# Flag File

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The American theater in 1933 was as full of paradoxes as a prep-school orchestra of saxophones. During the first half of the year our stage sank to the lowest depths in its history; during the second half it came bounding back full of life, at least ...


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The outstanding event of the year in Turkey was the celebration, on October 29, 30, and 31, of the tenth anniversary of the founding of the republic. Preparations had been going on for months in every city and village. Committees of the Republican ...


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On the last day of March, Uruguay was shaken by a revolution. Not since 1904 had there been such a political disturbance. President Gabriel Terra, who had been inaugurated President on March 1, 1931, felt his power over Congress slipping and in ...


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In contemplating Brazil's history it is always necessary to remember that, as in the United States, sectional movements have always played an important part. Brazil entered the year 1933 engrossed in efforts to recover from the sectional war which ...


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Chicago's second World's Fair, commemorating the one-hundredth anniversary of the city's incorporation as a municipality, opened May 27, 1933, and closed on November 12 of the same year, after attracting a greater total paid attendance than any ...


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In 1933, representatives of Great Britain and of the various dominions met at the British Commonwealth Conference in Toronto to exchange views as to ways and means of furthering the interests of the various parts of the British Empire.


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For one week, early in 1933, banking was at a standstill in the United States; no checks could be cashed, no money could be withdrawn, and few bills could be paid. This condition, which had come to a head as President Roosevelt was inaugurated on ...


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The beginning of 1933 witnessed the successful advance of a political movement in South Africa led by Tielman Roos, as eminent jurist, who believed that the Union should abandon the gold standard and that the party chieftains should cease from their ...


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The year 1934 opened with many scattered signs of economic and political unrest. The corn crop had been a failure and in the provincial elections for members of the national Chamber of Deputies the outs were trying to get in. ...


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In astronomical annals the year 1934 was memorable for the making of great glass disks for the mirrors of reflecting telescopes.


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Steady but not spectacular progress along the road to economic recovery was maintained in Australia during the year 1934, and fears of a possible setback were dispersed. The greatest factor in bringing back prosperity was the high price of wool, in ...


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In 1934, bloodshed, internal strife, and foreign intrigue within the borders of Austria almost plunged Europe into war.


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A year's operation of the 1934 models of automobiles led manufacturers to believe that bold changes in body design and front-spring construction had perhaps been a bit premature. The independent front wheel suspension has been retained in some makes, ...


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The death of Albert I on February 17 united Belgian political groups in a demonstration of affection for the man who had led them in the defense of their common country during the World War. Albert, accompanied only by a personal servant, had been ...


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When English walnuts are cured after picking, especially if they have been picked at the time most favorable to quality, some of the hulls adhere tightly to the kernels. Even though the hull is removed mechanically the nut remains discolored. D. G. ...


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A bloodless revolution on May 19 placed Bulgaria in the ranks of Fascist governments. A coalition cabinet under Nicholas Mushanoff had governed during the early part of the year. On May 14 Premier Mushanoff tendered his resignation after party ...


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Four hundred years ago Jacques Cartier sailed across the Atlantic, from the even then ancient port of Saint Malo, France, and passed through the Strait of Belle Isle into the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Cartier's arrival is properly regarded as the ...


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The work of Harold C. Urey, discoverer of deuterium, was recognized by the award of the Nobel Prize for 1934.


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The year was marked by an unusual number of books with an historical setting. Some of the books are dull, some are fairly readable, two or three stand out like jewels and any child would want to read them.


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For the first time in three years the Chilean government seemed less inclined to experiment with utopian economic and social reforms. President Alessandri, The Great Commoner, began in 1933 his new deal for Chile, and all Chileans hoped ...


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Early in 1934 there began in China an important nation-wide movement called the New Life. It is similar to the New Deal of the United States in that it owes its life and impetus to a strong personality who is also the actual head of the central ...


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On February 11, 1934, the people of Colombia elected as their new president the Liberal leader, Alfonso Lopez. The Conservatives refused either to name a candidate or to vote and Lopez was opposed only by the Communist faction. The new president did ...


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The earth, according to Sir James Jeans, is so old that if its story were imagined as a 500-page book, recorded history would make up no more than the last word and the Christian era little more than its last letter. Radio-active rocks from the ...


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Under the iron rule of Adolf Hitler and his Nazi party, Germany in 1934 continued to hold the center of the European stage. In the domestic life of the nation the Nazi process of transforming Germany into a state ruled absolutely by one man, which had ...


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The Englishman, viewing the world from his tight little island in 1934, found much to observe, to ponder, and even to dread. Dublin and Delhi Berlin and Vienna, Moscow and Marseilles, each brought its serious and even tragic news and at ...


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In recent years there has been increasing co-operation between the Balkan countries. The process resulted in the creation of a Balkan League through a treaty signed at Belgrade on February 4 by representatives of Greece, Turkey, Rumania, and ...


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Affairs in Guatemala continued in 1934 about as they had in 1933. In March President Ubico opened in his capital a secret meeting at which were representatives of all the Central American states except Panama. The discussion involved common Central ...


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A protectorate which the United States had maintained over Haiti for nineteen years was ended in 1934. On August 15 the last United States marines were withdrawn, two months ahead of the date specified in the agreement signed by the United States on ...


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Unemployment and how it was to end remained questions of vital concern to labor at the end of 1934. Heroic efforts on the part of the government to reduce the number of unemployed from the 1933 peak were successful only to a degree approximating ...


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The most important step in library progress in 1934 was national and state library planning under the leadership of the American Library Association. A Committee on National Planning, appointed by the president of the American Library Association, and ...


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American literature of 1934 might be likened to a landscape in which a generally level surface is broken by occasional pleasing heights but from which no towering peak thrusts itself aloft. An undistinguished year, 1934 lacked both books of ...


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The most important single medical observation during 1934 was probably the determination of the presence of antihormones in the human body. Antihormones are substances developed in the body. They oppose the hormones. Hormones are the active principles ...


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July, 1934, was the hottest month on record in the United States. There was a temperature excess of 3.2 o


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The events of outstanding interest and significance in Mexico during 1934 were the national elections on July 1 and the inauguration of a new president on November 30.


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The most interesting development of the year in motion pictures was the extraordinary rise and spread in the Roman Catholic Church of the Legion of Decency. Members of the Legion are pledged to boycott all indecent films. The Church ...


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The chief interest of paleontologists in recent years has been the uncovering of evidence concerning the development, environment, distribution, and habits of ancient man. In 1934 a new link in the evolutionary history of man and ape was announced by ...


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During 1934 the Permanent Court of International Justice, or World Court, sat for 120 days.


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This country entered the year in the midst of the controversy with Colombia over Leticia. As the year began both nations planned a renewal of fighting, but influences exerted by Brazil and by the League of Nations brought a peaceable solution of the ...


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The Hawes-Cutting Act granting independence to the Philippine Islands was not accepted by the Philippine legislature before January 17, the final date for acceptance.


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Discoveries and developments involving the principles of physics include the following:


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Evidence accumulated during 1934 suggests that the ongoing economic slump has impaired the health of many Americans.


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The dissatisfaction of the people of the island with Governor Gore caused his resignation in January, and President Roosevelt appointed as his successor Major General Blanton Winship, United States Army, retired, and former Judge Advocate General of ...


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There were in the United States at the outset of 1935 some 600 broadcasting stations, serving an audience of perhaps 80,000,000 persons; for the end of 1934 saw the American radio set population climb to about 19,000,000 and the United ...


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In 1934 the Bureau of Reclamation had under construction and operation in the western third of the United States thirty-eight irrigation and power projects and was investigating seven additional projects. Up to January 1, 1935, the Public Works ...


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Religion during 1934 was not noted so much for new, isolated, or individual events, as for the further development of movements which had already been under way during the preceding year.


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Deaths resulting from automobile accidents reached a new peak in 1934. Motor vehicles were responsible for injuries to about 1,278,000 persons, and the fatalities resulting from these accidents reached a total of 35,500. This was 4,000 more fatalities ...


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The forces of reaction continued to gain ground in the Spanish Republic in 1934. Driven to desperation because of the systematic undermining of the Republic, the parties of the Left took up arms in defense of their rapidly disappearing liberties. The ...


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In 1934 the most popular professional sport was again baseball, although professional football had a much larger following than ever before. In spite of the depression athletic events were well patronized. Winners in the major sporting events are ...


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During 1934 the Conservative party suffered further losses in Parliament, not only through the increased strength of the Social Democrats and the Farmers Union, but also through the rebirth of the old Liberal Party as the Peoples party. The Social ...


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On February 24 Jefferson Caffery was named United States ambassador to Cuba, replacing Sumner Welles. Meanwhile President Grau San Martin, who had succeeded Dictator Machado, resigned. The revolutionary junta


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On May 24, Thomas G. Masaryk, who was eighty-four years old on March 7, was elected president for a third term of seven years. He received 327 votes out of 418.


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The year 1934 brought to the Danish people many problems which, on the whole, were dealt with more successfully than had been those of 1933. The situation as to unemployment, though still disturbing, was relieved somewhat by an extensive system of ...


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More Americans went to school in 1934 than in any one previous year. If this army of educationall of the year's school-goers and their teacherscould have formed a parade, marching four abreast, 132 days and nights of continuous marching ...


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Has made less progress in ridding herself of old restrictions than have other countries of the former Ottoman empire. However, efforts were made during the year to meet the old indebtedness with paper money related to the pound sterling instead of to ...


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On January 26 the United States at last extended recognition to President Martinez who had been in office since late in 1931. He had not been recognized by the Hoover government because, in the opinion of the State Department, he held office under ...


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On the evening of February 6 a dense crowd completely blocked the Place de la Concorde in Paris. In the huge arena mingled delegations from various political organizations such as the royalist Camelots du Roi


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Eloquent comment on economic conditions in Hungary was furnished in October by a unique strike of coal miners near Pecs. In protest against low wages and working conditions, 1,200 miners refused for five days either to leave the pits or to accept ...


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India went through momentous times although she hardly once during the year made newspaper front-page copy. In November there was published by the British Parliament the Report of the Committee on Indian Constitutional Reform. A few months before had ...


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On June 18, 1934, President Roosevelt signed a bill which radically changes the historic Indian policy of the nation and puts a stop to further breaking up of Indian reservations.


