# First Line

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Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was the first full-length animated motion picture to be produced by a studio.


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Stagecoach is one of the first important Western motion pictures made in Hollywood.


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Drill is a large, baboonlike monkey from western Africa.


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Gelada, is a large African monkey that resembles a baboon.


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Chevrotain, is the name of a group of hoofed mammals that resemble small deer.


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Gundi, is a kind of rodent that lives in dry, rocky areas of northern and eastern Africa.


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Frogmouth is the name of a group of birds with large hooked beaks that resemble frogs' mouths.


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Mousebird, also known as the coly, is a kind of small African bird with a long tail.


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Jacamar, is the name of a group of long-beaked birds that live from southern Mexico to northern Argentina.


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Buttonquail is the name of a group of ground-dwelling birds that resemble quails but are not closely related to them.


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Hatchetfish is the common name for two distinct groups of fish with similar hatchet-shaped bodies.


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Horseradish tree is a flowering tree that gets its name from its roots, which smell and taste like horseradish.


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Gumbo limbo is a tree native to the West Indies, Florida, Mexico, and Central America.


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Indian almond is a large tree native to Southeast Asia.


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Sao la, is an Asian hoofed mammal that was discovered by scientists only in 1992.


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Tuco-tuco, is the name of a group of South American burrowing rodents that resemble gophers.


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Screamer is the name of three related water birds that live in marshes and wet grasslands of South America.


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Trumpeter is the name of three related ground-dwelling birds from the tropical forests of South America.


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Arapaima, also called the pirarucu, is one of the largest freshwater fish in the world.


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Ombu, is a South American tree that ranks as one of the world's hardiest plants.


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Silverbell is any of a group of trees or shrubs with bell-shaped flowers.


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Snowbell is any of a group of trees and shrubs named for their white, bell-shaped flowers.


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Balliol, John de (1250?-1313?), was king of Scotland from 1292 to 1296.


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Barnaby Rudge is a historical novel set in the 1700's by the English author Charles Dickens.


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Beck, Lucy Boyd (1916-...), is an Australian studio potter and painter who produces painted tiles and murals.


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Lawrence of Arabia is one of the greatest epics in motion-picture history.


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Sunset Boulevard ranks among the most memorable motion pictures that deal with the Hollywood film world.


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Bridge on the River Kwai, The, ranks among the greatest war films in motion-picture history.


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African Queen, The, ranks among the most popular romantic adventure films in American motion-picture history.


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Chinatown ranks among the latest and most effective examples of the American motion-picture style known as film noir.


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Some Like It Hot is one of the greatest comedies in American motion-picture history.


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E. T.: The Extra-Terrestrial, a science-fiction fantasy directed by Steven Spielberg, is one of the most popular motion pictures ever made. It was released in 1982 and for a time had higher gross earnings than any other movie in history.


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Falun Gong is a spiritual way of living that emerged in China during the early 1990's.


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Bleak House is a novel of social criticism by the English author Charles Dickens that is considered to be one of his greatest novels.


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Boyd, Arthur (1920-1999), was one of the most important Australian artists of the 1900's.


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Boyd, Martin (1893-1972), was one of the most celebrated Australian novelists of the first half of the 1900's.


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Carson, Benjamin (1951-...), is an American pediatric neurosurgeon (surgeon specializing in the brain and spinal cord of children).


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Catholic Emancipation Act, also known as the Catholic Relief Act of 1829, granted political and civil freedoms to Roman Catholic men in the United Kingdom (UK).


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Christmas Carol, A, a story by the English author Charles Dickens, is the best-known and most popular Christmas story in English literature.


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David Copperfield is a partly autobiographical novel by the English author Charles Dickens.


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Deane, Sir William (1931-...), became the governor general of Australia in 1996.


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Dombey and Son is a novel by the English author Charles Dickens that explores the evils of selfishness and pride.


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Hackett, Sir John Winthrop (1848-1916), a journalist and philanthropist, owned The West Australian and The Western Mail newspapers.


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Hackett, Sir John Winthrop (1910-1997), was an Australian-born soldier and academic administrator.


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Ladysmith Black Mambazo is a South African group of 10 a cappella (unaccompanied) male singers, led by Joseph Shabalala.


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Lake Mungo archaeological site, in western New South Wales, is a dry lake bed where the oldest dated human remains in Australia have been found.


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Longford, Countess of (1906-...), Elizabeth Pakenham, an English biographer and historian, won fame for her books about the British monarchy in the 1800's and 1900's.


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Longford, Earl of (1905-2001), Frank Pakenham, a United Kingdom Labour Party politician, was a member of the Labour governments that came to power in 1945 and 1964.


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Mohammed VI (1963-...), became king of Morocco in 1999, following the death of his father, Hassan II, who ruled Morocco for 38 years.


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Quarterman, Lloyd (1918-1982), was an African American nuclear chemist.


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Revelle, Roger (1909-1991), was an American oceanographer and a pioneer in deep-sea research.


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Tale of Two Cities, A, is a historical novel by the English author Charles Dickens, set in London and Paris at the time of the French Revolution (1789-1799).


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Soros, George (1930-...), is a Hungarian-born American businessman who became famous for his wealth and philanthropy (charity).


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Blue moon is a folklore term that has many definitions.


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San Diego Wild Animal Park is a center for the preservation and display of endangered species.


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Blobel, Gunter (1936-...), is a German-born biologist who is conducting important research on the movement of proteins within the cells of living organisms.


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Mundell, Robert Alexander (1932-...), a Canadian-born economist, was awarded the 1999 Nobel Prize for economics.


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'T Hooft, Gerardus, (1946-...), a Dutch physicist, won a share of the 1999 Nobel Prize for physics for his mathematical work on the characteristics of subatomic particles and the forces between them.


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Veltman, Martinus J. G. (1931-...), a Dutch physicist, won a share of the 1999 Nobel Prize for physics for his mathematical work on the characteristics of subatomic particles and the forces between them. He shared the prize with his colleague in this work


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Zewail, Ahmed Hassan (1946-...), won the 1999 Nobel Prize for chemistry for his experiments showing how molecules change during chemical reactions.


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Carleton University is a private, independent institution of higher learning in Ottawa, Canada.


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Central Arkansas, University of, is a public, state-supported institution of higher learning in Conway, Arkansas.


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Central Connecticut State University is the oldest publicly supported institution of higher education in Connecticut.


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Central Michigan University is a public, state-supported institution of higher learning in Mount Pleasant, Michigan.


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Central Missouri State University is a public, state-assisted institution of higher learning in Warrensburg, Missouri.


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Central Oklahoma, University of, is a public, state-supported institution of higher learning in Edmond, Oklahoma.


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Central Washington University is a public, state-supported institution of higher learning in Ellensburg, Washington.


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Chadron State College is a public, state-supported institution of higher learning in Chadron, Nebraska.


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Chaminade University of Honolulu is a private institution of higher learning in Honolulu, Hawaii.


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Chapman University is a private institution of higher learning in Orange, California.


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Charleston, College of, is a public, state-supported institution of higher learning in Charleston, South Carolina.


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Chicago State University is a public, state-supported institution of higher learning in Chicago.


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City University is a private, independent institution of higher learning in Bellevue, Washington, a suburb of Seattle.


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Columbus State University is a public, state-supported institution of higher learning in Columbus, Georgia.


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Obasanjo, Olusegun, (1937...), is the president of Nigeria.


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Concordia University is a private institution of higher learning in River Forest, Illinois.


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Concordia University is a public institution of higher learning in Montreal, Quebec.


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Converse College is a private liberal arts college for women in Spartanburg, South Carolina.


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Coppin State College is a public, state-supported institution of higher learning in Baltimore.


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Dalhousie University, in Halifax, Nova Scotia, is one of Canada's leading research and teaching universities.


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Dallas Baptist University is a Christian university affiliated with the Baptist General Convention of Texas.


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Dayton, University of, is a Roman Catholic institution of higher learning in Dayton, Ohio.


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Delta State University is a public, state-supported institution of higher learning in Cleveland, Mississippi.


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Denison University is a private liberal arts college in Granville, Ohio.


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DePauw University is a private liberal arts college in Greencastle, Indiana.


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District of Columbia, University of the, is the only public institution of higher education in Washington, D.C. It was chartered in 1974 as a land-grant university.


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East Carolina University is a public, state-supported institution of higher learning in Greenville, North Carolina.


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East Central University is a public, state-supported university in Ada, Oklahoma.


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Eastern Connecticut State University is a public, state-assisted liberal arts university in Willimantic, Connecticut.


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Eastern Illinois University is a public, state-assisted institution of higher learning in Charleston, Illinois.


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Eastern Michigan University is a public, state-supported institution of higher learning in Ypsilanti, Michigan.


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Eastern Nazarene College is a private institution of higher learning in Quincy, Massachusetts.


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Eastern New Mexico University is a public, state-supported institution of higher learning in Portales, New Mexico.


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Eastern Washington University is a public, state-supported institution of higher learning in Cheney, Washington, near Spokane.


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Edgewood College is an independent institution of higher learning in Madison, Wisconsin.


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Elizabeth City State University is a public, state-supported institution of higher learning in Elizabeth City, New Jersey.


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Elmira College is a private liberal arts college in Elmira, New York.


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Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University is the world's largest fully accredited university specializing in aviation and aerospace.


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Emerson College is a private, independent institution of higher learning in Boston.


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Emmanuel College is a private institution of higher learning in Boston.


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Emporia State University is a public, state-supported institution of higher learning in Emporia, Kansas.


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Evansville, University of, is a private institution of higher learning in Evansville, Indiana.


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Fairfield University is a private institution of higher learning in Fairfield, Connecticut.


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Fayetteville State University is a public, state-assisted institution of higher learning in Fayetteville, North Carolina.


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Fitchburg State College is a public, state-supported institution of higher learning in Fitchburg, Massachusetts.


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Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University is a public, state-supported institution of higher learning in Tallahassee, Florida.


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Fontbonne College is a private institution of higher learning in St. Louis, Missouri.


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Fort Hays State University is a public, state-supported institution of higher learning in Hays, Kansas.


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Fort Valley State University is a public, state-supported institution of higher learning in Fort Valley, Georgia.


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Framingham State College is a public, state-supported institution of higher learning in Framingham, Massachusetts.


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Franciscan University of Steubenville is a private institution of higher learning in Steubenville, Ohio.


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Francis Marion University is a public, state-assisted, coeducational institution of higher learning in Florence, South Carolina.


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Fresno Pacific University is a private institution of higher learning in Fresno, California.


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Friends University is a private institution of higher learning in Wichita, Kansas.


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Frostburg State University is a public, state-supported institution of higher learning in Frostburg, Maryland.


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Gardner-Webb University is a private, church-supported institution of higher learning in Boiling Springs, North Carolina.


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Gannon University is a private, church-supported university in Erie, Pennsylvania.


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Georgian Court College is a private, church-affiliated college in Lakewood, New Jersey.


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Goddard College is a private, independent liberal arts college in Plainfield, Vermont.


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Golden Gate University is a private, nonprofit university based in San Francisco.


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Goucher College is a private, independent liberal arts and sciences college in Towson, Maryland, near Baltimore.


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Governors State University is a public, state-supported institution of higher learning in University Park, Illinois, near Chicago.


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Guelph, University of, is a public, provincially funded university in Guelph, Ontario.


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Guilford, College is a private liberal arts college in Greensboro, North Carolina.


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Hartford, University of, is a private, independent institution of higher learning in West Hartford, Connecticut.


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Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico is a private institution of higher learning in Puerto Rico.


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Saint Scholastica, College of, is an independent, private institution of higher learning in Duluth, Minnesota.


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Rollo (860?-930?), a Viking leader, was the ancestor of many Norman dukes and English kings.


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Valdemar I (1131-1182), known as Valdemar the Great, was king of Denmark from 1157 to 1182.


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Valdemar II (1170-1241) inherited the throne of Denmark from his brother Canute VI in 1202 and reigned until 1241.


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Valdemar IV Atterdag (1320?-1375) was king of Denmark from 1340 to 1375.


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Absalon (1128-1201) was a Danish archbishop, warrior, and statesman who is considered the founder of Copenhagen.


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King and I, The, is one of the greatest musicals in the history of the American theater.


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Femtochemistry is the branch of chemistry in which chemical reactions are detected as they occur and the reaction times are measured.


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Hubble constant is a measure of the rate of expansion of the universe.


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Moore's law states that the amount of data an electronic chip can store will double about every 18 months.


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Ethelred II (968?-1016) was king of England from about 978 until 1016.


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Wahid, Abdurrahman, (1940-...), served as president of Indonesia from October 1999 to July 2001.


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Prodi, Romano, (1939-...), an Italian businessman and economics professor, became president of the European Commission in 1999.


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Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park lies in west-central Colorado.


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Reform Party is a political party in the United States that promises to reform national politics.


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Carr, Bob (1947-...), an Australian Labor Party politician, became premier of the Australian state of New South Wales in April 1995.


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Chafee, Lincoln Davenport (1953-...), a Rhode Island Republican, became a member of the United States Senate in 1999.


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Aceh, is an Indonesian province on the northern tip of the island of Sumatra.


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Johnson, Randy (1963-...), ranks among the most dominant pitchers in baseball.


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Atkins, Chet (1924-2001), was perhaps the single most important influence in the development of modern country music in the United States.


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Computer virus is a computer program that places a copy of itself within another program and can spread to other software after the infected application is run.


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Clark, Helen Elizabeth (1950-...), became prime minister of New Zealand in 1999.


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Adelaide University is an independent institution of higher learning in Adelaide, South Australia.


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Auckland, University of, is an institution of higher education in Auckland, on the North Island of New Zealand.


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Bristol, University of, is an institution of higher education in Bristol, in the United Kingdom.


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Canterbury, University of, is an institution of higher education in Christchurch, on the South Island of New Zealand.


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Cape Town, University of, is an institution of higher learning located on the slopes of Devil's Peak, Cape Town, South Africa.


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Charles Sturt University (CSU) is a government-funded institution of higher education in New South Wales, Australia.


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Curtin University of Technology is an institution of higher education in Perth, Western Australia.


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Durham, University of, is an institution of higher education in Durham, England.


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Macquarie University is an institution of higher education in New South Wales, Australia.


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Manchester, University of, is an institution of higher education in Manchester, England.


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Queen's University of Belfast is an institution of higher education in Belfast, Northern Ireland.


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Saint Andrews, University of, is an institution of higher education in Saint Andrews, Scotland.


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Sydney, University of, is an institution of higher education in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.


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LeMond, Greg (1961-...), an American bicycle racer, became the first American cyclist to win the Tour de France, the most famous bicycle road race in the world.


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Arena football, also called arenaball, is a fast and exciting form of American professional football played indoors.


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Pincay, Laffit, Jr. (1946-...), is a Panamanian jockey who holds the record for the most horse races won during a career. In December 1999, Pincay broke the previous record of 8,833 winners held by American jockey Bill Shoemaker.


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Canberra, University of, is a public university in Bruce, a suburb of Canberra in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT), eastern Australia.


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Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard, by the English poet Thomas Gray, is one of the most famous and most widely quoted poems in the English language.


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Faerie Queene, The, is an epic poem by the Elizabethan poet Edmund Spenser.


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Lady of Shalott, The, is a narrative poem in four parts by the English poet Alfred, Lord Tennyson.


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Leave Me, O Love is a sonnet by the English poet and courtier (a person often present at the court of a king) Sir Philip Sidney.


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Love (III) is the third of three poems with the same title written by the religious poet and Anglican priest George Herbert.


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Lycidas is a poem by the English poet John Milton.


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Rape of the Lock, The, by the English poet Alexander Pope, is the most famous mock-epic poem in the English language.


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Southampton, University of, is an institution of higher education in Southampton, in the United Kingdom.


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Stellenbosch, University of, is an institution of higher education in the town of Stellenbosch, Western Cape, South Africa.


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They Flee from Me is a love lyric by the English poet Sir Thomas Wyatt.


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Erik of Pomerania (1382?-1459) was king of Norway from 1388 to 1442, of Denmark from 1396 to 1439, and of Sweden from 1396 to 1439.


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Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson (1390?-1436) was a Swedish national hero who led a successful rebellion from 1434 to 1436.


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Christian I (1426-1481) was king of Denmark from 1448 to 1481, of Norway from 1450 to 1481, and of Sweden from 1457 to 1464.


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Sture, Sten, the Younger (1492?-1520) was a Swedish nobleman who ruled Sweden as regent (temporary ruler) from 1512 to 1520.


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Christian II (1481-1559) was king of Denmark and Norway from 1513 to 1523 and king of Sweden from 1520 to 1521.


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Kalmar, Union of, united the medieval kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden under one monarch, while preserving each country's separate laws, customs, and administrative council.


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Keyes, Alan Lee (1950-...), was one of the first African Americans to seek the Republican presidential nomination.


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Rowling, J. K. (1965-...), a British children's author, became an international sensation with her series of fantasy novels about schoolboy Harry Potter. The series begins when Harry is an 11-year-old orphan who discovers he is the son of wizards.


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McLachlin, Beverley Marian (1943-...), became the first woman chief justice of the Supreme Court of Canada in 2000.


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Body language is communication by means of facial expressions, gestures, postures, and other wordless signals.


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Motion, Andrew (1952-...), became poet laureate of the United Kingdom in 1999.


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Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) is a United States government agency that helps communities prepare for and recover from natural and human-made disasters.


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Hoffa, James Phillip (1941-...), an American labor leader, became president of the Teamsters Union in 1999.


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Infanticide is the intentional killing of a child less than 1 year old, usually by a parent.


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International Olympic Committee (IOC) is the organization that oversees the Summer and Winter Olympic Games.


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Air turbulence is a disturbance of the air that is often felt by the passengers and crew of aircraft.


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Interstellar medium is all the ordinary matter between the stars in a galaxy.


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Kuiper belt, is a band of objects in the outer regions of our solar system.


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Quantum field theory is a set of basic ideas that physicists use to explain the laws of nature.


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String theory is a theory of the fundamental forces of nature.


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Wormhole is a "shortcut" that may exist in space.


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Bemba is a term used to describe the language and culture of a large ethnic group in Central Africa.


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Campylobacter, are a kind of bacteria that can cause a form of food poisoning.


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Folic acid is one of the B-complex vitamins necessary for good health.


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Mitochondria, , are the parts of a cell that convert chemical energy from food into a form of energy the cell can use.


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Organ donation is the process through which human organs are obtained for transplant surgery.


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Xenotransplant, is the transfer of cells, tissues, or organs from one species into another.


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Demirel, Suleyman (1924-...), was president of Turkey from 1993 to 2000.


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Goblin Market is the most famous work by the English poet and children's writer Christina Rossetti.


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Griffith University is a state-controlled institution of higher education in Queensland, Australia.


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If Thou Must Love Me, by the English poet Elizabeth Barrett Browning, is the 14th of 44 sonnets collected under the title of Sonnets from the Portuguese (1850).


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Leeds, University of, is one of the largest universities in the United Kingdom.


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Massey University is a state-funded institution of higher education in New Zealand.


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Mogae, Festus Gontebanye (1939-...), became president of Botswana in 1998, after the resignation of President Quett Ketumile Joni Masire.


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My Last Duchess is a poem by the Victorian English poet Robert Browning.


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Nottingham, University of, is an institution of higher education in Nottingham, United Kingdom.


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Owl and the Pussy-Cat, The, is a poem for children written by the English writer and artist Edward Lear.


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Passionate Shepherd to His Love, The, is one of a small number of short poems by the Elizabethan dramatist Christopher Marlowe.


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Reading, University of, is an institution of higher education in Reading, in the United Kingdom.


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Remembrance is a poem by the English novelist and poet Emily Bronte.


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Retreat, The, is a poem written by the Welsh-born religious poet Henry Vaughan.


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Song for St. Cecilia's Day, 1687, A, is a poem by the English poet, critic, and dramatist John Dryden. It dates from the later part of his career, when he had already established a reputation as a prominent writer on the political, religious, and social i


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To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time is a short lyric poem by the English poet Robert Herrick.


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Valediction: Forbidding Mourning, A, is one of the best-known poems by the English poet and cleric John Donne.


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Warwick, University of, is an institution of higher education near the city of Coventry, in the United Kingdom.


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Weizman, Ezer (1924-....), an Israeli political and military leader, was president of Israel from 1993 to 2000.


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Handsome Lake (1735?-1815) was a Seneca Indian religious leader.


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Kennedy, Joseph Patrick (1888-1969), was the head of a family that became prominent in American government and business.


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Pendergast, Thomas Joseph (1872-1945), was a Kansas City, Missouri, politician who rose from poverty to become one of the most powerful political bosses in the United States.


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Berners-Lee, Tim (1955-...), a British computer scientist, developed the World Wide Web.


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Coca-Cola Company is the world's largest producer of soft drinks.


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Cruise ship is a ship designed to provide an enjoyable vacation experience as it carries passengers to one or more destinations.


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E-commerce, also called electronic commerce or e-business, is the electronic exchange of money or other valuables for goods and services.


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Eckert, J. Presper, Jr. (1919-1995), was a pioneer in the development of the modern electronic digital computer. He was the chief engineer on the project that built ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer), one of the world's first general-pur


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Kilby, Jack (1923-...), is one of the two inventors of the microchip, or integrated circuit.


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Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd., an electronics company based in Japan, is one of the world's largest manufacturing corporations. It consists of many separate manufacturing units that develop, produce, and market such diverse products as batterie


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Mauchly,John William (1907-1980), was a key figure in the development of the computer.


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McDonald's Corporation operates the world's largest chain of fast-food restaurants.


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Noyce, Robert (1927-1990), is one of the two inventors of the microchip, or integrated circuit.


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Sony Corporation, a Japanese manufacturer, is one of the world's leading producers of communications and information technology products for consumers and businesses.


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Coral reef is a type of underwater environment shaped by limestone formations.


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Devolution, occurs when a country's central government grants some of its powers to regional governments.


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Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) is the largest political party in Northern Ireland, a division of the United Kingdom.


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Putrajaya, (pop. 7,000), is a new city being built to serve as the administrative capital of Malaysia.


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Ader, Clement, (1841-1926), a French electrical engineer, was a pioneer of powered flight.


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Airbus is one of the world's largest manufacturers of civilian jet aircraft.


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Bioremediation is a treatment method that uses microscopic organisms to break down hazardous wastes into harmless natural products, such as carbon dioxide.


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Boeing Company, is the world's largest manufacturer of aerospace equipment.


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Encryption is a procedure that changes a message to disguise it.


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Fiat S.p.A. is Italy's leading automobile manufacturer and one of the world's largest industrial corporations. In addition to automobiles, Fiat produces aircraft and aircraft parts, buses and trucks, construction and farm equipment, marine engines, metals


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Hitachi, Ltd., a Japanese electronics and heavy industry company, is one of the largest corporations in the world. Hitachi manufactures a diverse array of products, including air conditioners, batteries, broadcasting equipment, computers, construction equ


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Motorola, Inc., is a leading electronics manufacturer and provider of communications services. The company makes microprocessors and other computer chips, and electronic components for both consumer and business products.


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World Trade Center is a building complex in New York City that was largely destroyed in the worst terrorist attack in United States history.


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Gandhi, Sonia (1946-...), an Italian-born Indian politician, is the president of India's Congress Party.


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Ahura Mazda is the chief god in a religion of ancient Persia called Zoroastrianism.


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Anaheim Angels are a major league baseball team that plays in the West Division of the American League.


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Arizona Diamondbacks are a major league baseball team that plays in the West Division of the National League.


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Atlanta Braves are a major league baseball team that plays in the East Division of the National League.


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Baltimore Orioles are a major league baseball team that plays in the East Division of the American League.


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Boston Red Sox are a major league baseball team that plays in the East Division of the American League.


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Cabaret is a famous American musical set against the rise of Nazism in Germany during the early 1930's.


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Chicago Cubs are a major league baseball team that plays in the Central Division of the National League.


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Chicago White Sox are a major league baseball team that plays in the Central Division of the American League.


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Chorus Line, A, ranks among the most popular and honored musicals in American theater history.


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Cincinnati Reds were the first professional baseball team, founded in 1868 as the Cincinnati Red Stockings.


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Cleveland Indians are a major league baseball team that plays in the Central Division of the American League.


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Colorado Rockies are a major league baseball team that plays in the West Division of the National League.


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Crucible, The, is a powerful historical drama by American playwright Arthur Miller.


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Detroit Tigers are a major league baseball team that plays in the Central Division of the American League.


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Dion, Celine (1968-...), is a French-Canadian singing star.


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Florida Marlins are a major league baseball team that plays in the East Division of the National League.


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Glass Menagerie, The, is a play by the American dramatist Tennessee Williams that was his first critical and commercial success.


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Guys and Dolls ranks among the classics of the American musical theater.


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Highsmith, Patricia (1921-1995), was an American writer known for her crime and suspense novels and short stories.


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Houston Astros are a major league baseball team that plays in the Central Division of the National League.


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Jackson, Alan (1958-...), is a popular country and western performer and songwriter.


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Kansas City Royals are a major league baseball team that competes in the Central Division of the American League.


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Lee, Bruce (1940-1973), was a Chinese American motion-picture star.


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Los Angeles Dodgers are a major league baseball team that plays in the West Division of the National League.


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Milwaukee Brewers are a major league baseball team in the Central Division of the National League.


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Minnesota Twins are a major league baseball team that plays in the Central Division of the American League.


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Montreal Expos are a major league baseball team that became the first major league team in Canada.


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My Fair Lady ranks among the most popular musicals in theater history.


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New York Mets are a major league baseball team that plays in the East Division of the National League.


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New York Yankees are a major league baseball team that plays in the East Division of the American League.


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Oakland Athletics are a major league baseball team that plays in the West Division of the American League.


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Oklahoma! is one of the most popular and influential musicals in the American theater.


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Our Town is a play by American writer Thornton Wilder that ranks among the most popular of all American dramas.


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Philadelphia Phillies are a major league baseball team that plays in the East Division of the National League.


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Pittsburgh Pirates are a major league baseball team that plays in the Central Division of the National League.


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Porgy and Bess is a folk opera composed by George Gershwin.


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Raisin in the Sun, A, is a 1959 drama by American playwright Lorraine Hansberry that was her first play and only success as a dramatist.


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San Diego Padres are a major league baseball team that plays in the West Division of the National League.


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San Francisco Giants are a major league baseball team that plays in the West Division of the National League.


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Seattle Mariners are a major league baseball team that plays in the West Division of the American League.


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South Pacific ranks among the most popular musicals in the American theater.


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Saint Louis Cardinals are a major league baseball team that plays in the Central Division of the National League.


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Streetcar Named Desire, A, is a famous drama by American playwright Tennessee Williams.


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Tampa Bay Devil Rays are a major league baseball team that plays in the East Division of the American League.


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Texas Rangers are a major league baseball team that plays in the West Division of the American League.


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Toronto Blue Jays are a major league baseball team that plays in the East Division of the American League.


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Twain, Shania, (1965-...), is a Canadian singer who became a country music star in the United States.


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West Side Story ranks among the most influential musicals in American theater history.


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Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? is a long and controversial play by the American dramatist Edward Albee.


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You Can't Take It With You ranks among the most popular comedies in American theater.


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Zarathustra, was a Persian prophet who founded the religion Zoroastrianism.


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Kingsolver, Barbara (1955-...), is an American author best known for her novel The Poisonwood Bible (1998).


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Henry III (1207-1272) was a king of England.


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Barker, Pat (1943-...), is an English novelist best known for her Regeneration trilogy.


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Cairns Group is an international organization of countries that export agricultural goods.


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Corporal punishment is punishment inflicted on the body.


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Investor rating service is a private agency that grades investments for overall quality and degree of risk.


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Islamic Development Bank (IDB) is an international financial institution in Jidda, Saudi Arabia.


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NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc., (LDF) is a public interest law firm and civil rights organization in the United States. Founded by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), the LDF uses legal action to ensure


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Privatization is the transfer of government programs, assets, or responsibilities to private individuals or organizations.


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Protectorate is a country under the protection and partial control of another country.


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Yokich, Stephen Phillip (1935-...), became president of the United Automobile Workers (UAW) in 1995.


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Blood doping is the practice of increasing the number of red blood cells in the body to improve athletic performance.


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Ho, David Da-i (1952-...), is a Chinese-born physician who has conducted important research on the virus that causes AIDS. Ho's research has provided new insights into how the virus, called human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), acts once it infects the body


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Kennewick Man is the name given to an ancient, nearly complete skeleton that was found in North America.


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Palliative care is medical care provided to people dying of an incurable illness.


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Satcher, David (1941-...), an American physician, became the 16th surgeon general of the United States.


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Telomere, is the term used to describe the ends of chromosomes in most organisms.


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West Nile virus is a microscopic organism that has caused outbreaks of deadly disease in horses, birds, and human beings.


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Brown, Willie (1934-...), became mayor of San Francisco, California, in 1996.


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Columbus, Indiana (pop. 39,059), is internationally known as a showplace of modern architecture.


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Berlusconi, Silvio, (1936-...), a wealthy businessman, was elected prime minister of Italy in 2001.


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Chamberlain, Joseph (1836-1914), was a leading statesman in the United Kingdom.


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Elizabeth, the Queen Mother (1900-2002), was the mother of Queen Elizabeth ll, the present queen of the United Kingdom, and of Princess Margaret.


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Benedictine University is a private institution of higher learning in Lisle, Illinois.


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Delaware State University is a publicly assisted university in Dover, Delaware.


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Dominican University is a private, Roman Catholic institution of higher learning in River Forest, Illinois.


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Dowling College is a private liberal arts college in Oakdale, New York, on the south shore of Long Island.


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Drake University is a private institution of higher learning in Des Moines, Iowa.


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Dubuque, University of, is a private, professional university and theological seminary in Dubuque, Iowa.


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Hardin-Simmons University is a private institution of higher learning in Abilene, Texas.


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Harding University is a private institution of higher learning in Searcy, Arkansas.


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Hawaii Pacific University is a private, independent institution of higher learning on the island of Oahu in Hawaii.


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Henderson State University is a public, state-assisted institution of higher learning in Arkadelphia, Arkansas.


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Holy Names College is a private institution of higher learning in Oakland, California.


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Hood College is a private liberal arts college in Frederick, Maryland.


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Houston Baptist University is a private Christian institution of higher learning in Houston.


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Immaculata College is a Roman Catholic institution of higher learning in Immaculata, Pennsylvania.


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Incarnate Word, University of the, is a private institution of higher learning in San Antonio.


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Indiana Wesleyan University is a private institution of higher learning in Marion, Indiana.


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Holzer, Jenny (1950-...), is an American artist who attempts to bring messages to a wide public through printed and electronic signs.


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Levine, Sherrie (1947-...), is an American artist best known for her copies of original works of art by modern masters.


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Martin, Agnes (1912-...), is a Canadian-born painter known for her geometrical abstract pictures based on the form of the grid.


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Rothenberg, Susan (1945-...), is an American artist who gained international recognition for her highly personal paintings and drawings centering on figures of horses.


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Video art uses video technology to create visual art through one or more television monitors.


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Aberdeen, University of, is a public, state-supported institution of higher education in Aberdeen, Scotland.


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Dover Beach, by the English critic and poet Matthew Arnold, is one of the most famous poems of the Victorian Age.


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Kubla Khan is one of the best-known poems by the English poet and philosopher Samuel Taylor Coleridge.


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Lagos Escobar, Ricardo (1938-...), a Chilean Socialist, was elected president of Chile in January 2000, narrowly defeating the right-wing candidate, Joaquin Lavin.


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Ode to a Nightingale is one of several odes (impassioned poetic addresses) written by the English poet John Keats.


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Ode to the West Wind is a poem by the English poet Percy Bysshe Shelley.


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Road Not Taken, The, by Robert Frost, is one of the most beloved of American poems.


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She Walks in Beauty is a short poem by the English poet Lord Byron.


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Sheffield, University of, is an institution of higher education in Sheffield, in the United Kingdom.


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Soldier, The, by the English poet Rupert Brooke, is one of the most famous poems of World War I (1914-1918).


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South Africa, University of, abbreviated UNISA, is the oldest and largest university in South Africa.


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Strathclyde, University of, is an institution of higher education in Glasgow, Scotland.


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Tyger, The, is a poem by the English poet, painter, and engraver William Blake.


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Voice, The, is a short lyric poem by the English novelist and poet Thomas Hardy.


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Windhover, The, is a poem by the English poet and priest Gerard Manley Hopkins.


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Novello, Antonia Coello (1944-...), an American physician, served as surgeon general of the United States under President George H. W. Bush from 1990 to 1993.


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Popper, Karl Raimund (1902-1994), was an Austrian-born philosopher whose central concern was analyzing the nature of science.


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Drexel, Saint Katharine (1858-1955), was the second person born in the United States to be recognized as a saint by the Roman Catholic Church.


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Sture, Sten, the Elder (1440?-1503) was a Swedish nobleman who was elected regent (temporary ruler) by the Swedish council after his uncle King Karl VIII Knutsson died in 1470.


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Coleman, Bessie (1892-1926), was the world's first licensed black woman pilot.


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Hull, Brett (1964-...), a Canadian right winger, ranks among the greatest scorers in the history of the National Hockey League (NHL).


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Anthem for Doomed Youth is a poem from World War I (1914-1918) by Wilfred Owen, a British soldier and poet.


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Low Tide on Grand Pre is a poem by the Canadian poet Bliss Carman.


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In a Station of the Metro is one of the best-known early poems by the American poet Ezra Pound.


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Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, The, is an early poem by the American-born poet, critic, and dramatist T. S. Eliot. It was published in 1917 in the small collection Prufrock and Other Observations.


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Monash University is an institution of higher education in Victoria, Australia.


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New South Wales, University of (UNSW), is an institution of higher education in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.


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Otago, University of, is an institution of higher education in Dunedin, on the South Island of New Zealand.


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Pretoria, University of, is an institution of higher education in South Africa.


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Red, Red Rose, A, is a famous lyric by the Scottish poet Robert Burns.


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Rural Life is an excerpt from "The Village," a long poem by the English poet and clergyman George Crabbe.


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Song: To Celia is a famous poem by the English playwright and poet Ben Jonson.


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To an Athlete Dying Young is a poem by the British poet and classical scholar A. E. Housman.


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To Lucasta, Going to the Wars, by the English poet Richard Lovelace, is one of the most famous lyrics in English literature.


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Witwatersrand, University of the, is an institution of higher education in Johannesburg, South Africa.


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American Battle Monuments Commission is an independent federal agency that commemorates the achievements and sacrifices of United States armed forces.


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Canadian Alliance is a right-wing political party in Canada.


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Homocysteine, is a potentially harmful substance found in the bodies of human beings and other animals.


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Pritzker Architecture Prize is awarded each year to an outstanding living architect or architect team for lifetime achievement.


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Bush, Laura Welch (1946-...), is the wife of George W. Bush, who was elected president of the United States in 2000.


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Spacey, Kevin (1959-...), is a versatile American motion-picture and stage actor.


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Bryant, Kobe, (1978-...), is one of the most exciting players in the National Basketball Association (NBA).


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Of Mice and Men is a short novel by the American writer John Steinbeck.


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Author to Her Book, The, is a poem by the early American poet Anne Bradstreet.


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Because I Could Not Stop for Death is a poem by the American poet Emily Dickinson, who is considered one of the finest poets in American literature.


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Denman, Lord (1874-1954), was governor general of Australia from 1911 to 1914.


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Dudley, Lord (1867-1932), William Humble Ward, Second Earl of Dudley, was lord lieutenant of Ireland from 1902 to 1905 and governor general of Australia from 1908 to 1911.


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Dunrossil, Lord (1893-1961), William Shepherd Morrison, Viscount Dunrossil, was a British soldier, lawyer, and politician who served as governor general of Australia in 1960 and 1961.


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Forster, Lord (1866-1936), Henry William Forster, First Baron Forster of Lepe, was a British politician who served from 1920 to 1925 as governor general of Australia.


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Henry William Frederick Albert, Prince (1900-1974), served as governor general of Australia from 1945 to 1947.


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Gowrie, Lord (1872-1955), Alexander Gore Arkwright Hore-Ruthven, Baron Gowrie, was a British soldier and military administrator who served as governor general of Australia from 1936 to 1944.


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Hopetoun, Lord (1860-1908), John Adrian Louis Hope, Seventh Earl of Hopetoun and First Marquess of Linlithgow, became the first governor general of Australia in 1901.


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Housewifery is a poem by the American colonial poet Edward Taylor.


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Man from Snowy River, The, is one of Australia's most famous and well-loved poems.


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Melbourne, University of, is an institution of higher education in Victoria, Australia.


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Munro-Ferguson, Sir Ronald Craufurd (1860-1934), a Scottish Liberal Party politician, was governor general of Australia from 1914 to 1920.


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National University of Ireland is an institution of higher education in the Republic of Ireland.


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Northcote, Lord (1846-1911), Henry Stafford Northcote, Baron Northcote, was the third governor general of Australia, serving from 1904 until 1908.


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Queensland, University of, is an institution of higher education in Brisbane, the capital of Queensland, Australia.


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Snow-Bound is a long poem by the American poet John Greenleaf Whittier.


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Song of Hiawatha, The, by the American poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, is one of the most famous poetical works of the 1800's.


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Stonehaven, Lord (1874-1941), John Lawrence Baird, Baron Stonehaven, was a British politician who served as governor general of Australia from 1925 to 1930.


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Sweet Silence After Bells is a poem by the Australian Symbolist poet Christopher Brennan.


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Tantramar Revisited, The, is a poem by the Canadian writer Sir Charles George Douglas Roberts.


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Tasmania, University of, is an institution of higher education in the island state of Tasmania, Australia.


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Teams, The, is a poem by the Australian short-story writer and poet Henry Lawson.


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Tennyson, Lord (1852-1928), Hallam Tennyson, Second Baron Tennyson, was the second governor general of Australia.


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Thanatopsis, is a poem by the American poet, essayist, and journalist William Cullen Bryant.


