownsville, Tex.


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Gulf of California is an arm of the Pacific Ocean that lies between the Lower California peninsula and the mainland of Mexico.


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Gulf of Mexico is a great curved arm of the Atlantic Ocean.


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Gulf of Saint Lawrence is a deep arm of the Atlantic Ocean, and the largest gulf on the North American coast, except for the Gulf of Mexico.


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Gulf States are the states that border on the Gulf of Mexico.


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Gulf War syndrome is a puzzling pattern of symptoms reported by some veterans of the Persian Gulf War of 1991.


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Gulick, Luther Halsey, (1865-1918), an American physical education teacher, encouraged James Naismith to originate the game of basketball.


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Gull is a type of long-winged bird about the size of a pigeon or larger.


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Gulliver's Travels is a great satire in English literature, and a favorite children's story.


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Gum is any of many sticky substances that have a number of uses in industry.


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Gum arabic is a gum that dissolves easily in water.


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Gum tree is the name of many trees that produce gum or a gumlike substance.


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Gun is a weapon that fires a bullet, a shell, or some other missile.


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Gun control is an effort to fight violent crime by strengthening laws on the ownership of firearms.


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Gunpowder is an explosive material that burns rapidly to form high-pressure gas.


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Gunpowder Plot was a plan to blow up the English Houses of Parliament on Nov. 5, 1605, when King James I and a council of government officials were to be present.


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Gupta, dynasty was a series of rulers of one family who reigned in what is now northern India and Bangladesh from about A.D. 320 to about 500.


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Gurindji is the name of an Aboriginal tribe in the Northern Territory, Australia.


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Gurnard, is the name of certain marine fishes that live in all warm seas.


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Gustavus Adolphus, (1594-1632) was king of Sweden from 1611 to 1632.


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Guston, Philip (1913-1980), an American painter, gained recognition in the 1940's largely for his melancholy city scenes.


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Gutenberg, Johannes, (1395?-1468?), invented processes that made printing from movable metallic type practical for the first time.


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Guthrie, A. B., Jr. (1901-1991), was an American author known for his novels about the Oregon Trail and frontier life in the Rocky Mountains. Guthrie's books are noted for their historical accuracy, lyrical descriptions of nature, and vivid character port


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Guthrie, Woody (1912-1967), was an American folk singer and composer.


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Gutierrez, Jose Angel, (1944-...), is a leader of the Chicano movement, a Mexican American civil rights campaign.


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Gutta-percha, is a milky juice obtained chiefly from the Palaquium gutta trees of Malaysia.


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Guy of Warwick, was the legendary hero of an English romance.


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Guyana, is a country on the northeast coast of South America.


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Gwinnett, Button (1735?-1777), a Georgia signer of the Declaration of Independence, served in the Georgia Assembly in 1769 and in the Continental Congress in 1776 and 1777.


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Gwyn, Nell (1650-1687), was a popular English actress and a mistress of King Charles II of England.


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Gymnasium is a room or building for physical training, athletic competitions, and games.


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Gymnastics is a competitive sport for both men and women in which participants demonstrate body control over a wide range of acrobatic exercises and other movements.


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Gymnosperm, is the name of one of two large groups of seed plants.


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Gyor, (pop. 130,941) is a major commercial and industrial city in northwestern Hungary.


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Gypsies, also spelled Gipsies, are a group of wandering people whose ancestors originally lived in India.


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Gypsum, is a white to yellowish-white mineral used to make plaster of Paris.


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Gypsy moth is an insect that is destructive to forest, shade, and fruit trees.


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Gyrocompass is a mechanical device that determines direction.


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Gyroscope, also called a gyro, is a device that uses rotation to produce a stable direction in space.


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Haast Pass is the lowest and most southerly of the passes that cross the Southern Alps in the South Island of New Zealand.


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Habakkuk, Book of, is a book of the Old Testament, or Hebrew Bible.


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Habeas corpus, is a legal term which, in its original Latin, means you are ordered to have the body.


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Haber, process is a commercial method of producing ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen.


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Habit is something a person learns to do over and over again without thinking about how to do it.


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Habitat, is the kind of place in which a plant or animal usually lives in nature.


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Habsburg, House of, was one of Europe's most famous royal families.


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Hackberry is the name of about 70 species of trees and shrubs found throughout the world.


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Hadassah, is an organization of Jewish women in the United States.


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Haddock, is an important food fish that belongs to the codfish family.


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Hades, was the god of the dead in Greek mythology.


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Hadrian, (A.D. 76-138) was a Roman emperor.


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Hadron, is a major group of subatomic particles.


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Hadrosaur, is the name of a diverse group of dinosaurs with wide snouts resembling duck bills.


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Haeckel, Ernst Heinrich, (1834-1919), a German zoologist, became known for his theory of recapitulation.


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Hafiz, (1325?-1389?) was the pen name of Shamsu'd-din Mohammad, considered the greatest lyric poet in the Persian language.


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Hafnium, a chemical element, is a silver-colored metal.


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Hagen, Walter (1892-1969), was a great golfer and the player most responsible for elevating professional golf into a major sport.


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Hagenbeck, Carl (1844-1913), organized the type of trained wild animal acts that are presented today.