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After the death of King Feisal in September, 1933, Iraq played a less prominent role in the Arabic-speaking world. The young king Ghazi, Feisal's successor, married his cousin on January 25. New cabinets were formed in January and August. New ...


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Corporative economy, declared Mussolini to the Italian Senate on January 13, 1934, is a respecter of the principle of private ownership. . . . Corporative economy is also a respecter of private initiative. . . . The Corporative ...


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The control of Japanese policy moved into firmer military hands when the cabinet of Admiral Makoto Saito resigned on July 3 and was replaced by that of Admiral Keisuke Okada. Five party men, three from the Seiyukai and two from Minseito, accepted the ...


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The chronicle of music in 1934 discloses no great changes in the conditions that existed in the previous year. This applies particularly to the United States, where, however, the gradual if almost imperceptible lifting of the economic depression has ...


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The world's state of mind is mirrored by the fact that staid, conservative Holland had serious riots during the summer and the foreign press gave but little space to the events. On July 7, drastic cuts in the dole went into effect and Amsterdam ...


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In 1934, New Zealand made some progress toward solving its financial and economic problems. Unemployment was below the 1933 peak and the demand for a dole was resisted. However, an extended system of public works was put into effect to take care of ...


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In February, 1933, General Sandino had agreed with President Sacasa to lay down his arms and live peaceably. Sandino had established in his mountain possessions a co-operative society operated on a collective basis. But Sandino had too many enemies to ...


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Two of the Nobel prizes for 1934 came to Americathose for chemistry and medicine.


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The Storthing met on January 12 and adjourned on June 29. The Labor party was the largest single group, lacking only a few votes of absolute majority. The session of the Storthing was a series of bitter conflicts between the laborites and the ...


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The Public Works of Art Project, launched by the government during the last weeks of 1933 to employ artists in the decoration of public buildings and parks, continued to be the most important art event of 1934 as it had been of 1933. Notwithstanding ...


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Again demonstrated its ability to remain calm amid the surrounding storms. The steadiness of the Swiss franc at or near its gold par throughout the year manifested the country's economic stability.


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Relations with France, the mandatory power, continued during 1934 to be the subject of chief concern in Syria.


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Although television, so far as the general public was concerned, may not seem to have made great progress in 1934, the men in the laboratories were active and accomplished much that will have a direct bearing upon home television.


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The year marked a return of vitality to the theater in New York City, but a continued loss of vigor in other parts of the country. Chicagoonce second only to New York in number of theaters and length of runsoften had not more than two ...


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The process of revising the manners and customs of the Turkish people was continued through 1934. In June Parliament voted that within two years every Turk must add to his personal name a family name. A later vote invited President Mustapha Kemal ...


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Two great problems of perennial interest in the Cape country are the relation of the Union to the British Kingdom and the policy to be adopted toward the colored races. Agitation for a republic, it was believed, would be brought to an end by the ...


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The year 1934, the second year of the second of the Soviet Five-Year plans, brought further relief from the strain of the drive for Socialism started in 1928. The Soviet Union by becoming a member of the League of Nations furthered its ...


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In June 1934, all of the twenty-one American republics except Peru had signed the South American antiwar treaty of nonaggression and conciliation. The United States was one of the signatory powers. The Aggression Definition Pact, signed in London in ...


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Champions of 1934 were: Heavyweight: Max Baer, Livermore, California.


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The following are champions of 1934: Agua Caliente Handicap: Gallant Sir.


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The following are champions of 1934: National Jumping, class A: Casper Oimoen, Minot, N. D.


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The following are champions of 1934: H-Y-P-D College Chess League: Yale and Princeton (tie).


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The year 1934 saw a number of discoveries and inventions related to food production, preparation, and preservation.


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The sweeping congressional victory of the Democrats in November was filled with spectacular incidents. One feature of the election attracted nationwide interestthe defeat of Upton Sinclair, radical Socialist who ran on the Democratic ticket for ...


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The following are tennis champions of 1934:


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Banks and bankers were confronted in 1934 by conditions in sharp contrast to those of the preceding twelve months. In 1933, there had been many failures, widespread loss of confidence, and a national banking moratorium. In 1934 deposits rose an ...


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Under the public works program during 1934 the federal government was more than ever the main or sole support of major engineering projects in the United States. Among the more important projects begun or completed during the year were the following:


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The year 1934 presented the strange phenomenon of an increase of purchasing power and a revival of confidence in the face of growing unemployment. More money was spent at Christmas time this year than in any year since 1929.


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In England, and to a lesser degree in America, poets and readers of poetry have spent much time in discussion of Wystan Auden and Stephen Spender, two British poets whose works have been already interpreted and admired by a group which professes to ...


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The year 1935 witnessed the flight of the China Clipper


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The first discovery in America of stone spear points and bones of extinct bison was on a ranch near Folsom, New Mexico, in 1926, from which spear points of this type are called Folsom points. Since that date many Folsom points have been found with ...


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Archaeologists were busy in every part of the world in 1935, so we can do little more than mention a few of their interesting discoveries. Modern cultivators of the date palm practice artificial pollination to insure a good yield of fruit, yet this is ...


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Among the developments of 1935 in the field of botany, the following are interesting and important:


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Politically the year was turbulent. In an attempt to end the military dictatorship, King Boris forced the resignation of Premier Kimon Gueorgieff on January 22. A new government was instituted on the same day with the former war minister, Petko ...


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The year 1935 was filled with political and economic events of importance.


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The Nobel Prize in chemistry for 1935 was awarded to Frederick Joliot and his wife, Irene Joliot-Curie, for their joint discovery of artificial radioactivity and the production of such new radioactive elements. This is the first instance when this ...


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The year produced many more books than usual for children. Jackets were brilliant and there were more colored illustrations. The Newbery medal for 1935 was awarded to Dobry


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Chile enjoyed increasing prosperity, and considerable attention was devoted to improving agrarian conditions. In February President Arturo Alessandri approved a Colonization Law which enables individuals to acquire land south of the Bio Bio River and ...


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The National Government crowned its years of campaign against the Communists with success. Early in the year Government troops dislodged the Communists in Central China and drove them toward the southwest. The Communists were by no means entirely ...


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In January Maximilian Hernandez Martinez was re-elected President as the result of political bargaining. At this time there were no other candidates, whereas in the 1931 election, when Martinez was first chosen, there were seven candidates. Throughout ...


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The celebration of the Fourteenth of July, France's National Day, showed the deep conflict of opinion which has divided France ever since the riotous Sixth of February, 1934.


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Important studies and events in geology included the following topics.


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On March 16, 1935, Adolf Hitler, Leader and Chancellor of Germany, announced to the world that the Reich would no longer observe the military clauses of the Treaty of Versailles. That announcement overshadowed all other German issues of the year, ...


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The year 1935 saw the celebration of three interesting British anniversaries. On January 1 the entire nation took note of the fact that its most famous and influential newspaper, the Times,


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A revolt broke out on March 1, headed by the old statesman Eleutherios Venizelos and General Nicholas Plastiras, and directed against the Government of President Alexander Zaimis and Premier Panayoti Tsaldaris. Troops in Athens, five warships, and ...


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Dictator-President Jorge Ubico continued his rule. An agreement with Japan during the summer waived tariff surcharges on Japanese goods and made entrance into the country easier for Japanese commercial travelers, transient tourists, and persons who ...


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Rebirth of confidence among the American people was the outstanding fact of the year. A serious and active citizenship expressed continued faith in President Roosevelt through congressional elections which proved a sweeping victory for the Chief ...


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In December, 1933, President Vicente Gomez had celebrated the twenty-fifth anniversary of his seizure of the Venezuelan government. He began the new year with a balanced budget and a treasury surplus of more than $13,000,000. During 1934 the country ...


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The close financial ties between France and Yugoslavia were illustrated by charges in the Yugoslav parliament early in the year that members of the cabinet were involved in the Stavisky affairs.


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Among the interesting and important developments in the field of zoology the year produced the following:


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New leaders and new constitutions marked the biggest change in Latin American politics in 1934. Perhaps the biggest news was the adoption of a new constitution in Brazil.


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Champions of 1934: American League, Detroit Tigers.


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Winner of the Indianapolis 500-mile race was Bill Cummings of Indianapolis, Indiana.


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Recovery from the great depression became a reality for American agriculture in 1934, notwithstanding the fact that the year brought the worst drought ever recorded in this country.


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At the beginning of the year the people of Brazil were in the midst of an exciting discussion about the form and content of a new constitution which was finally promulgated July 16. The new constitution like the old one provides for a federal republic ...


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By the end of its second season, Chicago's world's fair, the "Century of Progress," had established a number of records unique in the history of international expositions. It was the first exposition to finance its building and operations without ...


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This was a year of anniversaries in Canada. Toronto, with an elaborate series of pageants and ceremonies running through much of the summer, celebrated its hundredth birthday as an incorporated town. The history of the city, however, goes back to a ...


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Architecture in 1935 followed in the main the trends indicated in recent years. Modernism, however, made significant gains in most countries.


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Generally speaking, economic affairs improved during the year, while political conditions grew worse. Prosperity and criticism of the Government developed together. The central Government attempted to gain greater control over the provincial ...


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A review of the accumulated data on the eccentricities of the orbits of double stars indicates that the age of the universe is about ten trillion years. This favors the so-called long time scale. Other estimates vary from ten billion to ...


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Sound government and steady progress were recorded in Australia during 1935.


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Despite pessimistic prophecies at the beginning of the year that a Nazi government would rule in Vienna before December, Austrian independence appeared more secure at the year's end. Chancellor Kurt Schuschnigg and Prince Ernst Ruediger von ...


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One of the significant innovations in automobile merchandising in 1935 was the advance announcement of new models. The New York show, held fully three months ahead of traditional schedule, helped to stimulate the winter sale of new cars and alleviate ...


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In the early part of 1935, Belgium was in a state of social unrest due to economic and financial conditions. There were demonstrations of the unemployed when Parliament convened on January 29. In an attempt to bolster Belgian commerce, the government ...


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President Alfonso Lopez, who entered office in 1934, proved very popular with the mass of people by taking their side against the capitalists and big business. As a result, large landowners, agriculturists, industrialists, and capitalists organized ...


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Unrest continued throughout the year. Early in 1935 revolutionary groups began to destroy sugar and sugar machinery and on January 16 the Government suspended constitutional guarantees for ninety days in order to combat this movement. All persons ...