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Doby, Larry (1923-...), was the first African American baseball player in the American League.


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Egan, Edward Cardinal (1932-...), was named a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church by Pope John Paul II in 2001.


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Pronunciation key. World Book Online provides pronunciation for many unusual or unfamiliar words, either with the article title or where the word appears in the text.


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Livingstone, Ken (1945-...), a British politician, became the first elected mayor of Greater London.


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Chen Shui-bian, (1951-...), became president of Taiwan in May 2000.


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Australian National University is an institution of higher education in Canberra, Australia.


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Bath and North East Somerset (pop. 158,692) is a local government area in southwestern England.


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Chicago is an early poem by the American poet, biographer, and historian Carl Sandburg.


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De L'Isle, Lord (1909-1991), William Philip Sidney, first Viscount De L'Isle, served as governor general of Australia from 1961 to 1965.


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East Riding of Yorkshire (pop. 295,575) is a region in northeastern England.


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Hill, The, by the American poet Edgar Lee Masters, is a poem from the author's most famous work, Spoon River Anthology.


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Illustrated London News is a popular illustrated magazine published in London.


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Indian Burying Ground, The, is a poem by the American poet and journalist Philip Freneau.


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Miniver Cheevy is one of the best-known poems by the American poet Edwin Arlington Robinson.


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North East Lincolnshire (pop. 159,662) is a region in eastern England.


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North Lincolnshire (pop. 152,287) is a region on the east coast of England.


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North Somerset (pop. 177,472) is a region in southwestern England.


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North Yorkshire is a county in northeastern England.


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Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking is a poem by the American poet Walt Whitman.


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Punch, a weekly illustrated humorous magazine, was the longest-running publication of its type in the English language.


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Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) is an institution of higher education in Melbourne, Australia.


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Sea Rose is a poem by the American poet Hilda Doolittle, who wrote as "HD."


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Snow-Storm, The, is a poem by the American philosopher, poet, critic, and essayist Ralph Waldo Emerson.


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South Australia, University of, is an institution of higher education in Adelaide, Australia.


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South Gloucestershire (pop. 220,364) is a region in southwestern England.


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Ulster, University of, is an institution of higher education in Northern Ireland.


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Universities and Colleges Admission Service (UCAS) is the central organization in the United Kingdom (UK) that processes applications to a range of college, university, and Higher National Diploma courses.


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Wales, University of, is the second largest university in the United Kingdom.


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Western Australia, University of, is an institution of higher education in Perth, Australia.


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Poetry is a famous poem by the American poet Marianne Moore.


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Turcotte, Jean-Claude Cardinal, (1936-...), was appointed a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church by Pope John Paul II in 1994.


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Attenborough, Richard (1923-...), is a British actor and motion-picture director and producer.


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Attenborough, David (1926-...), is a British naturalist, writer on natural history, and television personality.


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Carousel is a popular American musical with music by Richard Rodgers and lyrics and story by Oscar Hammerstein II.


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Fiddler on the Roof ranks among the most popular musicals in American theater history.


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Hello, Dolly! is a popular American musical comedy.


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Americans with Disabilities Act is a United States law that forbids discrimination based on physical or mental disabilities.


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Jackson, Phil (1945-...), ranks among the most successful coaches in the history of the National Basketball Association (NBA).


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Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, commonly known as the Tamil Tigers, are a group of Tamils in Sri Lanka who seek to break away and form a new country.


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Abraham Lincoln Birthplace National Historic Site marks the site near Hodgenville, Kentucky, where President Abraham Lincoln was born.


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Ford's Theatre National Historic Site, in Washington, D.C., consists of the theater where President Abraham Lincoln was shot and the nearby house where he died.


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Harry S. Truman National Historic Site includes two homes in western Missouri occupied by Harry Truman, the 33rd president of the United States from 1945 to 1953. Truman took many far-reaching actions during his presidency, but perhaps the best known was


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Herbert Hoover National Historic Site, in West Branch, Iowa, includes Hoover's birthplace, other buildings from his childhood, and his gravesite.


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Franklin D. Roosevelt National Historic Site, Home of, in Hyde Park, New York, is the birthplace, family home, and burial place of Roosevelt, the 32nd president of the United States. Roosevelt held office for more than 12 years, from 1933 to 1945, longer


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James A. Garfield National Historic Site, in Mentor, Ohio, includes the former home of Garfield, the 20th president of the United States. Garfield served as president from March 4, 1881, until he died on Sept. 19, 1881, after an assassin shot him.


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Jimmy Carter National Historic Site, in Plains, Georgia, preserves the history of the 39th president of the United States.


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John Fitzgerald Kennedy National Historic Site, in Brookline, Massachusetts, was the boyhood home of John F. Kennedy, the 35th president of the United States.


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Lincoln Home National Historic Site in Springfield, Illinois, includes the only house that Abraham Lincoln, the 16th president of the United States, ever owned.


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Martin Van Buren National Historic Site is the former country estate of Martin Van Buren, the eighth president of the United States.


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Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Site, in Washington, D.C., consists of the part of Pennsylvania Avenue between the United States Capitol and the White House.


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Sagamore Hill National Historic Site, in Oyster Bay, Long Island, New York, is the former estate of Theodore Roosevelt, the 26th president of the United States.


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Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site, in New York City, marks the location where Roosevelt lived the first 14 years of his life.


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Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural National Historic Site, in Buffalo, New York, memorializes the inauguration (swearing in) of Theodore Roosevelt as the 26th president of the United States.


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Ulysses S. Grant National Historic Site, in St. Louis, Missouri, is a memorial to the life, military career, and presidency of Ulysses S. Grant. The site consists of a farm called White Haven, where Grant once lived and worked.


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William Howard Taft National Historic Site, in Cincinnati, Ohio, preserves the boyhood home of William Howard Taft, the 27th president of the United States and the 10th chief justice of the United States.


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Andersonville National Historic Site, in Andersonville, Georgia, is a memorial to United States prisoners of war.


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Brown v. Board of Education National Historic Site, in Topeka, Kansas, commemorates the landmark school desegregation decision of the Supreme Court of the United States.


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Carl Sandburg Home National Historic Site, in Flat Rock, North Carolina, is the final home of Carl Sandburg, an American biographer, historian, and poet.


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Clara Barton National Historic Site, in Glen Echo, Maryland, includes the home of Clara Barton, founder of the American Red Cross.


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Edgar Allan Poe National Historic Site, in Philadelphia, includes the former home of Poe, an American poet, short-story writer, and literary critic.


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Edison National Historic Site, in West Orange, New Jersey, consists of inventor Thomas Alva Edison's research and development laboratory and his home.


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Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site, in Hyde Park, New York, is the personal retreat and final home of Eleanor Roosevelt, the wife of President Franklin D. Roosevelt.


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Eugene O'Neill National Historic Site, in Danville, California, was the home where O'Neill, perhaps the greatest American playwright, wrote his final and most successful plays.


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Frederick Douglass National Historic Site, in Washington, D.C., was the final home of Frederick Douglass, a leading abolitionist and civil rights leader in the 1800's.


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Longfellow National Historic Site, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, was the final home of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, the most famous American poet of the 1800's.


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Manzanar National Historic Site, near Independence, California, marks the site of Manzanar War Relocation Center.


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Mary McLeod Bethune Council House National Historic Site, in Washington, D.C., was the first headquarters of the National Council of Negro Women (NCNW).


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Nicodemus National Historic Site consists of the town of Nicodemus, Kansas, the oldest remaining Western town founded by African Americans after the American Civil War ended in 1865.


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Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site at Moton Field in Tuskegee, Alabama, commemorates the heroic actions of the Tuskegee Airmen, African American aviators who fought in World War II (1939-1945).


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Tuskegee Institute National Historic Site in Tuskegee, Alabama, includes the historic campus of Tuskegee Institute.


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Charles Pinckney National Historic Site in Mount Pleasant, South Carolina, preserves 28 acres (11 hectares) of Snee Farm, a former plantation of American statesman Charles Pinckney.


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Frederick Law Olmsted National Historic Site in Brookline, Massachusetts, was once the home and office of Frederick Law Olmsted, the well-known American landscape architect.


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Friendship Hill National Historic Site, near Point Marion, Pennsylvania, consists of the former country estate of American statesman and diplomat Albert Gallatin.


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Hampton National Historic Site, in Towson, Maryland, preserves the remains of an estate owned by Maryland's wealthy Ridgely family for more than 200 years.


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John Muir National Historic Site, in Martinez, California, is the fruit ranch where the Scottish-born naturalist John Muir lived and worked from the late 1800's until his death in 1914.


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Little Rock Central High School National Historic Site, in Little Rock, Arkansas, is the site of one of the most important civil rights events in the United States.


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Maggie L. Walker National Historic Site, in Richmond, Virginia, was the home of Walker, a prominent African American businesswoman and community leader. Walker was the first woman in the United States to establish and serve as president of a bank.


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Puukohola Heiau National Historic Site, in Kawaihae on the island of Hawaii, is the site of a temple dedicated to the Hawaiian god of war, Kuka'ilimoku.


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Saint-Gaudens National Historic Site, in Cornish, New Hampshire, consists of the home, gardens, and studios of the American sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens.


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Saint Paul's Church National Historic Site, in Mount Vernon, New York, preserves one of the oldest church buildings in the United States.


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Thomas Stone National Historic Site, in Port Tobacco, Maryland, preserves the plantation home of Thomas Stone, a Maryland signer of the Declaration of Independence.


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Vanderbilt Mansion National Historic Site, in Hyde Park, New York, features an estate built by wealthy businessman Frederick William Vanderbilt.


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Allegheny Portage Railroad National Historic Site, near Altoona, Pennsylvania, preserves the history of the first railroad to cross the Allegheny Mountains.


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Bent's Old Fort National Historic Site, near La Junta, Colorado, commemorates one of the most famous Plains trading posts and the first permanent American settlement in Colorado.


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Boston African American National Historic Site, in Boston's Beacon Hill neighborhood, preserves a large number of structures related to the history of Boston's free African American community of the 1800's.


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Christiansted National Historic Site, on the island of St. Croix in the United States Virgin Islands, preserves historic structures that date from the island's Danish colonial period.


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Fort Bowie National Historic Site, near Willcox, Arizona, preserves the remains of the base of United States military operations against the Chiricahua Apache Indians.


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Fort Davis National Historic Site, in Fort Davis, Texas, commemorates the fort's role in settling the region and protecting travelers and merchants along the San Antonio-El Paso Road.


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Fort Laramie National Historic Site, in Fort Laramie, Wyoming, preserves the remains of a historic United States Army fort.


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Fort Larned National Historic Site, near Larned, Kansas, preserves a historic United States Army fort.


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Fort Point National Historic Site, in San Francisco's Presidio, consists of a historic United States Army fort.


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Fort Raleigh National Historic Site, in Manteo, on Roanoke Island, North Carolina, commemorates the first efforts of the English to colonize America.


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Fort Scott National Historic Site, in Fort Scott, Kansas, is a restored frontier fort that commemorates 31 years of United States history, from 1842 to 1873.


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Fort Smith National Historic Site, on the Arkansas-Oklahoma border in the city of Fort Smith, preserves one of the first military posts in the West.


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Fort Union Trading Post National Historic Site, near Williston, North Dakota, commemorates the largest and longest-lasting fur-trading post in the continental United States.


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Fort Vancouver National Historic Site, in Vancouver, Washington, rests on the original site of Fort Vancouver.


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Golden Spike National Historic Site, near Brigham City, Utah, commemorates the ceremony held to mark the completion of the world's first transcontinental railroad.


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Grant-Kohrs Ranch National Historic Site, in Deer Lodge, Montana, preserves an open range cattle ranch started in the mid-1800's.


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Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, in Elverson, Pennsylvania, preserves a historic rural iron-making community called an iron plantation.


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Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site, near Ganado, Arizona, includes the oldest continuously operating trading post on the Navajo Indian Reservation.


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Knife River Indian Villages National Historic Site, in Stanton, North Dakota, preserves the remains of several American Indian villages that once prospered where the Knife and Missouri rivers meet.


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Ninety Six National Historic Site, in Ninety Six, South Carolina, preserves the remains of a colonial outpost and town.


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Palo Alto Battlefield National Historic Site, in Brownsville, Texas, preserves the scene of the first major battle of the Mexican War (1846-1848).


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Salem Maritime National Historic Site, in Salem, Massachusetts, preserves the history of Salem's shipping industry.


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San Juan National Historic Site, in San Juan, Puerto Rico, preserves the historic Spanish forts and walls built to protect this harbor city.


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Saugus Iron Works National Historic Site, in Saugus, Massachusetts, is a reconstruction of an iron-making plant on the Saugus River where skilled iron workers trained from 1646 to 1668.


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Springfield Armory National Historic Site, in Springfield, Massachusetts, is the site of the first national armory in the United States.


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Steamtown National Historic Site, in Scranton, Pennsylvania, was the site of steam railroad facilities for freight and passenger traffic and of the service and repair of locomotives.


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Washita Battlefield National Historic Site, near Cheyenne, Oklahoma, is the site of a Cheyenne Indian village that was attacked and destroyed by a cavalry regiment of the United States Army in 1868.


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Weir Farm National Historic Site, in Wilton, Connecticut, was the summer home and studio of J. Alden Weir, an American Impressionist painter of the late 1800's and early 1900's.


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Abbott and Costello were the most popular comedy team in American motion pictures during the 1940's and early 1950's.


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Gaye, Marvin (1939-1984), was one of the most popular and influential rhythm and blues singers of his time.


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Gordon, Dexter (1923-1990), was one of the most important tenor saxophonists in jazz history.


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Loewe, Frederick (1901-1988), was a musical comedy composer best known for his collaborations with lyricist Alan Jay Lerner.


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Van Dyke, Dick (1925-...), is a popular American comedian and actor who gained success both on television and in motion pictures, usually playing likable characters.


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Hague, William (1961-...), served as leader of the United Kingdom's Conservative Party from 1997 to 2001.


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Mineta, Norman Yoshio (1931- ...), became United States secretary of transportation in 2001.


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Juneteenth is a festival held in many African American and other communities to commemorate the end of slavery in the United States.


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Indian National Congress is a political party in India that has traditionally supported liberal policies.


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From Fairest Creatures We Desire Increase is the first line of the first sonnet by the great English playwright and poet William Shakespeare.


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Gunga Din is a famous poem by the British short-story writer, novelist, and poet Rudyard Kipling.


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Heaven of Freedom is a poem by one of the great poets of modern India, Rabindranath Tagore.


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Makanna's Gathering is a poem by the Scottish-born South African poet, journalist, and essayist Thomas Pringle.


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Palanquin-Bearers is one of the best-known poems by the Indian writer Sarojini Naidu.


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Savitri is a narrative poem by the Bengali poet Toru Dutt.


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Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer's Day? is the first line of Sonnet 18 by the great English playwright and poet William Shakespeare.


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Tintern Abbey is the shortened name for one of the best-known poems by the English poet and critic William Wordsworth.


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When I Do Count the Clock That Tells the Time is the first line of Sonnet 12 by the great English dramatist and poet William Shakespeare.


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When, in Disgrace with Fortune and Men's Eyes is the opening line of Sonnet 29 by the English playwright and poet William Shakespeare.


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Vajpayee, Atal Bihari, (1924-...), has been the prime minister of India since 1998.


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Bainbridge, Beryl (1934-...), an English novelist, has gained international recognition for her fiction about the quirks of human relationships.


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Bellamy, Francis (1855-1931), an American clergyman and editor, is believed to be the author of the Pledge of Allegiance, a statement of loyalty to the United States.


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Koolhaas, Rem (1944-...), is an influential Dutch architect and writer.


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Miller, Zell Bryan (1932-...), a Georgia Democrat, became a member of the United States Senate in July 2000.


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North-South Ministerial Council is a political body that addresses matters of concern to the entire island of Ireland.


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Amphisbaenian, also known as worm lizard, is any of a group of wormlike, burrowing reptiles related to lizards and snakes.


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Fox Quesada, Vicente, (1942-...), became president of Mexico in 2000.


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Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) was the longest-ruling political party in Mexico, holding power under several names from 1929 to 2000.


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National Action Party (PAN) is a right-wing political party in Mexico.


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Assad, Bashar al- , (1965-...), became president of Syria in July 2000.


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Day, Stockwell (1950-...), served as the leader of the Canadian Alliance, a conservative Canadian political party, from July 2000 to December 2001.


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Ben Ali, Zine El-Abidine (1936-...), a former military officer, became president of Tunisia in 1987.


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Booker Prize is a major literary award in the United Kingdom.


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Chavez Frias, Hugo (1954-...), became president of Venezuela in February 1999, succeeding President Rafael Caldera Rodriguez.


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De la Rua, Fernando, (1937-...), served as president of Argentina from 1999 to 2001.


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Fitzgerald, Penelope, (1916-2000), was a British novelist and biographer.


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Fraser, Antonia (1932-...), is a British writer whose books reflect her interest in English and Scottish history and literature.


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Khmer Rouge, was a Cambodian Communist movement that controlled the government of Cambodia from April 1975 to January 1979.


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Lively, Penelope, (1933-...), is a British author known for both adult novels and literature for children.


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McEwan, Ian (1948-...), is a British novelist and short-story writer known for the dark humor and disturbing, sometimes nightmarish, subject matter of his fiction.


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Mitford, Jessica (1917-1996), was a British-born American journalist and author who wrote investigative books on American society and politics.


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Mitford, Nancy (1904-1973), was a British novelist and biographer best known for her witty and satirical novels about English upper-class society.


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Ondaatje, Michael (1943-...), was the first Canadian author to win the Booker Prize, the United Kingdom's best-known literary award.


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Scott, Paul (1920-1978), was a British novelist whose works were inspired by his experiences in India.


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Taliban is a militant Islamic political group that gained control of most of Afghanistan beginning in the mid-1990's.


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Framingham Heart Study is an ongoing medical research project that has yielded important information about heart disease.


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Natal, University of, is an institution of higher education in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.


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Newcastle upon Tyne, University of, is an institution of higher education in the city of Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.


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Not Marble nor the Gilded Monuments is the first line of Sonnet 55 by the great English dramatist and poet William Shakespeare.


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Orange Free State, University of the, also known as University of the Free State, is an institution of higher education in Bloemfontein, South Africa.


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Raven, The, is a poem by American poet, short-story writer, and literary critic Edgar Allan Poe. "The Raven" is Poe's best-known poem and one of the most famous works in American literature.


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Since Brass, nor Stone, nor Earth, nor Boundless Sea is the first line of Sonnet 65 by the great English playwright and poet William Shakespeare.


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Victoria University of Wellington is an institution of higher education in Wellington, New Zealand.


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When I Have Seen by Time's Fell Hand Defaced is the first line of Sonnet 64 by the great English playwright and poet William Shakespeare.


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When to the Sessions of Sweet Silent Thought is the opening line of Sonnet 30 by the English playwright and poet William Shakespeare.


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Jones, Marion (1975-...), is an American track and field star.


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Thorpe, Ian (1982-...), an Australian swimmer, became one of the world's dominant freestyle swimmers while still a teen-ager.


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Klim, Michael (1977-...), is a record-breaking Australian swimmer.


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Hagelin, John Samuel (1954-...), a research scientist and educator, was a candidate for president of the United States in the 2000 election.


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International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), also known as The World Conservation Union, is a global federation of government and private conservation organizations.


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Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) is a treaty that aims to control trade in wild animals and plants, their parts, and products derived from them.


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International Whaling Commission (IWC) is the major international body responsible for conserving whales and regulating whale hunting.


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North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission (NAMMCO) is an international body devoted to conserving and studying marine mammals of the North Atlantic Ocean.


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Seadragon is the common name for two kinds of fish that resemble their relatives, the seahorses.


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Bonham Carter is the name of a family closely associated with the Liberal Party of the United Kingdom (UK).


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Hackett, Grant (1980-...), is one of Australia's most versatile swimmers.


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Gaelic football, called peil in Irish, is a popular men's sport in Ireland.


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Hurling (iomaint in Irish), a team game for men similar to field hockey, is one of Ireland's most popular sports.


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O'Neill, Susie (1973-...), is an Australian swimmer who has won more gold medals than any other Australian swimmer.


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Perkins, Kieren (1973-...), is a record-breaking Australian swimmer who has established numerous world records.


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Rafter, Patrick (1972-...), is a leading Australian tennis player.


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Braddock's Road extended from Cumberland, Maryland, to Fort Duquesne (now Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania).


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Newby, P. H. (1918-1997), a British author, won the first Booker Prize in 1969. The prize is the United Kingdom's highest literary award.


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Rubens, Bernice (1923-...), is a British author known for her novels about Jewish family life.


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Berger, John (1926-...), is a British novelist and art critic.


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Farrell, J. G. (1935-1979), was an English novelist known for his trilogy of historical novels that portray the decline of the British Empire. Critics have praised the irony and often savage humor of his fiction.


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Middleton, Stanley (1919-...), a British author, became known for his novels about middle-class family and marital relationships in the English provinces.


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Jhabvala, Ruth Prawer, (1927-...), is an author known for her perceptive novels about life in modern India.


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Storey, David (1933-...), is an English novelist and playwright known for his portrayals of working-class life in industrial northern England.


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Brookner, Anita (1928-...), is a British writer and art historian known for her novels about intellectual, self-sufficient women who are disappointed in their search for romance.


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Hulme, Keri (1947-...), is a New Zealand author best known for her first novel, The Bone People (1984).


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Ishiguro, Kazuo (1954-...), is a Japanese-born British author whose novels deal with memory and the way people acknowledge the past amid times of cultural change.


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Byatt, A. S. (1936-...), is a British novelist, literary critic, and scholar. She gained international fame for her novel Possession (1990), which won the Booker Prize, the United Kingdom's best-known literary award.


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Okri, Ben (1959-...), is a Nigerian novelist who imaginatively explores themes of political and social corruption in his country.


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Unsworth, Barry (1930-...), is an English historical novelist acclaimed for the vivid renderings of historical periods in his fiction.


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Doyle, Roddy (1958-...), is an Irish author known for his exuberant novels about working-class characters in Dublin.


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Kelman, James (1946-...), is a Scottish author known for his novels and short stories about the bleak lives of working-class characters in Glasgow.


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Swift, Graham (1949-...), is an English author known for novels that examine the impact of history, especially family history, on the domestic lives of the central characters.


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Roy, Arundhati, (1961-...), an Indian writer, won the 1997 Booker Prize for her first novel, The God of Small Things (1997).


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Tate galleries are four important art museums in England.


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Herbal medicine refers to plants or plant ingredients that are used to maintain or improve health.


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Birmingham, University of, is an institution of higher education in the city of Birmingham, in the United Kingdom.


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Katyn Massacre, was a mass murder of more than 4,000 Polish army officers by the Soviet Union during World War II (1939-1945).


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Leyte Gulf, Battle of, was a key naval battle between Japanese and United States forces in World War II (1939-1945).


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Freeman, Cathy (1973-...), is a popular Australian track star of Aboriginal descent.


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Gaeltacht, is the collective name for the areas of Ireland where the most common first language is Irish (also known as Gaelic).


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O, Never Say That I Was False of Heart is the first line of Sonnet 109 by the great English dramatist and poet William Shakespeare.


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Let Me Not to the Marriage of True Minds is the first line of Sonnet 116 by the great English dramatist and poet William Shakespeare.


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Queensland University of Technology (QUT) is an institution of higher education in Brisbane, Australia.


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Royal National Theatre is a government-supported theater in London.


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That Time of Year Thou Mayst in Me Behold is the first line of Sonnet 73 by the great English playwright and poet William Shakespeare.


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Th'expense of Spirit in a Waste of Shame is the first line of Sonnet 129 by the great English playwright and poet William Shakespeare.


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Philippines, University of the, is an institution of higher learning in Quezon City, the Philippines.


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When in the Chronicle of Wasted Time is the opening line of Sonnet 106 by the English playwright and poet William Shakespeare.


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Sharon, Ariel, (1928-...), the leader of the conservative Likud party, became prime minister of Israel in 2001.


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Likud, is a conservative political party in Israel.


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Israel Labor Party is a moderate political party in Israel.


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Kostunica, Vojislav, (1944-...), was elected president of Yugoslavia in 2000.


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Carlsson, Arvid (1923-...), a Swedish biologist, won the 2000 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine for his research on the transmission of nerve impulses.


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Greengard, Paul (1925-...), an American neurobiologist, won the 2000 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine for his discoveries on the transmission of signals between nerve cells.


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Kandel, Eric Richard (1929-...), an Austrian-born American biologist, won the 2000 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine for his research on the function of brain cells in learning and memory.


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Locke, Bobby (1917-1987), was an internationally famous South African golfer.


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Edinburgh International Festival is one of the world's most important arts festivals.


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Alferov, Zhores Ivanovich, (1930-...), a Russian physicist, won a share of the 2000 Nobel Prize in physics for his work on certain kinds of electronic devices.


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Heeger, Alan Jay (1936-...), an American physicist, won a share of the 2000 Nobel Prize for chemistry.


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Kroemer, Herbert (1928-...), a German-born American physicist, won a share of the 2000 Nobel Prize in physics for his work on certain kinds of electronic devices.


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Shirakawa, Hideki, (1936-...), a Japanese chemist, won a share of the 2000 Nobel Prize for chemistry.


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Heckman, James Joseph (1944-...), is an American economist and teacher who won the 2000 Nobel Prize for economic science.


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McFadden, Daniel Little (1937-...), is an American economist and teacher who won the 2000 Nobel Prize for economic science.


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MacDiarmid, Alan Graham (1927-...), a New Zealand-born American chemist, won a share of the 2000 Nobel Prize for chemistry.


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Gao Xingjian, (1940-...), a Chinese playwright, novelist, and essayist, won the 2000 Nobel Prize for literature.


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Akayev, Askar (1944-....), became Kyrgyzstan's first democratically elected president in 1991 after the country declared its independence from the Soviet Union.


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Aliyev, Heydar (1923-....), became president of Azerbaijan in 1993, two years after the country gained independence from the Soviet Union.


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Crisp, Quentin (1908-1999), was an eccentric and colorful English writer and performer.


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Farewell, Thou Art Too Dear for My Possessing is the first line of Sonnet 87 by the great English playwright and poet William Shakespeare.


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My Mistress' Eyes Are Nothing Like the Sun is the first line of Sonnet 130 by the great English dramatist and poet William Shakespeare.


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They That Have Power to Hurt and Will Do None is the first line of Sonnet 94 by the great English playwright and poet William Shakespeare.


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Two Loves I Have, of Comfort and Despair is the first line of the Sonnet 144 by the great English playwright and poet William Shakespeare.


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When My Love Swears That She Is Made of Truth (Sonnet 138) is the first line of Sonnet 138 by the great English playwright and poet William Shakespeare (see Shakespeare, William).


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Seven Deadly Sins, in Christian theology, are moral failings that seriously interfere with living a spiritual life.


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Walker, Maggie Lena (1867-1934), was a prominent African American businesswoman and community leader.


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Bin Laden, Osama (1957?-...), is a Saudi-born millionaire and radical Muslim leader suspected of international terrorism.


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Allen, George Felix (1952-...), a Republican former governor of Virginia, was elected United States senator from that state in 2000.


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Carper, Thomas Richard (1947-...), became a member of the United States Senate in 2001.


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Dayton, Mark (1947-...), is a United States senator from Minnesota.


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Nelson, Bill (1942-...), became a member of the United States Senate in 2001.


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Stabenow, Deborah Ann (1950-...), a Michigan Democrat, was elected to the United States Senate in 2000.


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Corzine, Jon Stevens (1947-...), a Democrat, is a United States senator from New Jersey.


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Ensign, John Eric (1958-...), became a member of the United States Senate in 2001.


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Nelson, Ben (1941-...), became a member of the United States Senate in 2001.


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Carnahan, Jean Anne (1933-...), a Democrat, is a United States senator from Missouri.


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Adams, Phillip (1939-...), is one of Australia's best-known broadcasters, filmmakers, and social commentators.


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Kelly, Paul (1947-...), is an Australian political newspaper journalist and author.


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Kenny, Yvonne (1950-...), is an internationally renowned Australian opera soprano.


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Kidman, Nicole (1967-...), is a glamorous Australian actress who has starred in many Australian and American movies, as well as television shows and stage plays.


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Morrison, James (1962-...), is an Australian jazz musician who plays a wide range of instruments.


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Poor Soul, the Centre of My Sinful Earth is the first line of Sonnet 146 by the great English dramatist and poet William Shakespeare.


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Smith, Dick (1944-...), is an Australian businessman, aviator, adventurer, publisher, and philanthropist.


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Winton, Tim (1960-...), is an Australian novelist and short-story writer.


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Woodward, Roger (1942-...), an Australian pianist, is one of the world's finest concert pianists.


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Cantwell, Maria (1958-...), is a United States senator from the state of Washington.


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The election of 2000 was one of the closest and most unusual presidential elections in United States history.


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Chhattisgarh, is a state in central India.


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Uttaranchal, is a state in northern India.


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Bush v. Gore was a landmark ruling by the Supreme Court of the United States that played a major role in deciding the 2000 presidential election.


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Karimov, Islam (1938-...), an Uzbek politician, became president of Uzbekistan in 1991, following the country's independence from the Soviet Union.


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Niyazov, Saparmurad (1940-...), became president and prime minister of the republic of Turkmenistan in 1992.


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Beresford, Bruce (1940-...), is an Australian film director and screenwriter.


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Crowe, Russell (1964-...), is a rugged actor known for the intensity of his performances.


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Miller, George (1945-...), is a successful Australian film director, film and television producer, and screenwriter.


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AOL Time Warner Inc. is one of the world's largest media and communications companies. The company produces motion pictures, television programs, recorded music, books, and magazines.


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Dulles, Avery Cardinal (1918-...), was appointed a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church by Pope John Paul II in 2001.


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McCarrick, Theodore Cardinal (1930-...), was appointed a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church by Pope John Paul II in 2001.


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O'Neill, Paul Henry (1935-...), became United States secretary of the treasury in 2001.


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Bradbury, Malcolm (1932-2000), was a noted British novelist, literary critic, and teacher.


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Davies, Laura (1963-...), an English golf star, is one of the most powerful players and longest drivers in golf.


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Martin, Michael (1945-....), a Scottish politician, was elected speaker of the United Kingdom House of Commons in October 2000.


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Rahmonov, Emomali (1952-...), also spelled Imamoli Rakhmanov or Rakhmonov, is a Tajik politician and statesman who became president of the republic of Tajikistan in 1994.


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Watson, Tom (1949-...), is an internationally successful American golfer.


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Iverson, Allen (1975-....), ranks among the most exciting players in the National Basketball Association (NBA).


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Brighton and Hove (pop. 232,600) is a city on the southern coast of England.


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Davenport, Lindsay (1976-...), an American tennis star, has been one of the dominant players on the women's tour since she turned professional in 1993.


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Kournikova, Anna (1981-...), a Russian tennis player, is one of the most famous athletes in the world.


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Macapagal-Arroyo, Gloria (1947-...), became president of the Philippines in 2001 after a scandal forced her predecessor, Joseph Estrada, from office.


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Shannon, Claude Elwood (April 30, 1916-Feb. 24, 2001), was an American mathematician and computer scientist whose theories laid the groundwork for all forms of digital electronic communication.


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Roswell (pop. 45,293) is a city in southeastern New Mexico best known for the mysterious 1947 crash of what many people called an unidentified flying object (UFO).


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Gay rights movement refers to efforts to protect rights and obtain equality for people who are homosexual (sexually attracted to people of the same sex); bisexual (attracted to members of both sexes); or transgendered.


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Id al-Adha, is one of the two major festivals in Islam.


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Id al-Fitr, is the first of the two major festivals in Islam.


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Muller, Marcia (1944-...), is a popular and influential American writer of detective fiction.


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Executive order, in United States law, is an official direction, proclamation, or statement issued by the president.


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Initial public offering (IPO) refers to the first-time sale of a company's stock to the public.


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Census of 2000 is a nationwide information-gathering project that was conducted by the United States federal government in 2000.


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People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) is one of the largest animal rights organizations in the world.


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Reparations are efforts, usually by a nation's government, to make up for harm or wrongdoing that has occurred in the past.


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Cannes International Film Festival is an annual motion-picture exhibition and competition held each May in the resort city of Cannes, on the French Riviera in southeastern France.


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Cheltenham International Festival of Music is an annual music festival held in June or July in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, England.


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Glyndebourne Festival is an annual opera festival held from May to early August at a historic house and estate near Lewes, East Sussex, England.


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Bayreuth, Festival is an opera festival held every July and August in Bayreuth, Germany.


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Promenade concerts are annual festival of classical music concerts held at London's Royal Albert Hall from mid-July until mid-September.


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Murphy-O'Connor, Cormac Cardinal (1932-....), a Roman Catholic clergyman, became archbishop of Westminster and head of the Roman Catholic Church in England and Wales in 2000.


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Sundance Institute is an organization devoted to discovering, developing, and training new filmmakers, composers, and playwrights.


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Tanglewood music festival is an annual festival and school of music held from late June to early September near the town of Lenox, Massachusetts in the United States.


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Winning, Thomas Cardinal (1925-2001), a Roman Catholic clergyman, was archbishop of Glasgow and head of the Roman Catholic Church in Scotland from 1974 to 2001.


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Blanchett, Cate (1969-...), is a popular Australian stage and motion-picture actress.


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Mill, Harriet Taylor (1807-1858), was the wife of the British philosopher John Stuart Mill.


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Mill, James (1773-1836), a British philosopher and writer, helped develop the utilitarian philosophy.


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Mill, John Stuart (1806-1873), was an important British writer and utilitarian philosopher.


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Sanctions, Economic, are actions that one or more countries take to limit or end their economic relations with a target country to try to persuade that country to change its policies.


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Minuteman Missile National Historic Site, in southwestern South Dakota near Badlands National Park, is the first national historic site to commemorate the Cold War.


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Like As the Waves Make Towards the Pebbled Shore is the first line of Sonnet 60 by the great English playwright and poet William Shakespeare.


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O Mistress Mine is a famous lyric by the great English playwright and poet William Shakespeare.


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No Longer Mourn for Me When I Am Dead is the first line of Sonnet 71 by the great English playwright and poet William Shakespeare.


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Tired with All These, for Restful Death I Cry is the first line of Sonnet 66 by the great English dramatist and poet William Shakespeare.


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Dia de los muertos, is a Mexican holiday that honors the dead.


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Pizza is a popular food made by baking a flat bread dough topped with cheese, tomato sauce, and herbs.


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Baryonyx, was a large dinosaur that may have eaten mostly fish.


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Deinonychus, was a small, meat-eating dinosaur.


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Eryops, was a prehistoric amphibian that inhabited swamps of what is now North America.


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Iguanodon, a large plant-eating dinosaur, was one of the first dinosaurs discovered.


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Invasive species are animals, plants, and other living things that spread rapidly in new environments where there are few or no natural controls on their growth.


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Troodon, was a small, two-legged dinosaur that lived about 76 million to 65 million years ago, during the Late Cretaceous Period.


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Wilson, Edward Osborne (1929-...), is an American biologist known for his contributions to the study of animal societies.


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Spinone Italiano is a large, rugged breed of dog developed in Italy during ancient times.


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Arizona Cardinals are a professional football team that plays in the National Football League (NFL).


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Atlanta Falcons are a professional football team that plays in the National Football League (NFL).


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Baltimore Ravens are a professional football team that plays in the National Football League (NFL).


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Buffalo Bills are a professional football team that plays in the National Football League (NFL).


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Carolina Panthers are a professional football team that plays in the National Football League (NFL).


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Chicago Bears are a professional football team that plays in the National Football League (NFL).


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Cincinnati Bengals are a professional football team that plays in the National Football League (NFL).


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Cleveland Browns are a professional football team that plays in the National Football League (NFL).


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Dallas Cowboys are a professional football team that plays in the National Football League (NFL).


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Denver Broncos are a professional football team that plays in the National Football League (NFL).


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Detroit Lions are a professional football team that plays in the National Football League (NFL).


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Green Bay Packers are a professional football team that plays in the National Football League (NFL).


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Indianapolis Colts are a professional football team that plays in the National Football League (NFL).


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Jacksonville Jaguars are a professional football team that plays in the National Football League.


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Kansas City Chiefs are a professional football team that plays in the National Football League (NFL).


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Martinez, Pedro (1971-...), is one of the most dominant pitchers in baseball.


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Miami Dolphins are a professional football team that plays in the National Football League (NFL).


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Minnesota Vikings are a professional football team that plays in the National Football League (NFL).


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New England Patriots are a professional football team that plays in the National Football League (NFL).


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New Orleans Saints are a professional football team that plays in the National Football League (NFL).


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New York Giants are a professional football team that plays in the National Football League (NFL).


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New York Jets are a professional football team that plays in the National Football League (NFL).


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Oakland Raiders are a professional football team that plays in the National Football League (NFL).


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Philadelphia Eagles are a professional football team that plays in the National Football League (NFL).


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Pittsburgh Steelers are a professional football team that plays in the National Football League (NFL).


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San Diego Chargers are a professional football team that plays in the National Football League (NFL).


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San Francisco 49ers are a professional football team that plays in the National Football League (NFL).


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Sayers, Gale (1943-...), ranks among the greatest running backs in football history.


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Seattle Seahawks are a professional football team that plays in the National Football League (NFL).


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Saint Louis Rams are a professional football team that plays in the National Football League (NFL).


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Strand, Mark (1934-...), is an American poet known for works that explore such themes as personal identity, absence, and the importance of poetry in illuminating the meaning of life.


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Tampa Bay Buccaneers are a professional football team that plays in the National Football League (NFL).


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Tennessee Titans are a professional football team that plays in the National Football League (NFL).


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Washington Redskins are a professional football team that plays in the National Football League (NFL).