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Hagfish is an eellike fish related to the lampreys.


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Haggai, Book of, is a book of the Hebrew Bible, or Old Testament, named for an ancient Jewish prophet.


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Hagia Sophia, is the most impressive surviving example of Byzantine architecture.


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Hague, Frank (1876-1956), an American politician, served as mayor of Jersey City, New Jersey, from 1917 to 1947.


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Hague, The (pop. 445,279; met. area pop. 695,217), is the seat of the government of the Netherlands and the official residence of the country's monarch.


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Hahn, Otto (1879-1968), was a German chemist who discovered the process of nuclear fission (the splitting of the nucleus of an atom) in 1938.


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Hahnemann, Samuel (1755-1843), a German physician, founded the homeopathic method of treating disease.


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Haida, Indians live chiefly on the Queen Charlotte Islands of British Columbia in Canada and on Prince of Wales Island of Alaska in the United States.


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Haifa, (pop. 246,500) is a major port and manufacturing and cultural center in Israel.


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Haig, Alexander Meigs, Jr. (1924-...), became secretary of state under President Ronald Reagan in 1981 and resigned the position in 1982. Haig, a retired four-star general, was the second military leader to head the Department of State.


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Haig, Douglas (1861-1928), one of the most able British generals of his day, commanded Britain's forces in France during World War I (1914-1918).


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Hail is a precipitation in the form of round or irregularly shaped lumps of ice called hailstones.


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Hail to the Chief is a musical composition used to officially announce the arrival or presence of the President of the United States.


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Haile Selassie, I (1892-1975) became emperor of Ethiopia in 1930.


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Haines, Janine (1945-...), was the first woman in Australian history to head a political party.


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Haiphong, (pop. 1,447,649) is a manufacturing center and seaport in northern Vietnam.


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Hair is a threadlike structure that grows from the skin of mammals.


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Hairdressing is the art of cutting, setting, arranging, and otherwise caring for the hair.


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Haise, Fred Wallace, Jr. (1933-...), served as lunar module pilot of the United States Apollo 13 space flight in April 1970. About 56 hours after the flight began, an explosion caused by a short circuit severely damaged the systems that supplied electrici


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Hajj, also spelled hadj, is a holy pilgrimage to Mecca, the holy city of the Islamic religion.


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Hake is the name of a group of food fish closely related to the cod.


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Halas, George Stanley (1895-1983), was a pioneer of professional football.


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Hale, Edward Everett (1822-1909), was a Unitarian clergyman, editor, and humanitarian.


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Hale, George Ellery (1868-1938), was an American astronomer who pioneered in the development of instruments for studying the sun.


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Hale, John Parker (1806-1873), an American politician from New Hampshire, was a leading opponent of slavery before the Civil War.


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Hale, Nathan (1755-1776), was an American patriot of the Revolutionary War.


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Hale, Sarah Josepha, (1788-1879), became one of the most famous magazine editors in the United States during the 1800's.


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Haleakala, National Park became a separate park in 1961.


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Halevi, Judah (1085-1141?), was one of the greatest Hebrew poets of the Middle Ages.


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Haley, Alex (1921-1992), was an American author who became famous for his book Roots: The Saga of an American Family (1976).


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Half dollar is a United States coin worth 50 cents.


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Halibut is one of the largest and most important of the flatfishes.


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Halifax (pop. 330,846) is the capital of Nova Scotia.


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Hall, G. Stanley (1844-1924), an American educator and psychologist, became an authority on the study of children. Hall was the first educator to apply results of child psychology experiments to teaching.


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Hall, Lyman (1724-1790), an American Revolutionary War statesman, urged independence from Britain and influenced Georgia's decision to join the other colonies.


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Hall, Prince (1748-1807), founded the first all-black Masonic lodge in America.


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Hall effect is an electrical phenomenon that occurs when a current flows through a material in a magnetic field.


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Hall of fame is a museum honoring people who have gained fame in a particular field.


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Halleck, Henry Wager, (1815-1872), was a Union general in the Civil War.


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Halley, Edmond (1656-1742), also spelled Edmund, was an English astronomer noted for his work on comets.


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Halley's, Comet is a brilliant comet named for the English astronomer Edmond Halley, who studied the paths of comets.


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Halliburton, Richard (1900-1939), was an American adventurer, author, and lecturer.


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Hallmark is an official mark used in many countries to stamp gold, silver, or platinum articles in order to guarantee their standard.


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Halloween is a festival that takes place on October 31.


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Hallucination, is a mental state in which a person sees, hears, tastes, smells, or feels something that is not present.


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Hallucinogenic, drug is any of several substances that distort understanding of oneself and one's surroundings.


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Halo is a luminous ring or a disk of light that surrounds an object.


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Halogen, The halogens are the chemical elements astatine (chemical symbol, At), fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), and iodine (I).


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Halothane, is a drug doctors use to make patients insensitive to pain during surgery.


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Hals, Frans, (1580?-1666), was one of the finest Dutch portrait painters of the 1600's.


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Halsey, William Frederick, Jr. (1882-1959), was one of the leading United States naval commanders in World War II. General Douglas MacArthur called him "the greatest fighting admiral" of the war.