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Two important elections took place during the year. The term of the Chamber of Deputies elected in 1929 expired and a new Chamber was elected on May 19. The Senate was elected a week later. The government coalition of six parties lost slightly and was ...


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In the spring of 1935 two events occurred to which the Danish people had looked forward with great interest: the completion of a great bridge and the marriage of the Crown Prince. The bridge that now spans the Little Belt is the greatest engineering ...


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As armies of war marched in many other countries during 1935, a peace army of education larger than that of any previous year marched in the United States. The United States Office of Education reported the following figures on the 1935 march for ...


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The keynote of the year for Egyptian political life was struck when at Cairo on January 8 and 9 the Wafd or Nationalist party for the first time in four years held a grand rally with about 30,000 members in attendance. Nahas Pasha was confirmed as ...


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On March 28 Haiti and the United States signed a reciprocal trade agreement in which the former Government promised to reduce tariffs on thirteen products of the United States, including lard, auto tires and tubes, and radios. The United States agreed ...


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In June, 1934, President Roosevelt created the Committee on Economic Security to study problems relating to the economic security of individuals. The Committee found that sickness is one of the main causes of insecurity and of family ...


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Control of Hungary moved more completely into the power of Premier Julius Goemboes during 1935. He maneuvered resignations and revamped his cabinet on March 4. Parliament convened on March 5, but was immediately dissolved by a Regent's decree. The ...


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India was not often in the headlines in 1935, and yet Sir Frederick Sykes said recently that peace and the future of India are the greatest and most momentous issues with which the world today has to deal. And India in 1935 has known ...


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Tribal reorganization was the chief concern of American Indians in 1935. The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 makes possible for Indians who choose to accept its provisions a new program of land acquisition, land management, and tribal government. It ...


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Important events in Iran (formerly Persia) during 1935 were largely cultural and economic. In general Iran follows Turkey at a distance of about ten years. An Iranian Linguistic Academy was founded on May 20, having among its twelve aims the ...


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Great advances were made during the year in elucidating the chemistry of the so-called hormones, as well as in isolating the vitamins in pure form. Vitamin E was isolated as an inorganic substance by Herbert M. Evans of California. Its uses in human ...


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During 1935 the science of meteorology seemed to be chiefly concerned with the conquest of the stratosphere.


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Events in Mexico in 1935 centered largely around the political situation. A tenseness which bordered at times upon the revolutionary gripped the country during much of the year. Abortive revolutionary movements headed by political discontent in nine ...


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Nothing happened in the motion picture world of 1935 as exciting as the campaign of the League of Decency in the previous year. Perhaps because of that campaign the producers in 1935 took refuge in revivals of costume plays, Dickens, and even ...


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It cannot be said that 1935 has been an eventful year in music, unless the slow and yet certain improvement in the financial condition of concert and opera enterprises and of institutions devoted to musical education can be considered eventful. Such ...


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The Government teetered on the brink of devaluation for several months, but still adhered to the gold standard. The Catholic party caused the Colijn Cabinet to resign on July 26. Four days later the political and financial crises ended under a ...


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The year 1935 brought the Philippine people a stage nearer to the attainment of their dream of political independence. During the year the constitution was adopted, first elections were held, and the new Commonwealth government was formally ...


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Developments in the field of physics included the following:


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Two events of far-reaching importance occurred in 1935. On April 23 Poland adopted a new constitution; on May 12 Marshal Josef Pilsudski died. Pilsudski had been largely responsible for the resurrection of Poland as an independent nation, and for many ...


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Parliament convened for the first time since 1926 on January 11. President Oscar Caroma was re-elected without opposition on February 17.


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1935 was a year of great encouragement to health authorities in the United States. Health conditions remained generally satisfactory and showed some unusually favorable signs. In addition, the Social Security Actwhich became a Federal law in ...


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During 1935 opposition toward Governor Blanton Winship steadily grew, led largely by the Liberal newspaper, El Imparcial,


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The year 1935, only the fifteenth since the founding of modern radio broadcasting, was notable more as an augury of what is to come (particularly in the fields of television, facsimile transmission and reception, and ultra-short wave broadcasting) ...


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The policy of M. Damieu de Martel, High Commissioner for the French Mandate in Syria, of political repression and economic encouragement, was maintained steadily through 1935. Under the surface was much political ferment. A meeting at the Mosque of ...


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The big news in television during 1935, and the most encouraging to those people who are anticipating television entertainment in their homes, was the announcement in May that the Radio Corporation of America had laid plans for a million-dollar ...


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The year 1935 in the theater was marked by a decided return of interest and prosperity. The first plays of the year to attract attention were The Petrified Forest,


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At the primary elections in January Turkish women voted for the first time in full equality with men. In the secondary elections on February 8 seventeen women were chosen in a total of 399 deputies to the Assembly.


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Progress and a considerable measure of prosperity marked 1935. The year began with a surplus of $10,000,000 in the national treasury; the railways operated at a profit; and unemployment showed material improvement.


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The Soviet Union entered the year 1935 impressed by the assassination of Kirov, one of its outstanding leaders. Executions of class enemies already under arrest before the assassination and therefore in no way connected with it, pointed to ...


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Mighty forces of opposing national policies stirred the American nation in 1935.


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The pipe line from the Mosul oil fields to the Mediterranean Sea was opened formally at Kirkuk on January 14 by King Ghazi. Iraq was already receiving about $1,500,00 per year in advance royalties. The Government considered a five-year plan to use the ...


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Early in October, 1935, the world received the message it had long expectedItaly had begun its invasion of Ethiopia. Mussolini was waging an aggressive war to distract his people from Italy's domestic situation, to gain raw materials needed by ...


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War, wrote Mussolini in the Italian Encyclopedia,


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Premier Keisuke Okada remained at the helm during 1935, while but two major changes occurred in the cabinet. General Y. Kawashima became Minister of War and K. Mochidzuki Minister of Communications. The latter, a former member of the Seiyukai, Japan's ...


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Laws and decisions of primary rank were the most important labor topics in 1935.


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The Second International Congress of Libraries and Bibliography, Madrid, May 20-29, and the International Institute of Documentation, Copenhagen, September 2-14, were attended by a large number of librarians from the United States and Canada. ...


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The year was singularly barren of distinguished works. Little emerged that is likely to have long life, or even to be remembered after a brief period. Perhaps life itself is too confusing, the problems of the moment too pressing, for that quiet and ...


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The November elections imparted a new tinge to the Dominion's history by putting the Labor party into power for the first time. Party platforms concurred on most issues, but the coalition Government was defeated by Labor's demand for complete state ...


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Comparative peace continued throughout the year, save for a few minor political disturbances. In September the United States Collector General of Nicaraguan Customs reported the public debt to be slightly more than $8,000,000, and that interest and ...


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America did not share in the 1935 Nobel prize awards.


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The municipal elections in the fall of 1934 showed a marked increase in the strength of the Labor party which renewed its attacks on the Government when the Storthing met early this year. Before long the Labor and Farmer parties joined issues and thus ...


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Painting showed a number of new tendencies during the year.


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The paleontology of man's relatively recent ancestors was again a live subject in 1935.


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Only two cases, both of relatively minor importance, were brought before the World Court during the year. They came from the League's Council in the form of requests for advisory opinions.


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General economic conditions steadily improved because the Government's policy represented the conservative business interests. The great mass of the people, however, seemed no better off at the end of the year than at the beginning.


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The United States Bureau of Reclamation in 1935 had thirty-six irrigation and power projects under construction and twelve additional projects on an operation and maintenance basis. Funds amounting to about $175,000,000 allotted under the National ...


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The year 1935 was one of many notable events in the religious world.


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The outstanding development in the national safety movement during 1935 was a sharp focusing of attention on the traffic accident problem. The appalling facts concerning automobile accidents were given publicity as never before, and federal, state, ...


Description:
The year 1935 was the most barren in the history of the Spanish Republic. Ministries rose and fell with bewildering rapidity, for none could command parliamentary confidence.


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The year 1935 was the most notable since 1929 for record-breaking performances, sensational comebacks, and a pronounced shift in title-holders. Winners in major sporting and athletic events are listed below:


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At the close of the year Sweden was in the best condition for many years. Crops had been good, a building boom was in progress, very little unemployment was reported, the Social-Democratic government was firmly in power and no political strife was ...


Description:
A referendum asking for huge Government relief expenditures was rejected on June 2. The Government's firm monetary policy was thus indirectly upheld. The proposal of a new federal constitution was voted down on September 8. A proposal entailing a ...


Description:
The constitution adopted by Uruguay in 1934 did not meet the country's needs, and it made enemies for President Gabriel Terra who was interested in stimulating government economic activities on a wide scale. In the last week of January a revolt on the ...


Description:
For several years past rumors of the death of President Vicente Gomez have arisen at intervals. Finally, one rumor proved to be true, for the President died on December 17, 1935, at the age of seventy-eight. His immediate successor was Secretary of ...


Description:
Political tumult marked the year. The dictatorship held on with tenacity, despite oft-repeated promises of dissolution. Several persons were killed and many wounded by government party watchers at the free elections on May 5. Charges and ...


Description:
Among the interesting developments in 1935 were the following:


Description:
Economic conditions improved throughout 1935. Latin American countries initiated trade agreements with one another and with the United States to help improve business conditions and bring in more foreign money.


Description:
Winner of the Indianapolis 500-mile race was Kelly Petillo of Huntington Park, California.


Description:
American agriculture in 1935 earned more money than it did in 1934, and increased its production of crops, though not of livestock. It continued, through increased rural buying, to stimulate city industry and trade. Mainly as an aftermath of the ...


Description:
Economic conditions improved considerably during the year. On February 2 a trade agreement was signed in Washington in which the United States agreed to allow a 50 per cent reduction on imported manganese ore, Brazil nuts, castor beans, and other ...


Description:
In 1936, one of the most significant expositions in history will commemorate one hundred years of Texan independence. The romantic history of the only state in the Union ever to have been recognized by foreign countries as an independent nation will ...


Description:
Commemorating four centuries of progress in the West, the 1935 World's Fair in San Diego, officially named the California Pacific International Exposition, opened on May 29 and closed on November 11, Armistice Day. Its site was 1400-acre ...


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Banks in 1935 were confronted by a variety of problems allied with the further recovery of business, the flight of panicky funds from Europe to this country, and the desire of the administration at Washington for new banking legislation.