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Weir, J. Alden (1852-1919), was one of the most important American artists to paint in the Impressionist style. Weir entered his Impressionist period after falling under the influence of the French Impressionist painters, especially Edouard Manet, during


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Snow, Clyde (1928-...), is an American physical anthropologist known for his work analyzing human bones to establish their identity and determine the cause of death.


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Burlington Northern Santa Fe Corporation operates one of the largest railroad networks in North America.


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Canadian National Railway Company operates one of North America's largest rail freight networks.


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Canadian Pacific Railway Company operates one of North America's largest railroad networks.


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Norfolk Southern Corporation operates one of North America's largest railroad networks.


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Union Pacific Corporation is one of the largest transportation companies in the United States.


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Writing skills. Learning to be an effective writer is an important part of education.


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Speaking skills are the skills that enable someone to speak with ease in a small or large group.


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Research skills are the skills of asking questions and finding answers.


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Ask Me No More is a poem by the English poet Thomas Carew.


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Adieu, Farewell Earth's Bliss is a lyric by the Elizabethan writer Thomas Nashe.


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First Love is a poem by the English poet John Clare.


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Jabberwocky is a poem by the English children's writer Lewis Carroll.


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Listeners, The, is a poem by the British poet, novelist, and short-story writer Walter de la Mare.


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Non Sum Qualis Eram Bonae sub Regno Cynarae is a poem by the English poet Ernest Dowson.


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Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd, The, is a lyric by a poet of the English Renaissance, Sir Walter Raleigh.


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Since There's No Help is a sonnet by the English poet Michael Drayton.


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Go, Lovely Rose!, a poem by the English poet Edmund Waller, is one of the most famous love lyrics in the English language.


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Why So Pale and Wan, Fond Lover? is a short lyric poem by the English poet John Suckling.


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Capriati, Jennifer (1976-...), is an American professional tennis star.


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Austin, Alfred (1835-1913), an English poet, writer, and editor, was poet laureate of the United Kingdom from 1896 to 1913.


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Eusden, Laurence (1688-1730), was poet laureate of Britain (now the United Kingdom) from 1718 to 1730.


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Pye, Henry James (1745-1813), was an English poet, translator, and playwright.


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Rowe, Nicholas (1674-1718), was an English playwright, poet, translator, and editor.


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Shadwell, Thomas (1642?-1692), was an English playwright and poet who was poet laureate of England from 1689 to 1692.


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Group of Eight, often called the G8, is an informal organization of eight major industrialized nations.


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Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement to decrease the rate at which carbon dioxide (CO2) and five other gases are released into the atmosphere.


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Stratford Festival of Canada is an annual theater festival held in Stratford, Ontario, in Canada.


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2 mothers in a h d b playground is a poem by Singaporean poet Arthur Yap.


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In the Suburbs is a short poem by the Jamaican-born American poet Louis Simpson.


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My Country and My People is one of the best-known poems by the Singapore poet and critic Lee Tzu Pheng.


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Can It Be? is a short lyric verse by the Indian poet Manmohan Ghose.


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First, a Poem Must Be Magical is the first line of a poem by the Filipino poet Jose Garcia Villa.


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Cuyahoga Valley National Park, centers on the valley formed by the Cuyahoga River between Cleveland and Akron in northeastern Ohio.


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Greene, Maurice (1974-...), an American track and field star, ranks among the greatest sprinters in the history of the sport.


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Shaw Festival is a theater festival held every year in the town of Niagara-on-the-Lake in Ontario, Canada.


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Duncan Smith, Iain (1954-...), was elected leader of the United Kingdom's Conservative Party in 2001 and became leader of the opposition in the House of Commons.


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Ridge, Thomas Joseph (1945-...), became the first director of the United States Office of Homeland Security in 2001.


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Mueller, Robert Swan, III (1944-...), an American lawyer and government official, was sworn in as the director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) on Sept. 4, 2001.


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Homeland Security, Office of, is a United States government agency that aims to protect the nation against terrorism.


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Adler, Larry (1914-2001), an American harmonica player, is considered the greatest player in the history of the instrument.


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Fine, Anne (1947-...), is an English author of popular books for children and young adults.


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Knowles, William Standish (1917-...), an American chemist, won a share of the 2001 Nobel Prize in chemistry for his creation of molecules that are widely used in the manufacture of drugs and other products.


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Noyori, Ryoji (1938-...), a Japanese chemist, won a share of the 2001 Nobel Prize in chemistry for his creation of molecules that are widely used in the manufacture of drugs and other products.


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Sharpless, K. Barry (1941-...), an American chemist, won a share of the 2001 Nobel Prize in chemistry for his creation of molecules that are widely used in the manufacture of drugs and other products. He shared the prize with the American chemist William


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Cornell, Eric Allin (1961-...), an American physicist, won a share of the 2001 Nobel Prize in physics for discovering and studying a state of matter known as a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC).


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Ketterle, Wolfgang, (1957-...), a German physicist, won a share of the 2001 Nobel Prize in physics for his experiments on a state of matter known as a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC).


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Hartwell, Leland Harrison (1939-...), an American geneticist, won the 2001 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for his research on how cells divide and multiply in living organisms.


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Hunt, Timothy (1943-...), a British biologist, won the 2001 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for his discovery of proteins that help control the growth and multiplication of cells in living organisms.


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Nurse, Sir Paul (1949-...), a British biologist, won the 2001 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for his research on how cells divide and multiply in living organisms.


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Wieman, Carl Edwin (1951-...), an American physicist, won a share of the 2001 Nobel Prize in physics for discovering and studying a state of matter known as a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC).


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Akerlof, George Arthur (1940-...), is an American economist who won the 2001 Nobel Prize in economic sciences.


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Spence, Andrew Michael (1943-...), is an American economist who won the 2001 Nobel Prize in economic sciences.


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Stiglitz, Joseph Eugene (1943-...), is an American economist who won the 2001 Nobel Prize in economic sciences.


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Pelosi, Nancy (1940-...), became the whip (assistant leader) of the Democratic Party in the United States House of Representatives in 2002.


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Musharraf, Pervez, (1943-...), has ruled Pakistan since coming to power in a military coup in 1999.


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Suzuki, Ichiro, (1973-...), a Japanese baseball player, signed as a free agent with the Seattle Mariners of the American League and became a sensation during his rookie year in 2001.


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Qa'ida, Al-, also spelled al-Qaeda, is a terrorist organization that supports the activities of Muslim extremists around the world.


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Karzai, Hamid, (1957-...), became the leader of Afghanistan's temporary government after the ruling Taliban was driven from power in 2001.


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Rice, Condoleezza (1954-...), became the national security adviser to President George W. Bush in 2001.


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Warner, Kurt (1971-...), ranks among the leading quarterbacks in the National Football League (NFL).


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Enron Corporation was once one of the world's leading energy companies.


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Horse racing is a popular sport in Ireland.


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The new peso is the monetary unit of Mexico.


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This stele is a stone sculpture that the Maya used to record important events.


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Battle of the gods and giants, detail from the north frieze of the Treasury of the Siphnians at Delphi, Greece, about 525 B.C.


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Sternberk Madonna is a medieval stone sculpture.


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David, a sculpture by the Renaissance artist Donatello.


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Prague, the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic, is one of the most beautiful cities in central Europe.


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Indian reservations are home to about a third of all American Indians in the United States.


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The House of Commons is the more powerful of the two houses of the British Parliament.


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Gardens are popular throughout the United Kingdom, and gardening is a favorite pastime.


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Horse racing is a popular spectator sport in Britain.


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International Morse Code uses short and long sounds, which are written out as dots and dashes.


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Belfast is the capital and largest city of Northern Ireland.


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The landscape of Northern Ireland has many fertile, rolling plains inland and low mountains near the coast.


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Downtown Houston has many tall, modern office buildings.


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Washington's Cabinet consisted of four men that he knew and trusted.


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Walkers in Wales rest in Snowdonia National Park.


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The English Lowlands are chiefly a region of broad, rolling plains, broken by low hills.


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Washington gave an inaugural address in the Senate Chamber of Federal Hall after taking the oath of office.


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A North Sea oil rig helps produce petroleum, the United Kingdom's most valuable mineral.


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Ancient Greek sculptors often portrayed figures of gods and goddesses.


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Tympanum of the central portal of Vezelay Abbey.


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Borobudur is a magnificent temple complex in Indonesia, which was built in the late 700's-800's.


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Mbari shrine, featuring the Igbo goddess Ala.


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Maori post figure, sculpture, (Poutokomanawa) Polynesia, New Zealand; Maori people.


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Malagan image, a sculpture from Northern New Ireland, Papua New Guinea, early 1900's.


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Dance stick, Lakota effigy sculpture in the form of a horse.


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Bari throne, 1098, is a fine example of medieval sculpture in the Church of St. Nicholas, Bari, Italy.


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The center of Moscow contains many historic buildings.


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Votive figures by unknown Sumerian sculptors.


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The French Mirage 2000 is a fighter airplane designed mainly to intercept enemy planes.


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Voltaire, a sculpture by Jean Antoine Houdon, 1781.


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The Palace at 4 A.M. by Alberto Giacometti, 1932-1933.


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Surrounded Islands, by the American artist Christo.


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Guitar by Pablo Picasso, France, 1912-1913.


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An impact crater on Venus measures about 23 miles (37 kilometers) across the depression in its center.


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Automated temperature control relies on feedback.


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Thick clouds of sulfuric acid cover Venus.


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The surface of Venus was scanned with radar waves beamed from orbiting space probes to produce this image.


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The Royal Banner of England was carried by explorer John Cabot when he arrived at the eastern coast of what is now Canada in 1497.


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Recording medical information on a spacecraft enables physicians to identify any abnormal changes in the body that could indicate physical disorders or stress.


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An apparently weightless floating makes some tasks challenging inside an orbiting spacecraft.


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Flying free in space, an astronaut becomes a human satellite.


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The space shuttle Columbia was launched for the first time in 1981.


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Shuttle astronauts have performed many challenging missions in space.


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To sleep aboard a spacecraft, astronauts can zip themselves into sleeping bags strapped to the wall.


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Sally K. Ride became the first U.S. woman in space on June 18, 1983.


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The space probe Giotto passed near Halley's Comet on March 14, 1986.


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The Army blue uniform is worn by officers and enlisted personnel on formal occasions and when ordered by the commanding officer.


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The Army green uniform is for everyday dress use for both enlisted personnel and officers.


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This is the official flag of American Samoa.


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This is the official flag of the Northern Marianas.


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An artificial satellite is designed to carry out a specific mission.


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The "unsinkable" Titanic was believed to be the safest ship afloat.


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The right-hand rule shows the direction of the magnetic field around a wire that carries an electric current.


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Vast wheat fields cover much of the southern Alberta Plain.


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The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews, one of the world's most famous golf courses, lies near the North Sea.


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A printing telegraph for stockbrokers was one of Edison's first inventions and one of many he made in telegraphy.


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Fur seals start life in a group with many other pups and their mothers.


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This is the official flag of the Organization of American States.


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James Cagney, an American actor, won the 1942 Academy Award as best actor for his performance in the musical Yankee Doodle Dandy.


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Meerkats are small animals that live in colonies of up to 30 individuals.


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Yaounde is the capital of the African nation of Cameroon.


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Waves of coherent light, unlike waves of incoherent light, move "in step" with one another.


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A semiconductor laser consists of two layers of material that differ electrically.


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The distance to the moon is measured to an accuracy of 5 centimeters by a laser beam sent from the earth.


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A historic agreement between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) was signed on Sept. 13, 1993, in Washington, D.C. The two bitter enemies agreed to work to end their conflicts.


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Columbus is the capital and largest city of Ohio.


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The seal of the United States Department of the Treasury.


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Dayaks are a Southeast Asian people who mainly live in eastern Malaysia.


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Earl Hines was an important American jazz pianist for more than 30 years.


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Crater Lake, in the Cascade Mountains of southwestern Oregon, is the deepest lake in the United States.


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Downtown St. Louis lies on the Mississippi River.


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San Antonio is one of the biggest cities in Texas and a leading commercial and cultural center of the Southwest.


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Antigua and Barbuda is a nation that consists of three islands in the Caribbean Sea.


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Carl Lewis is an American track and field star who won eight gold medals in Olympic Games competition.


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The West Bank is a barren land in the Middle East.


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Downtown Hamilton, Ontario, includes many modern buildings.


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Mata Hari was an exotic dancer who lived in France and spied for the Germans during World War I. In 1917, the French executed her on charges of being a German spy.


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The seal of the United States Department of Education.


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London's Piccadilly Circus is an intersection of six busy streets.


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The Pennine Chain is a long line of uplands that runs like a backbone through northern and central England.


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Hadrian's Wall, built by the Romans in the A.D. 120's, protected England from northern raiders.


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Cattle graze in high Swiss mountain pastures during the summer.


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Tourists who enjoy skiing flock to the snowy Swiss Alps.


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The Emerald Isle, as Ireland is often called, is famous for the beauty of its lush, green landscape.


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Grafton Street is a fashionable shopping district in Dublin.


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Bunratty Castle, near Limerick, is a restored Irish castle of the 1400's.


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The hydra is a tiny water animal that usually begins life as a bud that grows on the body of its parent.


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Beneath Earth's solid crust are the mantle, the outer core, and the inner core.


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Obsidian is a natural glass formed by lava.


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A Shepherd Boy; sculpture by Bertel Thorvaldsen, Denmark, 1817-1825.


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Soldiers from Pakistan's army aim a mortar before firing.


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Antananarivo, Madagascar, is the country's capital and largest city.


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Shooting the movie is actually one of the later stages in making a motion picture.


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Miles Davis, right, was an influential jazz trumpet player from the late 1940's until his death in 1991.


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Elizabeth Taylor, an American actress, won an Academy Award for her performance in Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966).


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Maria Laach Abbey Church in Germany is dominated by a square tower and two turrets.


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Statue of Perseus by Benvenuto Cellini, Italy, 1545-1554.


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Tomb of Giuliano de' Medici, sculptures by Michelangelo, Italy, about 1524-1534.


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Charioteer of Delphi, Greece, about 475 B.C.


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Astronauts on a space shuttle mission work in a pressurized laboratory called Spacelab.


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The city flag, left, features the city seal in its center.


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Cells, the building blocks of all living things, stand out clearly in this photograph of a plant root tip.


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Grand Teton National Park, in northwestern Wyoming, contains the majestic Teton Mountains.


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A particle detector helps scientists study subatomic particles.


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The "running of the bulls" is a well-known tradition during the festival of San Fermin in Pamplona, Spain.


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Fighter planes attack enemy aircraft and ground targets.


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Herds of Bactrian camels graze in the Gobi Desert.


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The Vice President's official residence is a 33-room mansion located on the grounds of the United States Naval Observatory in Washington, D.C. Congress established this mansion as the official residence in 1974.


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Jean Charest is a Canadian political leader.


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Downtown Dallas lies on the Trinity River.


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Rehabilitative therapy teaches new skills and abilities to patients with severe mental illnesses.


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Humane treatment of mentally ill people gained importance in the late 1700's.


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The Federated States of Micronesia is a country in the North Pacific Ocean.


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Cornhusking was one of the first steps involved in preparing corn meal.


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Temporary shelters made of a framework of poles covered with branches and mud housed pioneers when they first arrived at a settlement.


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Regina is Saskatchewan's capital and commercial, financial, and industrial center.


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A cabinetmaker provided American settlers with finely crafted furniture and other wooden products.


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Recycling helps prevent pollution by reducing the amount of solid waste that must be dumped or burned.


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Water birds feed at St. Vincent National Wildlife Refuge near Apalachicola, Fla., shown.


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Making clothes was generally the responsibility of pioneer women.


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An aerial ballet is a thrilling spectacle.


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Atlanta's skyline has many prominent buildings.


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The Bayeux Tapestry includes a scene, shown, in which the English king Harold II is killed in battle in 1066.


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A circus presents a variety of performers, including aerialists, acrobats, clowns, dancers, musicians, and trained animals.


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The Atlantic Charter was adopted at a 1941 meeting between U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, seated left, and U.K. Prime Minister Winston Churchill, seated right.


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The official flag of the United States Secretary of veterans affairs.


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The Seattle skyline is framed between two towering landmarks-the lofty Space Needle, left, and snowy Mount Rainier, right, which appears to "float" on the horizon southeast of the city.


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An outdoor polo field is 300 yards (274 meters) long and 200 yards (183 meters) wide.


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Animal acts provide great excitement for audiences.


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A government cleanup project called Superfund works to eliminate unsafe toxic waste dumps in the United States.


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A hinge-action double-barreled shotgun is fired by first moving the release handle to one side and pulling the barrels downward to open the firing chambers.


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A bolt-action rifle is generally used for hunting or target shooting.


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A Byzantine church in Greece called the Church of the Dormition of the Virgin was built in 874.


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Byzantine art is dominated by Christian themes.


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A fuel cell has two electrical terminals called electrodes.


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The Marshall Islands is an island country in the North Pacific Ocean.


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Gold reflects infrared (heat) rays better than any other metal, so it can be used to filter sunlight.


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Cape Town, South Africa's legislative capital and oldest city, lies at the foot of the Cape Mountains in a setting of striking natural beauty.


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Nelson Mandela, left, takes the oath of office for the presidency of South Africa in May 1994.


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Hank Williams, a popular singer and songwriter of the 1940's and early 1950's, was one of American country music's most influential artists.


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Patsy Cline helped shape the Nashville Sound in country music in the late 1950's.


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The "outlaws" of the 1970's rejected the Nashville Sound in favor of earlier styles of Country Music.


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A camcorder uses an electronic charge-coupled device to translate light reflected from the scene being recorded into video signals.


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Bill Monroe and the Blue Grass Boys pioneered bluegrass music in the 1940's.


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Ancient Chinese exercises called t'ai chi ch'uan are performed by large numbers of people throughout the United States.


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A Japanese American family is confined in a detention camp.


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An Indian restaurant, shown, is an example of the many small businesses owned and operated by Asian Americans today.


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The official flag of the International Olympic Committee displays the Olympic symbol.


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The asteroid Ida is about 35 miles (55 kilometers) long.


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This diagram shows how a human cell produces energy.


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A nuclear power plant uses the heat of a controlled nuclear reaction to produce steam, which then generates electric energy.


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Many parts work together in the electronic system of this calculator.


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Effective interior design creates indoor spaces that are attractive, comfortable, and functional.


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Kitchen design must be especially functional.


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Access for the disabled sometimes figures into the design of an interior.


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A hotbed protects plants grown during cold weather.


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The seal of the United States Department of Justice.


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A peace agreement signed in October 1994 formally ended a state of war that had technically existed between Israel and Jordan since 1948.


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The giant anteater has a tube-shaped head and snout.


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The German wirehaired pointer is a hunting dog.


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Automobiles covered with volcanic ash lined streets after the Mount Pinatubo volcanic mountain erupted.


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The German shorthaired pointer is a hunting dog.


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Victoria was queen of the United Kingdom (U.K.) for 63 years.


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A male and female orangutan have different physical features.


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Salt Lake City, the capital and largest city of Utah, lies at the foot of the snow-covered Wasatch Range.


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Elizabeth Dole was a prominent American federal government official.


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Robert Dole is an American political leader.


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An illumination call a historiated initial from a choir book shows a Nativity scene within the letter P. Pictures and designs called border decoration surround the text.


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Raising horses is an important economic activity in Turkmenistan.


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Standardbred is a horse often used in harness racing.


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The sculpture, The Pieta, was the most important work of Michelangelo's youth and established his reputation.


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Freight containers, carried piggyback on railroad flatcars, await shipment at a sprawling rail yard outside Toronto.


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The voltaic pile, invented in the late 1790's by Alessandro Volta, was the first battery.


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The dynamo was the first efficient electric generator.


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The shire is the largest breed of draft horse.


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Przewalski's horse is the only wild horse today.


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Battle of the Amazons, 1618, is a painting by the Flemish artist Peter Paul Rubens.


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Artists' paint is made by mixing powdered colors called pigments with a substance called a binder that holds the particles of pigment together.


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Herd of Horses, a cave painting by an unknown artist.


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Leonardo's scientific drawings include his famous study of human proportions called Vitruvian man.


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Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa is probably the most famous portrait ever painted.


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The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne is a painting arranged in a pyramid shape.


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The Crucifixion of Saint Peter was completed by Michelangelo when he was 75.


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The Florentine Pieta was a sculpture intended for Michelangelo's own tomb.


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Rouen Cathedral, Full Sunlight, a painting by Claude Monet, 1895.


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Controversy erupted in 1968 when American sprinters Tommie Smith, center, and John Carlos raised clenched fists at a medal ceremony to protest racism in the United States.


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A terrorist bomb destroyed Oklahoma City's Murrah Federal Building on April 19, 1995.


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Virgin and Child Enthroned with Angels and Saints by an unknown Byzantine artist, early 600's.


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Saint Matthew (from the Gospel Book of Archbishop Ebbo), a painting by an unknown medieval artist, about 813-835.


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Joachim with the Shepherds (also known as Joachim Takes Refuge in the Wilderness by Giotto, about 1305.


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The Tribute Money, a painting by Masaccio, about 1427.


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Birth of Venus, about 1485, is a famous painting by the Italian Renaissance artist Sandro Botticelli.


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Madonna of the Rocks is a painting by Leonardo da Vinci, about 1483.


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Madonna of the Goldfinch is a painting by Raphael, 1506.


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Hollywood Boulevard in Los Angeles has the names of motion-picture and television celebrities on large stars set in the sidewalks.


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The Vision After the Sermon (also known as Jacob Wrestling with the Angel), a painting by Paul Gauguin, 1888.


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Picasso's 1907 painting Les Demoiselles d'Avignon contributed to the development of Cubism.


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Abraham and the Three Angels (from the Psalter of Saint Louis) by an unknown French artist, about 1250-1270.


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The Annunciation, a painting by Fra Angelico, about 1450.


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The Executions of 3rd May, 1808, a painting by Francisco Goya, 1814.


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An indoor rain forest exhibit at the Henry Doorly Zoo in Omaha, Nebraska, re-creates the vegetation and humid climate of a tropical rain forest inside an eight-story structure.


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Inside a zoo kitchen, trained workers peel, chop, combine, and even cook foods for the animals.


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The Iran-contra affair led to congressional hearings in which Reagan Administration aide Oliver L. North, left, testified.


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Scars from the crash of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 appear on Jupiter's surface as a series of maroon blotches in this photo.


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Clint Eastwood is an American motion picture actor and director.


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The Descent from the Cross, a painting by Rogier van der Weyden, about 1435.


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Banquet of Officers of the Civic Guard of Saint George at Haarlem, 1616, is a painting by the Dutch artist Frans Hals.


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Portrait of Charles I Hunting by Sir Anthony Van Dyck, about 1635.


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Las Meninas is a painting by Diego Velazquez, completed in 1656.


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The Return of the Prodigal Son, a painting by Rembrandt, about 1665.


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The Island of Cythera (also known as The Embarkation for Cythera), a painting by Antoine Watteau, 1717.


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Bathers, mid-1700's, is a famous rococo painting by the French artist Jean Honore Fragonard.


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Boat-Building near Flatford Mill, 1815, is a painting by the English artist John Constable.


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Ophelia, a painting by Sir John Everett Millais, 1852.


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The Stonebreakers, a painting by Gustave Courbet, 1849.


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Snowstorm: Steamboat off a Harbour's Mouth, a painting by J. M. W. Turner, 1842.


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The Thankful Poor, painting by Henry Ossawa Tanner, 1894.


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Skin drums are traditional instruments in Inuit music.


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A powerful earthquake struck Los Angeles on January 17, 1994.


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Uranus appears in true colors, left, and false colors, right in images produced by combining numerous pictures taken by the Voyager 2 spacecraft.


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The sprawling Kruger National Park in South Africa is home to thousands of mammals, including impalas and waterbucks, shown.


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Tikal National Park in Guatemala protects ruins of pyramids and temples of the ancient Maya Indian civilization.


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The first permanent English settlement in America was established in 1607 at Jamestown, Virginia, shown.


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The Channel Tunnel lies beneath the English Channel.


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Phillis Wheatley, an African-born slave, was the first black American poet.


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Most colonists had few utensils for preparing food and for eating and drinking.


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The miniaturization of electronics has brought about the development of such small computing devices as this personal digital assistant, or PDA. To use some PDA's, a person uses a pencil-like stylus to write directly on a touch-sensitive screen.


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Army ants are fierce hunters that travel in swarms and prey chiefly on other insects.


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Dairying ants "milk" honeydew from aphids, shown.


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The greenbottle fly is named for the color of its shiny coat.


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The Christian church was an important institution during the Middle Ages.


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The Messerschmitt Me 262, a German fighter, was the first jet combat plane.


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The Convair B-58 Hustler, built for the U.S. Air Force, was the first supersonic bomber.


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The Ford Tri-Motor of 1926, a three-engine plane produced by Henry Ford, was the first successful all-metal U.S. transport plane.


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The first human flights were in balloons filled with hot air.


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The aardvark rips open the nests of ants and termites with its claws.


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Scenic Acapulco lies on Mexico's Pacific coast.


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John Adams was the first President to live in the White House.


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College education is available in most African countries.


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Mission schools were founded in Africa by European missionaries during the colonial period.


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Traditional education in Africa provides children with the special skills they need to become productive members of their community.


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A bronze sculpture from Nigeria is an image of a priest-king of a civilization once centered at Ife.


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Traditional African dancing marks important events in everyday life, such as births, deaths, and harvesttime.


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Deserts cover about two-fifths of Africa.


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Exercise can help elderly people maintain or improve physical fitness.


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AIDS viruses reproduce in CD4 cells and circulate in the blood.


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The AIDS quilt memorializes people who have died of AIDS. The quilt is a moving symbol of the epidemic's human cost.


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Albatrosses are large sea birds with a white body and darker wings and tail.


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The blue-green alga Anabaena consists of long strands of single cells.


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The spherical colonies of the green alga Volvox consist of many cells.


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Joyce Carol Oates is an American author.


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Long, powerful legs and a stride of 15 feet (4.6 meters) make the ostrich one of the fastest land animals.


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Long, slender front wings and small hind wings enable the fast-flying hawk moth to hover like a hummingbird.


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A tail and fins serve most fish in swimming.


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A water spider breathes underwater by means of large air bubbles held close to its body.


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The armadillo's armor protects the animal from harm.


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Large, heavy horns protect the slow-moving Cape buffalo of southern Africa from enemies.


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Protective coloration helps many animals hide from their enemies.


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Mimicry helps many animals avoid predators.


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The courtship ritual of the albatross bird involves an elaborate dance between a male and female before they mate.


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A male Adelie penguin incubates an egg by holding it between his feet to protect it from the Antarctic chill.


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A raven's nest is usually built on a cliff in late winter.


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A male antelope marks his territory by rubbing his face on plants within its borders.


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People protect some animals by raising them in captivity.


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Susan B. Anthony was an American leader of the women's rights movement.


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A glass bottle with a distinctive diamond and daisy pattern was made in the American glass factory of Henry William Stiegel.


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A mechanical toy was manufactured by a Connecticut company about 1871.


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A Shaker rocking chair made about 1890 is valued for its functional design, quality materials, and craftsmanship.


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A stoneware water cooler and two cups were manufactured during the 1830's in a factory in Bennington, Vt.


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Mark Antony was a Roman military leader and statesman.


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Johnny Appleseed was a pioneer American planter.


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Harsh, sparsely populated deserts cover much of the Arab world.


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Traditional Arab architecture places great importance on privacy.


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Traditional Chinese architecture featured roofs that curved upward at the end.


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Angkor is a group of temples in Cambodia.


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Japanese architecture became noted for its simplicity, elegance, and sense of proportion.


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Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, Turkey, is the finest example of Byzantine architecture.


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Aachen Cathedral, dedicated in 805, is an example of Carolingian architecture in Germany.


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Gothic cathedrals dominated French architecture from about 1150 to 1500.


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The Church of Sant' Andrea in Mantua, Italy, was designed by Leon Battista Alberti in the mid-1400's.


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The dome of the Cathedral of Florence, Italy, was an early achievement of Italian Renaissance architecture.


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St. Peter's Basilica stands in Rome on the site of Old St. Peter's.


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The chateau of Fontainebleau is an early example of Renaissance architecture in France.


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The Villa Rotonda, designed by Andrea Palladio in the mid-1500's, stands on a hill near Vicenza, Italy.


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The Palladian Revival was based on Roman architecture and the works of Italian architect Andrea Palladio.


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Early American architecture reflected European styles.


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The Gothic Revival of the 1800's reflected a renewed interest in medieval Gothic architecture.


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The Palais Garnier in Paris features a number of architectural styles.


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The Euronext Amsterdam stock exchange in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, is noted for its simple lines and an extensive use of brick.


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The AEG Turbine Factory, with simple lines and glass walls, was one of the first factories to reflect modern design principles.


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The Palais Stoclet, a mansion completed in 1911 in Brussels, Belgium, was designed by Josef Hoffmann of Austria.


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Steiner House in Vienna has a cubelike shape and no decoration.


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The Carson Pirie Scott & Company Building, a Chicago department store, is a masterpiece of the Chicago School of architecture.


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The prairie style created by Frank Lloyd Wright revolutionized American domestic architecture.


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The works of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, a German architect, are noted for his skillful use of steel and glass.


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Post-modernism used elements from earlier architectural styles.


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Beautiful rock formations rise from the floor of Monument Valley in Arizona's Colorado Plateau.


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Ellen Herndon Arthur died the year before her husband became President.


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The tomb of Martin Luther King, Jr., stands at the Martin Luther King, Jr., National Historic Site in Atlanta.


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The Coca-Cola Company maintains headquarters and a visitors' center in Atlanta, Georgia.


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The aye-aye is a rare animal that lives in the forests of Madagascar.


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Aztec writing consisted of small pictures called pictographs.


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The Spanish conquest in 1521 destroyed the Aztec empire.


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Muslims in Baghdad attend highly decorated houses of worship called mosques.


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Downtown Baltimore, Maryland, has a mixture of traditional and modern buildings.


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The flag, left, shows the city's Battle Monument, which honors militiamen who defended the city in the War of 1812.


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Bethlehem lies south of Jerusalem in the Judean Hills.


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Mary McLeod Bethune was an African American educator.


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Benazir Bhutto twice served as prime minister of Pakistan.


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Billy the Kid was a famous outlaw in the American West.


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Artificial body parts are designed by biomedical engineers as replacements for defective natural body parts.


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Platelets plug leaks in blood vessels and help begin the process leading to the formation of a blood clot.


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White blood cells help the body fight infection and disease.


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The bobcat uses its keen eyesight and hearing to track down the small animals on which it feeds.


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Bogota, the capital and largest city of Colombia, lies on a plateau high in the Andes Mountains.


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La Paz, Bolivia's largest city, lies on a cool plateau high in the Andes Mountains.


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Crowds of people jam a Mumbai, India, street.


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A Babylonian clay tablet with cuneiform writing was an early form of book.


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The Domesday Book was the first official record of land holdings in England.


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Paperback books first became popular in Europe and the U.S. in the 1800's.


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John Wilkes Booth assassinated Abraham Lincoln.


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Lizzie Borden was accused of murdering her father and stepmother in Massachusetts.


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The Boston Massacre greatly aroused the anger of Boston residents against British troops in the city.


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The Boston Tea Party was a protest against a tax the British government placed on imported tea.


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Botticelli's La Primavera (Springtime) is a complex symbolic painting based on classical mythology.


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The bottle tree is named for its trunk, which resembles a bottle.


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James Bowie, shown here on the cot, was ill during the siege of the Alamo in Texas in 1836.


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The Brisbane City Hall in Australia was built in the classic Greek style of architecture.


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John Brown was an American abolitionist.


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Blanche Kelso Bruce was the first African American to serve a full term in the U.S. Senate.


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Harriet Lane, Buchanan's niece, served as hostess for the President.


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The world's widest boulevard is Avenida 9 de Julio in Buenos Aires, Argentina.


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Buffalo is the second largest city in New York.


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Julius Caesar was one of the great military leaders of all time.


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The San Francisco earthquake of 1906 destroyed about 28,000 buildings and killed at least 3,000 people.


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The Appalachian Region consists primarily of forests and farmland.


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An examination for lung cancer may include the use of an instrument called a bronchoscope.


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The capybara, the world's largest rodent, lives in Central and South America.


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The caribou is an animal that lives in the North American tundra.


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Kit Carson was an American frontiersman.


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President Carter sat between his wife, Rosalynn Smith Carter, and their daughter, Amy, for this portrait in front of the White House.


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Movement is illustrated largely through the use of lines of different sizes.


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The senses are illustrated by lines, symbols, and words.


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The Burmese cat has a very short, sleek coat and round, golden eyes.


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The Devon rex cat has large eyes, a short muzzle, and huge, low-set ears.


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The Havana brown cat has a solid, reddish-brown coat and oval, vivid green eyes.


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The Korat cat has a silvery-gray coat, a heart-shaped face, and large, luminous green eyes.


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The Manx cat has a round head, a muscular body, and no tail.


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The Russian blue cat has extremely thick, bluish-gray fur, a muscular body, and round green eyes.


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The Siamese cat has a wedge-shaped head, deep blue eyes, and a slender body.


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The Balinese cat has a slender body, blue eyes, and fine, silky fur.


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The Birman cat has a long body with short legs and a bushy tail.


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The Maine coon cat is the largest cat and looks somewhat like a raccoon.


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The Persian cat has a stocky body and an extremely long, fine-textured, glossy coat.


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The Somali cat has a soft, medium-length coat and gold or green eyes.


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The Turkish Angora cat has a long, slender body, a long nose and long, pointed ears.


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A mother cat carries a kitten back to the nest if it strays too far.


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A centipede is an insect that may have as many as 170 pairs of legs.


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An oasis in the desert of northern Chad provides water for wandering nomads and their livestock.


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The black-capped chickadee lives in Canada and the Northern United States.


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A fashionable area of Santiago, Chile's capital, attracts many shoppers.


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Chile's Central Valley is crossed by several rivers fed by runoff water from the Andes.


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The chinchilla is an animal that has large ears and a short, bushy tail.


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Shirley Chisholm was the first African American woman to serve in the U.S. Congress.


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Marcus Tullius Cicero was a Roman orator and statesman.


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Crowded street scenes--like this one in Lima, Peru--are common in cities throughout the world.


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Civil war soldiers used the first breech-loading rifles, which were loaded at the breech (rear) of the barrel instead of the muzzle.


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Mortars fired cannonballs in a high arc.


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Rifled-barrel cannons had spiral grooves inside the barrel that sent cannonballs spinning accurately toward targets.


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The battle of the ironclads pitted the Northern Monitor, against the Southern Merrimack (Virginia) in March 1862.


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The Battle of Antietam was waged between Confederate forces under General Robert E. Lee and Union forces under General George B. McClellan on Sept. 17, 1862, near the town of Sharpsburg, Md.


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Medical care during the Civil War was given in temporary facilities and in city hospitals like this one in Washington, D.C. Temporary facilities included field hospitals on battlegrounds.


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Sherman's march through Georgia was aimed at destroying any civilian and industrial property that might help the South continue fighting.


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Lee surrendered to Grant, left, at a house in Appomattox Court House, Va., on April 9, 1865.


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Black troops fought in nearly 500 Civil War engagements.


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Henry Clay spoke eloquently before the United States Senate in support of the Compromise of 1850.


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The city flag's red, white, and blue stripes represent patriotism.


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The youngest First Lady in the nation's history was Frances Folsom Cleveland.


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A multilevel Anasazi home known as the Cliff Palace is the largest cliff dwelling in Mesa Verde National Park in southwestern Colorado.


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Seventeen-year-old Clinton shakes hands with President John F. Kennedy.


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The coati is an animal related to the raccoon.


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George M. Cohan was an American actor and playwright.


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Colorado's most famous land feature, Pikes Peak, left, was sighted in 1806 by American Army officer Zebulon Pike.


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Fidel Castro, left, declared Cuba was Communist, and was welcomed to the Soviet Union by Premier Nikita S. Khrushchev.


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A conch is a large sea snail with a spiral shell.


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Congress, the lawmaking branch of the United States government, consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives.


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Yale University's Memorial Quadrangle features beautiful Gothic architecture.


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The Nautilus, the world's first nuclear-powered submarine, was launched at Groton in 1954.


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A cowboy on horseback used equipment and skills borrowed from Mexican cowboys, called vaqueros.


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A chuck wagon carried food, cooking utensils, drinking water, and the cowboys' bedrolls during the trail drive in pioneer America.


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Analytic cubism divided objects into many fragments and planes, as in Georges Braque's Man with a Guitar begun in summer, 1911, and completed in early 1912.


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George A. Custer was an American Civil War general and Indian fighter.


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Testing for hearing disorders is usually done by trained experts called audiologists.


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James Dean was an American motion picture actor.


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A cypress swamp covers part of southern Delaware.


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Swedish settlers arrived in the Delaware area in 1638.


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Delhi, India's second largest city, is old and crowded.


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Luca della Robbia created the sculpture Madonna and Child Jesus.


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Special education helps children with disabilities use their full learning ability.


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The Doberman pinscher is an intelligent watchdog.


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A Chinese shar-pei puppy has a wrinkled coat that looks too large for its body.


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A black tongue is the distinguishing feature of the chow chow breed of dog.


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The puli is a sheepdog that has a coat that becomes tangled into long, ropelike cords.


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Samoyed is a breed of dog developed in Siberia.


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The English setter is a popular hunting dog.


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The English cocker spaniel is a common breed of dog.


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The Norwegian elkhound is a hunting dog.


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The Saluki is one of the fastest breeds of dog.


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Manchester terriers are excellent watchdogs.


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Cairn terrier is a hunting dog that originated in Scotland.


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Scottish terrier is a breed of dog first raised in Scotland.


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Dalmatian is a breed of dog with dark spots on a white coat.


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The Tibetan terrier is a dog with a thick, shaggy coat.


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The long-haired collie is a popular breed of dog.


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Pembroke Welsh corgi is a breed of small herding dog.