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Ham is the meat taken from the hind leg of a hog.


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Hamburg (pop. 1,652,363) is Germany's second largest city and its most important industrial center.


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Hamer, Fannie Lou (1917-1977), was a leading black American civil rights activist.


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Hamilcar, Barca (?-229 B.C.), was a great general of Carthage and the father of Hannibal, Carthage's most famous general.


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Hamilton (pop. 1,669) is the capital and chief port of Bermuda.


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Hamilton, Ontario, is the center of the Canadian steel industry.


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Hamilton, Alexander (1755 or 1757-1804), was a noted statesman and political leader during the early years of the United States.


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Hamilton, Alice (1869-1970), was an American physician who pioneered in industrial medicine.


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Hamilton, Virginia (1936-2002), was an American author of children's books.


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Hamites are certain African peoples who live mainly in eastern, northern, and northeastern Africa, including parts of Eritrea, Ethiopia, the Sahara, and the Sudan.


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Hamlin, Hannibal (1809-1891), was Vice President of the United States from 1861 to 1865, during President Abraham Lincoln's first term.


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Hammarskjold, Dag, (1905-1961), served as secretary-general of the United Nations from 1953 until his death in a plane crash in Africa.


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Hammer is a tool used to drive nails and to work metals and other materials.


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Hammer throw is a men's track and field event in which an athlete throws a hammer (metal ball) as far as he can.


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Hammerhead shark is any of nine species of meat-eating sharks that have a wide, flattened head.


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Hammerstein, Oscar, II (1895-1960) wrote the lyrics and scripts for many of the most famous shows in the history of American musical theater.


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Hammett, Dashiell, (1894-1961), was the leader of the "hard-boiled" school of detective fiction.


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Hammond, John Hays, Jr. (1888-1965), was an American inventor. He obtained hundreds of patents for his developments in radar, radio, television, and other electronic devices.


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Hammurabi, (?-1750 B.C.), also spelled Hammurapi, was a king of Babylonia who expanded his kingdom into the first great Babylonian empire.


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Hampton, Virginia (pop. 146,437), lies on a peninsula at the south end of Chesapeake Bay, across from Norfolk.


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Hampton, Lionel (1909-...), is an American jazz musician.


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Hampton, Wade (1818-1902), was a Confederate general in the American Civil War (1861-1865).


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Hampton Court Conference was a meeting called in 1604 by King James I of England.


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Hampton Roads is a natural channel and harbor formed at the place where the Nansemond, James, and Elizabeth rivers meet in Virginia.


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Hampton Roads Conference was an attempt to end the American Civil War (1861-1865).


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Hampton University is a private coeducational university in Hampton, Va.


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Hamster is any of several kinds of small, chunky, furry rodents that live in Asia and Europe.


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Hamsun, Knut, (1859-1952), was a Norwegian author who wrote with deep feeling about nature and the land.


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Han, dynasty was a series of emperors of the same family who ruled ancient China for over 400 years.


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Hancock, Herbie (1940-...), is a popular and influential jazz musician, bandleader, and composer.


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Hancock, John (1737-1793), was an American revolutionary leader who became the first person to sign the Declaration of Independence in 1776.


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Hancock, Winfield Scott (1824-1886), was a general of the Union Army in the Civil War (1861-1865).


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Hand, Learned (1872-1961), an American lawyer and judge, served from 1924 to 1951 as judge of the United States Court of Appeals (see Court of appeals).


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Hand organ is the general name given to several kinds of musical instruments that produce music when the player cranks a handle.


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Handball is a game in which players hit a rubber ball against a wall with their hands.


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Handcuffs are used by law enforcement officers to prevent a suspect or prisoner from having full use of the hands.


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Handel, George Frideric (1685-1759), was a German-born composer who is known today mainly through his musical compositions called oratorios.


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Handgun is a firearm that can be operated with one hand.


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Handicap is a way to equalize sports competition between opponents who are unequal in ability.


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Handicraft, also called handcraft, refers to the creation of objects by hand.


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Handkerchief, is a small piece of cloth people carry to wipe their face, nose, or eyes.


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Handwriting is one of the most useful skills.


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Handwriting on the wall. According to a Bible story (Dan. 5:1-31), the Babylonian ruler Belshazzar, during a banquet, saw the fingers of a man's hand writing the Aramaic words mene, mene, tekel, upharsin on his palace wall.


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Handy, W. C. (1873-1958), was an American composer of blues songs. Handy did not invent the blues, which is a form of folk music.


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Hanging is a legal means of execution in some states of the United States.


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Hanging valley is a valley whose mouth lies high on the side of a larger valley.


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Hangzhou, (pop. 2,589,504), is a Chinese tourist center and the capital of Zhejiang Province.


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Hanks, Tom (1956-...), is an internationally popular motion-picture star who won fame for playing likable, charming, and innocent characters.


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Hanna, Mark (1837-1904), an American politician and businessman, became known for managing the political campaigns of William McKinley.


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Hannibal (247-183 B.C.) was the greatest general and statesman of Carthage, an ancient North African city.


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Hannibal, Missouri (pop. 17,757), is the boyhood home of the writer Mark Twain.