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The year 1936 was for the different portions of Arabia a time of peace and of progress toward Arab unity and modernization. The Italian aggression in Abyssinia and the steady pressure of English influence increased the native trend toward cultural, ...


Description:
Research of 1936 delved into remote periods of human history.


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The outstanding trend in American architecture during 1936 was the revival of privately financed construction which had lagged so lamentably during the depression. Most of this gain was made in the residential and commercial classes, although public ...


Description:
Economic and political life continued to improve during the year. National affairs, however, were overshadowed by the convening at Buenos Aires on December 1 of the Inter-American Conference for the Maintenance of Peace, suggested by President ...


Description:
In 1936, B. J. Bok of Harvard estimated that the age of the universe is not more than twenty billion years. This figure contrasts sharply with the estimate of ten trillion years reported a year earlier by Sir James Jeans.


Description:
Australia's conquest of the depression now is practically complete, following a record of steady, peaceful progress during 1936.


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Both in domestic and foreign affairs, 1936 was a year of relative stability in Austria. Important developments took place, but unlike preceding years European peace was not bound up directly with events in Austria.


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On February 3, railway workers on several Government lines struck, demanding higher wages and the reinstatement of several officials. The Government refused their demands and began to run the roads with army men. On February 28, a group of retired ...


Description:
The Republic of China began its Silver Jubilee year with the following message from Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek: I firmly believe in the salvation of the nation and the regeneration of the Chinese people, and in these I firmly believe there is ...


Description:
During the year Colombia enjoyed growing economic prosperity and political progress. On August 1 the constitution of 1886, which had been amended many times, was again amended by the addition of thirty-five articles which modified or annulled ...


Description:
On January 10 national elections, the first since 1928, were held and women voted for the first time. The successful candidate was Miguel Mariano Gomez, who took office in May after visiting the United States in April. During the election a large ...


Description:
President Benes, who as Foreign Minister had worked earnestly for peace, placed emphasis on preparedness. He paid special attention to his duties as commander-in-chief of the armed forces. Czechoslovakia maintained its defensive alliances with France ...


Description:
Serious conflicts in Danish industry marked the opening of 1936. February began with threats of strikes and lockouts and by the middle of March 150,000 laborers were idle. Trade was paralyzed and heavy losses were suffered on every side. Attempts at ...


Description:
On January 20, in his Norfolk residence at Sandringham, George V died after a reign of nearly twenty-six years. The British people looked upon George as a good if not a great king. King George was a modest, well-intentioned man who sought at all times ...


Description:
Greek political life, regularly tumultuous and changeable, remained true to type during seven months of 1936, after which it was mastered and controlled by General John Metaxas, who turned leaves in the books of Mussolini and Hitler, especially the ...


Description:
On April 24 the United States and Guatemala signed a reciprocal trade convention, effective June 15. The United States granted tariff reductions up to 50 per cent on certain exports, while Guatemalan coffee, bananas, cabinet woods, and raw deerskin ...


Description:
Complications expected upon the death of Premier Julius Goemboes, in October, failed to materialize. Deputy Premier Koloman Daranyi became Premier, and the kingdom without a king continued on the general course charted by Goemboes, who could but ...


Description:
On the surface, India has had one more quiet year. The new Viceroy, Lord Linlithgow, took office in the spring. It is his duty to put into effect the new constitution which is to give India a much larger share in her own government and, internally, ...


Description:
It is now possible to say with some assurance that the India is not a vanishing race. Indian population in the United States is apparently increasing. The 1936 figures show a total of 334,013, an increase of 3,152 over the preceding year. ...


Description:
Champions of 1935 were: Heavyweight: James J. Braddock, New York City.


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The following are champions of 1935: American Derby: Black Helen.


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The following are champions of 1935: National Jumping, class A: Roy Mikkelsen, Auburn, Calif.


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The following are champions of 1935: H-Y-P-D College Chess League: Harvard.


Description:
The year 1935 saw a number of discoveries and inventions related to food production, preparation, and preservation.


Description:
President Franklin D. Roosevelt started the year with everything apparently in his control but before the twelve months had elapsed he had suffered several extraordinary defeats. Yet he had received the largest vote of confidence ever given an ...


Description:
The following are tennis champions of 1935:


Description:
President Roosevelt started 1935 with everything apparently in his control but before the twelve months had elapsed he had suffered several extraordinary defeats. Yet he had received the largest vote of confidence ever given an American President in ...


Description:
The Federal Government continued its lead in the field of engineering projects during 1935. The year was one of notable achievement in all parts of the United States, as well as in other countries. Among the many important undertakings, the following ...


Description:
An almost uninterrupted advance was scored by general business activity in the period from May to the close of 1935. The year as a whole went into the records as the first in which sustained recovery was witnessed since the curve of business activity ...


Description:
During the year mining engineers successfully burned coal underground for its gas content. Following a method suggested years ago by Sir William Ramsey, the experiments have been carried out in Siberia, and in North Caucasia. Shafts are sunk in order ...


Description:
Little of importance appeared in in the field of poetry. The latest sensation in England has been the work of the poets Wystan Hugh Auden, Stephen Spender, and Cecil Day-Lewis, difficult poetry which somehow has usurped the attention of the critics ...


Description:
Significant aircraft developments during 1936 included the regular use of 40-passenger flying boats and 14-passenger sleeper planes. Aviation took two different trends, however. In the United States the tendency was toward larger, faster, and more ...


Description:
There may be no new tribes of savages left to be discovered, except a possible few in parts of Australia, New Guinea, and South America; but there are a considerable number of such tribes about which there is no accurate printed information. Late in ...


Description:
The year 1936 was a good one for the automotive industry. With production below normal during the depression year just past, not only has the number of vehicles in use actually declined, but many vehicles are still in use that normally would have been ...


Description:
With the general elections in May, Fascism gained another toehold in Europe and Socialism made appreciable strides. The Socialists forged ahead with a strong majority in the Chamber of Deputies, due to the fact that they lost fewer seats than the ...


Description:
In the plant world, the following were important items of the year 1936:


Description:
Although threatened by difficulties at times, the country survived another year under its temporary non-political setup. King Boris clung tenaciously to his avowed purpose of a constitutional and democratic government.


Description:
Domestic events in Canada in 1936 were completely overshadowed by certain outstanding incidents in which the country was concerned as a member of the British Commonwealth of Nations. First of these was the death of King George V in January, and the ...


Description:
The Nobel prize in chemistry for 1936 was awarded to Peter Joseph Wilhelm Debye, a research scientist. He is a professor at the University of Berlin and is director of the chemistry division of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute. He was honored especially ...


Description:
The year 1936 in children's literature has been marked by the publication of some particularly distinguished and colorful picture books which appeal not only to the small child but to the collector.


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As business improved in the United States during 1936, so did the picture of American education appear brighter than for the past few years. No states received Federal emergency funds to keep school doors open; thousands of new school buildings were ...


Description:
Egypt in 1936 proceeded triumphantly through stages of campaigning and election, and the negotiation, signature, and ratification of a treaty with England, to a distinctly superior degree of independence. Both countries were disposed to conciliation ...


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Like several other Central American states, El Salvador suffered from political unrest during the year. Early in November the Government announced that a revolutionary plot had been discovered and the leader executed. During the summer the Government ...


Description:
The year 1936 marked an important turn in French politics. For the first time in thirty years the power was taken by a Leftist Government, composed only of Socialists, and Radical-Socialists.


Description:
During the year 1936 interesting scientific data concerning the ocean floor was secured and important geologic results of the second Byrd expedition to Antarctica were published.


Description:
In 1936, the fourth year of Adolf Hitler's dictatorship, Germany continued to concentrate her energies on the re-establishment of her former military might. The whole life of the nationpolitical, social, economicwas directed toward the ...


Description:
Peace and a steady but cautious governmental pressure toward modernization characterized the year. The liberation of women from wearing heavy veils in public and from other restrictions made rapid progress. In January, an association of young Iranian ...


Description:
Left free by the British Government since the treaty of 1927 came into force, Iraq has moved toward economic stability and cultural advance among the Arabs of the peninsula. During 1936, military instructors and teachers were sent to the Yemen and ...


Description:
At the close of the year 1935, Marshal Badoglio succeeded general de Bono as Commander-in-Chief of the Italian forces in Ethiopia. However, he had but a short time to prepare any offensive before the little rains set in. Yet Badoglio, one ...


Description:
When on May 5, 1936, the news reached Italy that Marshal Badoglio and his troops had marched in triumph into Addis Ababa, Mussolini said, I announce to the Italian people and to the world, peace has been established. It is not without emotion, ...


Description:
The general election on February 20 appeared to offer popular resistance to the control of the militarists over the Government which has existed since the Manchurian expedition began in 1931. In the House of Representatives, the Seiyukai (the party ...


Description:
Congress and the courts in 1936 continued to furnish headline items in the field of labor.


Description:
Economic improvement was the keynote of Queen Wilhelmina's annual speech to Parliament when it convened on September 15. Industrial gains, at home as well as in the colonies, indicated no further debt increases.


Description:
The Dominion's first Labor Government got well under way during 1936. Premier Michael Savage marshaled various bills and fired them through Parliament with machine-gun speed and precisionthe bull's-eye being fulfillment of election promises that ...


Description:
On March 11 the United States and Nicaragua signed a trade agreement (proclaimed September 1) in which the latter country granted tariff reductions on nine items and promised not to increase tariffs on fifteen items including industrial machinery, ...


Description:
Three Americans were honored by Nobel prize awards in 1936.


Description:
A tragic event occurred on September 13 when a mass of rock, perhaps a million tons, slid into Lake Loen in South-western Norway. The slide produced a gigantic wave which swept the neighboring farms, hamlets, and villages, destroyed property to the ...


Description:
Germany was host to the Olympic Games of 1936. An Olympic Village, built on a 365-acre tract at Doeberity, Berlin, was the focal point of the $40,000,000 show which drew 4,500,000 spectators. A torch lighted at Olympia, Greece, was carried more than a ...


Description:
Government subsidy of art continued to be a center of interest and controversy. Exhibitions giving the taxpayers a chance to pass on the work of the two Government projectsthe one under the Treasury Department and the other under the Works ...


Description:
The study of evidence of prehistoric man was of absorbing interest again in 1936.


Description:
To many an observer, the World Court in 1936 presented the spectacle of twelve learned jurists engaged in polite and erudite but futile discussions while striving to seem oblivious to Italy's actions in Ethiopia, Japan's maneuvering in China, and a ...