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The common domesticated donkey is used chiefly for riding and for pulling carts and wagons.


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Stephen A. Douglas was an American political leader.


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Frederick Douglass was an African American leader.


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Menander was the most popular Greek playwright of his time.


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Roman comedy was usually performed on a stage that represented a public street.


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Commedia dell' arte was a loosely constructed form of comedy that dominated Italian drama from the 1500's through the 1700's.


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Theater of the absurd was a broad movement that included many important new playwrights of the 1950's.


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Black American playwrights became a major force in American drama in the mid- and late 1900's.


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W. E. B. Du Bois was an African American leader.


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Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2, is Marcel Duchamp's most famous painting.


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Quito, Ecuador's capital, lies on a plateau almost 2 miles (3 kilometers) above sea level.


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Open-air regional markets sell foods and handicrafts produced in nearby villages.


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Special education programs provide instruction for disabled or gifted students.


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Higher education for women became available during the 1830's in coeducational colleges.


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Eisenhower and his wife, Mamie, were married on July 1, 1916.


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Premier Nikita S. Khrushchev of the Soviet Union, second from right, and his wife, left, were guests of the Eisenhowers in 1959.


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A baby elephant stays with its mother until it reaches adulthood.


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Ralph Waldo Emerson was an American author.


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The ermine is an animal that turns pure white in extremely cold winter weather.


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Erosion by glaciers typically takes place over thousands of years as the ice masses slowly move down mountainsides.


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The fennec is a small fox with large ears and a black-tipped tail.


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Bracken is found in fields throughout most of the world.


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Abigail Powers Fillmore, the first wife of U.S. President Millard Fillmore, met her future husband when they attended the same school.


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A special computer can compare a person's fingerprints with those in a central file.


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The fleur-de-lis is an irislike design used in heraldry.


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The John and Mabel Ringling Museum of Art in Sarasota, Florida, has a fine collection of about 1,000 paintings.


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Workers harvest oranges in a southern Florida citrus grove.


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A horse fly's eyes act as prisms, breaking light into bands of color.


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A house fly searches for food on a crust of bread.


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A flying dragon is a lizard that glides by spreading folds of skin.


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As House minority leader, Ford appeared with Senate Minority Leader Everett M. Dirksen in a series of televised press conferences in the late 1960's.


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The President's family poses in the White House.


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Henry Ford was an American industrialist.


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Fort Worth is one of the largest industrial cities in Texas.


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A fossil Pterodactylus, a type of pterosaur, provides information on the animal's behavior.


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As a printer, Franklin bought a press with Hugh Meredith in 1728.


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Benjamin Franklin served as minister to France from 1778 to 1785.


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A common ancient Greek chair was the klismos, shown.


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A reconstructed Roman stool called a sella curulis has curved legs in the shape of an X.


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A Japanese cabinet of the early 1600's is made of lacquered wood.


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A typical Chinese chair of the 1500's had a single vertical splat that formed the center of the chair's back.


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An Italian tabletop of the 1600's is decorated with semiprecious stones in a technique called pietre dure.


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The English neoclassical style was begun by Robert Adam, a Scottish architect, in the 1760's.


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Restauration furniture resembled the French Empire style.


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The beanbag chair was designed in Italy.


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A Robert Venturi chair is the American architect's interpretation of the Queen Anne style of the early 1700's in England.


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A galago is a small tree-dwelling African animal that is active at night.


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Marine iguanas inhabit the rocky coastlines of the Galapagos Islands.


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Lucretia Rudolph Garfield was a student of Garfield's before they married.


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William Lloyd Garrison was an American abolitionist.


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Marcus Garvey was an African American leader.


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The Savannah riverfront is a restored area of the historic city with nine blocks of restaurants, shops, and museums.


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Beef cattle graze on a pasture in a valley in northern Georgia.


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The German shepherd dog was bred as a herding dog.


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Ginger is a tropical plant that is cultivated for the spice obtained from its rhizome (underground stem).


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Wild ginger has large, low-growing leaves and is common in American woodlands.


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The ginkgo is a slender ornamental tree with fan-shaped, fernlike leaves.


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The brindled gnu is one of the fastest animals in southern Africa.


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The common goldfish is a popular aquarium pet.


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The pocket gopher is native to North America.


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Julia Dent Grant met her future husband when he was a second lieutenant with the Fourth Infantry Regiment near St. Louis.


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The National Palace, a government center, stands in downtown Guatemala City.


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A Guatemalan rural village lies along a river.


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Coffee beans dry in the sun on plantations in the Highlands region of Guatemala.


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Captain Nathan Hale, an American patriot during the Revolutionary War, was executed in New York City near what is now 66th Street and Third Avenue.


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Halifax City Hall, completed in 1887, is a famous city landmark in Nova Scotia.


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Hammurabi, king of Babylonia, stands before the god Shamash, patron of justice.


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The signature of John Hancock was the first signature placed on the historic Declaration of Independence at Philadelphia.


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Caroline Scott Harrison worked hard as First Lady despite poor health.


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Patrick Henry lashed out at English tyranny in a great speech before the Virginia House of Burgesses in 1765.


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Matthew A. Henson was an American explorer.


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Spanish missions shaped colonial cultures by passing on the Spanish language and Roman Catholicism.


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African influences helped create the distinctive sounds of Latin music.


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Indian influences can be seen in the foods of Mexican Americans.


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Durocs are a popular breed of hog in the United States because they produce large litters and gain weight rapidly.


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Hogs are a major source of income for many farmers in the United States, especially in the Corn Belt of the Midwest.


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Berkshires provide meat with little excess fat.


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Chester Whites must have shade to avoid sunburn.


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Spotted Swine may be mostly black or mostly white.


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A horned lizard has sharp spines on its head and its back.


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Medical care of a horse includes periodic examinations by a veterinarian.


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A newborn foal is cared for by its mother.


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The white star on the blue flag of Houston, left, represents the state of Texas.


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Hussein I was king of Jordan from 1952 to 1999.


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Saddam Hussein became president of Iraq in 1979.


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A hyrax is a rabbit-sized animal that resembles a guinea pig.


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Millions of European immigrants streamed into the United States during the 1800's and early 1900's.


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The star on the flag represents the Soldiers and Sailors Monument and the position of Indianapolis as the state capital.


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Factories developed during the Industrial Revolution to bring together the machines and the workers to run them.


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The domestic system produced most manufactured goods before the Industrial Revolution.


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Steamships carried raw materials and manufactured goods across the Atlantic Ocean by the mid-1800's.


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Downtown Des Moines rises along the Des Moines River in south-central Iowa.


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Rajah Brooke iris is a plant with large, colorful flowers.


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Islamic art includes many beautiful religious colleges called madrasahs.


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The black-tailed jack rabbit lives in dry areas of Mexico and the Western United States.


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The jackal, a member of the dog family, is mainly a scavenger, an animal that feeds on creatures it finds dead.


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Rachel Jackson, Jackson's wife, died of a heart attack in December 1828.


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Stonewall Jackson was an American Civil War general.


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The city seal of Jacksonville, Florida, bears a silhouette of U.S. President Andrew Jackson on a horse.


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An American mission led by Commodore Matthew C. Perry arrived in Japan in 1853.


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John Jay was an early U.S. political leader.


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Monticello, the home Jefferson designed and built between 1768 and 1809, is a 35-room brick mansion on a hilltop near Charlottesville, Va.


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Jefferson was secretary of state under President George Washington, right.


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Martha Randolph, Jefferson's older daughter, sometimes served as hostess at the White House.


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War with Tripoli, one of the Barbary States of northern Africa, began in 1801.


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The sea wasp is a jellyfish found mainly in the waters of the Great Barrier Reef off the coast of Australia.


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The Resurrection of Jesus, as related in the Gospels, occurred on the third day after His Crucifixion.


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A street in Johannesburg, South Africa's largest urban area, is lined with modern buildings.


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The impeachment trial of President Johnson lasted from March 13 to May 26, 1868.


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In a sad, solemn ceremony, Johnson took the presidential oath of office 1 hour and 39 minutes after President John F. Kennedy was assassinated.


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John Paul Jones was an American naval hero.


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Kennedy's family consisted of the President; his son, John, Jr.; "Jackie" Kennedy; and daughter Caroline.


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Moments before being shot, Kennedy rode past a friendly crowd in Dallas on Nov. 22, 1963.


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Robert F. Kennedy was an American political leader.


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The Kensington rune stone is claimed to be the record of a Viking exploration of America before the time of Columbus.


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A Killdeer is a shore bird of North and South America.


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Coretta Scott King is an African American civil rights leader.


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Belted kingfishers are birds that nest in burrows in riverbanks or sandbanks.


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The kinkajou is a small animal that uses its long, flexible tail for balance in trees.


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Robert M. La Follette, Sr., was an American political leader.


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The lamprey's mouth is especially suited for sucking fluids from the bodies of other fish.


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Beirut Harbor is Lebanon's chief port facility.


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Lee posed astride his famous horse, Traveller, which he rode throughout the Civil War.


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A parasitic leech sucks human blood through a mouth centered in a disklike front sucker.


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The ring-tailed lemur, one of the most common species, is a mammal that lives in the southwest part of Madagascar.


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The Liberty Bell is a symbol of American independence.


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Music helps tell a story during a library story hour.


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Books written in Spanish are part of the collection of the library in a community that has a large Spanish-speaking population.


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The collection of a special library may feature items other than books.


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Vatican Library, in Vatican City, has one of the world's largest and most valuable collections of early manuscripts and books.


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A clay tablet of the 600's B.C. lists literary works, probably for use in the Royal Library at Nineveh in Babylonia.


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A monk in a scriptorium copies a manuscript by hand.


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Arctic lichens cover much of the ground surface in the tundra.


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Yellow map lichens rank among the oldest living things.


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Lincoln's birthplace was a log cabin near Hodgenville, Kentucky.


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Abraham Lincoln and Mary Todd were married in 1842.


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The President's box at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., was the site of his assassination by John Wilkes Booth.


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A pride of lions moves across an open, grassy plain in Africa.


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A lion's long, sharp teeth and huge paws are fearsome weapons.


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Fables are brief stories that teach a moral.


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Fantasies-like The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum-include thrilling tales of imaginary lands.


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The New England Primer taught colonial American children the alphabet through crude illustrations and brief rhymes.


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Mother Goose fairy tales, rhymes, and songs have charmed young children since the 1700's.


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Great illustrators of the 1800's, including Randolph Caldecott of England, helped make pictures a major part of children's literature.


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The first modern picture book was The Tale of Peter Rabbit, one of a series of animal stories written by Beatrix Potter, an English author and illustrator.


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The main clue to the Lost Colony in North Carolina was the word Croatoan carved on a tree.


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The European lynx, like the other lynxes, is a large and powerfully built wild cat with tufted ears.


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The Japanese macaque is an animal with brown fur and a short tail.


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Ferdinand Magellan was a Portuguese explorer.


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Malcolm X was an influential African American leader.


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The manakin is a small bird found in the tropical forests of Central and South America.


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Manatees are large water mammals that feed on water plants.


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Edouard Manet completed his painting Bar at the Folies Bergere in 1882.


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Marine biologists study marine life in its environment.


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Thurgood Marshall was the first African American justice of the U.S. Supreme Court.


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The marten, a member of the weasel family, usually builds its den in a hollow tree.


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Mount Greylock, the highest point in Massachusetts, rises 3,491 feet (1,064 meters) in the state's Western New England Upland region.


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Henri Matisse was a famous French artist.


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A sculpture of the Maya corn god has ears of corn in its headdress.


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Maya writing used symbols that represented entire ideas or combinations of sounds.


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The Mayflower II, built as the original Mayflower is thought to have looked, made a 54-day voyage across the Atlantic Ocean in 1957.


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Grand Cordon of the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum (Japan)


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Trephining involved cutting a hole in the skull, perhaps to release evil spirits.


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The scientific study of anatomy began with Andreas Vesalius's book On the Structure of the Human Body.


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Surgical advances by Ambroise Pare of France in the 1500's included sewing through pieces of cloth glued to the patient's skin instead of stitching through the skin itself.


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The first antiseptic surgery involved spraying surgical wounds with carbolic acid to prevent infection.


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An early X ray by Wilhelm Roentgen shows his wife's left hand and wedding ring.


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Memphis is Tennessee's largest city and chief center of commerce, industry, and transportation.


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The Meteor Crater in Arizona lies between the towns of Flagstaff and Winslow.


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The story of the Mexican Revolution is told in murals by David Siqueiros and other well-known Mexican artists.


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The Mexican hat dance is a popular Mexican dance.


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The Central Plateau has some of Mexico's richest farmland.


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Tropical rain forests are found in the southern areas of the Gulf Coastal Plain and on the Yucatan Peninsula.


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Mexico City landmarks include the towering Monument to Independence, honoring heroes of Mexico's independence movement.


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The Palacio de Bellas Artes in Mexico City is a performance and exhibition center famous for the beauty of its architecture.


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Robots weld car bodies at a manufacturing plant in Wixom.


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Workers harvest cherries in an orchard in Leelanau County, Michigan.


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A mole is an animal that searches for earthworms and other food by digging tunnels with its sharp claws and powerful legs.


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Monet's Water Lilies was one of a series the artist painted near the end of his life, when he was almost blind.


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An ancient Greek coin called a tetradrachm was issued during the 400's B.C.


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Playing-card money was used in Canada when it was a French colony during the 1600's and 1700's.


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The oak-tree shilling was one of the first coins made in Massachusetts.


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A $10 gold piece called an eagle was issued by the U.S. Mint from 1795 to 1933.


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Continental currency was issued by the Continental Congress to help finance the Revolutionary War (1775-1783).


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The Spanish dollar, or piece of eight, was another foreign coin that circulated in the new nation.


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A mongoose prepares to eat a snake it has killed.


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Monte Carlo is a luxurious resort on the Mediterranean coast.


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Montezuma II, left, was an Aztec emperor who ruled in Mexico from 1502 to 1520.


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Mosses tend to grow in bunches, and they often form dense mats that cover large areas.


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Sporophytes of hairy cap mosses rise high above the ground.


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The Godfather was a dramatic account of two generations of a family in the United States who live by organized crime.


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Great Serpent Mound, near Hillsboro, Ohio, was built by the Adena peoples.


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Mount Everest, in the Himalaya range on the frontier of Tibet and Nepal, is the highest mountain in the world.


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Hosni Mubarak became president of Egypt in 1981.


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Robert Mugabe is a political leader of Zimbabwe.


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Elijah Muhammad was a leader of the Black Muslims.


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Edvard Munch's painting The Scream illustrates the feeling of anguish and inner torment that appears in many of his works.


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Munich's New City Hall stands in the busy Marienplatz, a large square in the old section of the city.


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Oklahoma! began the age of the modern American musical comedy in 1943.


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Show Boat helped start a new era of musical comedy in 1927.


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A muskrat is an animal that lives near water and has a long tail.


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Mussels are water animals with soft bodies protected by hard shells.


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Benito Mussolini, an Italian dictator, used dramatic poses.


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Romulus and Remus were the mythical founders of Rome.


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The fire goddess Pele was worshiped in many parts of Polynesia.


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Fetish figures like this one of the Songe, a people of Congo (Kinshasa), are used to protect village property.


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Nazca lines include giant figures etched into the earth's surface by the Nazca people of ancient Peru.


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Emperor Nero, who ruled Rome from A.D. 54 to 68, ordered the death of many Christians and several of his own relatives.


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Gold mining ranks as Nevada's most valuable mining activity.


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The Mount Washington Observatory stands on top of New Hampshire's highest peak.


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Princeton University in New Jersey, founded in 1746, is the fourth oldest institution of higher learning in the United States.


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A chemical plant in Bayonne is one of about 1,000 such facilities in New Jersey.


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The George Washington Bridge spans the Hudson River from Fort Lee to New York City.


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Albuquerque is New Mexico's largest city.


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Charming old homes line streets in New Orleans Garden District.


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Lake Placid, a beautiful glacial lake, lies in the Adirondack Mountains of northeastern New York.


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Central Park, in New York City, attracts many people on warm summer days.


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New Zealand's beautiful countryside provides excellent grazing land for millions of sheep.


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Downtown Auckland, like the business areas of other large New Zealand cities, has many modern high-rise office buildings.


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The Nicaraguan countryside includes sharply rising mountains and grazing land for cattle and other livestock.


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Managua is the capital, largest city, and chief commercial center of Nicaragua.


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Nigerian Muslims dressed in traditional costumes prepare to take part in a horsemanship event at the end of a religious festival.


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A typical village in rural Nigeria consists of clusters of homes much like these.


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The nightingale is a small thrush known for its melancholy song.


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Florence Nightingale was an English nurse who introduced sanitary methods of nursing in wartime.


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In a hospital in Scutari, Albania, Florence Nightingale attended to the needs of British soldiers wounded in the Crimean War.


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The Blue Nile, one of the two main branches of the Nile, has carved out a deep valley in Ethiopia.


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The Nile River irrigates large strips of farmland.


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The "kitchen debate" occurred in 1959, when Nixon and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev toured a U.S. exhibit in Moscow and argued about differences in Soviet and American lifestyles.


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Nixon left the White House on Aug. 9, 1974, and became the first President to resign.


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The Biltmore Estate in Asheville, North Carolina.


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Lake Sakakawea in North Dakota was formed when engineers built Garrison Dam across the Missouri River.


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A male nurse gives medication to a patient.


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Most nurses work in hospitals, where they help comfort and care for people who are sick, injured, or recovering from surgery.


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Operating room nurses assist surgeons during operations.


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Oakland, California, lies on the eastern shore of San Francisco Bay, 3 miles (4.8 kilometers) across the bay from San Francisco.


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Oklahoma City is the capital and largest city of Oklahoma.


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Omaha is Nebraska's largest city and one of the world's leading food processing centers.


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An Omani craftsman uses a potter's wheel to make pottery.


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A mother opossum carries its young on its back.


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A ouija board is used as a game or to supposedly exchange messages with the spirits of the dead.


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Traditional ways of life are followed by many Pacific Islanders, especially villagers who earn little or no money.


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Producing copra, the dried meat of the coconut, is a main economic activity in the Pacific Islands.


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Many rural villages in Pakistan look much as they did hundreds of years ago.


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Coconut palms grow throughout tropical areas, mainly near seashores.


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A street scene in Colon, Panama, shows people of various ethnic backgrounds.


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Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea's capital and largest city, lies on the hot, humid coast of southeastern New Guinea.


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The skyline of Asuncion, Paraguay's capital and largest city, consists of modern high-rises and traditional Spanish-style buildings.


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Black stem rust is a fungus that lives part of its life on barberry plants, shown, and part on wheat plants.


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Mistletoe is a plant parasite that grows on trees.


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Plasmodium vivax is one of the tiny parasites which cause malaria, a serious disease of human beings.


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A tapeworm lives in intestines of people and animals.


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The trichina worm lodges in the muscles of hogs and humans.


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Paricutin in Mexico is the most recently formed volcano in the Western Hemisphere.


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George S. Patton, Jr. was an American general.


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The collared peccary is a hoofed animal with a coarse, blackish-gray coat.


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Frances Perkins was the first woman Cabinet member in the United States government.


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Eva Peron was a powerful political figure in Argentina.


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Oliver Hazard Perry and his fleet of nine ships defeated the British in the Battle of Lake Erie during the War of 1812.


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Weeks of bombing by allied aircraft left much of Baghdad, Iraq's capital, in ruins.


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Oil wells burned out of control in Kuwait after retreating Iraqi troops set fire to hundreds of wells.


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Ring-necked pheasants are popular game birds.


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Male golden pheasants have bright yellow heads and brilliant red breasts.


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In northern Luzon, in the Philippines, farmers grow crops on mountain terraces built more than 2,000 years ago by Malay immigrants.


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Guernica is considered one of Picasso's masterpieces.


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The American pika is a small, furry animal that lives among loose rock on mountainsides.


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The northern pike is a large freshwater fish that is popular as a fighting game fish and also as a delicious food fish.


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A pillory locked the arms and head of a person between two wooden boards.


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Plankton is made up of many types of organisms.


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Sarah Childress Polk was a deeply religious, well-educated woman.


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Mount Vesuvius looms in the background over the once-thriving city of Pompeii in Italy.


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A pony express rider switches to a fresh mount and begins another step of his dangerous dash across the West.


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The pope is the spiritual leader of millions of Roman Catholics throughout the world.


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The election of a pope is announced to the outside world by white smoke emerging from a chimney in Vatican City.


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Innocent III was the most powerful of all medieval popes.


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Saint Peter is considered the first pope.


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Benedict XIV was admired for his high moral character and his support of religious and secular education.


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Paul III was a Renaissance pope who helped begin the Catholic Reformation by calling the Council of Trent.


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Pius XII was one of the most active popes in history, updating and revising many church practices and customs.


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John Paul II, who was born in Poland, in 1978 became the first non-Italian pope since Adrian VI of the Netherlands.


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A porcupinefish has strong, sharp spines on its body.


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Portland is the largest city in Oregon and one of the West Coast's chief ports.


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The Portuguese man-of-war floats on the surface of warm oceans.


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The potto is a small animal that lives in the forests of western Africa.


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Prairies are covered chiefly by tall grasses.


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Prairie dogs keep a sharp lookout for their enemies.


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The seal of the President of the United States includes an eagle holding arrows and an olive branch.


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Camp David in Maryland is the official retreat of the president of the United States.


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Elvis Presley rehearses for a 1956 appearance on Ed Sullivan's "The Toast of the Town" TV show.


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The prickly pear has pear-shaped fruit that is good to eat.


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A male pronghorn is an animal with branchlike horns with hard, black coverings.


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The University of Puerto Rico, founded in 1903, has a beautifully ornamented administration building on the campus at Rio Piedras.


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Juan Ponce de Leon, a Spanish explorer, sailed to Puerto Rico in 1508 and established the first European settlement there.


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Horned puffins are birds that spend the summer on the Pacific coasts of Alaska and Russia, where they raise their young.


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Muammar al-Qadhafi became ruler of Libya in 1969.


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The mountain quail lives in the mountains of the Pacific Coast States, southwestern Canada, and northwestern New Mexico.


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Sir Walter Raleigh tried to establish an English colony in North America.


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Statues of Ramses II guarded the Abu Simbel temple near the Nile for more than 3,000 years.


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Reading aloud to a child is an enjoyable activity for both the adult and the youngster.


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Reading disabilities require special teaching methods.


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A popular movie actor, Reagan appeared in more than 50 feature films from 1937 to 1964.


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Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev signed a treaty in 1987 that led to reductions of U.S. and Soviet nuclear arms.


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Reagan and his wife, Nancy, liked to spend time at their ranch near Santa Barbara, Calif.


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The sale of indulgences caused Martin Luther to attack the church.


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Buddha preached that people can gain nirvana, or salvation, by freeing themselves from worldly attachments and desires.


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Hindus bathe in the Ganges River at Varanasi, India.


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Prehistoric people performed religious ceremonies to ensure a sufficient food supply.


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A Muslim reads the Quran in Mecca, the holiest city of Islam.


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Lorenzo de' Medici was the political and cultural leader of Florence when the city was the center of the Italian Renaissance in the 1400's.


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The ruling families of the Italian city-states strongly supported the Renaissance.


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Donatello's David was the first large free-standing nude since classical antiquity.


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The Pazzi Chapel in Florence, Italy, was one of the first buildings designed in the Renaissance style.


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The drawings of Leonardo da Vinci of Italy reveal the inquiring mind of perhaps the greatest intellect of the Renaissance.


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Mythological subjects were popular with Italian artists.


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A northern Renaissance painting by the Flemish artist Jan van Eyck emphasizes lighting, perspective, and details.


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Pierre Auguste Renoir, a master of French impressionist painting, became famous for his luminous colors and cheerful scenes of everyday life.


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The flintlock musket was the chief firearm of the Revolutionary War.


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A naval battle between the Bonhomme Richard, commanded by John Paul Jones, and the British warship Serapis took place off the coast of England in September 1779.


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The Rocky Mountains are famous for their majestic peaks and other beautiful scenery.


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Will Rogers was an American folk philosopher and entertainer.


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"Fireside chats" became a regular feature of Roosevelt's presidency.


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During the war, Roosevelt traveled overseas several times to confer with Allied leaders.


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The Rough Riders, a regiment led by Roosevelt, became nationally famous for their role in helping to win the Battle of San Juan Hill in the Spanish-American War.


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The Rosetta stone is a fragment of a black basalt tablet covered with ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics.


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The red, white, and blue in the flag of San Antonio, left, represent the United States and Texas, which use these colors in their flags.


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The city flag was adopted in 1940, and the seal in 1914.


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The city's flag and seal were adopted in 1979.


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Venus of Willendorf, Willendorf, Austria, 30,000-25,000 B.C.


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Lion fighting a bull is an ancient Persian sculpture.


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Woman praying, Crete, Minoan period, 1500's B.C.


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The Olmec carved huge stone heads that weighed up to 36,000 pounds (16,300 kilograms).


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The city's flag, left, and seal, right, bear the image of Chief Sealth, the Salish Indian leader for whom the city was named.


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Sequoyah invented a system of writing suitable to the Cherokee language.


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William T. Sherman was an American Civil War general.


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The Siberian husky is an alert, powerful dog.


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Slaves who picked cotton on plantations in the United States during the 1800's usually worked from sunrise to sunset.


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The sloth is an animal that uses its claws to hang from branches.


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The sloth bear has shaggy black fur and a gray, almost hairless face.


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A slug is a kind of snail that moves by sliding on a thin coating of slime.


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The Rough Rider regiment won fame for its charge up Kettle Hill in Cuba in 1898.


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A sparrowhawk preys on sparrows and other small birds.


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The Spirit of '76, is a painting that shows two drummers and a fife player leading American troops during a Revolutionary War battle.


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The spoonbill is a wading bird that swings its spoon-shaped bill from side to side in the water in search of food.


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Sri Lankans harvest tea, which is one of the nation's leading products.


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The Star-Spangled Banner, the flag that inspired Francis Scott Key to write the U.S. national anthem, hangs in the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History in Washington, D.C. Key saw the flag flying over Fort McHenry in Baltimore whi


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The underside of a starfish has many slender tubes called tube feet.


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The Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and a beacon of freedom for immigrants, stands on Liberty Island in New York Harbor.


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Robert Louis Stevenson was a Scottish writer.


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Robert Louis Stevenson settled with his family near Apia on Upolu, one of the Samoan islands in the South Seas.


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Lucy Stone was an American leader of the women's rights movement.


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The large, beautiful sunflower is raised by farmers in many parts of the world.


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Swifts are birds that usually roost on vertical surfaces, clinging with sharp toenails and using the tail as a prop.


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Helen Herron Taft was an intelligent and ambitious woman who urged her husband to seek the presidency.


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The takin is a large hoofed mammal that resembles a musk ox.


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Farmers transplant rice, above, near a lake in central Tanzania.


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The tapir resembles a pig but actually is related to the horse and rhinoceros.


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The tarsier is a small Southwest Pacific animal with large eyes.


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The Tasmanian tiger, which most scientists believe is extinct, had stripes along its back like those of a tiger.


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Tecumseh was an Indian leader who fought to defend Indian lands against invasion by white people.


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Mother Teresa won the 1979 Nobel Peace Prize.


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The queen termite is a fully developed female whose sole job is to mate and reproduce.


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The soldier termite's job is to defend the colony against attack.


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The worker termite gathers food and cares for the young termites after they hatch.


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The Texas Rangers roamed the frontier during the 1800's tracking murderers, train robbers, and other outlaws.


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The tortoise has stumpy, clublike legs and feet.


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Totem poles, such as the ones pictured here, were wood carvings made by the Indians of the Northwest Coast.


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The red-crested touraco and many other forest species of touracos have brightly colored feathers and long tails.


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Toussaint L'Ouverture was a black revolutionary.


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The fall of Troy was made famous in legends.


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Truman's wife and daughter were known as "the bosses."


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Sojourner Truth was an African American leader.


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The tuatara is a reptile found only on a few small islands off the New Zealand coast.


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Harriet Tubman was an African American leader during the 1800's.


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Tucson is an important commercial, mining, and research center in southern Arizona.


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Tulips are colorful garden flowers that bloom in the spring.


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A crowded street along the Istanbul waterfront reflects the rapid growth of Turkish cities since the 1940's.


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The Kurds of Turkey make up the nation's largest minority group.


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Kemal Ataturk founded the Republic of Turkey in 1923 and was its first president.


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A box turtle is well protected by its shell.


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A soft-shelled turtle has a round, flat shell covered by leathery skin.


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The Galapagos tortoise ranks as one of the largest land turtles.


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Uncle Sam has appeared in several forms in different periods of United States history.


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United Nations headquarters consists of several buildings along the East River in New York City.


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The United Nations flag has a map of the world surrounded by a wreath of olive branches.


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The Revolutionary War began on April 19, 1775, on the village green in Lexington, Massachusetts.


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The National Road was a transportation route in early America.


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The forced migration of eastern U.S. Indians to territory west of the Mississippi River followed the passage of the federal Indian Removal Act of 1830.


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The Progressive Era was marked by widespread demands for reform.


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World War I marked the first time the United States had fought a full-scale war on foreign territory.


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Automobile ownership soared in the 1920's.


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The Dust Bowl spread across the Great Plains and the Southwest during the depression, destroying much farmland.


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American planes dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945.


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A civil rights law banning compulsory school segregation led to a dramatic incident in 1957.


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Suburban housing developments sprang up around American cities after World War II.


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The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Arlington, Va., honors members of the United States armed forces who have given their lives in war.


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Modern valentines include both humorous and romantic cards.


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The oldest American valentine is a handmade card from the early 1700's.


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Valentines by Kate Greenaway, a British artist, showed garden scenes.


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The Battle of Bennington, in New York, on Aug. 16, 1777, was a major Revolutionary War victory for American forces.


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The seal of the Vice President of the United States includes an eagle holding arrows and an olive branch.


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Vienna, the capital of Austria, is a leading cultural center of Europe.


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Pancho Villa, right, and Alvaro Obregon are shown at a meeting near El Paso, Tex., in 1914.


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Virginia Beach has many sandy ocean beaches.


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Bombs burst in the air over Fort McHenry in 1814 during a British attack on the Baltimore area.


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The Battle of New Orleans was fought 15 days after the United States and Great Britain had signed a peace settlement.


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The wart hog is named for the "warts" on its head.


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The Jefferson Memorial, located on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., stands in a beautiful setting among Japanese cherry trees at the edge of the Tidal Basin.


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The towering Washington Monument ranks as the tallest structure in Washington, D.C.


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The Marine Corps War Memorial in Arlington, Virginia, honors all Marines who have died in action since 1775, the year the corps was founded.


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Pierre L'Enfant's plan for Washington showed the location of the Capitol, White House, and Mall.


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Washington's estate at Mount Vernon in Virginia included an impressive mansion overlooking the Potomac River, and about 7,600 acres (3,075 hectares) of farmland and forests.


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Winter at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, was a period of great suffering for the Continental Army.


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A water flea is a tiny shellfish with a transparent body covering.


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Victoria Falls on the Zambia-Zimbabwe border.


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A weasel is a small furry animal with a slender body and short legs.


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Downtown Charleston lies along the banks of the Kanawha River.


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Toothed whales use their teeth only to capture prey, not to chew it.


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A whippoorwill has spotted brown feathers that blend with its woodland habitat and help protect the bird from enemies.


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Oscar Wilde was an Irish-born British author famous for his wit.


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The "Big Four" Allied leaders gathered at the Paris peace conference.


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The Winnipeg Art Gallery helps make the city one of the leading cultural centers of Canada.


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The wolverine is an animal that lives in North America, northern Europe, and Asia.


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Wombats are stocky, burrowing animals of Australia.


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The woodchuck, also known as the ground hog, lives in Canada and the Eastern and Midwestern United States.


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The civilization of ancient Egypt began to develop in the Nile River Valley about 3100 B.C.


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A stone seal from the Indus Valley civilization has a carved figure of an animal and some writing.


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A bronze ceremonial vessel shows the skill of an ancient Chinese artist.


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An ancient Greek dish portrays the god Apollo, patron of musicians and poets and the ideal of manly beauty.


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Assyrian King Ashurbanipal and his queen are shown feasting in the royal garden on this stone carving.


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A famous Roman aqueduct, the Pont du Gard near Nimes, France, stands as a reminder of one of the world's greatest empires.


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Constantine the Great was the first Roman emperor to become a Christian.


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A Hindu stone temple built during the A.D. 500's stands at Aihole, India, near Belgaum.


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The Basilica of St. Mark in Venice, Italy, is one of the outstanding examples of Byzantine architecture in western Europe.


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Medieval monks like this one copied many valuable manuscripts written by ancient Greek and Roman scholars.


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A Muslim pharmacist is shown preparing a drug in an illustration from a medical book of the 1200's.


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Renaissance artists and scholars developed bold new ideas that led to major achievements in architecture, painting, sculpture, and literature in western Europe from the 1300's through the 1500's.


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The study of the body led to important medical discoveries in Europe during the 1600's.


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Smoking factory chimneys signaled the start of the Industrial Revolution in Europe during the 1700's.


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Rejection of Communism swept across the Soviet Union in August 1991.


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Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary, far right, was shot to death on June 28, 1914, shortly after this photo was taken.


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Military aviators played an important role in World War I. Pilots, such as these members of the British Royal Flying Corps, fought enemy planes in aerial battles called dogfights.


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Cheering the end of World War I, a joyful crowd streamed through the streets of a French town on Nov. 11, 1918.


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Members of the Nazi Party marched in a rally in Nuremberg, Germany, in 1938.


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The evacuation of Dunkerque rescued about 338,000 Allied soldiers in 1940.


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The bombing of London, called the Blitz, began in September 1940 and caused much ruin.


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The Big Three set overall Allied strategy.


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Hitting the beach, Allied infantrymen swarmed ashore along the Normandy coast of northern France on D-Day--June 6, 1944.


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Wild with joy, Parisians welcomed Allied troops as they rode down the Champs Elysees on Aug. 26, 1944.


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American soldiers in the Philippines had to march to prison camps after they were captured by the Japanese in April 1942.


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Hugging the ground to avoid enemy gunfire, U.S. marines crawled over the sandy shores of Tarawa in the Gilbert Islands in November 1943.


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An attack by a Japanese kamikaze (suicide pilot) set this aircraft carrier aflame.


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Supplies poured ashore on Iwo Jima after U.S. marines secured beaches on the Japanese island in February 1945.


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An atomic blast demolished the center of Hiroshima, Japan, on Aug. 6, 1945.


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Japan's surrender on Sept. 2, 1945, ended World War II.


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A U.S. government poster reminded Americans of the event that plunged them into war--Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor.


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"Rosie the Riveter" became the humorous yet respectful name for the millions of American women who worked in defense plants during the war.


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The wartime confinement of Japanese Americans in relocation camps was a denial of their rights.


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The human suffering caused by World War II was enormous.


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Orville Wright was an American aviation pioneer.


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Wilbur Wright was an American pioneer of aviation.


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The yak of Asia is a relative of the American bison.


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The gently flowing waters of Minerva Terrace deposit minerals that build up large rock terraces, one above the other.


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Yellowstone Lake, in Wyoming, is the largest high-altitude lake in North America.


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Upper and Lower Yosemite Falls are a scenic attraction in Yosemite National Park, California.


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Crispus Attucks, center, was a leader of the patriot mob that was fired upon by British troops in the Boston Massacre of 1770.


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Dress uniforms for Air Force enlisted personnel are shown here.


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The insignias of enlisted personnel are worn on the sleeves of the uniform.


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Air Force officers wear insignias made of metal or of thread or wire embroidery.


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Appomattox Court House in Virginia was the site of Robert E. Lee's surrender to Ulysses S. Grant in 1865, ending the Civil War.


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Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia contains the graves of thousands of men and women who served in the U.S. armed forces.


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Neil A. Armstrong was an American astronaut.


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Grade insignia for Army enlisted personnel


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Field artillery like this howitzer support infantry and armored forces.


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Hawk missiles can attack aircraft flying as low as 100 feet (30 meters).


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Elfego Baca was a Mexican American folk hero.


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Judge Roy Bean, a justice of the peace, held court in his Texas saloon.


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Otto von Bismarck was a Prussian statesman.


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The Blue Ridge Parkway in North Carolina is a scenic vacation area in the Blue Ridge Mountains.


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Bascule bridge is a type of movable bridge.


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Budapest, the capital and largest city of Hungary, lies on both banks of the Danube River.


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Calgary is Alberta's largest city and the center of Canada's oil industry.


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The city seal of Calgary, Alberta, shows the city's symbols-the Rockies, a buffalo, a horse, and a steer.


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The Assembly Room of the Pennsylvania State House, where regular sessions of the Constitutional Convention of 1787 were held, is shown as it looks today.


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A crusader's fortress, the Krak de Chevaliers, was powerfully built to withstand Muslim attacks.


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Shasta Dam in California creates a huge reservoir on the Sacramento River.


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Fort Peck Dam in Montana is one of the largest earth-fill dams in the world.


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Shale, a sedimentary rock, forms when clay is compressed into thin, hard layers.


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Gneiss and other metamorphic rocks result when igneous and sedimentary rocks are changed by heat and pressure.


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Wind erosion sculpted Delicate Arch in Utah from a wall of ancient sandstone.


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Edison's phonograph, perhaps his favorite invention, played sounds recorded on a cylinder covered with tinfoil.


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Edison's first incandescent electric light was perhaps his most important invention.


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The white cliffs of Dover rise on the southeastern coast of England.


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The Battle of Hastings in 1066, pictured on the Bayeux Tapestry, ended with the defeat of the English by the Normans.


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Mont-St.-Michel is a large rock that juts from the waters off the coast of Lower Normandy in France.


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Apartment buildings, such as these in Lyon, are home to many French city dwellers.


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Villages set amid well-tended fields typify much of rural France.


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The Tour de France is the greatest national sporting event in France.