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Hanoi, (pop. 3,058,855), is the capital of Vietnam.


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Hanover, (pop. 513,010), also spelled Hannover, is one of Germany's largest cities.


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Hanover, also spelled Hannover, is a historic area in northwestern Germany.


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Hansberry, Lorraine (1930-1965), was the first African American playwright to achieve critical and popular success on Broadway.


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Hanseatic, League was a loose confederation of north German cities.


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Hanson, Howard (1896-1981), was an American composer, conductor, and educator.


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Hanson, John (1721-1783), was a Maryland statesman at the time of the Revolutionary War in America (1775-1783).


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Hantavirus is the name of a group of viruses.


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Hanukkah, is the Jewish Feast of Lights or Feast of Dedication.


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Hara-kiri, is a method of suicide that is used by members of the Japanese warrior class, or samurai.


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Harare, (pop. 1,200,000), is the capital and largest city of Zimbabwe.


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Harbin, (pop. 3,597,404), is one of the large cities of China.


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Harbor is any sheltered body of water where ships may moor or anchor.


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Harding, Warren Gamaliel (1865-1923), was elected president by a people weary of wartime restraints and world problems.


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Hardness is the ability of a material to scratch a mark on other substances or to resist being scratched by them.


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Hardy, Thomas (1840-1928), was an English novelist and poet.


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Hare is a long-eared mammal with powerful hind legs and a short, fluffy tail.


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Harem is the women's section of a household in some Middle Eastern and Asian countries.


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Hargreaves, James (1722?-1778), invented the spinning jenny, the first commercially successful machine to spin many threads at a time.


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Harkins, William Draper (1873-1951), was an American chemist who helped to clarify thinking on the nature of the atom.


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Harlan, James (1820-1899) was a United States senator from Iowa from 1855 to 1865.


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Harlan, John Marshall (1833-1911), served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1877 until his death.


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Harlow, Harry Frederick (1905-1981), was an American psychologist.


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Harmattan, is a cool, extremely dry wind that forms over the Sahara and blows westward or southwestward to the African coast.


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Harmonica, is the name given to two simple musical instruments.


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Harmonics, are the components of a musical tone.


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Harmony, is the study of musical chords and their relationships.


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Harness is the equipment placed on a horse or other animal that enables it to pull a vehicle with its shoulders.


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Harness racing is a popular form of horse racing.


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Harnett, William Michael (1848-1892), is often called the leading American still-life painter of the late 1800's.


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Harold I (860?-940?), also spelled Harald, was the first king of Norway.


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Harold II (1022?-1066) was the last Saxon king of England.


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Harold III (1015-1066) was king of Norway.


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Harp is one of the oldest known stringed instruments.


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Harper, Frances Ellen Watkins (1825-1911), was an American author and lecturer.


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Harper, William Rainey (1856-1906), an American educator, became the first president of the University of Chicago in 1891.


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Harpers Ferry (pop. 307) is a village in easternmost West Virginia.


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Harpoon is an arrow-shaped weapon used to spear large fish and whales.


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Harpsichord is a musical instrument that resembles a small piano.


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Harpy, in Greek and Roman mythology, was a frightful monster that was half woman and half bird.


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Harpy eagle is a large bird of prey that lives in lowland tropical forests.


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Harquebus, also called arquebus, was an early firearm.


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Harrier is the name of 13 species of birds of prey.


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Harrier is a breed of dog that was developed for the sport of hunting hares.


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Harriman, W. Averell (1891-1986), an American statesman and businessman, was one of the leading diplomats of the mid-1900's. During World War II (1939-1945), Harriman arranged the sending of weapons and other supplies to Britain and the Soviet Union under


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Harris, Benjamin (1660?-1720), published the first newspaper in America.


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Harris, Fred Roy (1930-...), an Oklahoma Democrat, served in the United States Senate from 1964 to 1973.


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Harris, Joel Chandler (1848-1908), an American author and journalist, became famous for his Uncle Remus stories.


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Harris, Patricia Roberts (1924-1985), served as secretary of housing and urban development under President Jimmy Carter from 1977 to 1979.


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Harris, Robert (1849-1919), was one of the most popular and respected Canadian painters of the late 1800's and early 1900's.


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Harris, Roy (1898-1979), was an American composer.


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Harrisburg (pop. 48,950; met. area pop. 629,401) is the capital of Pennsylvania.


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Harrison, Benjamin (1726-1791), was a Virginia delegate to the Continental Congress from 1774 to 1777.


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Harrison, Benjamin (1833-1901), was the only grandson of a president who also became president.


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Harrison, Frederic (1831-1923), an English lawyer and author, was a leading exponent of the Positivist philosophy.


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Harrison, William Henry (1773-1841), served the shortest time in office of any president in American history.


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Harrow, is an implement that farmers use to break plowed earth into smaller pieces before they plant seeds.


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Harrow, School is a leading public school in England.


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Harsha, (A.D. 590?-647), an Indian emperor, ruled most of northern India from A.D. 606 to 647.


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Hart, John (1711?-1779), was a signer of the Declaration of Independence.


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Hart, Lorenz (1895-1943), was an American writer of lyrics of popular songs.