Description:
The economic situation in Peru continue to improve during the year, and in September it was announced that the export tonnage of the country for the first six months of 1936 was the highest since 1929, the peak year. Among the exports were petroleum ...


Description:
On November 15, the Commonwealth rounded out its first year toward becoming an autonomous state. The smoothness with which the change to self-government was accomplished elicited high praise. True to prediction, but with widespread consent and ...


Description:
The Nobel prize in physics for 1936 was awarded jointly to V. G. Hess of the University of Innsbruck, Austria, and Carl D. Anderson of the California Institute of Technology. Hess was named for his monumental work with cosmic rays, and Anderson for ...


Description:
Throughout the recent history of Poland, domestic and foreign policies have been largely conditioned by the fact that the nation is situated geographically between Germany and Russia.


Description:
Mutiny on two fleet ships, in September, precipitated the organization of a civilian army. Imbued with Fascist tendencies, Premier Salazar patterned his new Portuguese Legion after similar groups in Germany and Italy.


Description:
The century-old conflict between the Lefts (workers and liberals) and the Rights (monarchists, clericals, and wealthy land-owners) eventually culminated, on July 17, 1936, in bloody civil war, the most cruel and destructive in Spanish history, and, ...


Description:
During the year the Olympic Games were staged in Germany, surpassing all previous Olympics. In the general field of sports, 1936 was a golden year with practically every branch of sport popular. Winners in the major sporting and athletic events are ...


Description:
The third Labor administration Sweden ended its term of office on June 12, 1936, as the result of a dispute in the Riksdag between proponents of increased expenditures for armament and those who believed that the money could be better spent on higher ...


Description:
On September 26, the Swiss Federal Council devaluated the Swiss currency by 30 per cent. The Swiss franc had been on the gold standard since 1850. The immediate cause for this decision was the devaluation of the French franc, which took place at the ...


Description:
For the Syrian and the Lebanese peoples, as for Egypt, the year 1936 was largely occupied with the negotiation of treaties with great European Powers, which promised a larger independence and admission to the League of Nations.


Description:
The return of partial prosperity in 1936 was reflected in theatrical business during the winter and spring, especially on the road. This prosperity continued to increase on the road during the fall, and some cities enjoyed their best season in a ...


Description:
A national library agency in the United States Office of Education was established in 1936 with an appropriation of $25,000. The American Library Association recommended the establishment of such an agency in its national plan for library service in ...


Description:
In 1936, literature showed variety rather than any specialized trend.


Description:
The outstanding achievements of the year were the development of protamine insulinate and crystalline zinc insulin to be used in the treatment of diabetes; new surgical procedures relating to the sympathetic nervous system; a drug called mandelic ...


Description:
The weather for 1936 presented an unusual number of extremes and contrasts.


Description:
The year 1936 was characterized by a series of strikes not devoid of political significance, and by the extensive distribution of lands by the Government in pursuance of the agrarian policy of President Cardenas. The final expulsion, in April, of ...


Description:
Returning prosperity was reflected in the motion pictures. At the end of 1936 there were estimated to be over 14,000 theaters operating in the United States and the studios were busy. As nearly all of these theaters change their programs at least ...


Description:
Economic conditions in America during 1936 were more favorable to music than they had been for several years. In the first half of the year the production of pianos was 300 per cent over that of the same period in 1933, and 45 per cent over the entire ...


Description:
The year 1936 will probably be notable in public health history for two events which promise to have far-reaching effects: first, the health activities, made possible by the Social Security Act, which got under way early in the year; second, a ...


Description:
In January, United States Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes visited the island and on his return states that the sugar interests had become too powerful and had violated the 1900 law forbidding corporate ownership of more than 500 acres of ...


Description:
After the steady progress of 1935, all branches of the radio industry enjoyed a boom in 1936. It was the sixteenth year of broadcasting. The passing of that milestone signaled the end of seven lean years caused by the business depression which struck ...


Description:
The United State Bureau of Reclamation in 1936 had available for expenditure $135,000,000 for the construction of 36 irrigation projects, some involving flood control and power development; also for investigations of possible projects in 12 Western ...


Description:
The religious situation of 1936 was marked by apparent progress along many lines.


Description:
At the beginning of 1936, the National Safety Council inaugurated a five-year plan to cut traffic deaths 35 per cent by the end of 1940. State, municipal, and private agencies have joined in this campaign, which, if successful, will mean a saving of ...


Description:
For Turkey the year 1936 was remarkably quiet, with good crops at increasing prices, and substantial progress in industry, railroads, buildings, and trade. Two important episodes marked foreign relations: a new settlement of the Straits question, and ...


Description:
The city of Johannesburg which in 1886 was not even a townsite is now a bustling municipality of 400,000 inhabitants. Its golden anniversary was celebrated in October with a great imperial fair, the greatest since that held at Wembley a dozen years ...


Description:
During 1936 the Soviet Union maintained the upward curve of economic development which had characterized the previous year. According to Soviet statistics, industrial outputwith a few conspicuous exceptions, notably coalshowed a rise of 30 ...


Description:
In the most thoroughly contested election campaign ever held in the United States, in which the issues were carried to the voters by every means of communication known to modern propaganda, Franklin Delano Roosevelt and the New Deal were given an ...


Description:
Because of the dispute in December, 1935, between Uruguay and Russia, and the breaking off of diplomatic relations between the two countries, the Soviet trading agency in January, 1936, began to liquidate its affairs and go out of business. This body ...


Description:
During the year, Venezuela demonstrated how it is possible for a Latin-American state to make a successful and peaceful transition from dictatorship to democracy. In April G&omez' successor, Lopez Contreras, became President to serve for a full term ...


Description:
The following are champions of 1936: Arlington Classic: Granville.


Description:
The following are champions of 1936: National cross-country: Carl Sundquist, Minneapolis.


Description:
The following are champions of 1936: H-Y-P-D College Chess League: Harvard.


Description:
The year 1936 saw a number of discoveries and inventions related to food production, preparation, and preservation.


Description:
The following are tennis champions of 1936:


Description:
Outstanding among the events of importance to agriculture in 1936 was the decision of the United States Supreme Court invalidating production control under the Agricultural Adjustment Administration. This law authorized the Federal Government to help ...


Description:
The year 1936 saw further progress toward normal conditions in the field of banking. Deposits increased. Commercial borrowings and earnings rose moderately. Failures were few and relatively unimportant. Changes authorized by the 1935 banking act went ...


Description:
The year 1936 witnessed the completion of great bridges, highways, subways, and reservoirs. It saw many other projects progressing or initiated. Among the most important enterprises are the following:


Description:
The business machine was running more smoothly and rapidly toward the close of 1936 than at any time since 1929.


Description:
During the course of the year the coal industry advanced toward recovery with most bituminous mines doing reasonably well by taking advantage of new equipment, and of greater efficiencies resulting from new production methods. The anthracite industry, ...


Description:
On the whole, 1936 seems to have been an undistinguished year for poetry. After the death of A. E. Housman, to whom critics have accorded one of the most distinguished places in contemporary English poetry, appeared a volume called More Poems.


Description:
Progress in setting up regular flying-boat services across oceans marked the most significant development during 1937. Huge flying boats carrying 40 passengers were under construction at the end of the year, with plans being made for still larger ...


Description:
An unusual conference of anthropologists gathered in Philadelphia in March, 1937, to review the data as to the age of man, especially his first appearance in America. There were several specialists from Europe, Africa, and Asia, but most of the ...


Description:
At the beginning of 1937, the stage was set for an all-time record in motor vehicle production. It was only partially attained. Automobile production fell nearly three quarters of a million vehicles below that in 1929. Records were made, however, in ...


Description:
The year 1937 showed improvement over 1936 in the development of industry, internal and external trade, financial affairs, and social welfare.


Description:
In 1937 a new record was set for patents for the invention of plant varieties: fifty-five grants were made. Ralph H. McKee of Columbia University ranked first with thirteen patents, all related to new varieties of poplar trees. Important items in the ...


Description:
After nearly three years of dictatorship, King Boris took a definite step on January 30 toward restoring constitutional and democratic government. As his birthday gift to the nation, he signed the new election law: (1) giving mothers over twenty-one ...


Description:
On the whole, the Dominion came through 1937 very satisfactorily. The industrial developments and domestic and foreign trades, as well as relations with other countries, compared favorably with those of 1936.


Description:
The 1937 Nobel prize in chemistry was shared by Paul Karrer, University of Zurich, and W. N. Hayworth, Birmingham University.


Description:
The year was an eventful one for children's books.


Description:
At the beginning of 1937, Premier Nahas Pasha and the Wafd or Nationalist party, of which he was the head, were in triumphant control of the affairs of Egypt. On December 30, King Farouk dismissed Nahas and appointed Mohammed Mahmoud Pasha Premier, ...


Description:
Throughout the year President Hernandez Marti;nez, a theosophist and vegetarian, who is more like a college professor than a dictator, continued to rule the country. In February the Government signed a reciprocal trade agreement with the United ...


Description:
In the midst of the unrelaxed tension, France remained amazingly fresh and vital in spirit. Her people, old and young, continued to tackle their problems fiercely and militantly, with much bickering and strife, but with a courage tempered by realism ...


Description:
Work with powerful microscopes, studies of high pressures, investigations of melting spots deep in the earth, and other explorations made 1937 important to geology.


Description:
During 1937, the fifth year of Adolf Hitler's dictatorship, Germany was rapidly pushing forward her land, naval, and air armamentsbut at a heavy cost in money and in the material well-being of her people. As Chancellor of the Third Reich, and as ...


Description:
An event of absorbing interest to the citizens of the United Kingdom and the British Commonwealth was the coronation of King George VI and his consort, Queen Elizabeth, in Westminster Abbey on May 12. The king was anointed and crowned by Archbishop of ...


Description:
The most significant event in Irish history in the year 1937 was the adoption of a new constitution. This document, long in preparation, was laid before the Dail of the Free State on May 28. After three weeks of debate, it was approved in a slightly ...


Description:
In a speech before the Black Shirts on the eighteenth anniversary of the foundation of the first Fascist group, Mussolini said in referring to sanctions that the idea that the Italian people easily forgot was one of the many mistakes which the ...


Description:
The year 1937 witnessed the resumption of the undeclared war between Japan and China, followed by the transition of the economic system from the so-called Pre-pare-for-War Economy to a complete mobilization of industry for the prosecution ...