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Castles called chateaux were the high point of French Renaissance architecture.


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Sculptor Auguste Rodin created many expressive figures.


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The cliffs of Normandy rise along the English Channel, in the Brittany-Normandy Hills of northwestern France.


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Charlemagne was the most famous ruler of the Middle Ages.


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The storming of the Bastille in Paris on July 14, 1789, was an early event in the French Revolution.


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The death of Marat spurred on the Reign of Terror during the French Revolution.


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Hiroshima's Peace Memorial Park in Japan honors the victims of the first atomic bomb used in war.


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Paul von Hindenburg, the president of Germany, named Hitler chancellor (prime minister) on Jan. 30, 1933.


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Nazi rallies featured thousands of troops and deeply impressed the German people.


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During the Holocaust, the Nazis killed millions of Jews and others.


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Queen Isabella I of Spain supported Christopher Columbus in his plan to find a short sea route to the Indies.


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Low-rise, concrete apartment buildings in Florence typify the housing in Italian cities.


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The Alps form a towering wall across northern Italy.


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Nikita S. Khrushchev was a leader of the Soviet Union government.


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Volcanic lakes form when water collects in the craters of extinct volcanoes.


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A typical laser has three main parts: an energy source, a substance called the active medium, and an optical cavity enclosing the active medium and two mirrors.


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The Leaning Tower of Pisa in Italy was built as a bell tower for the Pisa Cathedral, left.


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Boston Lighthouse, first lit in 1716, was the first lighthouse in America.


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Lightning is caused by the movement of positive and negative electrical charges toward one another.


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A magnetic field can be shown as imaginary lines that flow out of the north pole and into the south pole of a magnet.


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Grade insignia for Marine enlisted personnel


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The Salem Witchcraft Trials, held in 1692 in Massachusetts, resulted in the execution of 19 people, both men and women, who were convicted as witches.


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A statue of Massasoit by the American sculptor Cyrus Dallin stands on a Pilgrim burial ground in Plymouth, Mass.


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Life in the Middle Ages centered around control of the land.


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Chalcopyrite is a brassy yellow copper ore.


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Copper is a copper-red mineral with a brown tarnish.


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Gold occurs as yellow nuggets, grains, and flakes.


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Graphite is a soft black mineral that feels greasy.


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Azurite, Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2, is a blue mineral.


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Potassium feldspar is a mineral that ranges in color from white to pink.


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Talc is a soft mineral that may be white, green, or gray.


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The jumper is worn by seamen through petty officer first class of the U.S. Navy.


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Women's service blue uniform worn by officers and enlisted personnel of the U.S. Navy.


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Men's service blue uniform worn by officers and enlisted personnel of the U.S. Navy.


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Oslo, Norway's capital and largest city, is home to almost 1 of 8 Norwegians.


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Norwegian fishermen process a catch of fish.


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Norwegian Vikings sailed long wooden ships--like this one preserved in an Oslo museum--in raids in along the coast of western Europe.


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Thomas Paine voiced the American colonists' demands for freedom with his famous pamphlet Common Sense.


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A huge poster in the city of Wroclaw serves as an advertisement for the National Bank of Poland.


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Roman Catholicism has a strong influence on the life of most Poles.


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Gently rolling hills cover much of southern Poland.


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A political rally held in the city of Gdynia during the 1989 elections showed support for candidates of Solidarity, an organization of free trade unions headed by Lech Walesa.


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The Battle of Bunker Hill (1775), in Massachusetts, actually fought on Breed's Hill, was the first major battle of the Revolutionary War.


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Quartzite is a rock chiefly composed of the mineral quartz.


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Sandstone is a rock chiefly made of sand.


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The Roman Forum was the center of Roman government.


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A male ruffed grouse beats the air with its wings, making a drumming sound that can be heard far away.


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Salt crystals form nearly perfect cubes.


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A distinct surface fracture can be seen in this segment of the San Andreas Fault.


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Cree Indians traded furs at Fort Pitt, a major trading post of the Hudson's Bay Company in western Saskatchewan.


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Unique Forms of Continuity in Space by Umberto Boccioni, 1913.


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Bison with turned head is a prehistoric painting from the cave of La Madeleine in the Dordogne Valley, France, about 9000 B.C.


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Cycladic marble figurine, Cyclades Islands, Greece, about 3000 B.C.


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Statue of a seated boxer, Greece, about 100-70 B.C.


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Portrait of Lucius Verus, Rome, A.D. 100's.


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Orpheus, a sculpture by Auguste Rodin, France, 1892.


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Woman with Suitcases, a sculpture by Duane Hanson, 1973.


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Dragon, a sculpture by Judy Pfaff, 1981.


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Chang and Eng were famous conjoined twins joined at the ribcage.


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Novosibirsk is Siberia's biggest city and one of the largest in Russia.


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The town of Taormina, Sicily, lies among the hills near Mount Etna, a snow-capped volcano, background.


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The solar system includes many different objects that travel around the sun.


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The Basques of northern Spain are one of the nation's many regional population groups.


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The flamenco is one of the many lively Spanish folk dances.


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Francisco Franco was dictator of Spain from 1939 until his death in 1975.


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These three stamps were used by the British government under the Stamp Act it imposed upon the American colonies.


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Ticino, the southernmost Swiss canton, is the warmest part of the country.


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Vancouver's coat of arms, adopted in 1969, includes a lumberman and a fisherman.


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Nathaniel Bacon, right, led a rebellion against Virginia governor William Berkeley, left, in 1676.


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Victoria C. Woodhull was the first woman to run for president of the United States.


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Slave makers raid the nests of other ants and carry off the pupae, shown.


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Bela Bartok was a famous Hungarian composer.


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Count Basie was an American jazz pianist and bandleader.


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A bellbird produces an unusually loud call.


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The bobolink nests in North America and flies to South America for the winter.


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A dromedary is an animal that can be bred and trained for riding and racing.


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A camel's thick eyebrows help shade its eyes from the sun.


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The male canvasback duck has a reddish-brown head and a black breast.


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Ray Charles is an American rhythm and blues singer.


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The whooping crane is the tallest bird of North America.


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Dickcissels are small birds that live in grasslands and alfalfa fields in the central part of the United States.


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Bob Dylan is a popular American folk singer and composer.


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A charging elephant may make itself look especially dangerous by sticking its ears straight out.


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The colorful arrow-poison frog grows from 1 to 2 inches (2.5 to 5 centimeters) long.


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In water, a frog uses its strong hind legs for swimming.


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George Gershwin was an American composer.


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Green-backed herons build nests of sticks in trees or tall shrubs.


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Billie Holiday was a famous American jazz singer.


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John Lennon was a member of the English rock group the Beatles.


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A male linnet is a small bird, shown feeding its hungry young.


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Oilbirds dwell in caves in tropical regions of northern South America.


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Elaborate scenery and colorful crowd scenes add excitement to many operas.


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The Barber of Seville by Gioacchino Rossini is one of the most popular comic operas.


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Carmen is an opera by Georges Bizet, which describes the love affairs of a beautiful Gypsy.


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Don Giovanni by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart has been praised as the greatest opera ever composed.


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Madama Butterfly, an opera by Giacomo Puccini, describes a tragic romance between Cio-cio-san, a young Japanese woman, and B. F. Pinkerton, an American naval officer.


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Pagliacci, an opera by Ruggiero Leoncavallo, is a tragedy about a company of traveling actors who stop in an Italian village to give a performance.


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The Magic Flute by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart is a fairy-tale opera.


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Der Rosenkavalier, an opera by German composer Richard Strauss, portrays life among the aristocracy in Vienna during the 1700's.


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Salome by Richard Strauss is a passionate and violent opera that takes place in Palestine at the time of Christ.


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La Traviata, an opera by Giuseppe Verdi, describes a tragic love affair between Alfredo and Violetta in France during the mid-1800's.


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La Boheme, an opera by Giacomo Puccini, deals with a love affair between Rodolfo, a poet, and Mimi, a young seamstress in failing health.


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A petrified log forms a natural bridge at Petrified Forest National Park in northern Arizona.


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Pine siskin is a small North American bird.


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Rock music's energetic style is captured by Mick Jagger, left, and Ron Wood, right, of the Rolling Stones.


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The snow bunting is a bird that has a snowy white head and breast.


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The European starling has black feathers with a greenish-purple gloss.


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The summer tanager is a bird that nests in the Southern United States.


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The Bohemian waxwing lives in forests near the Arctic but flies south to temperate regions in the winter.


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Cedar waxwings are birds that live in most parts of North America.


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A weaver builds a hanging nest by weaving grass and twigs together.


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Stevie Wonder is an American singer and composer.


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Emperor Akihito became emperor of Japan in 1989.


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Big Ben is a famous bell in the Clock Tower of the Houses of Parliament in London.


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Fighting fires is one of the most important tasks of a fire department.


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A firefighter ventilates a burning building by breaking windows in the structure.


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Fire department paramedics treat people needing emergency medical care and may rush them to a hospital.


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Steam pumpers pulled by horses were used by fire departments from the mid-1800's to the early 1900's.


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Jesse L. Jackson is an African American civil rights leader.


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Winnipeg is the capital of Manitoba and one of Canada's largest cities.


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Eliot Ness was an American law enforcement officer.


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Philadelphia's City Hall, center, ranks as one of the largest city halls in the United States.


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Janet Reno became the first woman to serve as U.S. attorney general.


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A mission control facility on the earth supervises the activities of astronauts in space.


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The north portico of the White House faces Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, D.C.


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Bert Williams was a popular African American entertainer.


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Dinosaurs ruled the earth for millions of years.


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Scientists divide dinosaurs into two groups--ornithischians and saurischians--according to the structure of the hips.


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Dinosaurs of the Jurassic Period (213 million to 145 million years ago) included the huge Diplodocus and the meat-eating Allosaurus, center.


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Dinosaurs of the Cretaceous Period (145 million to 65 million years ago) included hadrosaurs, center, which had wide, ducklike bills.


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An early view of Tyrannosaurus rex showed the giant meat-eating dinosaur as a slow, rather sluggish creature.


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A modern illustration of Tyrannosaurus shows a fast, active creature.


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Firefighters wear special clothing to protect themselves from fire and other hazards.


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Downtown San Diego, California, lies on San Diego Bay, one of the world's finest natural harbors.


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San Diego Zoo is one of the city's most popular attractions.


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Balboa Park includes a wide variety of interesting museums, scenic gardens, and the famous San Diego Zoo.


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San Diego Bay plays an important role in the regional economy of San Diego, California.


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A computer-generated frame from an educational motion picture shows how groups of atoms fit together to form a molecule.


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Exploration has greatly increased knowledge of the world through the centuries.


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This photograph shows how part of the world looks from space today.


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A medieval Muslim map of the world shows Arab lands at the top.


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The astrolabe was one of the most important navigational instruments on voyages of discovery.


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Spanish soldiers attacked Aztec Indians in 1520.


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Images from the Hubble Space Telescope show stars forming from clouds of gas.


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Labanotation is a system of recording all the movements in a ballet.


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Ballet in musical comedies has been popular since the early 1900's.


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The structure of the human brain is revealed in remarkable detail by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).


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Positron emission tomography (PET) images show brain activity.


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Roald Amundsen of Norway led the first group of explorers to reach the South Pole.


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The cerebrum looks wrinkled because it is covered by a deeply folded layer of nerve cells called the cortex.


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The cerebellum is the part of the brain most responsible for balance and coordination.


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The brain stem is a stalklike structure that links the cerebrum with the spinal cord.


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Nerve pathways cross over as they pass through the brain stem.


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Regions within the motor and somatosensory areas of the cortex are linked to specific parts of the body.


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Networks of neurons, background, form the brain's information-processing circuits.


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Brains of some vertebrates show the progression of brain development as animals evolved over millions of years.


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James Cook, a British navigator, explored many islands in the Pacific Ocean.


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Sir Isaac Newton was a famous English scientist.


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Human body: respiratory and circulatory systems


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Human body: skeletal and muscular systems


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Human body: urinary and endocrine systems


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The white stork often nests on roofs and chimneys in cities and towns in Asia, Africa, and Europe.


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The seal of the United States Department of Agriculture.


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The ruffe has a greenish back and a yellowish belly.


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Mining is an important industry in Russia.


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A samurai wipes blood from his sword after a battle.


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Seals have sleek bodies with flippers in place of legs.


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A male Northern fur seal guards his territory at a rookery, or breeding ground.


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Pete Sampras ranked among the top tennis players of the 1990's.


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Fishing has always been an important part of the Thai economy.


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The seal of the United States Department of the Interior.


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The seal of the United States Department of Labor.


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The northern deer tick is a small insectlike animal.


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The seal of the United States Department of Energy.


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Tegucigalpa, the capital and largest city of Honduras, lies among the mountains in the south-central part of the country.


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Bananas, Honduras' chief product, are grown along the northern coast.


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Almaty lies at the foot of the Tian Shan range.


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Paleontologists find fossils in areas where deep, fossil-bearing layers of rock are exposed.


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At the laboratory, scientists carefully study fossils.


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A museum display of a dinosaur skeleton, such as this Brachiosaurus, consists of fossilized bones mounted on a metal or plastic framework.


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One of the two main groups of chimpanzees is known simply as the chimpanzee, shown here.


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A bonobo resembles its closest relative, the chimpanzee, and is also called the pygmy chimpanzee.


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In a healthy water system, a cycle of natural processes turns waste material into useful substances.


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Water pollution occurs when people upset the balance with excess nutrients from such sources as fertilizers and untreated sewage.


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The Woodstock festival of 1969 attracted more than 300,000 rock fans.


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Computers in the classroom provide a powerful learning tool.


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Modern bungalows in a Las Vegas, Nevada, community stretch out toward the Muddy Mountains.


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An infant's car seat helps protect the child from injury in automobile accidents.


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Light planes make up most of the world's privately owned airplanes.


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The Boeing 747, the world's largest commercial airliner, can carry more than 400 people.


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Business executives use small jets, such as the 6-passenger Cessna Citation Bravo shown here, to fly to out-of-town assignments or meetings.


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Four-engine jet transports are designed for long nonstop flights.


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Military planes carry out special duties for a nation's armed forces.


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A three-engine jet transport, such as the DC-10, generally makes shorter flights than four-engine jets do.


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Aerobatic planes perform difficult maneuvers, such as flying in close formation.


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Ultralight planes, such as the one shown here, are flown for recreation.


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V/STOL's, or Vertical/Short Take-Off and Landing planes, can take off and land without runways or on short ones.


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This drawing shows the parts of a light plane, a Piper Cherokee.


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Instrument panels range widely in size and complexity.


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The instrument panel of a Boeing 747 jumbo jet has a vast array of dials, switches, and electronic displays that extend over the front, ceiling, and side walls of the flight deck.


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Four forces act on an airplane in flight: (1) gravity, (2) lift, (3) drag, and (4) thrust.


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Lift is created by a drop in air pressure over a plane's wing.


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An airplane has three basic movements: (1) pitch, (2) roll, and (3) yaw.


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Both the pilot's and copilot's yokes control the ailerons and elevator.


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To make a plane pitch, the pilot lowers or raises the elevator.


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To make a plane roll, or bank, the pilot operates the ailerons.


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To make a plane yaw, the pilot operates the two pedals that control the rudder.


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A pilot must use several controls to make a turn.


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Aircraft assembly takes place in some of the largest manufacturing plants in the world, such as this huge facility near Everett, Washington, where the Boeing 777 is manufactured.


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An "aerial steam carriage" was patented by William S. Henson of the United Kingdom in 1843.


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The Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet was the first operational rocket plane.


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The de Havilland Comet, a British plane, became the first jet airliner.


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The Bell X-1 became the first plane to fly faster than the speed of sound.


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The North American F-100 Super Sabre, a U.S. fighter, flew for the first time in 1953 and became the first jet fighter that could be operated at supersonic speeds.


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Belgium's largest city, Antwerp, is a major European port.


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In Brussels's main square, the Grand' Place, visitors may relax at an outdoor cafe.


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The original Declaration of Independence is displayed in an upright case in the National Archives Building in Washington, D.C. The document is sealed under glass.


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Miranda, a satellite of Uranus, has three regions called ovoids whose outer ridges resemble race tracks.


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Io, which orbits Jupiter, is the most active moon known.


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A historic docking occurred in 1995, when the United States space shuttle Atlantis, left, became the first U.S. spacecraft to link up with Russia's space station Mir, right.


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The Convair XFY-1, or "Pogo," was an experimental fighter that could take off and land vertically.


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The Morane-Saulnier M.S. 760 of 1954, a French-built light plane with two jet engines, was the first jet plane sold especially for businesss travel.


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The Boeing 707 became the first U.S. jet transport.


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The Wright brothers' Flyer, which they built and flew in 1903, became the world's first successful airplane.


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The June Bug was designed by Glenn H. Curtiss, an American inventor.


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The Demoiselle of 1909 was one of a series of small lightweight planes built in France by Alberto Santos-Dumont, a Brazilian.


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The Grand of 1913, built by Russia's Igor I. Sikorsky, was the first four-engine plane.


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The Bleriot XI, built and flown by Louis Bleriot of France, in 1909 became the first plane to fly across the English Channel.


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The Deperdussin racer, built in France in 1912, was one of the first planes with a monocoque (tubelike) body, reducing the need for body braces and so lightening the plane.


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The Junkers J 1, built in Germany in 1915, was the first plane with an all-metal body and a cantilever wing, which is supported by an internal framework instead of outside braces.


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Parliament House in Canberra is the meeting place of the Australian Parliament.


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Aborigines are descendants of Australia's first settlers, people who migrated from Asia thousands of years ago.


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A ballerina's point shoe is handmade from leather or canvas and covered with satin.


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For level flight, a plane must keep lift balanced against gravity.


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For take-off, a plane moves down the runway at high speed.


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For landing, a plane's speed must be reduced as much as possible, and so the pilot decreases the engine power.


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A VOR station sends out rays of radio signals, or radials, in 360 directions.


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An actor in a no play performs a story with gestures and movements.


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A wind tunnel enables aircraft designers and engineers to test how a plane will perform under various flying conditions.


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Fire trucks carry a variety of forcible entry tools, such as axes, sledge hammers, and crowbars, which are used to gain entry into a building or room.


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A mainframe computer is housed in several large cabinets.


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A multimedia computer entertains and educates children with a program that combines text, pictures, and sound.


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A microprocessor does the actual computing work in a computer.


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A computer-aided design (CAD) program helps an architect plan a building.


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Computer graphics helps produce pictures for medical diagnosis, such as the cross section shown here, in a technique called magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).


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Schools use computers as a teaching aid.


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Inside a desktop computer are a microprocessor, which does the actual computing, and memory chips and disk drives that provide data.


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Computer pioneers Stephen G. Wozniak, left, and Steven P. Jobs introduced the Apple II computer in 1977, making computing economical for families, schools, and small businesses.


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A notebook computer provides the speed and the storage capacity of a desktop machine in a battery-powered unit for people who often work away from their desks.


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A palmtop computer has less power than a desktop machine, but its light weight and ease of use suit it to such jobs as checking in automobiles at a rental agency, as shown here.


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The Dornier Do-X, a German flying boat with 12 engines paired back to back, first flew in 1929.


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The Fokker D VII, a 1918 German fighter plane used in World War I, was known for its fast climbing ability.


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The Lockheed Vega of 1927 became one of the most popular U.S. transport planes.


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The Taylor Cub, later called the Piper Cub, first appeared in 1931.


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The Douglas DC-3, built in the United States, began service in 1936.


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The Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress was a widely used U.S. bomber in World War II.


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The Boeing 747, the first jumbo jet, began airline service in 1970.


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The Concorde, designed by Britain and France, was one of two supersonic transports (SST's) that began commercial service in the mid-1970's.


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Interference occurs when two waves of the same kind pass through the same space.


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Viktor Chernomyrdin was prime minister of Russia from 1992 to 1998.


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Kabuki, a traditional form of Japanese drama, features chanting, music, colorful costumes and makeup, and a lively and exaggerated acting style.


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Landscape prints, such as this wood-block print, flourished in Japan in the 1800's.


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Emperor Hirohito, on the white horse, reviewed Japanese troops in 1938.


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A pin-tumbler lock contains an inner core called a plug, which rotates inside a larger cylinder.


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A card access system uses a card with a coded magnetic strip as a key.


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The U.S. Department of Agriculture developed the Food Guide Pyramid to show recommended proportions of the major nutrient groups in a healthful diet for people 6 to 70 years old.


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Moonlit Street Scene in Edo is one of many prints of the city created in the 1800's by Japanese artist Hiroshige.


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Propeller-driven light planes are used to carry passengers and lightweight or perishable goods.


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Bill Clinton, 42nd President of the United States, 1993-2001.


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Clinton's family includes his wife, Hillary Rodham Clinton, and their daughter, Chelsea.


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Running mates Clinton and Al Gore accepted the Democratic nomination for president and vice president at the party's 1996 national convention in Chicago.


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Andre Agassi became one of the top tennis players of the 1990's.


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Track and field stars of the 1996 Summer Olympics included Michael Johnson of the United States.


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The dogtooth violet is a dainty spring wild flower.


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The Apollo spacecraft, shown here, carried three astronauts in its command module (viewed from beneath the flight couches) into orbit around the moon.


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Jupiter is a planet that acts like a giant magnet.


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Cricket umpires stand at either end of the pitch.


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The seal of the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development.


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Tilghman Island in Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, provides a natural harbor for pleasure boats.


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Martin's Head, a peak near Cumberland, offers a scenic view of the Allegheny Mountains in the Appalachian plateau region of western Maryland.


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Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore has gained international recognition for its scholarship and research.


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Ships dock in Baltimore, Maryland harbor, one of the largest natural harbors in the world.


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This illustration shows the development of the letter H from the ancient Egyptians in about 3000 B.C. to the Romans in about A.D. 114.


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The small letter h first appeared during the A.D. 300's as a rounded letter.


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This illustration shows some special ways of expressing the letter H, including with braille, flag code, and both American and British sign language.


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The seal of the United States Department of Health and Human Services.


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This diagram shows the main parts of a horse's body.


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This diagram shows the main parts on the bottom of a horse's hoof.


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This illustration shows the development of the letter I from the ancient Egyptians in about 3000 B.C. to the Romans in about A.D. 114.


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The small letter i developed about A.D. 300 from Roman writing.


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Santa Maria Novella in Florence, Italy, is a leading example of Italian Renaissance architecture.


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Bronze doors known as the Gates of Paradise stand at the east entrance of the baptistery in Florence.


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Fasces were a symbol of power in ancient Rome.


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A purse seine is set from a vessel called a seiner by a skiff (small boat).


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An otter trawl is towed by a vessel called a trawler or stern trawler.


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A gill net forms a wall of webbing that entangles fish when they swim into it.


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The football field is marked with white lines.


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This diagram shows a Canadian football field with the positions for players on offense and defense.


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Busby Berkeley's dances for American movie musicals of the 1930's were known for their elaborate staging.


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A field hockey field is divided into two halves by a solid center line.


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The canton  is the upper quarter of the flag next to the staff.


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Ornaments called finials decorate the tops of flagstaffs.


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Semaphore flags are used to send messages between ships or between a ship and shore.


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International flag code includes a code and answering pennant flown beneath the national flag, as well as flags for letters and numerals and substitutes.


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The Viking flag of Leif Ericson was the first flag in North America, in the 1000's.


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The Spanish flag carried by Columbus in 1492, left, combined the arms of Castile and Leon.


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Britain's North American colonies began with Jamestown in 1607.


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The Continental Colors served as America's first national flag from 1775 to 1777.


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The United States flag of 1777 had no official arrangement for the stars.


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The United States flag of 1818 went back to 13 stripes and had 20 stars for the 20 states.


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American ships in New England waters flew a liberty tree flag, left, in 1775.


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This French flag was one of many flown in North America between 1604 and 1763.


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Dutch-East India Company flag of Henry Hudson flew in the New York area in 1609.


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Russian-American Company flag flew at Russian settlements in Alaska in 1806.


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The United States flag of 1795 had 15 stripes, as well as 15 stars, to stand for the 15 states.


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The United States flag of 1861, used in the Civil War, had stars for 34 states, including the South.


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The 48-star flag served as the United States national flag the longest of any flag, from 1912 to 1959.


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Southern flags include those flown during the Revolutionary War period in the United States.


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New England flags are shown from left to right.


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Oliver Perry's flag in 1813 bore the last words of James Lawrence, a hero of the War of 1812.


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A Texas flag that flew when Texas was part of Mexico, left, bore the date of Mexico's Constitution.


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There were several different Confederate flags flown during the Civil War in the United States.


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Today's 50-star United States flag has the following dimensions: hoist (width) of flag, 1.0 unit; fly (length) of flag, 1.9; hoist of union, .5385 (7/13); fly of union, .76; width of each stripe, .0769 (1/13); and diameter of each star, .0616.


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The Bear Flag flew over an independent California republic for a few months in 1846.


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The official flag of the President of the United States.


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The official flag of the United States secretary of the treasury.


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The official flag of the United States secretary of defense.


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The official flag of the United States secretary of agriculture.


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The official flag of the United States secretary of commerce.


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The official flag of the United States secretary of housing and urban development.


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The official flag of the United States secretary of transportation.


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The official flag of the Vice President of the United States.


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The official flag of the United States secretary of state.


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The official flag of the Attorney General of the United States.


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The official flag of the United States secretary of the interior.


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The United States secretary of labor flies the flag of the Department of Labor.


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The official flag of the United States secretary of health and human services.


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The United States secretary of energy flies the flag of the Department of Energy.


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The official flag of the United States secretary of education.


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The official flag of the United States Air Force.


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The official flag of the United States Navy.


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The official flag of the United States Army.


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The official flag of the United States Coast Guard.


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The official flag of the United States Marine Corps.


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This French flag was used in New France-the French empire in North America-between 1604 and 1763.


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This British Union Flag, adopted by Britain in 1606, began flying in Canada in the 1600's.


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This Canadian Red Ensign came into use in 1957.


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This is the official flag of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).


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This is the official flag of the Organization of African Unity (OAU).


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This is the official flag of the European Union and Council of Europe.


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This is the official flag of the Arab League.


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The Red Cross flag is flown in most countries.


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Roman flags included the vexillum, left, a cavalry battle standard.


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King Richard I of England adopted the three lions, left, in 1198.


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Ships from Venice flew the symbol of Saint Mark, the city's patron, beginning in the 1300's, left.


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The Holy Roman Empire flag flew in what is now Germany from the 1200's until 1806.


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The British Union Flag, far left, combines symbols of England, Scotland, and Ireland.


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Simon Bolivar flew this flag, left, in Venezuela and Colombia in 1819.


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Flags of four empires disappeared in the early 1900's.


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Spain's Republican Flag flew from 1931 to the end of the Spanish Civil War in 1939.


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This illustration shows flags under three dictatorships.


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This illustration shows some special ways of expressing the letter F, including with braille, flag code, and both American and British sign language.


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This illustration shows some special ways of expressing the letter G, including with braille, flag code, and both American and British sign language.


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This illustration shows some special ways of expressing the letter D, including with braille, flag code, and both American and British sign language.


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This illustration shows some special ways of expressing the letter L, including with braille, flag code, and both American and British sign language.


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A way to estimate latitude is to point one arm at the North Star and the other at the horizon.


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This illustration shows some special ways of expressing the letter E, including with braille, flag code, and both American and British sign language.


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This illustration shows some special ways of expressing the letter T, including with braille, flag code, and both American and British sign language.


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This diagram shows a Rugby League football field.


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Injection molding shoots molten plastic material under pressure into a mold.


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Blow molding produces hollow plastic objects.


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Casting does not depend on any external pressure to shape the plastics.


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Extrusion is used to produce such continuous plastic forms as pipe, rods, fibers, and wire coatings.


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Laminating involves coating sheets of such materials as wood, paper, or metal foil with plastics.


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Foaming is any of several methods that produce solid plastics filled with air spaces.


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Thermoforming is used to mold items from sheets of plastics.


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Pete Rose broke Ty Cobb's record of major league career hits in 1985 with his 4,192nd base hit.


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Mikhail Gorbachev was the leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991.


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Preparing tortillas (pancakes made from corn flour) is a daily task for this Mexican woman in Oaxaca.


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Sandra Day O'Connor became the first woman justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.


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Wall posters served as a means of communication in China for many years.


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Rice is the the chief food on the island of Borneo and a major export.


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Hong Kong City lies across Victoria Harbor from Kowloon, background.


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Small settlements with thatch-roofed buildings dot Kenya's countryside.


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Ixtacihuatl is a beautiful inactive volcano near Mexico City.


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The Gobi is the coldest, most northern desert in the world.


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The skyline of Abidjan rises alongside a lagoon.


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Neuschwanstein Castle in Bavaria was begun in 1869 by King Ludwig II, known as Mad King Ludwig.


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The Colosseum, in downtown Rome, is one of the most famous surviving architectural marvels of the Roman Empire.


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Martin Luther, a German religious reformer of the 1500's, became the leader of the Reformation, the movement that led to the birth of Protestantism.


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James K. Polk, 11th president of the United States, served from 1845 to 1849.


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James Monroe, 5th president of the United States, served from 1817 to 1825.


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Abraham Lincoln, 16th president of the United States, was in office from 1861 to 1865.


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The majestic Himalaya is the world's highest mountain system.


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The Bavarian Alps, forming part of Germany's southern boundary, are part of Europe's highest mountain chain.


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The Atlas Mountain Chain crosses the middle of Morocco.


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The first pyramid in ancient Egypt was built for King Zoser about 2650 B.C.


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Agriculture is the chief economic activity of Ethiopia.


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The Central Highlands are a series of flat to mountainous plateaus.


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Sir John A. Macdonald, prime minister of Canada, served from 1867 to 1873 and 1878 to 1891.


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The Western Wall in Jerusalem's Old City is the holiest site in Judaism.


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Mark Twain was a great American humorist.


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James A. Garfield, 20th president of the United States, served in 1881.


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The Alhambra is a palace and fortress in Granada, Spain.


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Athens, Greece's capital and largest city, contains many reminders of ancient Greek civilization.


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In Alsace, on the Northeastern Plateaus, vineyards spread over the rolling valleys and lower slopes of the Vosges Mountains.


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Hawaii's tropical splendor includes beautiful beaches, such as Waikiki Beach, along the Pacific Ocean.


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A Connecticut village in autumn is ablaze with the brilliant colors of turning leaves.


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France produces more wine than any other country except Italy.


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The Ponte Vecchio (Old Bridge) spans the Arno River in Florence.


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Oktoberfest is a lively festival held in Munich each autumn.


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Rolling fields of crops create a picturesque rural landscape in Iowa.


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Life in rural Ghana centers mainly around villages, such as Nsawam.


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James Buchanan, 15th president of the United States, served from 1857 to 1861.


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Daniel Boone has become a symbol of courage, leadership, and the frontier spirit in American history.


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Giant steel works in the state of Minas Gerais pour pig iron into ingot moldings.


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Cambodian women separate rice kernels from the husks in the Angkor region.


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An Austrian baker creates some of the delicious pastries for which his country is famous.


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The Brandenburg Gate, a famous symbol of Berlin, stands between the city's two downtown areas.


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Dry grazing land covers much of Australia west of the Eastern Highlands.


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The vast interior of Australia consists mainly of deserts and dry grasslands.


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Chinese farmers work together on a collective farm.


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Chester A. Arther, the 21st president of the United States, served from 1881 to 1885.


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A craftworker makes a utensil for churning butter at the Ozark Folk Center.


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Organ-pipe cactus grows in a desert in southern Arizona.


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Ayers Rock (called Uluru in Aboriginal), a popular tourist attraction, stands in Uluru National Park in central Australia.


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Rock paintings on the walls of caves and rock shelters were made thousands of years ago by peoples who lived in Africa.


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Traditional clothing styles in Africa often feature bright colors and bold patterns.


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An outdoor fish market attracts shoppers in Valparaiso on Chile's Pacific coast.


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Yosemite National Park lies in the Sierra Nevada in east-central California.


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The Golden Gate Bridge spans a channel at the entrance of San Francisco Bay in California.


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The Rocky Mountains of western Canada offer some of the world's most beautiful scenery.


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Agriculture is the most important economic activity in southern Chad.


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Cattle herding is a proud tradition south of the Sahara for such groups as the Dinka, Fulani, Maasai, and Turkana.


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Rural housing varies according to climate, tradition, and available materials.


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The Alpine Mountain System covers much of southern Europe.


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Canals and rivers form an important transportation system in many parts of Europe.


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An open air kitchen shows the African influence in Brazilian cooking.


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The Battle of Tippecanoe took place in 1811 near present-day Lafayette, Indiana.


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Tall fences called palisades protected many Northeastern Indian villages from raids by enemies.


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The Colorado Plateau is a region of high hills, deep valleys, and clear lakes in western Colorado.


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The Eastern Lowlands have China's most productive farmland.


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Chile has a varied and spectacular landscape.


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Tepees were home to the Plains Indians who hunted the huge buffalo herds.


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The Great Wall of China was built, added to, and rebuilt over many centuries.


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Mississippi's stately old homes like Rosalie, a mansion in Natchez, are reminders of life in the Old South.


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Kenya's highland is a region of mountains, valleys, and plateaus in the southwestern part of the country.


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Handicrafts are practiced widely in Latin America.


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William Penn, an English Quaker, founded the colony of Pennsylvania in 1681.


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The beautiful, rocky coast of Maine, with its many bays and offshore islands, attracts thousands of vacationers to the state each year.


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Members of the Shan ethnic group gather at a colorful market in central Myanmar.


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Workers plant rice seedlings in a flooded paddy in the southern state of Andhra Pradesh.


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A softball game is designed for blind players.


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A fetish is an object believed to have magical powers.


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A wheat field spreads out beyond a farm in southern Manitoba.


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Mining provides vital raw materials for American industry.


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Death Valley, California, the country's driest place, receives less than 2 inches (5 centimeters) of precipitation yearly.


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The rice fields of Vietnam provide the basic food of the Vietnamese people.


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A network of highways crisscrosses the United States.


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Shenandoah National Park lies in the forest-covered Blue Ridge Mountains in Virginia.


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Washington apples are famous throughout the United States.


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Quebec, the capital of the province of Quebec, lies on the St. Lawrence River.


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The West Indies are islands of great natural beauty.


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Cows graze on a Wisconsin farm amid the state's rolling countryside.


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A fishing village has small houses that stand close together.


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Downtown Pittsburgh lies between the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers.


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A scenic Lancaster County farm lies amid the rolling plains of Pennsylvania's Piedmont region.


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The spectacular scenery of the Pacific Islands attracts many tourists.


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The red-breasted nuthatch is a songbird.


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The skyscrapers of downtown Chicago form a magnificent backdrop for the city's beautiful lakefront.


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A bookmobile, sometimes called a mobile library,is a buslike motor vehicle used to bring library materials to people who may not be able to visit a library.


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Venus's-flytrap is a plant that traps insects in its leaves.


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A carbonized fossil of a fern consists of traces of carbon in the shape of the leaf.


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Spectacular mountains and unspoiled wilderness areas make the Yukon Territory of Canada a popular spot for tourists.


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Fields of corn grow from the rich, fertile soil of Missouri's plains region.


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Monument Valley, in southeasten Utah, has striking formations of red sandstone that rise as high as 1,000 feet (300 meters) above the valley floor.


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A religious procession celebrates Good Friday in Taxco.


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The Port of Los Angeles, on San Pedro Bay, handles more foreign and domestic ships than any other West Coast port.


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A bighorn ram has massive, curved horns.


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A Dall's sheep, also called thinhorn, is smaller than a bighorn and has more slender horns.


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Lampworking involves heating finished glass and reshaping it by hand.


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Copper-wheel engraving can produce ornate three-dimensional designs in glass.


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The Angora goat is raised for its wool, called mohair.


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Toggenburg goats are major milk producers.


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Strip cropping, the alternation of thickly growing crops with other crops, helps reduce soil erosion on sloping land.


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Erosion by water can occur rapidly when rain water flows down sloping land that is not covered by vegetation.


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An early design for a flying machine was drawn about 1500 by Leonardo da Vinci of Italy.


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Improved gliders were built and tested by Orville and Wilbur Wright of the United States.


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After experimenting with other gliders, in 1902 the Wright brothers built a glider, shown here, that the pilot could control in the air.


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The first glider flights in which a person actually piloted the glider were made in the early 1890's by Otto Lilienthal of Germany.


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Two European dictators, Adolf Hitler of Germany, left, and Benito Mussolini of Italy, right, dreamed of powerful empires.


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Buckminster Fuller, an American architect, became famous for designing large, lightweight prefabricated enclosures called geodesic domes.


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Jawaharlal Nehru was the first prime minister of India.


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A bowl in the form of a jaguar was produced by the Chavin culture, which thrived in ancient Peru from about 1200 to 400 B.C.


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Slovenia is a mountainous country in central Europe.


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A guardian figure was created by the Kota people of Gabon in Africa.


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Surgical implantation of a plastic intraocular lens can restore normal vision in a patient with a cataract.


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Atlantic City is a world-famous New Jersey resort.


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Agricultural spray planes, also known as crop dusters, are used to spray farm crops with liquid fertilizer or insecticide.


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The Kongo people of Congo (Kinshasa) seal oaths and settle legal disputes by driving nails and other objects into a male figure called a nkisi.


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Elaborate masks play an important role in public dances.


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The mule has long ears, a short mane, and a tail tipped with long hairs.


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The Senufo people of the Cote d'Ivoire created this ceremonial mask.


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The male mandrill has vivid coloring that helps make it one of the most unusual looking monkeys.


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Confucianism has been called both a religion and a philosophy.


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Mount Fuji, overlooking Lake Kawaguchi, symbolizes the great natural beauty of Japan.


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Fishing is an important industry in Japan.


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Many Japanese Buddhists visit the Daibutsu (Great Buddha), a huge bronze statue of Buddhism's founder in Kamakura.