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Hart, Moss (1904-1961), was an American playwright and director.


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Harte, Bret (1836-1902), was an American author who became famous for his colorful stories about the West.


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Hartebeest, is a large African antelope.


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Hartford (pop. 121,578; met. area pop. 1,183,110) is the capital of Connecticut and one of the largest cities in the state.


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Hartford, George Huntington (1833-1917), an American merchant, helped develop the retail chainstore industry.


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Hartford Convention was a meeting of New England delegates during the War of 1812 to discuss their opposition to the war and to other United States government policies.


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Hartley, Marsden (1877-1943), was one of the first American painters to experiment with cubism and abstract art.


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Hartmann von Aue (1170?-1210?) was a German poet.


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Harun al-Rashid, (766-806) was an important ruler of the Abbasid Dynasty, which governed the Islamic empire during the Middle Ages.


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Harunobu (1725-1770) was a Japanese printmaker.


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Harvard, John (1607-1638), was a minister and philanthropist.


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Harvard University is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States.


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Harvest moon is the name given to the full moon that occurs nearest the autumnal equinox.


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Harvey, William (1578-1657), was an English physician who became famous for his discovery of how blood circulates in mammals, including human beings.


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Hashish, is a drug that affects the mind.


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Hasidism, is a movement in modern Judaism.


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Haskalah, was a religious cultural movement that tried to modernize traditional Jewish beliefs and practices.


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Hassam, Childe (1859-1935), was an American painter.


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Hassan, II (1929-1999) was king of Morocco from 1961 until his death in 1999.


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Hassanali, Noor (1918-...), served as president of Trinidad and Tobago from 1987 to 1997.


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Hassium is an artificially produced radioactive element with 108 protons--that is, with an atomic number of 108.


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Hastert, J. Dennis (1942-...), an Illinois Republican, became speaker of the United States House of Representatives in 1999. Newt Gingrich had resigned from the office in 1998.


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Hastie, William Henry (1904-1976), was the first African American to become a judge of the U.S. Court of Appeals.


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Hastings, Battle of (Oct. 14, 1066), marked the beginning of the conquest of England by William, Duke of Normandy.


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Hastings, Warren (1732-1818), was the first governor general of India.


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Hat is the name of any of several kinds of coverings for the head.


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Hatch Political Activities Act is a law that limits the political activities of United States government employees.


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Hatcher, Richard Gordon (1933-...), became one of the first African Americans to win election as mayor of a major United States city.


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Hate crime is a crime committed by an offender because of the victim's race, ethnic background, religion, or sexual orientation.


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Hatoum, Mona (1952-...), is a Lebanese artist known for her powerful, abstract artworks that reflect themes of suffering or imprisonment.


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Hatshepsut, (?-1469 B.C.?) was the fourth female pharaoh in Egyptian history.


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Hauptmann, Gerhart, (1862-1946), a German dramatist, won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1912.


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Hausa, are a black people of west Africa.


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Havana, (pop. 2,119,059) is the capital, chief port, and largest city of Cuba.


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Havel, Vaclav, (1936-...), became president of the Czech Republic in 1993.


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Haversian, canals are tiny channels within compact bone tissue, the hard, outer layers of bone.


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Hawaii, is the only state in the United States that does not lie on the mainland of North America.


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Hawaii, University of, is a coeducational, state-supported institution.


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Hawaii Volcanoes National Park is located on the island of Hawaii.


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Hawaiian honeycreeper is any member of a family of about 20 species of sparrow-sized birds that live only in Hawaii.


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Hawk moth is a member of a worldwide family of large, brightly colored moths that are also called sphinx moths.


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Hawke, Robert James Lee (1929-...), served as prime minister of Australia from 1983 to 1991.


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Hawking, Stephen William (1942-...), is a British theoretical physicist.


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Hawkins, Coleman (1904-1969), was the first important improviser on tenor saxophone in jazz.


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Hawkins, Sir John (1532-1595), also spelled Hawkyns, was an English sea captain during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. He was a fearless adventurer but also the first English slave trader.


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Hawks, Howard (1896-1977), was an American motion-picture director known for his action films.


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Hawthorn, also called thorn apple, is the name of more than 600 species of thorny shrubs or small trees that bear fragrant flowers.


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Hawthorne, Nathaniel (1804-1864), ranks among America's major authors.


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Hay consists of the dried stems and leaves of plants, and serves as feed for cattle, horses, and other animals.


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Hay, John Milton (1838-1905), was an American diplomat and statesman.


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Hay fever is an allergy that occurs most frequently during the spring, summer, and fall.


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Hay-Pauncefote, Treaty enabled the United States to build the Panama Canal.


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Hayakawa, S. I. (1906-1992), an American educator, became an internationally known expert on semantics (the study of the meaning of words). His many writings include the books Language and Action (1941)-later retitled Language in Thought and Action-and Sy


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Hayden, Carl Trumbull (1877-1972), an Arizona Democrat, served in the United States Congress from 1912 until 1969--longer than any other person.


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Hayden, Melissa (1923-...), is a Canadian-born ballerina.


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Haydn, Joseph (1732-1809), was an Austrian composer.