Description:
The record of labor was full and prominent throughout the year 1937.


Description:
During 1937, state aid for library development was secured in Arkansas, Michigan, Ohio, and Vermont. The Arkansas Library Commission received its first appropriation, and increases were given to at least fifteen other states. In an effort to determine ...


Description:
Literature in 1937, as in the year before, was interesting for its general variety rather than for any distinctive trends. It naturally reflected, both in England and America, the predominant problems of the hour. In both countries a large number of ...


Description:
In 1937, a new method of treating dementia praecox or adolescent insanity was developed. Metrazol was used to produce convulsions which are like those of epilepsy. Already many patients with dementia praecox have recovered and been returned to their ...


Description:
Internal political strife was widespread and continuous. General unrest was prefaced by an attempt to kill Premier Stoyadinovitch while he was addressing the Chamber of Deputies, on March 6. A cabinet shakeup followed. Recurrent nationalist ...


Description:
In the field of animal life, the following items were news during the year:


Description:
Television emerged from the laboratory for outdoor field tests in New York, Philadelphia, and London. Supplementing this television progress is the coaxial cable or television pipe which has been installed and demonstrated between New York ...


Description:
Latin Americans worked to improve their national economies in 1936 and avoid political turmoil so often a part of life in the region. Workers continued to demand more rights in many regions.


Description:
Champions of 1936: American League, New York Yankees.


Description:
The following are hockey champions of the year: National Hockey League, Detroit Red Wings.


Description:
Winner of the Indianapolis 500-mile race: Louis Meyer of Huntington Park, California. Meyer is the only driver to win this race three times.


Description:
Champions of 1936 were: Heavyweight: James J. Braddock, North Bergen, New Jersey.


Description:
The year began in a state of political unrest. In March the Government declared a state of siege for the whole country. On September 4 in Rio de Janeiro and Bahia, the Government seized alleged Fascist green-shirted agitators who claimed ...


Description:
The Texas Centennial Exposition opened in Dallas on June 6 and ran for 177 days, closing on November 29. The cost of the Exposition totaled about $25,000,000. The United States Government participated, as did the state of Texas, the city of Dallas, ...


Description:
The 1936 edition of the California Pacific International Exposition opened on February 12 in Balboa Park, San Diego. New flowers and shrubs added to the beauty of the 600-acre grounds, and a new mobile lighting system was installed.


Description:
The International Joint Commission, which has jurisdiction over questions involving the mutual interests of Canada and the United States, began in 1936 an investigation of the practicability of a deep waterway between New York and Montreal by way of ...


Description:
During the year 1936, the oil industry showed a record of 23,918 wells drilled, of which 5,598 were failures, 2,231 were gas wells, and 16,089 produced oil. The industry was responsible for the enormous production of 1,081,346,374 barrels of oil from ...


Description:
H. G. Wells, speaking at a meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, made a plea for the teaching of archaeology in all schools, in order that everyone might acquire a general knowledge of the origin and history of ...


Description:
The year 1937 opened with strong indication that the building industry in the United States would recover its former momentum. The first six months showed a gain of 38 per cent over the corresponding period of 1936. Residential construction showed a ...


Description:
In June, Roberto M. Ortiz, former Minister of Finance, announced his intention of running for the presidency as the candidate of President Justo and his government as well as of the Conservative Liberal groups. His platform was a new deal ...


Description:
The outstanding astronomical event of 1937 was the total solar eclipse, with its path across the Pacific Ocean.


Description:
The year 1937 was one of steady if not spectacular progress in Australia. The outstanding features were sound government, balanced budgets, prosperity of primary and secondary industries, establishment of new factories, and greatly increased ...


Description:
On the last day of 1937, Chancellor Kurt von Schuschnigg, the nation's outstanding political leader, declared that he was confident his country would weather in 1938 both internal and foreign storms. He predicted that Austria would remain independent ...


Description:
The Nazi movement in Chile has been gaining strength in recent years. In April the Government announced its intention to curb the movement by banning all mass meetings and the wearing of uniforms, badges, and insignia. On May 21, an alleged Nazi threw ...


Description:
The year 1937 marks a significant turning point in Chinese history. The first six months was characterized by a general optimism that expressed itself in political unification, economic reconstruction, and cultural rejuvenation; the last six months ...


Description:
On May 25, President Alfonso Lopez announced that he would resign from office if Congress would not show its confidence in his administration. Thereupon a strike on the part of Workers' Unions was called to encourage the President to remain in office. ...


Description:
Throughout the year President Laredo Bru remained in office while Colonel Batista continued as head of the army and the power behind the Government.


Description:
On September 14 occurred the death of Thomas G. Masaryk, who resigned as President on December 18, 1935.


Description:
On May 15, 1937, Christian X, the nineteenth of the Oldenburg dynasty, completed his twenty-fifth year as king. The occasion was celebrated throughout the kingdom. On September 26, he commemorated his sixty-seventh birthday by officiating at the ...


Description:
America's educational system underwent microscopic examination and analysis in 1937 as Federal, state, and local investigations were made in an endeavor to see how education could be improved or expanded to meet social and economic changes and needs.


Description:
The conditions established in August and October, 1936, whereby Premier General John Metaxas controlled the Government as a type of dictator, with King George II quiet in the background, continued with little change during 1937. From time to time the ...


Description:
In October, rumors became more and more frequent that a large number of Haitian settlers in the western part of the Dominican Republic had been massacred by Dominican soldiers trying to evict them. Similar episodes had occurred in past years, but the ...


Description:
Extreme tension between the Fascist and democratic factions gave vent to strikes, activities against Jews, and National Socialist intrigues.


Description:
India in 1937 entered on the largest experiment in democracy the world has ever known. In the spring, some 35,000,000 voters out of a total population of over 300,000,000 were asked to carry out the new constitution. There were some 6,000,000 women ...


Description:
To what extent Indians shall adopt the ways of the white men or retain something of their own life and culture, continues to be a major concern of Indian leaders themselves, as well as of government officials and others engaged in Indian work. ...


Description:
Late in 1973, Iran (formerly Persia) was redistricted into 50 liwas,


Description:
The year 1937 was divided into two unequal parts by the assassination at Mosul on August 11 of General Bakr Sidky, Chief of the General Staff, and Major Mohammed Ali Jawad, commanding the Air Force; and five days later the replacement of Hikmet ...


Description:
In meteorological annals, 1937 probably will be remembered as the year of the great Ohio and Mississippi floods. There have been many disastrous floods in the past, but none so damaging to property.


Description:
The highlight in the political arena of Mexico in 1937 was the abortive crisis of the rumored revolt of General Saturnino Cedillo, of San Luis Potosi, in August. The various discontented elements, mainly disappointed property owners, resentful ...


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In spite of foreign market losses due to world conditions, the year was marked by active and profitable production for an increased domestic public. There were no starting mechanical innovations, but somewhat greater care was bestowed on the first ...


Description:
In the earlier part of the year, orchestras in America profited by the upward economic swing which resulted in a largely increased number of subscribers. The opera in New York, Chicago, and San Francisco won a considerable increase in patronage.


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Princess Juliana, heir to the throne, was married to Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biensterfeld, of Berlin, on January 7. The people were particularly happy because the choice of a husband was Juliana's own  not one for state reasons.


Description:
During the year, New Zealand continued to enjoy buoyant business conditions following the general improvement which started in 1934. The value and volume of production in 1937 exceeded those of the peak year of 1929.


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In April, Paul V. McNutt, a former governor of Indiana, arrived in Manila to assume his duties as United States High Commissioner.


Description:
The 1937 Nobel prize in physics was shared by C. J. Davisson of the Bell Telephone Laboratories and G. P. Thomson of the Imperial College, London, for their work on electrons.


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Domestic political troubles divided the country into two widely divergent factionsone demanding the return to a parliamentary democracy, the other working toward a totalitarian military dictatorship. The first movement rallied to the leadership ...


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International relations figured prominently in the news of Portugal during 1937.


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The year opened badly from a health point of view, with an unusually high prevalence of influenza. However, conditions soon improved, and the health record was finally better than had been expected.


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When members of the Nationalist party, which desires independence from the United States, staged a forbidden parade at Ponce on March 22, several persons were killed by the police. This group of Nationalists contains the so-called Cadets of the ...


Description:
A thorough analysis of radio on all fronts was made by the Federal Communications Commission in 1937, resulting in the erection of a number of important signposts as guides to progress. It was pointed out that in public interest, convenience, ...


Description:
The year 1937 was constructive economically for Switzerland. At the beginning of the year, the ultimate effect of the devaluation of the Swiss franc, which took place in September, 1936, was still in doubt. But thanks to appropriate governmental ...


Description:
Syrian in 1937 was largely occupied with organizing and initiating the new regimes contemplated in the treaties of 1936. The French Parliament, waiting apparently to see how well the Syrians might conduct their own government, postponed the ...


Description:
Developments during 1937 may be divided into (1) laboratory research and field tests in the United States and (2) a broadening public television service abroad.


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The theater in 1937 continued to show a marked decrease in the number of plays produced, compared with the predepression years. Managers blamed this on the dearth of new playwrights and the exodus of the established writers to Hollywood. None ...


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The most conspicuous event of the year was the replacement in October as Premier of General Ismet Inoenu by Jelal Bayar. Ismet had been at the right hand of President Ataturk for over fifteen years; he had been Premier continuously since 1925. In ...


Description:
Unlike the problems of most other countries, those of South Africa are racial and political rather than economic. The United South African party which accepts the leadership of Prime Minister J. B. M. Hertzog and his associate Jan Christian Smuts, ...


Description:
On January 1, General Anastacio Somoza succeeded Carlos Brenes Jarquin as President of Nicaragua. In March the President appointed James H. Edwards of New York, who has spent some twenty-eight years advising various Latin-American governments ...


Description:
The 1937 Nobel prize awards were distributed among seven persons in five countries:


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In Norway nearly all classes have reason to regard 1937 as the most satisfactory year in a decade. The news that a son had been born (February 21) to Crown Prince Olaf and Crown Princess Marta was received with joy, as it secured the succession to the ...


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The year showed that there is an indigenous American school of painting with a developed critical sense of the values of European models and a healthy independence of attitude toward them. There was an increasing concern with social and economic ...