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Some penicillium molds, such as the one shown here, cause citrus fruits to spoil.


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Thickly forested mountains and hills cover about 70 per cent of Japan, creating scenes of great natural beauty.


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Japan's shinkansen, also called the "bullet train," speeds to its destination through the Japanese countryside.


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Homer is traditionally considered the author of the great Greek epics the Iliad and the Odyssey.


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Nairobi is the capital and largest city of Kenya.


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Henry Aaron hit more home runs than any other American baseball player.


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Willie Mays was one of the most exciting baseball players of all time.


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Fidel Castro became the head of the Cuban government in 1959 after he and his supporters overthrew the dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista.


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Ronald W. Reagan, 40th president of the United States, served from 1981 to 1989.


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John Fitzgerald Kennedy, 35th president of the United States, served from 1961 to 1963.


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Building a snowhouse involves cutting blocks of hard snow and stacking them in a continuous coil.


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Building a kayak begins with constructing a sturdy wooden frame, like the one shown here.


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Luciano Pavarotti, an Italian lyric tenor, is one of the world's most popular concert and opera singers.


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Little Rock, the capital and largest city of Arkansas, ranks as the state's main center of transportation and trade.


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A traditional dance performed by members of the Samburu ethnic group of Kenya, shown here, is hundreds of years old.


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The Imperial Palace is the home of the Japanese emperor.


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The traveler's-tree has leaves that fan out from its trunk.


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Intermodal transport is the movement of freight by more than one method.


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Waimea Canyon, Hawaii, was formed by water from Mount Waialeale.


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Religious statues dominate an altar in a Buddhist temple in Honolulu.


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King Kamehameha I founded the Kingdom of Hawaii in the late 1700's.


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Catching fish in Inuit culture involves spearing the fish through holes in the ice.


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The land region of Transylvania extends through central and northwestern Romania.


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Switzerland is famous for its magnificent mountain scenery.


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The Great Sphinx is a huge limestone statue that lies in the desert near Giza, Egypt.


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Iron-ore mining, shown here, contributes to Chile's economy.


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The town of Ushuaia, Argentina, lies on rugged, windswept Tierra del Fuego, South America's largest island group.


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St. Lucia is a small island country in the Caribbean Sea.


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Zachary Taylor, 12th president of the United States, served from 1849 to 1850.


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The skyline of Nashville, the Tennessee state capital, rises behind the Broadway district of the city.


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Big Bend National Park lies within the great bend of the Rio Grande River in western Texas.


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The Houston Ship Channel stretches 51 miles (82 kilometers) from the Gulf of Mexico to the Port of Houston in Texas.


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The Potala Palace in Lhasa, Tibet, was formerly the home of the Dalai Lama and is now a museum.


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Vast barren plains cover much of central Anatolia.


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Manufacturing is one of Turkey's chief industries.


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The Coastal Lowlands extend from New England to Texas.


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Desert areas cover much of the Western Plateaus, Basins, and Ranges land region, west of the Rockies.


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The Pacific Coast forms the western border of the Pacific Ranges and Lowlands region, which extends from Canada to Mexico.


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A Roman Catholic church in Batalha, shown here, is one of many magnificent churches built during the golden age of Portuguese art.


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The Teton Mountains rise sharply from a beautiful valley called Jackson Hole in northwestern Wyoming.


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An ultrasound examination uses sound waves to produce an image of the fetus on a computer screen.


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Red blood cells carry oxygen to body tissues.


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Hunza is a long, narrow valley in the Karakoram mountain range at the northern tip of Pakistan.


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Valley of Fire State Park, near Overton, typifies the rugged desert land that covers most of Nevada.


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Entrance channel to the harbor at St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador's capital and largest city.


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The great blue heron is the largest American heron.


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The majestic Lincoln Memorial has a famous statue of Lincoln inside.


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The Supreme Court Building in Washington, D.C., is where Supreme Court justices meet to interpret the laws that govern the nation.


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The Palace of Versailles and its grounds make up one of the most beautiful sights in France.


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Victoria Glacier rises behind Lake Louise along Alberta's southwestern border.


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The bearded mille fleur hen is a breed of chicken.


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Peruvian farms spread across the foothills of the Andes Mountains towering in the distance.


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Computers help meteorologists forecast the weather by solving equations that describe the behavior of the atmosphere.


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Pago Pago, American Samoa's capital, lies on one of the most beautiful harbors in the South Pacific.


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Osaka is one of the three major metropolitan areas in Japan.


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The New York Stock Exchange in New York City ranks as the nation's largest stock exchange.


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The koala is an animal that lives on eucalyptus leaves.


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The flowering dogwood is a small North American tree that is covered with large flowers in the springtime.


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Madrid's Gran Via is the main street of the Spanish city's modern business district.


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Video game units, such as arcade machines, are dedicated computers, devices designed mainly to perform one task.


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Japanese meals reflect the culture of both the East and the West.


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Many people enjoy dining at home in traditional Japanese style.


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Sumo is a traditional form of Japanese wrestling that is one of the country's most popular sports.


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A Tokyo railway station is crowded with commuters.


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Shinto and Buddhism are the two major religious traditions in Japan.


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An Osaka street scene reflects the common ancestry of most Japanese.


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American products are available in Russia, though they are often expensive.


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Pin-back buttons are worn to demonstrate support for a political candidate or a cause, to advertise a product, to commemorate a historical event, or merely to communicate a message.


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Margot Fonteyn is often considered the greatest British ballerina of all time.


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A pen-based computer accepts input from a penlike stylus rather than from a keyboard.


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A hard drive stores information in a personal computer.


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A graphical user interface (GUI) uses words, phrases, and pictures to represent computer commands.


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A cold front is the leading edge of a mass of cold air that advances into a region occupied by warm air.


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A warm front is the leading edge of a mass of warm air that advances into a region occupied by cold air.


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A tornado is a rapidly rotating column of air that can develop under a large, anvil-shaped thundercloud.


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Hurricane winds on the ocean surface swirl counterclockwise around a calm eye in the Northern Hemisphere.


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Surface winds feed heat energy and water vapor into a hurricane.


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The deep sea holds some of the most fascinating creatures on the earth.


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The pudu is a small deer that makes its home in South America.


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The red deer lives in Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America.


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The sun heats the earth unevenly, producing cooler climates at increasing distances from the equator.


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The earth's orbit changes shape from oval to circular and back again in a cycle that lasts about 100,000 years.


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The tilt of the earth's axis changes from 21.1°, left, to 24.5°, right, and back every 41,000 years.


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The earth's axis precesses-that is, wobbles-in a cycle that lasts about 23,000 years.


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This diagram shows an Australian rules football field.


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Betelgeuse is a star that has a maximum diameter about 600 times the diameter of the sun.


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The Roman denarius was in use from about 211 B.C. to the A.D. 200's.


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Batting strokes are used either to try to score runs in cricket or to protect the wicket.


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The cricket bowler looks over his shoulder at the point on which he wants to bounce the ball.


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This illustration shows the development of the letter J from the ancient Egyptians to medieval scribes.


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The small letter J first appeared about 1200.


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This illustration shows the development of the letter K from the ancient Egyptians in about 3000 B.C. to the Romans in about A.D. 114.


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The small letter k first appeared during the A.D. 800's as a rounded letter.


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This illustration shows the development of the letter O from the ancient Egyptians in about 3000 B.C. to the Romans in about A.D. 114.


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The small letter o first appeared during the A.D. 300's.


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The traditional Washington quarter pictures George Washington on one side.


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In AM, the amplitude (strength) of the radio-frequency waves is varied to match the audio waves.


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Broadcast waves are a combination of two kinds of electric vibrations.


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A rupee coin of India pictures Jawaharlal Nehru, India's first prime minister, left.


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A first day cover is an envelope bearing a stamp canceled on its first day of issue.


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A plate block consists of four or more connected stamps with the serial numbers of the plates from which the stamps were printed.


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Souvenir sheets have been issued periodically by the U.S. Post Office since 1926.


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Stamps showing birds attract collectors who specialize in beautiful stamps or in issues dealing with the same general subject.


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Volleyball games provide spirited fun and exercise for young people and adults.


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This illustration shows the development of the letter W from the ancient Egyptians in about 3000 B.C. to medieval scribes in about A.D. 1000.


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The small letter w came into use along with the capital during the 1000's.


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This illustration shows the development of the letter X from the Phoenicians in about 1000 B.C. to the Romans in about A.D. 114.


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The small letter x developed around A.D. 800 from Roman writing.


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This illustration shows the development of the letter Y from the ancient Egyptians in about 3000 B.C. to the Romans in about A.D. 114.


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The small letter y developed during the A.D. 300's from Roman writing.


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This illustration shows the development of the letter Z from the ancient Egyptians in about 3000 B.C. to the Romans in about A.D. 114.


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The small letter z developed during the A.D. 800's from Roman writing.


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This illustration shows the development of the letter A from the ancient Egyptians in about 3000 B.C. to the Romans in about A.D. 114.


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The small letter a appeared during the A.D. 300's.


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This illustration shows some special ways of expressing the letter A, including with braille, flag code, and both American and British sign language.


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This illustration shows the development of the letter C from the ancient Egyptians in about 3000 B.C. to the Romans in about A.D. 114.


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The small letter c developed about A.D. 500 from Roman writing.


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This illustration shows some special ways of expressing the letter C, including with braille, flag code, and both American and British sign language.


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This illustration shows some special ways of expressing the letter J, including with braille, flag code, and both American and British sign language.


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This illustration shows some special ways of expressing the letter K, including with braille, flag code, and both American and British sign language.


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This illustration shows the development of the letter M from the ancient Egyptians in about 3000 B.C. to the Romans in about A.D. 114.


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The small letter m appeared during the A.D. 300's as a rounded letter.


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This illustration shows some special ways of expressing the letter M, including with braille, flag code, and both American and British sign language.


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This illustration shows the development of the letter N from the ancient Egyptians in about 3000 B.C. to the Romans in about A.D. 114.


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The small letter n developed about A.D. 500 from Roman writing.


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This illustration shows some special ways of expressing the letter N, including with braille, flag code, and both American and British sign language.


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This illustration shows some special ways of expressing the letter O, including with braille, flag code, and both American and British sign language.


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This illustration shows the development of the letter P from the ancient Egyptians in about 3000 B.C. to the Romans in about A.D. 114.


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The small letter p appeared during the A.D. 600's.


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This illustration shows some special ways of expressing the letter P, including with braille, flag code, and both American and British sign language.


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This illustration shows the development of the letter Q from the ancient Egyptians in about 3000 B.C. to the Romans in about A.D. 114.


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The small letter q appeared during the A.D. 500's.


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This illustration shows some special ways of expressing the letter Q, including with braille, flag code, and both American and British sign language.


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This illustration shows the development of the letter R from the ancient Egyptians in about 3000 B.C. to the Romans in about A.D. 114.


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The small letter r developed during the A.D. 200's from Roman writing.


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This illustration shows some special ways of expressing the letter R, including with braille, flag code, and both American and British sign language.


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This illustration shows the development of the letter U from the ancient Egyptians to medieval scholars.


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The small letter u was used in spelling some words as early as the A.D. 500's.


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This illustration shows some special ways of expressing the letter U, including with braille, flag code, and both American and British sign language.


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This illustration shows the development of the letter V from the ancient Egyptians in about 3000 B.C. to the Romans in about A.D. 114.


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The small letter v developed during the A.D. 500's from Roman writing.


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This illustration shows some special ways of expressing the letter V, including with braille, flag code, and both American and British sign language.


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This illustration shows some special ways of expressing the letter W, including with braille, flag code, and both American and British sign language.


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This illustration shows some special ways of expressing the letter X, including with braille, flag code, and both American and British sign language.


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This illustration shows some special ways of expressing the letter Y, including with braille, flag code, and both American and British sign language.


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This illustration shows some special ways of expressing the letter Z, including with braille, flag code, and both American and British sign language.


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This illustration shows the development of the letter B from the ancient Egyptians in about 3000 B.C. to the Romans in about A.D. 114.


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The small letter b appeared during the A.D. 300's.


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This illustration shows some special ways of expressing the letter B, including with braille, flag code, and both American and British sign language.


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This illustration shows the development of the letter S from the ancient Egyptians in about 3000 B.C. to the Romans in about A.D. 114.


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The small letter s developed during the A.D. 500's from Roman writing.


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This illustration shows some special ways of expressing the letter S, including with braille, flag code, and both American and British sign language.


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The snowball shrub was named for its showy flowers.


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Pure, solid carbon occurs in three crystalline forms--rigid, pyramid-shaped diamond; flat layers of graphite; and large, hollow fullerenes.


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The sweet pea is a popular garden plant because of its lovely, fragrant blossoms.


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Hattie Caraway was the first woman elected to the U.S. Senate.


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The Chicago Picasso stands in Richard J. Daley Plaza.


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Astronomers locate objects in the sky by means of a celestial coordinate system.


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Locating a star by declination and right ascension


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Parallax is the angle by which a star's location relative to background stars differs when measured from two points 1 astronomical unit (AU) apart and on a line perpendicular to the line from the star.


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The modern explanation is that the planets appear to change direction because of differences in orbital speed as one planet passes another.


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This input-output table describes the annual activity of an imaginary national economy that has only three industries.


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This illustration shows some special ways of expressing the letter I, including with braille, flag code, and both American and British sign language.


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A veterinarian cares for family pets, livestock, and other animals.


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The cricket fielding positions shown are those often used for a right handed batsman.


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King Ibn Saud met U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt aboard a U.S. Navy ship in 1945.


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Indian railroads carry more than 10 million people every day.


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Scotland's flag is called St. Andrew's Cross.


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South Africa's parliament buildings, in Cape Town, date from the 1880's.


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The Khoisan peoples have lived in South Africa for thousands of years, and were the first native peoples encountered by Europeans.


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South Africa's first nonracial general election resulted in an overwhelming majority for the African National Congress (ANC).


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The European larch is native to the Alps, but is widely planted throughout the Northern Hemisphere.


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The English oak is found in Britain and northern Europe.


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The flag of Wales features a red dragon on a white and green background.


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South Africa's magnificent scenery includes deep valleys, towering mountains, and broad plateaus.


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Gold mining has long provided enormous wealth for South Africa, the world's leading gold producer.


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Soweto is South Africa's largest urban black community and part of the city of Johannesburg.


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The baobab is an evergreen tree found in northern Western Australia.


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The teatree is an evergreen that grows widely on both the North and South Islands of New Zealand.


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The bottle tree is an evergreen found in northern Queensland, Australia.


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The Moreton Bay fig is an evergreen tree that grows in the coastal areas of Queensland and New South Wales, Australia.


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The Cootamundra Wattle is an evergreen tree that grows widely in the inland areas of New South Wales and Victoria, Australia.


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The silver birch tree grows in the northern parts of Europe and North America.


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The Scotch pine is an evergreen tree native to northern Scotland.


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The Norway spruce is an evergreen tree native to northern and central Europe, but widely planted in other countries.


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Louis Pasteur, shown here in his laboratory, proved that certain microscopic organisms can cause disease.


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This diagram shows the home plate area of a baseball field.


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This diagram shows a baseball field and the usual positions of the players.


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An early map of the world appeared in a 1482 edition of Ptolemy's eight-volume Geography.


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Josephine Baker was an African American entertainer.


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An antilock-brake system is designed to prevent skidding on slippery roads.


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The chimpanzee is one of the five major kinds of apes.


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The gibbon is one of the five major kinds of apes.


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The orangutan is one of the five major kinds of apes.


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The gorilla is one of the five major kinds of apes.


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A baby's body proportions differ greatly from those of an adult, as shown in these drawings.


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The babirusa is a wild hog that lives in Indonesia.


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The U.S. chain, or link, cent, was the first cent issued by the United States Mint.


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The Indian head cent was minted in the United States from 1859 to 1909.


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This illustration shows the development of the letter D from the ancient Egyptians in about 3000 B.C. to the Romans in about A.D. 114.


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The small letter d developed about A.D. 500 from Roman writing.


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The seal of the United States Department of Defense.


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The seal of the United States Department of Commerce.


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The body's defenses against infectious diseases include physical and chemical barriers against germs.


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The Anthony dollar, minted for circulation in 1979 and 1980, honored woman sufferage leader Susan B. Anthony.


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The first U.S. silver dollar was minted in 1794.


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This Canadian dollar coin was first minted in 1989.


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The Peace dollar was issued from 1921 to 1935.


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This illustration shows the development of the letter E from the ancient Egyptians in about 3000 B.C. to the Romans in about A.D. 114.


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The small letter e first appeared during the A.D. 300's as a rounded letter.


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An ellipse, in geometry, is an oval figure that resembles the shape of a flattened hoop.


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To draw an ellipse, pin the ends of a string at the two foci.


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This illustration shows the development of the letter F from the ancient Egyptians in about 3000 B.C. to the Romans in about A.D. 114.


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The small letter f developed about A.D. 500 from Roman writing.


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The small letter g appeared during the A.D. 300's.


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This illustration shows the development of the letter G from the ancient Egyptians in about 3000 B.C. to the Romans in about A.D. 114.


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Indira Gandhi was the first woman prime minister of India.


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Preset guidance system gives a ballistic missile the proper speed, height, and direction to reach the target.


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Command guidance system enables human operators to control a missile.


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Beam-riding guidance system involves an electronic beam, such as radar, that remains pointed at the target.


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Homing guidance system detects a "trail" of heat or some other radiation coming from the target.


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Daniel James, Jr., was an African American military leader.


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This illustration shows the development of the letter L from the ancient Egyptians in about 3000 B.C. to the Romans in about A.D. 114.


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The small letter l appeared during the A.D. 500's.


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Imagine a series of lines running around the earth parallel to the equator, shown here.


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The Golden Age of the Netherlands was the 1600's.


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After World War II, much of the Netherlands lay in ruins.


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Lake Tahoe is a beautiful lake that lies on the California-Nevada border in a valley of the Sierra Nevada mountains.


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James Meredith was an African American civil rights leader.


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The U.S. nickel shows Thomas Jefferson and Monticello.


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Cattle ranching is a major economic activity in Eastern Paraguay.


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The bones of the pelvis form a basinlike structure.


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A simple pendulum swings back and forth from a fixed point a, and forms an arc between b and c.


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A gridiron pendulum has brass and steel rods that expand or contract in opposite directions as temperatures change.


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Aperture size is measured in f-stops, which range above from 2 to 16.


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To develop film, you need three main chemical solutions.


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Equipment for developing and printing includes the items shown here.


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An enlarger, the basic instrument used in projection printing, projects the image in a negative onto printing paper.


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Coins called pieces of eight, known also as "Spanish milled dollars," were once widely used in the Americas.


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Benjamin Franklin became the first American postmaster general in 1775.


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The first railway mail cars began operating in 1864.


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Overland mail traveled by stagecoach from Missouri to California.


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Pony express riders carried U.S. mail between St. Joseph, Missouri, and Sacramento, California.


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The first regular airmail service in the world was inaugurated in 1918.


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A centrifugal pump consists of a rotating device called an impeller within a circular casing.


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A bicycle tire pump has a piston that moves up and down.


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Lift pumps are used to draw water from some wells.


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Compression molding uses heat and pressure to shape plastics.


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Calendering produces plastic sheets by pressing molten plastic material between two rollers.


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Railroad models are divided into two categories, toy trains and model trains.


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Lifelike scenery adds realism and variety to a model railroad layout.


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Benjamin Franklin used rebuses along with script writing in a short tract called "The Art of Making Money Plenty."


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This diagram shows a Rugby Union football field.


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Giacomo Puccini was an Italian composer.


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Scott Joplin was an American ragtime composer and pianist.


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Edgar Allan Poe was an important American writer.


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Gaetano Donizetti was an Italian composer.


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Felix Mendelssohn was a German composer.


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Pietro Mascagni was an Italian composer.


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Johann Strauss, Jr. was an Austrian composer.


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Dimitri Shostakovich was a Russian composer.


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Gioacchino Rossini was an Italian composer.


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Sergei Prokofiev was a Russian composer.


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Aaron Copland was an American composer known for his work on American themes.


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Benjamin Britten was a famous English composer.


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General Robert E. Lee commanded the Confederate Army in the Civil War.


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Alban Berg was an influential Austrian composer of the early 1900's.


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Ruggiero Leoncavallo was an Italian composer.


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Pierre Boulez is a French composer and conductor.


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Walter Payton was one of the greatest running backs in football history.


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Agnes de Mille was one of the greatest choreographers in the history of American dance.


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Gas masks were worn by soldiers on the Western front for protection against poisonous fumes.


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Larry Bird was one of the top all-around players in the NBA. He excelled in shooting, passing, and rebounding.


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Shaquille O'Neal is a professional basketball player.


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Michael Jordan ranks among the most exciting players in the NBA with his brilliant shooting and thrilling dunk shots.


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Magic Johnson became one of the best all-around guards in the NBA as a passer, shooter, and rebounder.


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Isiah Thomas was a leading NBA guard famous for his ballhandling and his skill at shooting among taller players.


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Nolan Ryan holds major league records for striking out the most batters in a season and over a career.


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Frederic Remington was an American artist noted for his vivid and dramatic scenes of cowboys and Indians in the Far West.


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Margaret Sanger was an American leader of the birth control movement.


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This diagram shows the players of a soccer team in a 4-3-3 formation on the rectangular field.


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The referee enforces the rules during a soccer game.


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All softball pitches are thrown underhand.


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The seal of the United States Department of State.


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This illustration shows the development of the letter T from the ancient Egyptians in about 3000 B.C. to the Romans in about A.D. 114.


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The small letter t developed during the A.D. 500's from Roman writing.


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A tennis court is a rectangle divided into halves by a net.


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The tennis net is suspended across the court by a cable or cord.


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The grip is the way in which a player holds the tennis racket.


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The seal of the United States Department of Transportation.


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Residential architecture in the Prairie style was a specialty of Frank Lloyd Wright.


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The seal of the United States Department of Veterans Affairs.


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Rudolph Valentino was a silent motion-picture star who gained enormous fame for his roles as a handsome, passionate lover.


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Electric current flows through a connection called the cathode, heating it.


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Babe Didrikson Zaharias was one of the greatest women athletes in American sports history.


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An Arab market in the Old City in Jerusalem attracts shoppers seeking traditional arts and crafts.


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Mea Shearim is a center of Orthodox Jewish life in Jerusalem.


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Housing developments have been constructed on the outskirts of Jerusalem to accommodate the large population increase in the city since the 1967 war.


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Jerusalem is the capital of Israel and the country's largest city.


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The Cardo in the Jewish Quarter of the Old City in Jerusalem is a street dating back to Roman and Byzantine times.


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Aung San Suu Kyi of Myanmar won the 1991 Nobel Peace Prize.


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A tropical wet climate supports a rain forest in South America.


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A humid continental climate supports a rich variety of plant life during a summer in Vermont.


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A desert climate supports only sparse vegetation and gives rise to tremendous sand dunes in the southwest African nation of Namibia.


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A core of ice drilled from a glacier in Greenland provides information about ancient climates.


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A deep-sea viperfish has large jaws and teeth.


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A deep-sea anglerfish, left, lures prey with a special light-producing organ at the end of a long, flexible spine that looks like a fishing pole.


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The gulper eel has a delicate body with a huge mouth.


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Male and female white-tailed deer differ in appearance chiefly in that the males have antlers.


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A herd of chital deer drink at a water hole.


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A brocket deer has antlers that resemble spikes.


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An elephant shrew is a small animal with a long, flexible nose that somewhat resembles an elephant's trunk.


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Mapmakers use computers for making many maps.


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Anna Symmes married William Henry Harrison in 1795.


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Fahd became king of Saudi Arabia in 1982.


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Hagia Sophia is one of Istanbul's most famous landmarks.


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Edith Bolling Wilson was the second wife of U.S. President Woodrow Wilson.


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The rainy season in India extends from June to September.


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Ruins at Mohenjo-Daro in the Indus Valley include a citadel from the 2000's B.C. and a dome-shaped Buddhist monument called a stupa from the A.D. 100's.


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Babur, seated at the far left, was a Muslim ruler from central Asia who founded the Mughal Empire in 1526.


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These colorful statues of Hindu divinities decorate a temple at Bangalore, India.


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The art treasures of India rank among the greatest in the world.


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India is one of the largest and most densely populated countries in the world.


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A street market in Bangalore in southern India offers fruits and vegetables to shoppers.


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Public education in India provides free schooling for children from age 6 through 14.


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A family dinner in India may consist of a variety of dishes, depending on the region.


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Village life in India has changed little through the years.


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Mumbai, formerly called Bombay, is the largest city in India.


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Modern technology is growing rapidly in India's cities.


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Fertile cropland stretches across the Deccan Plateau in southern India.


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A Hindu religious festival called Holi celebrates the arrival of the spring season.


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Temples carved from rock at Ellora in western India rank among India's most important historical monuments.


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Motion pictures are popular throughout India.


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During adolescence, relationships with peers (people of one's own age) take on a great importance.


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An adolescent of the past worked long hours in a factory.


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Van Cliburn became a popular American concert pianist.


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B. B. King is a famous American blues singer and guitarist.


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Yad Vashem is a memorial in western Jerusalem to the Jews who were killed during the Holocaust, the mass murder of European Jews by the Nazis.


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The Roosevelt Memorial in Washington, D.C. has representations of many scenes from Franklin D. Roosevelt's presidency.


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Bosnia's capital, Sarajevo, has an old section called Bascarsija, shown, which reflects the city's Ottoman heritage.


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Colin Powell, a former American military leader, became United States secretary of state in President George W. Bush's administration.


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Beautiful ice plant flowers have many delicate petals.


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Madeleine Albright became the first woman U.S. secretary of state.


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New Delhi, the capital of India, is a carefully planned city.


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Teaching involves guiding students in many different learning experiences.


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Teachers help students master computers and other technologies.


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Open-air marketplaces in Hong Kong offer fresh fruits and vegetables and a wide variety of other goods for sale.


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A glass sponge rises from the ocean floor like a delicate flower.


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Tubeworms have red gilllike organs that they retract when disturbed.


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A hurricane approaches the Bahamas and Florida in this image taken from a weather satellite in orbit about 22,300 miles (35,900 kilometers) above the earth.


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Cirrus clouds at heights that can exceed 35,000 feet (10,700 meters).


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A supercell thunderstorm is a violent storm dominated by a single gigantic cell--a weather system made up of storm clouds and the winds associated with them.


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A Doppler radar image is color-coded to indicate the speed and direction at which rain clouds and other masses of air are moving.


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Small apartment buildings provide some housing for Cuba's urban dwellers.


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Hurricane winds swirl about the eye, a calm area in the center of the storm.


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Squash is a fast indoor game played on an enclosed court.


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Tony Blair became prime minister of the United Kingdom in 1997.


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A Queen's Day celebration, held annually on April 30, includes a variety of entertainment.


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Bicycle riders cross an intersection in Gouda, shown.


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A polder is an area that was once covered by water.


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Dairy cows are a familiar sight in the Netherlands.


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Tulip fields add splashes of color to the flatland of the Netherlands.


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Sir Sidney Nolan painted many pictures filled with references to the history and landscape of Australia.


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Tiger lily flowers have black-spotted orange petals.


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Giotto's Madonna and Child Enthroned reflects a new sense of realism that appeared in Italian art in the 1300's through the solid quality of the Virgin Mary, Christ Child, and other figures.


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Rural houses in China are built of mud bricks, clay bricks, or stone.


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The juggernaut is an image of the Hindu god Krishna mounted on a huge cart.


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Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico has the world's largest reflecting dish.


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The Ariane 5 rocket is used chiefly to launch commercial satellites.


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Emergency room professionals often work as a team to care for the most critically ill or injured patients.


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Destroying weapons, UN peacekeeping troops in Honduras help maintain peace in 1990, after a civil war in neighboring Nicaragua.


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Pharmaceutical manufacturing is an important economic activity in Puerto Rico.


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Disarming land mines is a job done by UN peacekeeping forces.


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Kickboxing is a martial art in which competitors use their hands and feet to deliver a variety of kicks and punches.


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Kinshasa is the capital and largest city of the Democratic Republic of Congo.


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Nassau, the capital of the Bahamas, was founded by the British in the 1600's.


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An ornate tower of the Grand Mosque of Khartoum, Sudan, rises above a bustling street in the city.


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Kiev has a hilly central area that includes many historic buildings.


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The giant panda commonly weighs from 200 to 300 pounds (90 to 140 kilograms).


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Ruins of Persepolis, ancient Persia's greatest city, lie in southwestern Iran.


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Traditional wood figures, called santos, are carved by craftworkers known as santeros.


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The Augsburg Confession summarized the religious teachings of Martin Luther.


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Colombo is the administrative capital of Sri Lanka and the country's largest city.


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Elizabeth Cady Stanton was an American leader of the women's rights movement.


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The air war against Germany was aimed at destroying its ability to keep on fighting during World War II.


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A harness maker demonstrates his craft in Williamsburg, Virginia.


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Restored homes line the streets of Williamsburg's Historic Area in Virginia.


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Covered wagons carried thousands of pioneers westward across the United States.


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The University of Paris became known throughout Europe in the Middle Ages for its faculty of famous scholars and teachers.


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This meteorite, made of iron and nickel, was discovered in a meteor crater at Canyon Diablo in Arizona.


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King Thutmose III led military campaigns into southwestern Asia almost yearly for 20 years and brought Palestine and Syria into the Egyptian empire.


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These English country cottages have a gardens in full bloom.


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A Folsom point is a long, thin prehistoric spearhead.


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A mold preserved the three-dimensional form of a trilobite after its body decayed.


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The Federal style dominated American furniture from about 1790 to 1810.


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Striking rock formations in the Badlands in Red Deer River Valley near Drumheller, Alberta.


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People in urban areas of Algeria wear both traditional and modern clothing.


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Black Hawk, a Sauk Indian chief, led Sauk and Fox Indians against whites in the Black Hawk War in 1832.


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The Bay Psalm Book was the first book printed in the English colonies of America.


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The magnificent Shwe Dagon pagoda is the most famous of Myanmar's thousands of Buddhist temples.


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Mansion stages were popular in medieval Europe.


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Huge stone statues on Easter Island were carved hundreds of years ago.


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A megalithic monument near Carnac, France, consists of single upright stones called menhirs arranged in rows called alignments.


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Polar bears roam in the Hudson Bay Lowland, a flat, treeless region that extends about 100 miles (160 kilometers) inland from Hudson Bay in Canada.


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The Plaza de Armas in Lima, Peru, marks the historic center of the city.


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The treasury at Petra was carved into the cliffs of this trading center in Jordan during the A.D. 100's.


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Amman is the capital and largest city in Jordan.


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The Ganges River in India is sacred to Hindus.


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Human sacrifice played a major role in Aztec religion.


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The cotton gin is a machine for removing the seeds from cotton fibers.


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Grace Coolidge was the first lady of the United States during the presidency of her husband, Calvin Coolidge, from 1923 to 1929.


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Grover Cleveland, 22nd president of the United States, served from 1885 to 1889 and 24th president of the United States, served from 1893 to 1897.


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Hereford cattle are one of the chief breeds of beef cattle in the United States.


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The Coast Ranges rise from the Pacific Ocean.


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John C. Calhoun was an American political leader.


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Alexander Calder became famous for his delicate and playful metal sculpture.


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Aaron Burr served as the vice president of the United States from 1801 to 1805.


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The village of Ordino, near Andorra la Vella, the capital of Andorra, nestles among the rocky peaks of the Pyrenees mountains.


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Ernest Hemingway was an important American author.


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Ira Aldridge was the first important African American actor.


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Samuel Adams was a Revolutionary War political leader.


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John Adams, 2nd president of the United States, served from 1797 to 1801.


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Louisa Johnson Adams was born in London, the daughter of an American diplomat.


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Lemurs are the best-known wild animals of Madagascar.


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Farmers grow rice, Malaysia's chief food crop, on small farms.


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Joan of Arc, a national heroine of France, believed that God had chosen her to free her country from English rule.


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Queen Elizabeth I ruled England from 1558 to 1603.


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Gold rush prospectors used crude wooden implements and water to separate gold from gravel and rock.


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Ulysses S. Grant, 18th president of the United States, served from 1869 to 1877.


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John Hancock was an American revolutionary leader.


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Nathaniel Hawthorne was an American author.


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Herbert Clark Hoover, 31st president of the United States, served from 1929 to 1933.


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Rutherford B. Hayes, 19th president of the United States, served from 1877 to 1881.


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Benjamin Harrison was the 23rd president of the United States from 1889 to 1893.


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Florence Harding had a dominating personality and great ambitions for her husband.


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Warren G. Harding, 29th president of the United States, served from 1921 to 1923.


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John Marshall, the fourth chief justice of the United States, established the court's power to review legislative acts.


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Albert Einstein was a German-born physicist.


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The cuscus is a mammal of Australia, New Guinea, and nearby islands.


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Zagreb is Croatia's capital and largest city.


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Benedict Arnold was an American general during the Revolutionary War.


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Frank Lloyd Wright was an American architect.


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Manila is the capital and largest city of the Philippines.


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Julia Gardiner Tyler was 24 years old when she married the widowed President in New York City.


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Thai classical dancers act out traditional stories with religious themes.


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Switzerland's watchmaking industry is world famous.


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Woodrow Wilson, 28th president of the United States, served from 1913 to 1921.


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Walt Whitman was one of the greatest poets in American literature.


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Martha Washington handled her duties as first lady with grace and dignity, though she said she felt like a "state prisoner" in the role.


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George Washington, 1st president of the United States, served from 1789 to 1797.


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The Welsh countryside in northwestern Wales includes rugged mountains, green valleys, and picturesque lakes.


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Richard Wagner was one of the greatest composers of opera.


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Van Gogh painted this self-portrait in 1888.


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Theodore Roosevelt, 26th president of the United States, served from 1901 to 1909.


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Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, a Mexican general, ruled Mexico as president 11 times during the 1800's but was overthrown each time.


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Pablo Picasso became a leading artist of the 1900's.


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Early colonists worked to maintain good relations with the Indians.


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The Pilgrims walked to church in groups for protection.


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Radha with Confidant Awaiting Krishna's Arrival, a painting by an unknown Indian artist, 1680.


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The Chicago skyline includes many striking office and apartment buildings.


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Illustration from The Tale of Genji by an unknown Japanese artist, 1100's.


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Paul Revere was a noted American craftsman who won fame for his patriotic activities at the time of the Revolutionary War.


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Jane Addams, an American social worker, shared the 1931 peace prize for her work with an international peace group.


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A Pueblo village of today looks much like the Pueblo towns of centuries ago.


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Pat Nixon, born Thelma Catherine Ryan, received her nickname because she was born on the eve of St. Patrick's Day.


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Pocahontas was the daughter of an American Indian chief.


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The rocks at Hopewell Cape on the Bay of Fundy are odd formations that have been carved out of the coast by strong tides.


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The pioneers pushed the frontier of the United States westward from the Appalachian Mountains to the Pacific Ocean.


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Dwight D. Eisenhower, 34th president of the United States served from 1953 to 1961.


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Letitia Christian Tyler, John Tyler's first wife, suffered a stroke in 1839.


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Abigail Smith Adams, wife of U.S. President John Adams, was an intelligent, well-read woman, and a keen observer of colonial life.


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James Wolfe was a British general who led his troops to victory at the Battle of Quebec in 1759.


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Martin Van Buren, 8th president of the United States, served from 1837 to 1841.


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Ellen Wilson was the first wife of President Woodrow Wilson.


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Angelica Singleton Van Buren, the widowed President's daughter-in-law, served as his White House hostess.


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Mikhail Baryshnikov ranks among the world's leading ballet dancers.


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Julius Erving was an exciting professional player noted for his outstanding jumping ability and spectacular shots.


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George Bush, second from left, and Senator Dan Quayle of Indiana, second from right, became the Republican nominees for president and vice president at the party's national convention in New Orleans in 1988.


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Jacqueline Kennedy was the first lady of the United States during the presidency of her husband, John F. Kennedy, from 1961 to 1963.


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A guinea pig has a large head, small ears, and short legs.


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Armenian shoppers examine produce at a local market.


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William Howard Taft, 27th president of the United States, served from 1909 to 1913.


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Louis S. St. Laurent, Prime Minister of Canada, 1948-1957.


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Pierre Trudeau, Prime Minister of Canada, 1968-1979 and 1980-1984.


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Sir Winston Churchill, prime minister of Great Britain, served from 1940 to 1945 and 1951 to 1955.


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Sir Winston Churchill stood with King George VI on the balcony of Buckingham Palace in London on V-E Day, May 8, 1945, a date that marked the Allied forces' victory in Europe.


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Livestock herding is the only agricultural activity in Djibouti, an economically poor country with a hot, dry climate and almost no natural resources.


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El Morro Fortress stands on a bluff overlooking the Bay of San Juan, Puerto Rico.


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Fishermen in the Maldives catch mainly tuna and bonito.


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Downtown Los Angeles is laced with high-speed freeways.


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Traditional Japanese houses blend with the natural beauty surrounding them.


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Cricket is one of England's most popular sports.


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Luanda is the capital and largest city of Angola.


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Harvard University, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States.


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The waves of Lake Superior crash onto Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore on the north coast of Michigan's Upper Peninsula in Alger County.


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Lobster fishermen head out to open water, their lobster traps stacked in the back of the boat.


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Pygmy dancers perform in a small clearing carved out of the dense jungle.


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A Mauritanian farmer examines plants in his grain sorghum field.


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Farmers stack hay, which will be used as feed for cattle.


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A Nicaraguan worker packs bananas for export.


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The St.-Lambert Lock, in Montreal, is part of the St. Lawrence Seaway.


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Huge Perce Rock off the coast of the Gaspe Peninsula.


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The Sankore Mosque in Timbuktu, Mali, became an important Islamic house of worship in the Mali Empire.


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The Breakers is the beautiful and famous ocean-side estate of American businessman Cornelius Vanderbilt in Newport.