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Hayes, Helen (1900-1993), was an American actress.


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Hayes, Roland (1887-1977), was a famous black American lyric tenor.


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Hayes, Rutherford Birchard (1822-1893), was elected president by a margin of only one electoral vote.


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Haymarket Riot took place during a labor protest rally in Haymarket Square in Chicago on May 4, 1886.


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Hayne, Robert Young (1791-1839), was an American statesman and defender of states' rights.


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Haynes, Elwood (1857-1925), an American automobile inventor and manufacturer, designed one of the first successful automobiles.


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Hazardous wastes are chemicals and chemical by-products that can endanger human health or pollute the environment.


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Hazel is any one of about 15 trees and shrubs that grow in the temperate climates of Asia, Europe, and North America.


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Hazlitt, William (1778-1830), was one of the best essayists and critics in English literature.


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Head is the part of the body that contains the brain, the mouth, and the chief sense organs--the eyes, ears, and nose.


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Head lice are small flat, wingless, bloodsucking insects that live almost exclusively on hairs on the human head.


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Head Start is a United States government program that provides educational, social, and health services to young children from the nation's lowest-income families.


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Headhunter is a person who cuts off the head of a dead enemy to keep as a trophy.


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Headphones are a device used for listening in private to various types of equipment that reproduce sound.


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Health is a state of physical, mental, and social well-being.


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Health, Board of, is a policy-forming or advisory body that aids the executive branch of a government in operating the health department.


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Health and Human Services, Department of, is an executive department of the United States government that works to ensure public health and to assist children and families.


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Health Council, National, founded in 1920, is a private, nonprofit association of leading voluntary, professional, business, governmental, and nonprofit health organizations in the United States.


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Health food is a term used to describe a variety of foods and products that some people believe will improve their health.


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Health insurance, National, refers to a government program that pays the health care expenses of almost all of a country's people.


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Healy, James Augustine (1830-1900), was the first African American bishop of the Roman Catholic Church.


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Heaney, Seamus, (1939-...), an Irish poet, won the 1995 Nobel Prize for literature.


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Hearing aid is a device that amplifies sound.


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Hearn, Lafcadio (1850-1904), was an American author.


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Hearne, Samuel (1745-1792), was an English explorer and fur trader.


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Hearst, Phoebe Apperson (1842-1919), an American philanthropist and educator, was a cofounder of the National Congress of Mothers.


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Hearst, William Randolph (1863-1951), was a famous American publisher of newspapers and magazines.


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Heart is the hard-working muscular pump whose steady action sustains life.


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Heart Association, American, is a national voluntary health agency organized to fight diseases of the heart and blood vessels.


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Heart murmur is an abnormal sound in a person's heartbeat.


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Heartburn, also known as pyrosis, is a painful, burning sensation in the esophagus.


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Heat is one of the most important forms of energy.


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Heat index, or HI, is a measure of how hot the air feels.


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Heat pipe is a device that transfers large amounts of heat from one place to another with only small amounts of heat loss.


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Heat pump is a device that takes heat from one area and delivers it to another area at a higher temperature.


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Heat shield is a covering on a spacecraft or on a rocket nose cone.


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Heath, also called heather, is a type of low evergreen shrub that grows on moors in the United Kingdom, other parts of Europe, and Africa.


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Heating is the supplying of heat to a building, a vehicle, or other enclosure to make the occupants more comfortable.


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Heaven, in the teachings of many religions, is the place or spiritual state in which God, gods, or spirits abide.


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Heaves, also known as broken wind, is a lung disease of horses.


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Heavy water is water that contains the heavy isotope of hydrogen called deuterium in place of ordinary hydrogen.


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Hebe, was a goddess in Greek mythology who served nectar to the gods and goddesses on Mount Olympus.


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Hebrew language has been the language of the Jewish people throughout their history.


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Hebrew literature consists of stories, poems, religious studies, and other works written in Hebrew, one of the oldest living languages.


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Hebrews, Epistle to the, is the 19th book of the New Testament.


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Hebrides, are a group of Scottish islands that lie northwest of the mainland of Scotland.


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Hebron, (pop. 50,000) is a city in the West Bank, a region between Israel and Jordan.


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Hecate, was a goddess associated with the underworld and black magic in Greek mythology.


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Hecht, Ben (1894-1964), was an American playwright, novelist, and screenwriter.


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Heckler, Margaret Mary (1931-...), was secretary of health and human services from 1983 to 1985.


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Hector, in Greek mythology, was the greatest hero of the ancient city of Troy.


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Hecuba, was the second wife of Priam, the king of Troy, in Greek mythology.


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Hedgehog, is a small animal that looks somewhat like a porcupine.


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Hedonism, is the belief that pleasure is the highest good of life.


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Hegel, G. W. F. (1770-1831), was one of the most influential German philosophers. Hegel argued that in order to understand any aspect of human culture, we must retrace and understand its history.


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Heidegger, Martin (1889-1976), was a German philosopher.


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Heidelberg, (pop. 136,796) is a city in southern Germany.


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Heidelberg, University of, is the oldest university in Germany.


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Heidelberg, jaw is a fossil bone from a prehistoric human being who probably lived between 300,000 and 400,000 years ago.