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The paleontology of our early ancestors, which has become more and more fruitful recently, was given added impetus in 1937 by a number of important finds, and by a stimulating International Symposium on Early Man held in Philadelphia in celebration of ...


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As the cottager sets a window candle to guide the storm-tossed traveler home, the World Court through a dark and troubled year kept alight the once bright vision of insuring international accord through the peaceful settlement of disputes.


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Peru entered the year with sounder finances than at any time since 1930, and with better general industrial conditions than for several years. A boom period seemed to have begun, especially in cotton production with about 94 per cent being exported. ...


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The United States Bureau of Reclamation in 1937 had 33 irrigation projects under construction in 13 Western states, and investigation of 23 projects was in progress. Twenty-one dams were under construction, of which Pine View in Utah, Unity in Oregon, ...


Description:
The year 1937 was marked by further developments of movements already in progress the preceding year.


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The national accident record showed a slight improvement in 1937. According to National Safety Council reports, fatalities totaled 106,000 as compared with 111,000 for the year 1936. Traffic fatalities, however, again showed an increase, reaching a ...


Description:
The civil war dragged on into its second year with the outcome still problematical. Despite the fact that the Insurgents were on the offensive during most of 1937, and were able to subdue the isolated northern provinces of the Basques and Asturians, ...


Description:
Brilliant achievements in international competition, as well as at home, made 1937 an important year in the history of United States sports. Donald Budge, tennis star, was acclaimed athlete of the year. Along with individual triumphs was the return to ...


Description:
Prosperity continued unabated in Sweden during 1937. The coalition Farmer-Labor Government under Prime Minister Per Albin Hansson, had a majority in both chambers of the Riksdag. The Government concentrated on enlarging and extending its social ...


Description:
The year 1937 was a particularly difficult one for the Soviet sixth of the land area of our planet. What went on in the Soviet Union was rather mystifying, and for many was the basis for grave doubt and even bitter disappointment. Although the ...


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Fresh from a triumphant tour of South America following his re-election by an unprecedented popular vote and with majorities in both houses of Congress so large as to be almost unwieldy, President Roosevelt opened the first year of his second term ...


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The Government weathered another year of turbulent internal politics.


Description:
Political upheavals marked 1937 in Latin America. Some of the more dramatic events occurred in Brazil, Ecuador, and Mexico, where revolts, the aftermaths of revolts, and seizures of power took place.


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The following are soccer champions of the year: American League, Scots-American, Newark, N. J.


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Winner of the Indianapolis 500-mile race was Wilbur Shaw of Indianapolis, Indiana.


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Champions of 1937 were: Heavyweight: Joe Louis, Detroit, Michigan.


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The following are champions of 1937: Arlington Classic: Flying Scot.


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The following are champions of 1937: National cross-country: Warren Chivers, Dartmouth.


Description:
The following are champions of 1937: H-Y-P-D College Chess League: Harvard.


Description:
The year 1937 saw several discoveries and inventions related to food production, preparation, and preservation.


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The Fusion administration of New York faced its first test at the polls on November 2, and came through with flying colors. Fiorella H. LaGuardia was re-elected mayorthe first reform mayor to be so honored. Thomas E. Dewey, the Governor's ...


Description:
Donald Budge, tennis star, was acclaimed athlete of the year in 1937. The year also marked the return to America of the Davis Cup for the first time in a decade.


Description:
Champions of 1937: American League, New York Yankees.


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The year 1937 saw a major test of the extraordinary control of banking credit vested in the Board of Federal Reserve Governors by the banking act of 1935, somewhat smaller earnings for commercial banks, and the election of an exponent of unit banking ...


Description:
There was accelerated activity all over the world during 1937 in the building of canals, tunnels, railroads, highways, bridges, and dams. Highway construction in the United States reached a peak of 22,000 miles.


Description:
American business and industry in 1937 experienced one of the most drastic reversals on record.


Description:
The bituminous coal production to November 27 was 400,000,000 tons, an increase of about 3 1/2 per cent over the similar period in 1936; but anthracite production for the same period was down to 44,000,000 tons, a decrease of nearly 10 per cent. Final ...


Description:
Plans for increasing the size of the air forces on a scale unprecedented in times of peace formed the most significant development in American aviation during 1938. Terrific destruction by raiding planes in both Spain and China had convinced military ...


Description:
The ideal in the study of living primitive people is to gather more and more data about their manners and customs. The regions of the earth concerning which such information is still scanty are New Guinea, parts of the Amazon country, part of the ...


Description:
Archaeology specializes in human history, taking up its problems where documented history leaves off. In recent years the methods of archaeology have been used to verify and enrich documented history; for example, excavations at the site of the first ...


Description:
As in other European countries, repercussions of the Czecho-Slovakian settlement were evidenced by internal developments. Revisionist demonstrations were staged by thousands, demanding return of territory ceded to Rumania and Yugoslavia by the postwar ...


Description:
The year 1938 was one of exceptional significance to Canada, in both its external and its domestic relations.


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The year 1938 was prolific in the number of new chemicals having a wide variety of uses, particularly as wetting agents, detergents, solvents, chemicals for textile and other large-consuming fields, specialties, insecticides, intermediate chemicals, ...


Description:
For a second year humor seems to be the outstanding feature of books for children. Again this is probably due to the success of The Story of Ferdinand


Description:
Political affairs in Chile were marked by considerable excitement during the year. On May 21, President Allesandri delivered his last message to Congress. This was the occasion for Nazi and Leftist demonstrations, and a bomb was exploded in the ...


Description:
During the year China underwent and survived the most severe national crisis in its long history. Never before had it suffered such a toll of life and such a great destruction of property as in 1938; yet never before had it been such a consolidated ...


Description:
On May 1, Eduardo Santos was elected President for a four-year term beginning August 7. He is a newspaper man, a statesman, and a Liberal. He announced that he wished to improved labor conditions and to foster labor unions, but without permitting ...


Description:
The most significant developments in France during the year 1938 were (1) in the field of foreign relations, the utter collapse of the entire system of postwar alliances in Central and Eastern Europe and (2) in internal politics, the simultaneous ...


Description:
In 1938 geophysical methods, as applied to geology and its problems, were of great importance.


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The year 1938, the sixth of National Socialist rule in the Third Reich, was the year of decision. Twice a test of nerves and bluffing ability took place between Adolf Hitler's totalitarian state and the western democracies of France and England. In ...


Description:
Foreign affairs and rearmament dominated British history during 1938 to the exclusion of almost everything else.


Description:
During 1938, Greece was strongly under the influence of Germany.


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On February 12, a fleet of sixty United States army planes made a test flight from the Canal Zone to Guatemala and returned, to pay respects to President Ubico and his country.


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On January 23, the Government opened a national museum containing historical relics at Port-au-Prince. By decree urban education was placed under the Bureau of Urban Education instead of under the Department of Public Instruction. Rural education was ...


Description:
On January 1, 1938, Hungary had an area of 35,875 square miles with an estimated population of 9,000,000. On January 1, 1939 the area of the nation had increased by 4,787 square miles to a total of 40,662 square miles and the population was estimated ...


Description:
Between war and threats of new wars in Europe and bitter fighting in the Far East, India had a quiet but most momentous year. The new constitution (the result of more than ten years of conferences, giving India provincial autonomy and partial dominion ...


Description:
An unusually optimistic view of the future of the Indian is expressed in a report just issued by an independent, unofficial committee on Indian welfare. Following a careful inquiry into the attempts of the United States Government in recent years to ...


Description:
The trend of Iran (formerly Persia) toward complete nationalismpolitical, economic, and culturalcontinued throughout 1938. The great powers of the world were regarded with increasing suspicion. The friendship of neighboring Moslem nations ...


Description:
The year was remarkably quiet and prosperous under the cautious rule of King Ghazi and the wise and intelligent control of Premier Jamil Bey el-Midfai. When the King opened Parliament on November 1, he could point to general peace and tranquillity; to ...


Description:
Those who went to sleep in the Irish Free State on the night of December 28, 1937, awoke next morning in Eire (the native name for Ireland) and breakfasted under a new constitution which established the country's position as an independent republic. ...


Description:
In his middle fifties, Mussolini pilots his own airplane, drives his own car, and sets an example for his troops by running ahead of them. However, youthful as his physical actions may be, he behaves as though he must hurry because the time ahead of ...


Description:
Farmers in the United States did very well in 1937. Farm production was the largest in nine years; in fact, it was only 6 per cent below the all-time peak of 1920. Cotton production was 18,746,000 bales, the largest in history. Wheat production was ...


Description:
The year 1937 was one of internal reorganization in Brazil. Early in the year it was evident to many that President Getulio Vargas desired to succeed himself in the presidency or at least to choose his successor in that office when elections should be ...


Description:
Fiorella LaGuardia, New York's flamboyant and powerful mayor, climaxed his national reputation and made political history in his native city in 1937, as New York's first reform mayor to succeed himself.


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United States Secretary of State Cordell Hull made a goodwill trip to Canada in 1937. From Ottawa, Secretary Hull went to Toronto, accompanied by the Governor-General and the Prime Minister, and was honored by the University of Toronto with its ...


Description:
Petroleum was perhaps more eagerly sought after than ever before. As a consequence the United States crude oil production rose to 1,275,000,000 barrels, an all-time record, and about 16 per cent higher than the total for 1936. Part of the increase was ...


Description:
The release of huge governmental funds to help finance public buildings in 1938 immensely stimulated such construction. The first half of the year saw the planning of many such projects, most of which were required to be under construction contract by ...


Description:
President Roberto M. Ortiz was inaugurated on February 20. In honor of the occasion the United States Government sent six flying fortresses to Buenos Aires. The fliers carried a good-will message from President Roosevelt to the new ...


Description:
The year 1938 was marked by the discovery of the largest star known and of two additional moons for Jupiter.


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Opening on January 26 and continuing through April, Australia celebrated the 150th anniversary of its founding.


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The year saw the end of Austria as an independent country. The nation over which the Hapsburgs had ruled since 1273 and which had become a republic in November, 1918, lost its independence on March 12, 1938, when Adolf Hitler, dictator of Nazi ...


Description:
In 1938 the automotive industry was among the first to feel the effect of the recession. Motor vehicle production fell to a value only 53 per cent of that for 1937.


Description:
There was no general election in 1938 and the composition of Parliament remained approximately the same as in 1937. A cabinet crisis in May resulted in reorganization under the premiership of Paul Henri Spaak, Socialist, who continued as Minister for ...