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The Meseta is a high plateau that covers most of Spain.


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Sand painting is a part of many Navajo ceremonies, especially healing rites.


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Toni Morrison became the first African American woman to receive the Nobel Prize for literature.


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Lady Bird Johnson was the first lady of the United States during the presidency of her husband, Lyndon B. Johnson, from 1963 to 1969.


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Jane Pierce is shown with the Pierce's son Benny, who died in an accident just before his father became president.


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Mamie Eisenhower was the first lady of the United States during the presidency of her husband, Dwight D. Eisenhower, from 1953 to 1961.


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The site of Troy has the remains of nine successive cities.


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Lester B. Pearson, prime minister of Canada, served from 1963 to 1968.


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Edith Carow had known Theodore Roosevelt since childhood.


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Jesse James was an American outlaw of the Wild West.


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Japanese construction workers were employed on a road building project in California in 1918.


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Nancy Reagan was the first lady of the United States during the presidency of her husband, Ronald Reagan, from 1981 to 1989.


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Survivors of a Nazi death camp--some too weak to stand--provided proof of Nazi savagery.


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In the Soviet Union, winter weather and the determination of the army and the people slowed the German advance.


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As a senator and later as president, John F. Kennedy worked closely with his brother Robert, right.


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Germany's blitzkrieg (lightning war) overran Poland at the outbreak of World War II.


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Sylvia A. Earle, an American marine biologist, was a leader in ocean exploration in the late 1900's.


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Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini led the 1979 revolution that overthrew Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.


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"Mad Anthony" Wayne led American troops against a confederation of Indian tribes in Ohio at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794.


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Eleanor Roosevelt was the first lady of the United States during the presidency of her husband, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, from 1933 to 1945.


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Elizabeth Kortright Monroe followed the President's wishes in observing strict social etiquette at the White House.


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Lucy Webb Hayes was the first President's wife to have a college degree.


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Dolley Madison, the wife of President James Madison, was famous for her hospitality.


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Betty Ford was the first lady of the United States during the presidency of her husband, Gerald R. Ford, from 1974 to 1977.


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Bess Truman was the first lady of the United States during the presidency of her husband Harry S. Truman, from 1945 to 1953.


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Rosalynn Carter was the first lady of the United States during the presidency of her husband, Jimmy Carter, from 1977 to 1981.


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Barbara Bush was the first lady of the United States during the presidency of her husband, George Bush, from 1989 to 1993.


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A Maya ballplayer wore thigh guards and a thick protective belt to compete in a sacred ball game.


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Zither is a stringed musical instrument.


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A Rembrandt etching shows Jesus before Pontius Pilate.


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Marie Antoinette was a teen-ager when she became queen of France in 1774.


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Franklin Pierce, 14th president of the United States, served from 1853 to 1857.


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Lou Henry Hoover, Hoover's wife, was a brilliant woman who wrote articles for many scholarly publications.


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Thomas Jefferson, 3rd president of the United States, served from 1801 to 1809.


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The President's office, an oval-shaped room called the Oval Office, is in the west wing of the White House.


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A sneeze sends a cloud of virus-laden droplets into the air around a person with a cold.


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Bacteria, such as these Streptococcus cells, cause many diseases, including ear infections, strep throat, and pneumonia.


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Viruses, such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) shown in red, cause AIDS, polio, and other serious illnesses.


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Protozoans, such as the malaria parasites shown here in pink and blue, cause many painful and disabling diseases.


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Medicine protects public health with such broad measures as vaccination campaigns and tests to screen for illness.


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A specialized surgical team performs open-heart surgery.


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Skilled technicians play a key role in modern medicine.


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In less developed countries, many medical efforts focus on meeting citizens' basic health needs.


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Emergency medical technicians at the scene of the crash care for a person involved in an automobile accident.


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The Visible Human Project is an electronic library of anatomy.


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The twin towers of the World Trade Center were once the tallest skyscrapers on Manhattan Island.


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The New York Stock Exchange, right, stands at the corner of Wall and Broad streets in the heart of New York City's Financial District.


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New York's Fifth Avenue is one of the city's famous shopping centers.


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Brooklyn includes hundreds of streets lined with long blocks of row houses and small apartment buildings.


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Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts in New York City houses the New York Philharmonic, the Metropolitan Opera, the New York City Ballet, and several other cultural organizations.


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A jaguar has different kinds of spots on its body.


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The rafflesia is the world's largest flower.


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The Sepik River winds through dense rain forest on the island of New Guinea in Papua New Guinea.


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Deforestation wipes out large areas of rain forests each year, threatening the wildlife in those regions.


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Colorful totem poles stand in Vancouver's Stanley Park in Canada.


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A traditional Japanese dance features colorful costumes and the expressive use of fans.


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An American square dance is performed by groups of four couples.


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Ballroom dancing is a form of dancing for couples.


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Queens is the largest borough in area in New York City.


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Folk dances celebrate the history and traditions of a particular ethnic or national group.


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The monkey puzzle tree has sharp, scaly leaves covering its branches.


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Modern dance introduced a revolutionary style of dance during the 1900's.


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Religious dances are often forms of prayer.


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American musical comedy has attracted some of the most creative choreographers of the 1900's.


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The International Space Station will function as an observatory, laboratory, and workshop.


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The common privet produces clusters of small white flowers.


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In a Nazi concentration camp, prisoners often were forced to work long hours under cruel conditions.


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Vasco Nunez de Balboa was the first European to see the eastern shore of the Pacific Ocean.


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Hernando Cortes of Spain, holding hat, conquered the Aztec Indians of Mexico between 1519 and 1521.


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A slum called a favela lies on the outskirts of Sao Paulo, Brazil, and contrasts sharply with the modern high-rise buildings downtown.


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Copacabana Beach, one of the most famous beaches in the world, attracts crowds of visitors to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.


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The colorful Carnival festival in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, features costumed street dancers and lively parades.


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Sao Paulo is the commercial and industrial center of Brazil and one of the largest cities in the world in population.


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The Amazon River flows through the Amazon Region in northern Brazil.


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The Itaipu Dam power plant, on the Parana River in Brazil, has a generating capacity of about 12 1/2 million kilowatts.


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The neem tree produces olivelike fruits.


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A Western motion picture typically takes place during the late 1800's in the western United States.


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Judo is a sport in which an individual tries to throw or pin an opponent.


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Snowboarding is a popular winter sport in which a snowboarder is strapped to a board and glides down snowy slopes.


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The proboscis monkey gets its name from its proboscis, or long nose.


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Attractive town houses in the borough of Kensington and Chelsea are some of the most comfortable housing found in the inner boroughs that surround central London.


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Run-down apartment buildings are typical of housing in much of the inner boroughs, which surround central London.


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The changing-of-the-guard ceremony takes place most mornings at the front gates of Buckingham Palace in London.


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A statue of Peter Pan attracts visitors to Kensington Gardens, one of central London's five royal parks.


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London's subway system was the first underground passenger-train system in the world.


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The Houses of Parliament overlook the River Thames in Westminster, the oldest part of London's West End.


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The Tower of London has served as a fortress, a palace, and a prison.


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Trafalgar Square in central London is one of the city's most popular sites.


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The Thames Barrier, in East London, consists of enormous movable gates that can be closed to seal off the River Thames.


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London's street markets offer a wide variety of goods.


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A sliding vane pump contains a slotted impeller.


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An archaeology exhibit at the British Museum.


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The new Globe Theatre, which opened in 1997 in the South Bank, London, is a replica of the one in which William Shakespeare began presenting his plays about 1599.


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Smoke from Pittsburgh's steel mills darkened the skies in this picture from the 1940's, before industry controls reduced air pollution.


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The Green Revolution brought improved varieties of several crops.


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A hybrid electric car, such as this Fuel Cell Electric EV1 by General Motors, uses another power source in addition to batteries.


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Snowmobiling is a popular wintertime sport in which one or two people ride over ice and snow in a motorized sled called a snowmobile.


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The African hunting dog is an endangered species.


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Nikola Tesla was a significant inventor.


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A hot vent discharges hot, mineral-rich fluid into the ocean.


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A single-lens reflex camera enables photographers to see their subject through the lens.


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The waltz became the most fashionable social dance of the late 1800's.


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Hot vents result from a seepage of of water into heated oceanic crust.


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Dish-shaped antennas for satellite television reception dot the side of this apartment building in Albania.


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A projection television set has a larger screen than a conventional television.


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George Balanchine was an American choreographer.


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Guard towers and high fences surround many maximum security prisons.


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A cell in a maximum security prison has steel bars to keep the prisoner inside.


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Muslim pilgrims pray at the Kaaba, the holiest shrine of Islam, in Saudi Arabia.


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Muslims pray in a house of worship called a mosque.


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The Mir space station was made up of several modules that were launched separately, then permanently docked in space.


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A huge telescope mirror was made by University of Arizona astronomers without costly grinding to give the surface the correct shape.


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People of various ethnic groups live in Peninsular Malaysia.


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Television viewing is a popular form of entertainment throughout Indonesia.


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A group of Muslim women gather for outdoor prayers on Java.


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Student protestors scale the Parliament Building in Jakarta, Indonesia, in May 1998 during widespread demonstrations against President Suharto.


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Power to operate an electric car comes from batteries that run a motor.


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Closed-circuit television enables security personnel to monitor many locations in a jail at the same time.


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An ice crystal consists of water molecules, each made up of one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms.


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An Aboriginal girl in Australia's Northern Territory learns how to use a computer.


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The Ottoman Empire under Sultan Suleyman I dominated much of Europe and North Africa.


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A giant commercial airliner can bring all parts of the world within easy reach of one another by flying hundreds of passengers long distances.


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The Very Large Array radio observatory in Socorro, New Mexico, consists of 27 movable dish antennas, each 82 feet (25 meters) across.


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An astronomer studies an image produced by the Very Large Array of radio telescopes.


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A combined optical and radio image shows radiation produced by what is probably a huge black hole in the center of a galaxy.


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The Cassini probe, launched in 1997, is due to arrive at Saturn in 2004.


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A religious procession in Karachi, Pakistan, honors the birthday of the Prophet Muhammad.


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Traditional Indonesian houses, such as this one in a village on Sulawesi, stand on stilts.


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Elevated trains run on tracks above the streets in parts of the city of Chicago.


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Buckingham Memorial Fountain in Chicago is a lovely summer attraction.


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The blue clouds of Neptune are mostly frozen methane, the main chemical in natural gas--a fuel for heating and cooking on Earth.


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A photovoltaic cell produces electric current when exposed to sunlight.


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The absorption of light energy in the p-type layer near the junction, where the p- and n-type layers join, frees electrons in the p-type layer.


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The loss of electrons from the p-type layer produces local deficits, called holes, in the layer.


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When a wire connects the two terminals, electrons flow from the negative terminal to the positive one, creating electric current.


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A particle accelerator can be used to create chemical elements that do not occur naturally on the earth.


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Windhoek, the capital city of Namibia, has modern downtown buildings.


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The historic waterfront area of Halifax, Nova Scotia.


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Sydney's landmarks include the Sydney Opera House, with its white, shell-like structure, and Sydney Harbour Bridge.


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John Travolta is an American motion-picture star famous for his versatility and likable screen presence.


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A dust mite, shown here magnified 500 times, is a tiny animal commonly found in homes.


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Bryan Adams is a popular Canadian singer.


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Tim Allen is a popular American comedian.


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The Andrews Sisters were a popular singing trio during the 1940's.


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Nate Archibald was a great guard in the National Basketball Association.


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Lucille Ball, left, and Desi Arnaz, second from right, were a popular comedy team on the television series "I Love Lucy" during the 1950's.


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Joe Frazier, left, was a heavyweight champion of the world in the 1970's.


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Doris Day was an American big-band singer who became a popular motion picture actress.


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Sonja Henie, a Norwegian figure skater, won the Olympic gold medal in women's figure skating in 1928, 1932, and 1936.


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James Garner, left, is an American actor who first gained popularity in the television Western series "Maverick" (1957-1960), co-starring with Jack Kelly, right.


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Howard Cosell was one of the best-known and most controversial sports analysts of his time.


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Art Carney is an American actor who became famous as dimwitted Ed Norton on the television comedy series "The Honeymooners," which starred Jackie Gleason.


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Richard Avedon is an American photographer who gained international fame for his portraits and his fashion photography.


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Michael Caine is a versatile English motion-picture actor known for his skill in both comic and action roles.


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Sid Caesar became one of the early stars of television on a series of comedy-variety shows from 1950 to 1957.


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Reggie Jackson was one of the most colorful baseball players of his time.


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Joan Crawford was one of the most popular leading ladies in motion picture history.


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Art Blakey was one of the greatest drummers in jazz history.


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Victor Borge was a Danish-born musician and comedian.


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Yogi Berra was one of baseball's greatest catchers.


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Chubby Checker created a national sensation with his recording of "The Twist" in 1960.


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Eubie Blake was an important African American composer and pianist.


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Rick Barry, number 24, was one of the greatest all-around forwards in basketball history.


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Lou Brock ranks among the leading batters and baserunners in baseball history.


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Ernie Banks was one of the greatest hitters and shortstops in baseball history.


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Dick Butkus ranks among the greatest college and professional linebackers in American football history.


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Walt Frazier, number 10, was one of the greatest playmakers in professional basketball history.


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Carol Burnett is a comedian who starred in one of the most popular television variety shows of the 1970's.


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Richard Burton was a Welsh-born actor who became as famous for his turbulent private life as for his skill as a stage and motion-picture performer.


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Roger Clemens became one of the most dominating pitchers in baseball.


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John Denver gained popularity as an American folk and pop singer and songwriter.


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John Elway ranks among the finest quarterbacks in professional football history because of his strong passing arm, leadership, and skill at directing dramatic last-minute scoring drives.


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Gloria Estefan, an American singer, became popular for her dynamic singing and stage presence.


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David Copperfield became one of the most popular magicians and illusionists in the world.


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Mark McGwire set a major league record by hitting 70 home runs during the 1998 baseball season.


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Sammy Sosa is one of baseball's leading hitters.


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Carol Channing was a popular American musical comedy star.


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Goldie Hawn is an American actress known for her performances as zany or bubbly characters in light motion-picture comedies.


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Jim Carrey, a Canadian-born actor, became one of the world's most popular movie stars with a series of hit films that featured his slapstick comedy.


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Rod Carew was one of the greatest hitters in baseball history.


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Nicolas Cage is a leading American motion-picture actor.


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Tony Bennett is a popular American singer.


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Billy Crystal is a popular American comedian.


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Eric Heiden, an American speedskater, became the first athlete to win five individual gold medals at one Olympic Games.


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George Harrison was a member of the English rock band the Beatles from 1962 to 1970.


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Millard Fillmore, 13th president of the United States, served from 1850 to 1853.


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William McKinley, 25th president of the United States, served from 1897 to 1901.


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Emily Donelson, Rachel Jackson's niece, managed the White House and served as Jackson's hostess at most social events.


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Chester Alan Arthur's youngest sister, Mary Arthur McElroy, was his White House hostess.


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Patrick Ewing, with the ball, ranks among the greatest centers in basketball history.


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John Goodman is an American actor who gained popularity as the beefy blue collar husband in the hit television series "Roseanne" (1988-1997).


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Joseph Barbera, left, and William Hanna, right, created many of the most popular cartoon characters on television, including Fred Flintstone, center.


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Judy Collins is a popular American folk singer known for her recordings and her concert performances.


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Florence Griffith Joyner of the United States, center, set a world record in the 200-meter race as she won the gold medal in the event in the 1988 Olympic Games in Seoul, Korea.


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Dorothy Dandridge was one of the first African American performers to become a movie star.


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Albert Finney is an English actor best known for his performances as dynamic, rebellious characters.


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Jules Feiffer gained fame as a satirical American cartoonist.


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Kevin Costner is a popular American movie star and director.


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Michael Douglas is an American motion-picture actor.


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Kirk Douglas became a top Hollywood movie star by playing forceful, intense characters.


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Eric Clapton is an influential English rock guitarist.


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Frank Chance, far right, was the first baseman in one of baseball's most famous infields.


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Jackie Gleason was an American actor who won popularity as bus driver Ralph Cramden in the television comedy series "The Honeymooners."


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Fats Domino became a major figure in rock music and rhythm and blues as a pianist, singer, and songwriter.


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Paul Hornung was one of the greatest all-around backs in professional football history.


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Celtic art typically featured curved abstract ornamental design.


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Canaletto was the popular name for Giovanni Antonio Canal, a prominent Italian artist.


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Henry Fuseli was a Swiss-born romantic artist known for his grotesque, imaginative paintings.


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Milton Berle became one of America's most famous comedians.


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Sean Connery is a Scottish actor who gained international fame as James Bond in a series of popular action movies, beginning with Dr.


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Sammy Davis, Jr., was one of the most exciting performers of his time.


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The brothers Ethan Coen, left, and Joel Coen, right, are American filmmakers who won the 1996 Academy Award for best original screenplay for their black comedy Fargo.


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Pat Boone became popular as a singer of both pop and rock music.


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Bernardo Bertolucci is a leading Italian motion-picture director.


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Peter Finch, an English actor, starred in the 1972 dramatic musical Lost Horizon.


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Gregory Hines is a versatile American performer who began his career as a tap dancer and later became a stage and motion-picture star.


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Audrey Hepburn was an internationally popular actress known for her elegance and charm.


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Charlton Heston is an American motion-picture actor known for his performances as epic heroes from history or the Bible.


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Joel Grey won the 1972 Academy Award as best supporting actor for his performance as a nightclub master of ceremonies in Cabaret, which starred Liza Minnelli.


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Jean-Paul Belmondo is an internationally popular French movie star.


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Lauren Bacall made her motion-picture debut in To Have and Have Not (1944).


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Gene Hackman is a respected American motion-picture actor known for his strong performances in character roles.


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Candice Bergen is an American actress who starred in the popular television comedy series "Murphy Brown."


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Julie Andrews is a popular English-born actress and singer.


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George Burns and Gracie Allen were a popular American comedy team in motion pictures and on radio and television.


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Pearl Bailey was a singer and actress known for her sultry vocal style as well as her breezy comic manner.


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Cher began her show business career as an American rock singer and later became a respected actress, winning the 1987 Academy Award as best actress for her performance in Moonstruck.


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Richard Dreyfuss is an American motion-picture actor who gained recognition for his performances as intelligent, intense characters.


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Peter Falk is an American character actor won his greatest popularity as the eccentric police detective in the television series "Columbo" (1971-1977).


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David Bowie is one of the most creative figures in the history of rock music.


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John Tyler, 10th president of the United States, served from 1841 to 1845.


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William Henry Harrison, 9th president of the United States, served in 1841.


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Alexander Graham Bell called Chicago from New York City in 1892 to demonstrate the use of the telephone to businessmen.


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The Battle of Trenton in New Jersey resulted in a major victory for the patriots during the Revolutionary War in America.


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John H. Glenn, Jr., an American astronaut, in 1962 became the first American to orbit the earth.


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John Cleese, standing center, gained fame as a member of the English comedy group known as Monty Python's Flying Circus.


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One of Shanghai's main streets is the broad boulevard called the Bund, shown here.


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Influenza viruses may cause flu when they are inhaled.


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Gibraltar lies on a narrow peninsula that juts out into the Mediterranean Sea off the southern coast of Spain.


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Jerry Lewis, right, is a popular American comic actor.


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Eartha Kitt is an African American singer and actress known for her sultry performing style.


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Mario Lanza was an American singer famous for his operatic voice.


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Blind Lemon Jefferson was an influential early American blues singer and guitarist.


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Peggy Lee is an American singer known for her brilliant interpretations of popular songs.


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Marian McPartland is an English-born jazz pianist known for her lyrical style.


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Jerry Lee Lewis became one of the first stars of rock music in the late 1950's.


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Joni Mitchell is a popular Canadian-born folksinger, guitarist, and composer.


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Zero Mostel was a popular American actor known for his comic performances in musical comedies and in the movies.


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Jim Morrison was an American rock music singer and composer.


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Bill Monroe was an American country music singer, composer, and musician.


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Earl Monroe, number 15, was one of the finest shooting and ballhandling guards of his time in professional basketball.


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Mary Martin was a popular star of American musical comedies, notably South Pacific and The Sound of Music.


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Bette Midler is an American singer and actress known for her brassy, exuberant performing style.


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Edith Evans was a distinguished English actress who gained fame in classical roles during a career that lasted more than 60 years.


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Stanley Donen directed several popular musicals with dancer Gene Kelly, shown here in Singin' in the Rain (1952).


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Burt Lancaster was an American motion-picture actor who had success in both athletic and sensitive roles.


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Jack Lemmon, left, was a distinguished American actor known for his comic roles.


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Eddie Murphy is an African American comedian and motion-picture star known for his breezy, fast-talking style.


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John Malkovich is an American actor known for his intense performances on the stage and in dramatic motion pictures.


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Robert Mitchum was an American motion-picture actor known for his performances in strong character roles.


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Kevin Kline is a bright, personable American actor who has gained success in stage musicals and classical dramas, and in both comic and serious roles in motion pictures.


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Jean-Michel Basquiat was an American artist who gained recognition for the vivid, complex images of his paintings.


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Jay Leno is an American comedian and television personality.


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Waylon Jennings is a popular country music singer.


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Loretta Lynn is one of the most popular singers in the history of American country music.


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Johnny Mathis is an American singer known for his expressive delivery of love songs.


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Mary Tyler Moore is a popular American actress known for her perky personality.


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Keith Jarrett is an American jazz pianist who has won international fame for his technical ability and his skill as an improviser.


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Sir Edwin Landseer was a painter of animal subjects in England during the mid-1800's.


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Ralph Earl was a leading portrait painter in colonial America.


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Danny DeVito, an American actor, first gained popularity in television comedies.


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Shirley MacLaine is an American motion-picture actress who has gained success as a singer and dancer in musicals and as a comedian.


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Sophia Loren is an Italian motion-picture star famous for her beauty and sex appeal.


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Penny Marshall is an American actress who gained fame in comedy roles on television and later became a successful Hollywood motion-picture director.


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Stanley Kramer, an American director, directed many motion pictures that dealt with social issues, such as racism.


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Wes Craven is a leading director of horror motion pictures.


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Gladys Knight ranks among the greatest singers in the history of American rhythm and blues music.


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Billy Joel is an American rock singer and pianist.


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Barry Manilow is an American entertainer known for his popular live performances.


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Liberace became an international celebrity through his romantic piano playing and his extravagant costumes.


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Ben Kingsley, an English actor, won the 1982 Academy Award as best actor for his performance in the epic biographical motion picture Gandhi.


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Angela Lansbury is an English-born character actress who has starred on television and the stage and in motion pictures.


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Little Richard became one of the first stars of rock music in the mid-1950's.


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Jews form a large ethnic group in New York City.


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Vivien Leigh is shown here as the fiery heroine Scarlett O'Hara with her co-star Clark Gable, who played Rhett Butler, in the classic motion picture Gone With the Wind (1939).


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David Letterman is an American comedian who has been a popular late-night television talk show host since 1982.


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Steve Martin is an American comedian who became a successful comic actor, dramatic actor, and author of humorous essays.


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The Field Museum in Chicago is one of the world's most important natural history museums.


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Karl Malone ranks among the greatest power forwards in the history of professional basketball.


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Bela Lugosi was a Hungarian actor who gained fame on the stage and in motion pictures as the vampire Count Dracula.


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Sam Peckinpah, center, was an American motion-picture director known for his Western movies, including The Ballad of Cable Hogue (1970).


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Willie Nelson is a popular American country music singer, guitarist, and songwriter.


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Tony Randall, right, gained popularity as Felix Unger in the television comedy series "The Odd Couple" (1970-1975), co-starring Jack Klugman, left, as his roommate, Oscar Madison.


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Bob Pettit was a high-scoring forward for the St. Louis Hawks of the National Basketball Association from 1955 to 1965.


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Jack Palance is a gaunt American motion-picture actor best known for his performances as sinister villains in gangster movies and Westerns.


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Christopher Plummer is a Canadian-born actor who gained recognition in motion pictures and for his performances in classical roles on stage.


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Anthony Quinn is a Mexican-born actor best known for his performances as exuberant, vigorous characters.


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Sean Penn is an American motion-picture actor known for his turbulent personal life and his intense performances in dramatic films.


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Harold Prince ranks among the most creative and successful directors and producers in the history of American musical theater.


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Cal Ripken, Jr., an infielder for the Baltimore Orioles, played in 2,632 consecutive games from 1982 to 1998, a major league baseball record.


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Lenny Wilkens was an outstanding guard in college and professional basketball and later became a successful coach in the National Basketball Association.


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Sally Field, an American actress, is shown in her Academy Award-winning role as a union organizer in Norma Rae (1979).


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Brian De Palma is an American motion-picture director known for his suspense and horror films.


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Yo-Yo Ma is a world-famous cello player known for his performances as a soloist with symphony orchestras and in chamber music groups.


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Mia Farrow, left, an American actress, has appeared in many films directed by Woody Allen.


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Sting is an English rock musician, singer, and composer.


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Smokey Robinson was a pioneer in the development of rock music in the United States, both as a composer and as the leader of a popular group called Smokey Robinson and the Miracles.


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Jason Robards, an American actor, won consecutive Academy Awards in 1976 and 1977 as best supporting actor for his performances in All the President's Men and Julia.


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Mickey Rooney is an energetic and versatile American stage and motion-picture star.


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Mark Spitz, an American swimmer, won seven gold medals at the 1972 Summer Olympic Games.


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Dennis Rodman became one of the greatest rebounders in the history of the National Basketball Association.


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Robert Parish was a durable center who starred for the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association from 1980 to 1994.


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Caryl Churchill is an English dramatist known for her imaginative plays that often deal with feminist issues and with sexual and political power.


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Joe Orton was an English playwright who created controversy with his black comedies that explored moral corruption, sex, and violence.


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Jodie Foster is an American motion-picture actress known for her performances in dramatic films.


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Frank Zappa was an American composer, guitarist, and bandleader recognized as one of the most creative forces of his time in pop and rock music.


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Reggie White ranks among the greatest defensive linemen in football history.


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Billy Dee Williams is an African American actor who became a popular leading man in Hollywood.


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Greg Norman of Australia is one of the world's leading professional golfers.


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Julia Roberts is an American movie star known for playing breezy young women.


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Satyajit Ray was an Indian motion-picture director known for his film dramas exploring modern Indian society.


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Robin Williams is an American actor and comedian known for his skill at improvising and his frantic comic style.


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John Stockton is a guard who holds the National Basketball Association records for most career assists and most career steals.


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James Taylor is an American singer and composer who became one of the most popular performers of the 1970's.


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Jerry Seinfeld, center, was the star of "Seinfeld," one of the most popular series in television history.


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James Earl Jones is an African American actor known for his strong stage presence and rich, rumbling voice.


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Denzel Washington is an African American actor known for his performances in intense motion-picture dramas.


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Elton John is an English rock singer known for his showmanship in his concert performances.


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Donny Osmond is a versatile American musical comedy star known for his boyish charm and good looks.


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Cicely Tyson is a leading African American stage and film actress.


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George C. Scott, an American actor, won the 1970 Academy Award as best actor for his performance in Patton, the biography of General George Patton.


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Keanu Reeves is a popular American motion-picture leading man.


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Debbie Reynolds, an American actress, has appeared in many popular Hollywood musicals, including The Unsinkable Molly Brown (1964), in which she is shown with co-star Harve Presnell.


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Roseanne is an American comedian and actress who gained popularity as the wisecracking star of the television comedy series "Roseanne" (1988-1997).


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Arnold Schwarzenegger is an Austrian-born movie star famous for his roles as a muscular hero in action motion pictures.


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William Shatner is a Canadian-born actor who gained fame as Captain James T. Kirk, commander of the starship U.S.S. Enterprise in the television science fiction series "Star Trek" (1966-1969).


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Will Smith is a popular African American actor known for his breezy, wise-cracking style.


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Vanessa Redgrave is an English actress who gained international recognition as a motion-picture actress and for her performances on the stage, especially in classical roles.


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Christopher Reeve is an American motion-picture actor who became famous as the star of four Superman films from 1978 to 1987.


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Bob Newhart is an American comedian and actor who starred in "The Bob Newhart Show," a hit television series from 1972 to 1978.


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Carroll O'Connor gained national fame as the loud-mouthed Archie Bunker in the television series "All in the Family." He is shown in that role with Jean Stapleton, who played his wife, Edith.


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Brad Pitt is an American motion-picture actor who became one of Hollywood's most popular romantic leading men.


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Al Pacino is an American actor known for his brooding, intense acting style.


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Leonard Nimoy is an American actor who gained fame as the alien Mr. Spock in the "Star Trek" science fiction television series and motion pictures.


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Tommy Lee Jones is a versatile American motion-picture actor praised for his intense portrayals of both heroes and villains.


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Conservation includes the efforts of individual people to preserve natural resources.


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Kenneth Branagh is one of the leading actors in English classical theater.


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James Cameron is an American motion-picture director.


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Whoopi Goldberg is an American actress who often appears in comic roles, playing exuberant characters.


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Anthony Hopkins, a British actor, won the 1991 Academy Award as best actor for his performance in The Silence of the Lambs.


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Mel Gibson is a motion-picture actor who began his career in Australia and became an international star for his performances in action films.


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Harrison Ford is an American actor best known for his performances as the hero in action films.


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Leni Riefenstahl was a German filmmaker who directed a controversial documentary called Triumph of the Will (1936) that glorified the Nazi party.


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Gregory Peck is an American motion-picture actor known for his roles as decent men of integrity.


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Ginger Rogers was an American actress and dancer who gained popularity starring with Fred Astaire in nine Hollywood musicals during the 1930's.


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Margaret O'Brien, left, and Judy Garland, right, starred in Meet Me in St. Louis (1944), one of the many classic Hollywood musical motion pictures directed by Vincente Minnelli.


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Maggie Smith is an English stage and motion-picture actress known for playing eccentric comic characters.


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Bill Walton was one of the most dominant centers in the history of college and professional basketball.


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Dinah Washington was an African American singer equally skilled at performing jazz, rhythm and blues, and popular songs.


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Ethel Merman was an American musical comedy star known for her booming voice and strong stage presence.


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Sylvester Stallone is a muscular American motion-picture star who gained international fame as the action hero John Rambo.


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George Sisler was one of the greatest hitters in baseball history.


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Peter Sellers, shown here, was an English actor who won international popularity as the star of a series of Pink Panther motion picture comedies about a bumbling French police inspector named Clouseau.


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Lawrence Welk, an American bandleader, was the host of one of the most popular shows in television history.


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Diana Ross began her singing career as a member of a popular trio calling the Supremes and then developed a career as a soloist.


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Anthony Perkins is shown in his best-known performance as Norman Bates in the Alfred Hitchcock movie thriller Psycho (1960), along with co-star Janet Leigh.


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Ringo Starr was the drummer in the famous rock group the Beatles.


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Montevideo is the capital of Uruguay in South America.


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Raising beef cattle is an important agricultural activity in Colorado.


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The St. Gotthard Road Tunnel cuts through the central Alps in Switzerland.


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The Holocaust was a vicious campaign against the Jews and others by the Nazis.


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Eliot Feld is a prominent American choreographer and artistic director.


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The first two modules of the International Space Station were assembled in December 1998.


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Earl Scruggs, playing the banjo, and Lester Flatt, playing the guitar, formed one of the greatest bluegrass teams in the history of American country music.


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Brasilia, the capital of Brazil, is noted for its striking modern architecture.


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People of all cultures live in families.


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Black Seminole were African slaves who escaped from plantations in the United States to live among the Seminole Indians in Florida.


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Retail trade is an important service industry in Poland and employs many people.


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An angiogram of coronary arteries can show whether the vessels are narrowed by life-threatening clots or by fat and calcium deposits called plaque.


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The surface of Europa, a moon of Jupiter, consists mostly of huge blocks of ice that have cracked and shifted about, suggesting that there may be an ocean of liquid water underneath.


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The Galileo space probe, upper right, released a smaller probe that plunged into Jupiter's atmosphere in December 1995.


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An infrared photograph shows heat escaping from inside a house and radiating from its surfaces.


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A spiral galaxy resembles a pinwheel, with spiral arms coiling out from a central bulge.


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A huge "X-ray machine" called the Advanced Photon Source (APS) accelerates subatomic particles to nearly the speed of light, then uses powerful magnets to force the particles to produce intense beams of X rays.


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Pearl Harbor tributes honor the U.S. military personnel who died in the surprise Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor Naval Base on Dec. 7, 1941.


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Kumquats are citrus fruits that resemble oranges.


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The Canaan dog has a triangular, wedge-shaped head with pointed ears.


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Performance art often takes place in a public place.


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Callisto, a moon of Jupiter, is covered with craters produced when asteroids and comets struck its icy surface.


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Ganymede, a moon of Jupiter, has craters and cracks on its surface.


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A pen or pencil remains the instrument of choice for many people when it comes to simple arithmetic, such as the addition and subtraction operations that keep a checkbook up to date.


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A calculator can help us with such difficult tasks as filling out a tax return.


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Speech therapy can help some deaf students learn to speak.


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A telecommunication device called a TDD (Telecommunication Device for the Deaf) enables a deaf person to use a telephone.


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The ningaui, a marsupial mouse, is the smallest marsupial.


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NATO bombs exploded over Pristina, the capital of Kosovo, a province of Serbia, in March 1999.


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Two kinds of barnacles are the goose barnacle and the rock barnacle.


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Frank Gehry's design for the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain, gained praise for its sculptural blend of tilting walls and wavelike roofs, resembling a giant flower open to the sun.


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The Sojourner Rover examines a rock on Mars.


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An irregular galaxy, Sextans A does not have a simple shape like a spiral or elliptical galaxy.


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Gertrude Belle Elion was an American biochemist and Nobel Prize winner.


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A suburban street is lined with comfortable single-family homes.


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Farmers exhibit livestock at an exposition at the State Fairgrounds in Des Moines, Iowa.


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Baseball games and other sports events attract many spectators in the United States.


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Skyscrapers began to be built by U.S. architects in the last half of the 1800's.


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The Appalachian Highlands make up a rugged region that extends along the eastern part of the United States from the northern tip of Maine to Alabama.


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The Interior Plains have fertile soil that is ideal for growing crops.


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A microwave oven has an electronic vacuum tube called a magnetron that produces microwaves.


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Manufacturing is an important economic activity in the United States.


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Agriculture accounts for only a small part of the U.S. economy.


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Motion pictures are an influential art form in the United States.


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Animation and live action were combined in the Hollywood musical film Anchors Aweigh (1945).


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Eileen Collins is a United States astronaut.


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Occupational therapists work with patients to help them develop or maintain skills needed for living and working.


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A shark's skin is covered with tiny toothlike scales.


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A magnified view of a computer chip symbolizes the information age.


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At the Watergate hearings, held in 1973 and 1974, former Presidential Counsel John W. Dean III testified to wrongdoing by President Richard M. Nixon.


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Two modules of the International Space Station were launched and assembled in 1998 by the United States and Russia.


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Two experiments show how a superfluid's lack of viscosity enables it to "crawl" up the side of a beaker.


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The Great Mosque in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, attracts millions of Muslim pilgrims every year.


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The Palace of Justice houses the offices of the Ministry of Justice in Riyadh, the capital and largest city of Saudi Arabia.


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People of Saudi Arabia are racially and ethnically mixed.


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A vacuum bottle is two bottles in one, as shown here.


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The Eastern Lowlands, also called Hasa or the Eastern Province, includes a vast plain covered largely by sand and gravel.


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The oil port of Ras Tanura lies on the Persian Gulf, near Saudi Arabia's large petroleum deposits.


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Iqaluit is Nunavut's capital and largest town.


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Picturesque Quebec, Canada's oldest city, was founded by the French explorer Samuel de Champlain in 1608.


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People of Asian descent make up a growing segment of Canada's population.


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Toronto Eaton Centre is a popular place to shop in Canada's largest city and commercial center.


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An icebreaker cuts through the ice to clear a path for a commercial vessel near Newfoundland and Labrador.


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Oil refining is carried out at processing plants such as this one in Sarnia, Ontario.


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The St. Lawrence Seaway forms one of the world's major inland waterways.


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Io, a moon of Jupiter, is the most colorful satellite in the solar system.


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The vicuna lives in the Andes Mountains of South America.


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Toronto is Canada's largest city and chief center of industry.


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Chinatown is home to many Toronto residents of Chinese and Southeast Asian descent.


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Casa Loma is a 98-room medieval-style castle built by Sir Henry Pellatt, a Toronto stockbroker, in the early 1900's.


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Conflict among ethnic groups has often broken out in Europe when members of neighboring ethnic groups dislike or distrust one another.


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Transfer of mass occurs in a binary star system.


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The Northwest Territory's first settlement and its first capital was established at Marietta, Ohio, in 1788.


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The Northern Territory covers a huge area in north-central Australia.


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Darwin is the capital and largest city of the Northern Territory of Australia.


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The Penny Black was the world's first postage stamp.


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Prehistoric animals included some of the most unusual creatures that ever lived.


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A ballet studio is equipped with metal or wooden rods called barres that are attached to a wall.


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Center work usually follows warm-ups at the barre in a ballet class.


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Animal life of the Paleozoic Era included an abundance of species.


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Reptiles dominated the Mesozoic Era, ruling the land, sky, and sea.


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Mammals ruled the earth during the Cenozoic Era.


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A huge star creates chemical elements by nuclear fusion, the joining of two atomic nuclei to make a larger nucleus.


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Gloria Steinem is a leading supporter of the women's liberation movement in the United States.


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Ehud Barak became prime minister of Israel in 1999.


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Jakovo, a town in the Serbian province of Kosovo, lies in ruins after the departure of Serb forces in June 1999.


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A galvanometer is the simplest analog meter.


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Yellowknife is the capital and largest city of the Northwest Territories of Canada.


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A communications satellite for a mobile communication system receives and passes along telephone signals.