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Heidelberg School was a group of painters who worked on the tree-covered hills overlooking the Yarra River in what is now the Melbourne suburb of Heidelberg, Australia.


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Heifetz, Jascha, (1901-1987), was a Lithuanian-born violinist.


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Heine, Heinrich, (1797-1856), ranks among the most popular writers in German literature.


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Heinlein, Robert A. (1907-1988), was a popular and influential American author of science fiction. He wrote for both children and adults.


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Heir, Technically, an heir is a person who receives money or property that is left by someone who died intestate (without making a will).


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Heisenberg, Werner, (1901-1976), a German physicist, is best known for his contributions to atomic theory.


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Heisman Memorial Trophy is awarded annually to the outstanding college football player in the United States.


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Hekla, is a famous volcanic mountain in southwestern Iceland.


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Held, John, Jr. (1889-1958), was an American cartoonist. He was best known for his delightful pictures of the manners and pastimes of the period in America known as the Roaring Twenties.


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Helen of Troy, in Greek mythology, was the most beautiful woman in the world.


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Helena, (pop. 25,780) is the capital of Montana.


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Helgoland is an island in the North Sea.


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Helichrysum is the name of daisylike flowers also known as everlasting or strawflowers because the flowerheads keep their color when they dry out and are used for flower decoration.


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Helicopter is an aircraft that is lifted into the air and kept aloft by one or two powerful whirling rotors.


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Heliograph, was an instrument used to send signals by reflecting sunlight with a mirror or mirrors.


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Helios, was the sun and god of the sun in Greek mythology.


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Heliosphere is a vast, teardrop-shaped region of space containing electrically charged particles given off by the sun.


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Heliotrope, is the name of a large group of plants with fragrant flowers.


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Helium, is a lightweight gas and chemical element.


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Hell, according to many religions, is a place or state inhabited by demons, in which wicked people are punished after death.


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Hellebore, is the common name of a genus of plants in the crowfoot family.


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Hellenistic Age was a period in ancient history when Greek culture dominated much of what was then the civilized world.


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Heller, Joseph (1923-1999), was an American novelist who established his reputation with the comic novel Catch-22 (1961).


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Hellgrammite, is the wormlike larva (immature stage) of the four-winged insect known as the dobsonfly.


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Hellman, Lillian (1905-1984), was an American playwright.


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Helmet is a covering of metal or other sturdy material designed to protect the head.


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Helmholtz, Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von, (1821-1894), a German physicist, helped establish the law of the conservation of energy (see Energy).


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Helms, Jesse Alexander (1921-...), has been a United States senator from North Carolina since 1973.


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Helsinki, (pop. 508,588; met. area pop. 888,871) is the capital and largest city of Finland.


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Helsinki, Accords, consist of several international agreements reached by the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) in the 1970's and 1980's.


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Helvetians, were members of a tribe that lived in what is now northwestern Switzerland.


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Hematite, is a mineral that supplies most of the world's iron.


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Hemingway, Ernest (1899-1961), was one of the most famous and influential American writers of the 1900's.


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Hemisphere, is the name given to any half of the globe.


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Hemlock, also called poison hemlock, is a poisonous herb.


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Hemlock is the common name of stately evergreen trees belonging to the pine family.


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Hemoglobin, is the pigment that transports oxygen in the blood.


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Hemolysis, is the breakdown of red blood cells.


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Hemon, Louis, (1880-1913), was a French author best known for his novel Maria Chapdelaine.


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Hemophilia, is a hereditary disease in which the blood does not clot normally.


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Hemorrhage, is bleeding, either within the body tissues or from the body surface.


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Hemorrhoids, are enlargements of the veins of the rectum.


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Hemp is a plant sometimes grown for its strong fiber.


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Henbane, is a poisonous herb that is especially fatal to fowls.


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Henday, Anthony, an English fur trader and explorer of the 1700's, was the first white man to visit the Blackfoot Indians in Canada, and to report on their customs and habits.


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Henderson, Fletcher (1897-1952), was a bandleader, pianist, and arranger.


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Henderson, Rickey (1958-...), has stolen more bases and scored more runs than any other player in major league baseball history.


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Hendricks, Thomas Andrews (1819-1885), was vice president of the United States in 1885 under President Grover Cleveland.


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Hendrix, Jimi (1942-1970), was an American rock music guitarist.


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Henequen, is a yellow fiber made from leaves of the henequen plant.


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Henna, is an orange-red dye that varies in color with the article on which it is used.


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Hennepin, Louis, (1626?-1705?), was a Belgian missionary and explorer who became famous for his journey to the Mississippi River Valley in North America.


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Henri, Robert (1865-1929), was an American painter and art teacher.


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Henry is the unit used to measure inductance, the reaction of an electric current against the magnetic field that surrounds it.


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Henry I (1068-1135), a king of England, was the youngest son of William the Conqueror.


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Henry II (1133-1189) was the first king of England to come from the Plantagenet family.


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Henry II (1519-1559) was a king of France.


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Henry III (1551-1589) was the last Valois king of France.


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Henry III (1017-1056) was king of Germany and emperor of what later became known as the Holy Roman Empire.


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Henry IV (1366-1413) was the first king of England of the House of Lancaster.


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Henry IV (1553-1610) was the first king of France of the Bourbon dynasty.


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Henry IV (1050-1106) became king of Germany in 1056 and Holy Roman emperor in 1084.


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Henry V (1387-1422) of England became king in 1413.


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Henry VI (1421-1471) was the last English king of the House of Lancaster.


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Henry VI (1165-1197), succeeded his father, Frederick I (also called Barbarossa), as king of Germany in 1190.


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Henry VII (1457-1509) was the first king of England of the House of Tudor.


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Henry VIII (1491-1547), a king of England, greatly influenced English history by separating the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church.


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Henry, Alexander (1739-1824), won fame as a fur trader in Canada after Britain gained control of the area from France in the 1760's.


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Henry, John, an African-American laborer, is a hero in American folklore.


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Henry, Joseph (1797-1878), an American physicist, became famous for his discoveries in electromagnetism.


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Henry, O. (1862-1910), was the pen name of an American story writer, William Sydney Porter. In most of his nearly 300 works of fiction, O. Henry showed his mastery of mechanical plots, which build up to sharp, unexpected endings, as in "The Gift of the Ma


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Henry, Patrick (1736-1799), was a distinguished statesman, lawyer, and orator at the time of the Revolutionary War in America.


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Henry the Navigator (1394-1460) was a Portuguese prince who promoted explorations of the west African coast during the 1400's.


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Henson, Jim (1936-1990), an American puppeteer, created the Muppets, a combination of marionettes and foam-rubber hand puppets.


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Henson, Matthew Alexander (1867-1955), was an African American explorer of the Arctic.


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Henty, G. A. (1832-1902), wrote lively and popular adventure books for boys. His 80 books, written in a direct style, often use his own experiences as background and deal with real historical events.


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Henze, Hans Werner, (1926-...), is a German composer.


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Hepatica, is the name of a group of sturdy but dainty woodland plants of the Northern Hemisphere.


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Hepatitis, is a disease characterized by inflammation of and injury to the liver.


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Hepburn, Katharine (1907-...), is an American actress.


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Hephaestus, was the blacksmith of the gods in Greek mythology.


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Hepplewhite, George ( ? -1786), was an English furniture maker and designer.


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Heptathlon, is a two-day women's track and field contest that consists of seven events.


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Hepworth, Barbara (1903-1975), was a leading English sculptor.


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Hera, was a goddess of life in Greek mythology.


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Heraclitus, was an early Greek philosopher active about 500 B.C.


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Herald. In ancient times, direct communication between a ruler and the people was often impossible.


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Heraldry is the study of a system of symbols used to represent individuals, families, countries, and such institutions as churches and universities.


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Herb, is a low-growing plant that has a fleshy or juicy stem when it is young.


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Herbarium, is an organized collection of dried plants.


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Herbart, Johann Friedrich, (1776-1841), was a German philosopher and educator who greatly influenced educational theory of the late 1800's.


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Herbert, Frank (1920-1986), was an American author of science fiction.


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Herbert, George (1593-1633), was a leading English poet of the 1600's.


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Herbert, Victor (1859-1924), an American composer and conductor, is often called "the prince of operetta."


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Herbicide, is a chemical compound used to control or destroy unwanted plants.


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Herbivore, is any animal that eats chiefly plants.


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Herculaneum, was an ancient Roman city in Italy.


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Hercules, was one of the greatest heroes of Greek mythology.


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Hercules is a constellation of the Northern Hemisphere between Corona Borealis and Lyra.


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Hercules beetle is the name of several large, strong beetles that live in North America.


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Herder, Johann Gottfried von (1744-1803), was one of the most original and versatile German writers, critics, and philosophers of the 1700's.


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Heredity is the passing on of biological characteristics from one generation to the next.


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Heresy is a doctrine that conflicts with the accepted teachings of a religion or other authority.


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Heritage Foundation is a research and educational institution that formulates and promotes conservative public policies.


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Herman, Woody (1913-1987), was an American bandleader and musician.


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Hermaphrodite, is an animal with both male and female organs of reproduction.


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Hermes, was a god of fertility in Greek mythology.


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Hermes of Praxiteles is an ancient Greek statue of Hermes, the messenger of the gods in Greek mythology.


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Hermione, in Greek mythology, was the only daughter of Menelaus, king of Sparta, and his wife, Helen of Troy.


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Hermit is a person who lives a solitary life, apart from social contact with others.


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Hermit crab is an animal best known for its habit of occupying the empty shell of a snail.


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Herndon, William Henry (1818-1891), an American lawyer, was the law partner of Abraham Lincoln.


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Herne, James A. (1839-1901), was an American playwright, actor, and theater manager. He is best known for two plays that were well in advance of their time in their realistic treatment of serious social problems.


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Hernia, also called rupture, results from a break in cavity walls within the body.


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Hero and Leander, were legendary Greek lovers.


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Herod, was the name of a ruling family in Palestine during the 100's B.C. and the first 100 years after Christ's birth, while Palestine was part of the Roman Empire.


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Herodotus, (484?-425? B.C.) was the first Greek historian.