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A satellite operations control center manages a network, also called a constellation, of communications satellites in low earth orbit.


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A weather satellite transmits information to earth to help forecasters predict weather.


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The coalescence process of rain formationa begins at the cloud base, zone 1.


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The ice-crystal process of rain formation begins when water droplets form and grow in zones 1 and 2.


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A solid-propellant rocket burns a solid material called the grain.


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A liquid-propellant rocket carries fuel and an oxidizer in separate tanks.


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An ion rocket is a kind of electric rocket.


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A nuclear rocket uses the heat from a nuclear reactor to change a liquid fuel into a gas.


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Residents of the town of Sakarya, in western Turkey, pass by buildings toppled by a powerful earthquake that struck Turkey on August 17, 1999, killing more than 17,000 people.


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This 40-foot long (12-meter) reflecting telescope was used by William Herschel, a British astronomer, to observe the heavens in the late 1700's and early 1800's.


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During the 1960's, black Americans' voting rights received increased protection.


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Police use force to break up a peaceful demonstration against voter discrimination in Selma, Alabama, in 1965.


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Native Americans protested at Wounded Knee, South Dakota, in 1973 to call attention to the abuse of their civil rights.


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Avalanches in the Austrian Alps killed 38 people and trapped thousands of tourists in 1999.


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Elaborate snow sculptures from the Canada Snow Sculpture Competition tower over visitors to Winterlude, a winter festival held in Ottawa, Canada's capital, in February.


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Helicopters play an important role in military operations.


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Wayne Gretzky was a Canadian hockey player.


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Horses and jockeys dash towards the finish line at the Kentucky Derby, a famous horse race in the United States.


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Severe flooding on Peru's Rimac River, caused by heavy rains in the Central Andes Mountains, washed out a bridge in February 1999.


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Chinese police arrest members of the banned Falun Gong movement in Beijing's Tiananmen Square in late September 1999.


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General Abdulsalam Adubakar (right), Nigeria's military dictator, relinquishes power to newly elected President Olusegun Obasanjo at an inauguration ceremony on May 29, 1999, in Abuja, the Nigerian capital.


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Former South African President Nelson Mandela, left, congratulates his successor, Thabo Mbeki, after Mbeki's inauguration on June 16, 1999.


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Lance Armstrong is an American cyclist who won the Tour de France bicycle race in 1999 and 2000.


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President Bill Clinton speaks with Minnesota Governor Jesse Ventura in August 1999 at the National Governor's Association meeting in St. Louis, Missouri.


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A freight ship passes through a lock on the Panama Canal at dusk.


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A Maryland farmer examines a field of corn stunted by a drought that affected much of Northeastern and Middle Atlantic sections of the United States in the summer of 1999.


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An Egyptian archaeologist inspects mummies with gold-covered masks discovered in Egypt's Western Desert in June 1999.


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Bridgetown, the capital of Barbados, is one of the West Indies' major trade and shipping centers.


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The renovated Reichstag in Berlin, inaugurated in 1999, is the home of the Bundestag, Germany's larger house of parliament.


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Abdullah II became the king of Jordan in 1999.


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Dennis Hastert became the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives in 1999.


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Mireya Moscoso was elected president of Panama in 1999.


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Seiji Ozawa is a renowned orchestra conductor.


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Charles Conrad, Jr., was an American astronaut.


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Stanley Kubrick was an American film director.


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John F. Kennedy, Jr., was a cofounder of the political satire magazine, George.


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Wilt Chamberlain was an American basketball player.


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Shel Silverstein was an American author of poetry for children.


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James Farmer was an American civil rights activist.


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Yehudi Menuhin was an American-born violinist.


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The balloon Breitling Orbiter 3, piloted by Bertrand Piccard of Switzerland and Brian Jones of the United Kingdom, became the first balloon to fly non-stop around the world on March 20, 1999.


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A solar eclipse as viewed over the Blue Mosque in Istanbul, Turkey.


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Hurricanes can cause a lot of damage from strong winds, flooding, mudslides, and a rapid rise in sea level called a storm surge.


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Two ships navigate Iroquois Lock in the Saint Lawrence Seaway following the seaway's opening in 1959.


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Gertrude Stein was an important American writer and critic.


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The television debates between Richard M. Nixon and John F. Kennedy in the autumn of 1960 made TV history.


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King George VI, left, with Princess Margaret, Princess Elizabeth, and Queen Elizabeth, on May 12, 1937, the day of his coronation.


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Franklin Delano Roosevelt took the oath of office for his first term as U.S. president on March 4, 1933.


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A fireworks display marks the start of the year 2000 and the third millennium.


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The lowchen has a lionlike mane of long, soft hair.


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During the Great Irish Famine, Irish peasants evicted from their rented lands lived in hovels or by the roadsides.


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Landscaping of the Palace of Versailles may have been the greatest achievement of the French landscape designer Andre Le Notre, who designed gardens for some of the greatest chateaux in France from the 1650's until 1700.


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A furze shrub has dark green branches covered with spines and fragrant, yellow flowers.


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The Milking Shorthorn ranks among the largest cattle breeds raised to produce milk.


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Carl Jung was a famous and influential Swiss psychiatrist and psychologist.


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Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley was the wife of English poet Percy Bysshe Shelley and the author of the famous horror novel Frankenstein (1818).


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The Bronte sisters were painted by their brother Branwell.


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Margaret Atwood is a Canadian author who has gained international recognition as a poet, critic, novelist, and essayist.


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Lithography is an important printmaking technique.


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Color is often used to express moods and to communicate information.


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American Gothic, a painting by Grant Wood, was completed in 1930.


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Catherine the Great became empress of Russia in 1762.


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Johann Sebastian Bach's composition for the organ, Toccata and Fugue in D minor, is one of his best known works.


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Peter the Great ruled Russia from 1682 until his death in 1725.


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Ruth St. Denis was an important American dancer, teacher, and choreographer (creator of dances) during the early 1900's.


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Alexander Hamilton was an early American statesman and political leader.


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The Iditarod is a famous sled-dog race held every March in Alaska.


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The first woman in space was Soviet cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova.


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A flagellate has one or more whiplike flagella.


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Soviet cosmonaut Yuri A. Gagarin became the first person in space on April 12, 1961.


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Brian Wilson was the principal songwriter for the popular American rock group the Beach Boys.


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Lyndon Baines Johnson, 36th president of the United States, served from 1963 to 1969.


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The Beatles were the most popular group in rock history.


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The White Leghorn is an important egg-producing breed of chicken.


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Antiwar demonstrations took place throughout the United States in the late 1960's and early 1970's.


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A field of soybeans is harvested on a Delaware farm.


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Ida McKinley was an invalid when she became first lady.


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"The Strip" in Las Vegas, Nevada, is lined with many spectacular hotels.


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Scientists examine a beached whale that died after stranding itself ashore.


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Fats Waller was a popular American jazz pianist.


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The cinnamon teal is a small North American duck.


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The massive trunk of a redwood dwarfs two curious sightseers.


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Davy Crockett was a famous hunter, scout, soldier, and congressman.


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Preservation Hall is one of the many places in New Orleans where fans can still thrill to the sounds of old New Orleans-style jazz.


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The Petronas Towers, among the world's tallest skyscrapers, loom over Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia's largest city.


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The American elk has dark brown fur on its legs, head, and neck.


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Sarcodines include the amebalike protozoans.


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The Gatun Locks provide the entry to the Panama Canal from the Atlantic Ocean.


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Jesus was arrested by Roman soldiers in Gethsemane, a garden east of Jerusalem.


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Jesus was baptized by John the Baptist with water from the Jordan River.


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The Greeks built the Trojan horse, hid several soldiers inside, and left it outside the walls of Troy.


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Gold objects, such as this one of a llama, were used by the families of Inca nobles.


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A figure of the comic character Punch was carved by an unknown folk artist.


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The folk painting Portrait of a Boy in a Red Dress was painted in the early 1800's by the American artist Ammi Phillips.


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William Jennings Bryan was a popular American orator and statesman.


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Two main types of islands are found in the Pacific.


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W. C. Handy was an American composer known for his popular blues songs.


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A mockingbird typically has a long slender body.


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Sigmund Freud was an influential Austrian physician and psychiatrist who revolutionized ideas about how the human mind works.


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Tennessee Williams was an American dramatist best known for his powerful and poetic plays about psychologically damaged characters from the South.


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Jane Austen ranks among the greatest novelists in English literature.


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Carl Sandburg was an American poet, biographer, and historian who explored American history and what it means to be an American.


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Marie Taglioni was one of the most influential dancers of the romantic movement.


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Dorothy Parker was an American author known for her witty and sometimes cynical poems and short stories.


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Laura Ingalls Wilder was an American author famous for her series of nine autobiographical novels for young people about pioneer life in the United States.


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Marian Anderson was an internationally famous African American contralto.


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George Eliot was an English author known for her realistic and sympathetic portraits of English country people and small towns.


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V. I. Lenin set up the world's first Communist dictatorship.


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Breton's The Reapers is an example of the artist's paintings of French peasant life.


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Lacquerware is an object decorated with many coats of varnish.


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Vasco da Gama was a Portuguese sea captain and explorer.


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Mae West and W. C. Fields were popular stage and motion-picture comedians.


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An etching by James Whistler shows an informal scene along the River Thames in London.


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Vaslav Nijinsky was the most famous male ballet dancer of the early 1900's.


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Lillian Hellman was an American playwright known for her dramas about social issues and an emphasis on the psychology of her main characters.


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Lorraine Hansberry was an American dramatist known for her acclaimed first play, A Raisin in the Sun (1959).


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Gwendolyn Brooks was an American poet who became the first African American to win a Pulitzer Prize.


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Daniel Webster was a famous American orator and statesman.


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Elizabeth Barrett Browning was one of the leading poets in Victorian England.


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Impressionist painting emphasizes colorful, shimmering pictures of everyday life, especially informal outdoor scenes.


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Beatrix Potter was an English children's author and illustrator known for her charming stories about small animals.


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Frances Hodgson Burnett was an author known for her children's novels.


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A portable cabinet called a vargueno was a contribution of Spanish artisans.


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Doris Lessing is an important English novelist.


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Edith Sitwell was an English author who became famous and controversial for her experimental poetry and her eccentric lifestyle.


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Pearl S. Buck was an American author best known for her novels about life in China.


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Carson McCullers was an American author known for her stories of small-town life in the South.


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Horace Pippin was a self-taught American folk artist.


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Anne Tyler is an American author known for her sensitive novels about women characters in domestic situations.


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Margaret Drabble is an English author known for her realistic novels about the struggles of middle-class female characters.


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Willa Cather was an American author known for her realistic novels that center on strong female characters.


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Nikki Giovanni is an African American writer known for her works about the experiences of black people, especially women, living in American cities.


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Edna St. Vincent Millay was an American poet who wrote about many themes, including rebellious youth, modern history, and love and death.


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Wendy Wasserstein is an American playwright known for her satirical comedy-dramas on feminist themes.


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Judy Blume is an American author best known for her realistic novels for young people.


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Katherine Anne Porter was an American author best known for her short stories that reflect her political and social liberalism and religious faith.


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Edith Wharton was an American author best known for her novels that examine New York City high society during the 1800's and early 1900's.


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Eudora Welty was an American author known for her novels and short stories about small-town life in the South.


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Agatha Christie was one of the most popular mystery story writers of the 1900's.


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Louisa May Alcott was a popular American author of the mid-1800's.


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Dresden china is a type of porcelain manufactured in the German city of Meissen, near Dresden.


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Pope John XXIII met with King Hussein I of Jordan at the Vatican in 1959.


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Sculpture ranks among India's greatest artistic achievements.


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Huey P. Long was a powerful and controversial Louisiana political leader.


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Osiris was the god of the afterlife in ancient Egyptian mythology.


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Woody Herman was a popular American bandleader for more than 40 years.


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Duke Ellington was one of the leading figures in jazz history.


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A pioneer of television, the Russian-born American scientist Vladimir K. Zworykin built the iconoscope, shown here, in 1923.


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Edgar Degas painted The Dancing Class in 1874.


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The place of Jesus' Crucifixion was a hill called Calvary.


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Queen Elizabeth II serves as the monarch of the United Kingdom and as the head of the Commonwealth of Nations.


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Walt Disney was one of the most influential and famous motion-picture producers in history.


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Igor Stravinsky was one of the most influential classical music composers of the 1900's.


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Kilauea, on the island of Hawaii, is one of the most spectacular volcanoes in the Pacific Islands.


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The ruins of Machu Picchu, probably once an Inca royal estate, stand near Cusco.


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Ruins of Palmyra stand in central Syria.


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The first transcontinental railroad system in the United States was completed in 1869 in Promontory, Utah.


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Anchorage, one of Alaska's chief ports, lies on Cook Inlet in the south-central part of the state.


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At an aircraft factory in Long Beach, workers install the nose section of a Boeing jet airplane.


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Russian troops captured Groznyy, the capital of Chechnya, in February 2000.


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Virginia Woolf was an important English novelist and critic of the early 1900's.


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Izaak Walton League of America volunteers monitor a stream in Maryland to make certain it is clean and safe.


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Chicago's outstanding architecture includes the historic Reliance Building, now a hotel, shown here.


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Cincinnati, a major commercial and industrial center, lies on the Ohio River in southwestern Ohio.


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The Nubian goat is the most popular milk producing goat in Canada and the United States.


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Western sword ferns grow in forests along the Pacific coast of North America.


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The common snapping turtle has a small shell in relation to the rest of its body.


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Sand dollars are small animals that live slightly buried in the sand in shallow coastal waters.


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Thomson's gazelle is an animal with a light fawn-colored back and white underside separated by a dark band along its flanks.


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The cello, or violoncello, became popular as a solo instrument in the late 1600's.


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To play the violin properly, tuck the instrument under your chin and rest it on your shoulder.


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The harmonica is a small wind instrument with reeds that produce tones when the player exhales or inhales into the holes.


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Jacksonville lies on the northeastern coast of Florida.


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The timber wolf lives in forests of northern Asia, Europe, and North America.


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Downtown Mobile is dominated by the 34-story First National Bank Building, center.


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The great horned owl is found throughout North America.


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Honey ant workers called repletes serve as storage tanks.


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The spotted, brownish-green leopard frog measures from 2 to 3 1/2 inches (5 to 9 centimeters) long.


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A mountain lion may reach a length of 5 feet (1.5 meters) or more, not counting its tail.


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The beautiful lilac is popular throughout the world.


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The city of Singapore, which is built along its harbor, is a bustling center of trade, finance, and manufacturing.


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Water lilies grow in clear, shallow water in temperate and hot climates.


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The oceanic whitetip shark has a graceful, torpedolike body.


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Milwaukee lies in southeastern Wisconsin, along Lake Michigan.


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Indianapolis is Indiana's capital and largest city, and a center of manufacturing and distribution.


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A flame scallop is a mollusk of the bivalve class.


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Leonardo da Vinci's painting The Last Supper shows the final meal that Jesus shared with His 12 apostles.


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The Cape Hatteras lighthouse overlooks a part of North Carolina's Atlantic coast known for rough seas and difficult currents.


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The Tokyo Stock Exchange is one of the largest stock exchanges in the world.


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The Civilian Conservation Corps employed workers to plant trees in national forests and to perform various other conservation tasks.


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An amusement park ride called a roller coaster attracts visitors who enjoy high-speed thrills. "The Beast" at the Kings Island amusement park near Cincinnati, Ohio, can reach a speed of almost 65 miles (105 kilometers) per hour.


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The Lhasa apso originally came from Tibet.


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Choosing a career is an important decision that will affect a person's life in many ways.


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Customer service representatives spend most of their workday on the telephone.


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Workers in the art, design, and communications field often work with one another.


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A Roman Catholic priest gives Holy Communion, a sacred ceremony, to a boy in the Philippines.


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Construction workers build, modernize, and repair buildings and other structures.


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Farmers produce much of the food we eat.


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Foresters manage and protect forests, woodlands, and parks.


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A cultural anthropologist might travel the world to study the origin and development of human cultures.


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Physical therapists and patients work together to improve the patients' health.


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The Beefmaster has short hair and a fleshy hump over its shoulders.


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Ho Chi Minh City is Vietnam's largest city and most important economic center.


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A cosmetologist helps people look and feel their best.


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A baker in a large commercial bakery follows recipes to produce bread, cakes, pastries, pies, and other baked goods in large quantities.


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A real estate agent discusses the features of a house for sale with prospective home buyers.


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Performing artists work to entertain audiences.


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Teachers use a variety of methods to help their students learn.


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Izmir is one of Turkey's leading ports, and a transportation and trading center.


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A tour guide takes visitors to places of interest.


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A chef adds a decorative touch to a dish while he teaches students how to prepare fish.


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A truckdriver uses a truck to transport packages and other goods.


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A plant foreman, center, discusses a project with workers in a factory.


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The Anatolian shepherd is a dog with a strong, sturdy body.


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The Havanese has drooping ears and long, soft hair.


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A floating launch site in the Pacific Ocean is owned by a private corporation called Sea Launch Co.


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Used glass containers can be recycled to make new glass products.


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At Chicago's Museum of Science and Industry, visitors can explore a giant-sized reproduction of the human heart.


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A belt of rich farmland stretches across Russia from east to west.


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The America's Cup is the world's oldest international sailing competition.


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Prince William is a grandson of Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom.


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The Special Olympics sponsors a World Summer Games competition that includes such team sports as soccer, shown here.


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The Asian long-horned beetle is a destructive insect native to China, Japan, and Korea.


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Suzanne Mubarak is a leading Egyptian supporter of women's and children's rights and children's literacy.


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The Old Quarter of Hanoi has busy, narrow streets crowded with bicycles and other traffic.


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Education is the process of gaining knowledge and abilities.


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Continuing education programs enable adults to continue to learn.


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Education in Vietnam, shown here, and in some other countries is entirely controlled by the government.


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Learning by doing is an important educational method.


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The Andromeda Galaxy has a large central bulge, a thin disk of stars, and spiral arms.


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Madam C. J. Walker is generally considered to have been the first African American woman to become a millionaire.


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A Buddhist festival, shown here, takes place every November in Vientiane, the capital of Laos, at a towering stupa called the Luang.


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Farmers in Laos live mainly in fertile river valleys.


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A traditional resume describes a jobseeker's work experience and education.


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An electronic resume can be sent to employers by e-mail.


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A computer programmer writes sets of coded computer instructions called programs using various programming languages.


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A child safety seat, used correctly, helps prevent injuries in automobile accidents and may save a child's life.


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Warren Beatty is an American motion-picture actor, producer, and director.


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The sun's corona appears as a whitish glow in this composite photo.


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The sun and its atmosphere consist of several zones.


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An orbiting solar telescope known as the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) studies the sun's interior, its atmosphere, and the solar wind, a stream of electrically charged particles that flow from the sun's surface.


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A sunspot is a dark feature that is slightly cooler than the rest of the surface of the sun.


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Sharp-pointed spicules make up the chromosphere, the zone above the part of the atmosphere that sends out the light we see.


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Coronal loops are huge loops of gas that form in the sun's corona, part of the sun's atmosphere.


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North Korea's capital, Pyongyang, has broad boulevards and many office buildings.


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Modern airplane factories are a vital part of the aviation industry, which also includes airline and airport operations.


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A cyclonic weather system in the middle latitudes extends from an area of low air pressure, indicated by an L in this diagram.


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Tulsa is Oklahoma's chief manufacturing center.


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Baseball in Japan is the country's favorite sport.


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The Vietnam War was the longest war in which the United States took part.


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Fleeing from advancing North Vietnamese troops, South Vietnamese civilians scrambled to get aboard a United States evacuation helicopter near the end of the war in April 1975.


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Water conservation aims to preserve supplies of clean, fresh water.


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Ocean pollution can damage shorelines as well as the oceans themselves.


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Biodiversity conservation includes raising endangered animals in captivity.


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Action-packed plays make football an exciting game.


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In a place kick in football, the center snaps the ball back to a holder kneeling on the ground.


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Brett Favre of the Green Bay Packers ranks among the leading quarterbacks in the NFL (National Football League).


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Cleveland, an Ohio city on Lake Erie, is a leading industrial center and an important Great Lakes port.


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The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum, on Cleveland's lakefront, features exhibits on rock music performers.


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Industry along the Cuyahoga River contributed greatly to Cleveland's growth.


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Al Gore was vice president of the United States from 1993 to 2001.


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Hillary Rodham Clinton represents New York in the United States Senate.


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The Milky Way, our "home" galaxy, is shaped like a thin disk with a bulge in the center.


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Fashion designers use CAD (Computer Aided Design) programs to create original clothing and fabric designs.


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Caring for wildlife is one of many ways people can help conserve the world's biodiversity.


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Olive groves grow north of the Sea of Galilee in the Rift Valley, a long, narrow lowland in far eastern Israel.


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La Brea tar pits display life-sized statues of animals that were trapped in layers of oil and tar in prehistoric times.


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A clapstick is a hinged board used to keep track of a movie's scenes, takes, and other important information during filming.


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A 35-millimeter projector is used to show motion pictures in theaters.


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Montreal is the second largest city in Canada, after Toronto, and one of the largest French-speaking cities in the world.


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Vieux-Montreal (Old Montreal) is the city's historic district.


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The Cite Souterrain (Underground City) consists of stairways and passages beneath Montreal's downtown streets.


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Ice skaters flock to Mount Royal Park in the winter.


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Place des Arts is one of the finest performing arts centers in North America.


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Stringlike lines represent airflow in this illustration drawn by a supercomputer.


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Phoenician art was known for its ivory carvings.


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Jean-Paul Sartre, behind the microphone, was an important French philosopher.


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Central Rome, seen here looking northeast from Trastevere, displays its long history in the varied styles of its buildings.


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Saint Augustine was the most important philosopher of the early Middle Ages.


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Rene Descartes was one of the founders of modern philosophy.


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The C-17 Globemaster III is a United States transport plane.


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Preparing for a bone marrow transplant, doctors collect bone marrow from a donor.


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Heavy manufacturing takes place chiefly in technologically advanced countries such as China, India, Japan, Russia, South Korea, and Taiwan.


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This diagram illustrates the major systems of a car with a front-mounted gasoline engine, an automatic transmission, and front-wheel drive.


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Archaeologists excavate ruins of the ancient city of Ubar in Oman, searching for remains of past human activities.


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An army of life-sized statues of soldiers and horses form an amazing collection of artifacts (objects made by people).


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A rendering of an ancient Anasazi ceremonial center called a kiva was produced by archaeologists using computer software.


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A reconstructed slave cabin stands at Stratford Hall, the birthplace of Robert E. Lee in Virginia.


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Historical archaeologists often study the everyday lives of people in the recent past not recorded in historical documents.


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The Mummers' Parade features marching bands in elaborate and colorful costumes.


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The young Bush family lived in Midland, Texas, while Bush worked in the oil business.


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George W. Bush and Richard B. Cheney, former U.S. secretary of defense, accept the Republican nomination for president and vice president at the Republican Party's 2000 convention in Philadelphia.


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The Queen Mother, accompanied by (clockwise from left) Prince Charles, Prince Harry, Prince William, and Prince Philip, attends a thanksgiving service in July 2000 at St. Paul's Cathedral in London.


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King George VI and Queen Elizabeth tour bombed areas of London during World War II (1939-1945).


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Richard B. Cheney became vice president of the United States in 2001.


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Joseph I. Lieberman, a United States senator from Connecticut, was the Democratic candidate for vice president of the United States in 2000.


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Charles Schulz was a cartoonist who created "Peanuts," the bittersweet comic strip that featured the dog Snoopy.


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Cuban military leader Fulgencio Batista celebrates the overthrow of a civilian government in Cuba in 1952.


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Foreign investments in the 1990's helped Cuba begin to refurbish and restore beautiful structures in the historic areas of Havana.


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J. K. Rowling is a British author of children's books, who became famous for her series of novels about the schoolboy wizard Harry Potter.


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The Olympic flame is lit during the opening ceremonies.


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Marion Jones, an American runner, crosses the finish line to win the women's 100-meter race at the 27th Olympiad in Sydney, Australia.


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Ian Thorpe, an Australian swimmer, won the gold medal and broke his previous world record in the men's 400-meter freestyle competition at the 2000 Summer Olympic Games in Sydney, Australia.


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Channels in a Martian crater, in an image taken in 2000 by the Mars Global Surveyor, suggest to scientists that liquid water may have flowed across the surface of Mars in recent times.


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The 2000 Olympic Games in Sydney, Australia, ended with a spectacular display of fireworks staged from Sydney Harbour Bridge over the city's famous opera house.


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The 2000 Honda Insight automobile combines a gasoline engine with an electric motor to enhance fuel performance and pollution control.


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Jinrikishas (small, two-wheeled carriages) are a popular mode of transportation in Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh.


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Brazilian Indians protest against celebrations to mark the 500th anniversary of Brazil's discovery by Europeans.


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Red Giselle, which was performed by the Eifman Ballet of St. Petersburg, Russia, in 2000, included elements of both classical ballet and modern dance.


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A statue of the ancient Egyptian goddess Isis was retrieved from the Mediterranean Sea in June 2000.


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This cellular telephone, the Motorola i2000 Plus, can be connected to the Internet.


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Carl Albert, an Oklahoma Democrat, served as speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1971-1977.


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Alec Guinness was a British actor known for his range and quietly powerful presence.


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Walter Matthau was an American stage and motion-picture actor who became known for playing a smart-aleck curmudgeon.


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Maurice Richard was a Canadian hockey player known as "The Rocket" who was one of the greatest players of all time.


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Steve Allen was an American entertainer, musician, and author of more than 50 books.


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Archaeologists survey the ruins of a Mayan palace that was discovered in dense jungle cover in Guatemala.


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Barbara Cartland was a British author of romantic fiction.


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John Gielgud was an English actor who's career spanned eight decades and included the role of Hamlet, which he played more than 500 times, and the motion picture Arthur (1981), for which he won an Academy Award.


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Kevin Spacey is a versatile American motion-picture and stage actor.


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Taiwan's President Chen Shui-bian, left, and Vice President Annette Lu greet crowds in Taipei after Chen's inauguration in May 2000.


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American tennis player Venus Williams returns a serve during the final match at Wimbledon in July 2000.


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Armed with farm tools, black squatters occupied a white-owned farm in Zimbabwe in April 2000.


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The South Carolina Aquarium in Charleston opened in May 2000.


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The Japanese Hill-and-Pond Garden in Brooklyn, New York, part of the Brooklyn Botanic Gardens, was the first public Japanese garden in the United States.


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Figure skating is a competitive form of ice skating.


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In 1901, Olds Motor Works in Detroit began to mass-produce its famous curved-dash Oldsmobile, a low-cost gasoline car.


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American naturalist John Muir, right, founded the Sierra Club in 1892 to protect the environment.


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South African paleontologist Andre Keyser examines the most complete skull ever found of Australopithecus robustus, a relative of early humans that lived more than 1.5 million years ago.


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Severe flooding plagued Mozambique in February 2000 as a result of Cyclone Eline and heavy rains.


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Booker T. Washington was a spokesman for black Americans in the late 1800's.


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Woman suffragists in the United States campaign for the vote by selling magazines in the late 1800's.


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Max Planck was a German physicist who originated the quantum theory, which revolutionized physics.


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The Legend of the True Cross, a fresco cycle painted by Italian Renaissance artist Piero della Francesca between 1456 and 1466, decorates the church of San Francesco in Arezzo, Italy.


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Modern surgical techniques were introduced in the late 1800's and early 1900's, including the use of sterile gloves to prevent the spread of disease.


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Auguste Rodin, right, a French sculptor, watches an assistant translate one of his models into a stone sculpture.


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This editorial cartoon, published around 1900, shows Uncle Sam shining a light on "big trusts."


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Bashar al-Assad became president of Syria in July 2000.


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Vicente Fox Quesada became president of Mexico in July 2000.


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Vladimir Putin became president of Russia in March 2000.


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Serbs protesting against the regime of President Slobodan Milosevic stormed Yugoslavia's burning federal parliament in Belgrade on October 5, 2000.


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Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan, right, introduces First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton as the New York senator-elect during a victory rally in November 2000.


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Anne Frank, a German-Jewish girl, wrote a famous diary while hiding from the Nazis during World War II.


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This false-color image taken by the Hubble Space Telescope using infrared light shows Uranus's rings and clouds.


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A planetary nebula with an unusual textured appearance, the cause of which is unknown.


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A globular cluster is a tightly grouped swarm of stars held together by gravity.


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A spectacular explosion on the star Eta Carinae about 150 years ago produced three huge clouds of gas and dust-two puffy lobes and a thin disk.


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This photo taken by the Galileo space probe shows craters on Callisto, a large satellite of the planet Jupiter.


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Mariner 10 is the only space probe that ever visited the planet Mercury.


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This false-color image of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines was taken by radar cameras on the shuttle Endeavor.


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In Neptune's outermost ring, 39,000 miles (63,000 kilometers) from the planet, material mysteriously clumps into three bright, dense arcs.


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Bands of clouds circle the planet Saturn.


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The planet Jupiter's Great Red Spot is a huge mass of swirling gas.


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The surface of Mercury consists of cratered terrain and smooth plains.


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Three streams of atoms and electrons spread out from the sun.


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In this satellite image, you can see the dust of a Sahara sandstorm spreading into the Atlantic Ocean.


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The central square in Astana, Kazakhstan's capital, is the site of the House of Government, left, and the Parliament Building, right.


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Downtown Warsaw has wide streets lined with modern stores and office buildings.


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Mauritius is an island nation in the Indian Ocean.


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Manufacturing of transportation equipment is a leading industry in Utah.


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Earth, our home planet, has oceans of liquid water, and continents that rise above sea level.


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Granite, an igneous rock, is formed mainly by the slow cooling of molten rock from deep inside the Earth's crust.


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Limestone, a sedimentary rock, forms when the mineral calcite from the shells of marine organisms hardens into rock.


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Flowing water erodes rocks, dissolving minerals and depositing them elsewhere.


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Glaciers scour valleys and flatten landscapes.


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Fossils provide clues about the history of life on Earth.


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The oldest materials on Earth are crystals of zircon, a hard, durable mineral.


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Precambrian rocks exposed on Earth's surface are often highly weathered.


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Paleozoic sandstones make up part of the rock formations in Monument Valley, Utah.


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Mesozoic chalk cliffs in Dover, England, formed under warm shallow seas during the Cretaceous Period, late in the Mesozoic.


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Cenozoic glaciers often carried huge rocks far from their place of origin.


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Layers of sedimentary rock called strata provide clues to Earth's history.


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Luge is a winter sport in which one or two competitors on a sled race down a banked, ice-covered course.


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Raphael's School of Athens shows a gathering of ancient Greek philosophers and scientists in a Roman architectural setting.


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The Hackney is one of the largest pony breeds.


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Pensacola Naval Air Station is on Pensacola Bay near the Gulf of Mexico.


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The Internet makes possible communication that reaches around the world.


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At a national political convention, delegates nominate their party's candidates for president and vice president.


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Remote control can be used to operate heavy machinery from a safe, quiet location.


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Students study in a library at Tsinghua University in Beijing.


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A hog farm generally keeps large numbers of hogs in clean, indoor environments.


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Racks of routers enable an online service to direct the queries of millions of customers to the correct Internet addresses.


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Craters cover the surface of the asteroid Eros.


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Ariel Sharon, the leader of the conservative Likud party, became prime minister of Israel in 2001.


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A prominence erupts from the sun's atmosphere, creating a handle-shaped loop that extends into space a distance equal to one-fourth of the solar diameter.


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Tim Berners-Lee is a British computer scientist who developed the World Wide Web.


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Girl Scouts is an organization that helps girls of different ages learn personal values and useful skills.


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Red Cross volunteers are prepared to help when disaster strikes, such as the tornado that destroyed this man's home.


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Damascus is Syria's capital and one of the country's main population and trade centers.


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The Spanish Civil War pitted conservative rebels, called Nationalists, against Spain's elected Republican government.


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A Syrian woman casts her vote during a presidential election.


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Many classical music composers have written their works to be played by symphony orchestras, sometimes accompanied by a chorus.


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Electronic music is composed with special electronic equipment.


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The Firebird is a ballet composed by Russian-born Igor Stravinsky.


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Helsinki, Finland's capital and largest city, stands at the southern tip of the country on the Gulf of Finland.


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The Aura River winds through Turku, Finland's oldest city.


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In a sauna, heat causes the body to perspire and relax.


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Sami reindeer herders work in the Upland District in northern Finland.


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Forestry and forest-products industries play an important role in Finland's economy.


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A mobile communications device is inspected at a plant in Salo, Finland.


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Finnish infantry troops on skis fought the invading Soviet army during the Winter War (1939-1940).


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The main parts of a hearing aid are shown in this diagram of a behind-the-ear aid.


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Downtown Detroit stands on the north bank of the Detroit River.


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Automobile manufacturing is Detroit's chief industry.


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Mailboxes, also called collection boxes or post boxes, are located alongside streets and inside buildings in many towns and cities.


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A letter carrier delivers the mail to its final destination.


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Moving conveyor belts at a central mail-processing facility carry the mail to a machine called an edger-feeder.


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A facer-canceler machine arranges the letters so they all face the same direction.


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A computerized optical character reader "reads" the address on each piece of mail.


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A bar code sorter receives the mail after the optical character reader.


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A postal service truck carries mail to other postal facilities nearer the mail's destination.


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Airmail is the fastest way to send letters and packages to distant places.


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At a destination airport, workers take the mail from the airplane and load it onto trucks.


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At the postal facility or sorting office, the mail is sorted and bundled for every local delivery route.


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A special postal service vehicle departs from a post office in the United Kingdom and carries the mail on its delivery route.


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The use of stagecoaches to deliver mail began in the 1700's and greatly improved the speed of postal services.


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Annika Sorenstam is a leading professional golfer.


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A basketball game takes place on a playground in Beijing.


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The Kalevala, Finland's national epic, is a collection of peasant songs, poems, and chants.


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The United States Coast Guard patrols the oceans in such vessels as the high-endurance cutter Mellon, shown here.


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A Coast Guard motor lifeboat battles rough water during a rescue.


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A Coast Guard transportable port security boat races into action.


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The Coast Guard uses an icebreaker to clear ice from a shipping lane.


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The Eagle, a sailing ship, is used by the United States Coast Guard Academy to train cadets.


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Coast Guard patrols enforce fishing regulations that help maintain fish populations.


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Navigational buoys serve as guides to vessels along coasts.


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Helicopters are often used in rescue operations.


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Coast Guard airplanes, such as this long-range aircraft, are used for search and rescue missions at sea.


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The cleanup of oil and chemical spills in U.S. waters is supervised and coordinated by the Coast Guard.


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Addis Ababa, the capital and largest city of Ethiopia, has many modern buildings.


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A typical Ethiopian village, such as this one in the north, consists of a number of round houses with thatched roofs.


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The spectacular Tisissat Falls is formed by waters of the Blue Nile River.


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Haile Selassie I ruled Ethiopia as emperor beginning in 1930.


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A coral reef glows with beautiful colors.


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A library network helps librarians deal with the rapid growth of information.


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Computers help librarians provide information.


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A search engine enables a user to locate Web sites related to a specified topic.


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A cloud of gas known as the Crab Nebula has been spreading out since it was thrown off by a star in a supernova explosion that Chinese astronomers observed in 1054.


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Spectacular colors appear in the Rosette Nebula, a cloud of hot gas about 3,000 light-years from Earth in the constellation Monoceros (the Unicorn).


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A cluster of young stars is located about 5,000 light-years from Earth toward the constellation Vela (the Sails).


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The black swan is a bird that lives in Australia.


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The blue-footed booby is a bird that lives along the coast of southern California.


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The greater flamingo is a large bird that lives in Africa, southern Asia and Europe, southern South America, and the West Indies.


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The herring gull is a large, white bird often seen at Atlantic ports and on inland waters.


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The pied avocet is a bird that inhabits much of Africa, Asia, and Europe.


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The male mallard duck has bright, green feathers on its head.


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The mute swan is the most common type of swan that lives in the Northern Hemisphere.


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Bobsledding is a winter sport for two-person and four-person sleds that race over an icy course with sharp turns and banked walls.


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At a post office, customers buy stamps, envelopes, and other postal supplies, send money orders, and register packages to be mailed.


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The delivery of mail is one of the main services provided by the United States Postal Service.


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An amphisbaenian has a long, wormlike body and tiny eyes.


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Antarctica's rugged coast features jagged mountain peaks and glacier-filled valleys.


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Precambrian time included almost all of Earth's first 4 billion years.


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McMurdo Station, a United States research base on Ross Island, has Antarctica's largest community.


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The Paleozoic Era saw the development of many kinds of animals and plants in the seas and on land.


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The Mesozoic Era was the Age of Dinosaurs.


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The Cenozoic Era included the Pleistocene Ice Age, when glaciers swept slowly across large areas before melting.


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Housing in Australia's cities includes many single-story dwellings and townhouses, such as these on the outskirts of Canberra.


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Computer and electronic equipment is New Mexico's leading manufactured product.


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The bonobo is one of the five major kinds of apes.


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A number of different types of equipment enable people to gain access to the Internet.


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Golden wheat fields, such as this one in New South Wales, are important to the Australian economy.


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Mars Global Surveyor studied the composition of the Martian surface, photographed the surface in detail, and measured its elevation.


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The planet Mars, like Earth, has clouds in its atmosphere and a deposit of ice at its north pole.


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The surface of Mars was sampled for signs of life by the Viking 2 lander in 1976.


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A virtual reality system can help a user to quickly experiment with interior design.


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The Valles Marineris system of valleys is about 2,500 miles (4,000 kilometers) long-roughly one-fifth the distance around the planet Mars.


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A sunset on Mars creates a glow due to the presence of tiny dust particles in the atmosphere.


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A curved, rodlike structure shown in the center of this photo has been referred to as a fossilized Martian creature by some scientists.