Description:
Among the important developments in the field of botany were the following:


Description:
On January 15, a law became effect which provided for the distribution of certain land to native farmers who are heads of families. Each family receives thirty acres, and settlers are encouraged to form co-operatives. The Treasury Department supplies ...


Description:
No country in the world suffered greater change during 1938 than did Czecho-Slovakia, whose new name, replacing Czechoslovakia, typifies vast internal transformation. Under overwhelming pressure from Germany, deserted by all its allies, it surrendered ...


Description:
In 1788 a Danish diet abolished villenage, thus releasing peasants from the bondage of landlords. On June 17, 1938, in Copenhagen, a ten-day National Agricultural Exhibition celebrated the 150th anniversary of Denmark's new farm era.


Description:
The American people are committed to the principle that all of the children of this country, regardless of economic status, race, or place of residence, are entitled to an equitable opportunity to obtain a suitable education, so far as it can be ...


Description:
Egypt continued during 1938 under Premier Mohammed Mahmoud Pasha. Elections at the end of March, carefully engineered but not without bloodshed, completed the downfall of the Wafd or Nationalist party. The new Parliament which met in April and ...


Description:
Beginning negotiations in February, Italy sold El Salvador four army planes in exchange for $200,000 worth of coffee. In April, El Salvador and Guatemala ratified a boundary treaty in accordance with an agreement of August 23 and 27, 1935.


Description:
In the second year of the undeclared war on China and the eighth year after the invasion of Manchuria, Japan bent all national energies to extend her military conquest on the Asiatic continent.


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In 1938 for the first time the United States Government took action to adopt standards of labor set up by the Internation Labour Organization. This body, organized in accord with a provision of the Treaty of Versailles to work for the improvement of ...


Description:
During 1938, sizeable increases in state aid for library development were obtained in Louisiana, Michigan, Mississippi, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia. Only three states reported decreases in appropriations.


Description:
A world in tumult inevitably casts the shadow of its unrest over literature. Thus the constantly recurring political crises of the past year are reflected not only in the number of books dealing with international questions but in the scarcity of ...


Description:
The factor in the diet which controls pellagra was shown in 1938 to be nicotinic acid, a derivative of vitamin B. This same factor will control a condition in dogs called black tongue, also resulting from a deficient diet. In certain forms of ...


Description:
The year 1938 probably will be known in New England as the time of the great hurricane, generally believed to be the most destructive ever to strike the United States.


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The rumblings of the approaching presidential campaign with its political strife, violent clashes between conflicting labor organizations, the oil expropriation with its international complications, the embezzlement of university funds, the Cedillo ...


Description:
The year was one of the most controversial in the history of the artist's struggle for a place in the economic sun. Many of the fruits of 1938 painting in the United States will be gathered in 1939, for much of this year's effort is being directed to ...


Description:
In 1938, work connected with the discovery of skeletons of ancient man progressed apace.


Description:
The following were important peace activities in 1938.


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On June 1 it was alleged that Peruvian soldiers, guarding the disputed boundary with Ecuador, had killed an Ecuadoran soldier. Peru sent additional troops into the region to prevent what seemed to be a threatened invasion from Ecuador. By June 13 a ...


Description:
The question of complete independence, not as a politician's tool but as a vital issue, loomed largest in the Commonwealth during 1938.


Description:
Among interesting 1938 advances were the following:


Description:
The year 1938 brought significant developments in Poland's relations with her neighbors.


Description:
Dictatorial Premier Antonio Salazar upheld his reputation as a financial wizard in managing a surplus in state funds and a net reduction of the national debt, but the internal situation otherwise gave cause for grave concern.


Description:
The year 1938 was probably the most important in more than a generation for the development of public health in the United States. It is notable not so much for new inventions or discoveries in the laboratory or clinic as for the beginning of a ...


Description:
On January 10, eight members of the Nationalist group went on trial, charged with an attempt on the life of United States District Judge Robert A. Cooper on June 8, 1937. On January 14 the condemned Nationalists began serving their sentences (from 2 ...


Description:
From its research laboratories, radio contributed several new safety instruments to aviation, while that branch of communication known as broadcasting, abetted by powerful transmitters and directional aerials became more international in scope.


Description:
The United States Bureau of Reclamation's major program of construction was continued in 1938 when 14 dams were completed and work was in progress on 12 others. At the year's end, the Bureau had completed 155 dams and 21 additional structures were ...


Description:
In 1938 certain religious issues of the preceding year were again prominent and various new issues arose.


Description:
A marked improvement in the national accident situation was reported by the National Safety Council for the year 1938; in fact, the greatest improvement ever recorded in a single year. The total number of accidental deaths was 95,000, as compared with ...


Description:
The year 1938 almost equaled 1937 in the number of plays producedless than half the number of a decade ago. Nearly all were by Americans. Almost no drama is coming from continental Europe and little from England. Fear and tyranny are poor ...


Description:
During the first part of the year, commercial negotiations were carried on with Britain and Germany, which resulted in the establishment of extensive credits. In November occurred the death of President Ataturk and the election of President Ismet ...


Description:
South Africa continued to benefit from the high price of gold, and to debate the old problemthe relations between the British and the Dutch, between whites and natives, and between the Union and the British Commonwealth.


Description:
The Soviet system, produced by the social revolution of October, 1917, in war-disrupted Russia, celebrated its twenty-first anniversary in 1938. Under ordinary circumstances this attainment of age would be a proper occasion to assess the experiment in ...


Description:
Experiencing domestic confusion and following an ill-defined policy in foreign affairs, the United States found itself in 1938 undertaking what appeared to be a reorientation of foreign policy, and entering upon a readjustment period at home.


Description:
On March 27 a presidential election was held to name a successor to Gabriel Terra. The candidates were Alfredo Baldomir and Eduardo Blanco Acevedo, both related to Terra by marriage. Baldomir, brother-in-law of the President, soldier, architect, and ...


Description:
The following are champions of 1938: Arlington Classic: Nedayr.


Description:
The following are champions of 1938: National cross-country: Dave Bradley, Dartmouth O. C.


Description:
The following are champions of 1938: H-Y-P-D College Chess League: Harvard.


Description:
In Democratic primary elections, from May through September, discounting less important contests, it was considered that President Roosevelt had nine reverses and six successes.


Description:
In 1938, a year of firsts, Donald Budge was the first player to take the world's four major tennis titles.


Description:
A wave of destruction, looting, and incendiarismunparalleled in Germany since the Thirty Years' War and in Europe generally since the Bolshevist revolutionbegan to sweep over Greater Germany about 2 A. M. on November 10. Bands of men, ...


Description:
For the first time since he came to office and power in 1933, President Roosevelt's New Deal sustained losses from effective criticism. The congressional rebellion of 1937 had been primarily a revolt against the President's sense of aggrandized ...


Description:
Farmers produced large surpluses in 1938. The production of wheat, rye, rice, and buckwheat combined was 25 per cent above the 1927-1936 annual average; it was 14 per cent above the ten-year average of the period just prior to the recent drought year. ...


Description:
For a number of reasons, 1938 proved to be an extremely critical year for the photoplay. Further curtailment of foreign markets coupled with a serious falling off of attendance in this country brought production to a virtual standstill in the spring. ...


Description:
Although the worldand particularly Europepassed through troublous times in the course of the year, music suffered only moderate disturbance. Economic rather than political uncertainties made concert and opera managements more or less ...


Description:
Hollanders had cause for widespread rejoicing on two occasions during 1938, both of them concerning the royal family.


Description:
At the end of the fiscal year in 1938, exports totaled over 65,000,000 New Zealand pounds which represented an increase of 4,770,000 pounds over the previous year's results, and constituted a high-level record for the Dominion. Farm products and total ...


Description:
Economic problems were the chief concern of the Nicaraguan Government during the year. On January 22 the Congress passed a law limiting the profits of merchants to not more than 20 per cent, to keep down the cost of living and to prevent merchants ...


Description:
Two awards, those in medicine and chemistry, were not made in 1938; the others were assigned as follows:


Description:
Following the trend of the times, Parliament unanimously voted, on May 31, to reserve the country's right to maintain complete neutrality in a war caused by any League of Nations action not approved by Norway. Foreign Minister Halvdan Koht, supporting ...


Description:
On the field of battle it was a disastrous year for the Republicans, who, although enjoying a superiority in man power, with an army of about 600,000 men, were not able to cope with the offensive thrusts of the highly mechanized Rebel army of 400,000 ...


Description:
Notable accomplishments, sensational high spots, and all-around success made 1938 a memorable year in the annals of sports. It was also a year of firsts: the New York Yankees were the first to win the World Series for the third consecutive ...


Description:
Prosperity continued through 1938. The January budget was balanced at about $250,050,000. Despite items of $34,500,000 for the social pension fund, an increase of $20,000,000 in the salary budget, and an expenditure of about $5,000,000 for air raid ...


Description:
The changes which the political map of Europe underwent in 1938 directly affected Switzerland. With the disappearance of Austria as an independent state, Switzerland lost one of its four great neighbors. This historical event led to the most ...


Description:
Syria during 1938 continued none too happily in close relationship with France. Toward the end of the year High Commissioner Damien de Martel ended his service and was succeeded by Gabriel Puaux. After vigorous discussion, the French Foreign Minister ...


Description:
Continued field tests during 1938, conducted with receivers scattered throughout the metropolitan area and a transmitter in the Empire State Building in New York City, convinced Radio Corporation of America engineers that enough has been learned about ...


Description:
On January 1 President Eliazer Lopez Contreras announced a three-year plan to begin in July. It included the making of new commercial treaties, the reduction of maritime freight rates, the improving of shipping facilities, the building of port works, ...


Description:
Caught in the backwash of Germany's ship of state, the Yugoslavian Government was faced with external as well as internal issues, precipitated by the disposal of the Czech-Sudeten problem.


Description:
Interesting 1938 developments include the following:


Description:
Politics in Latin America veered between rebellious confrontations and peaceful transfers of power in 1938. Colombia and Argentina celebrated peaceful presidential elections, but Brazil and Chile warded off revolts by Nazi sympathizers. In Mexico, a ...


Description:
Champions of 1938: American League, New York Yankees.


Description:
The following are hockey champions of the year: National Hockey League, Toronto Maple Leafs.


Description:
Winner of the Indianapolis 500-mile race was Floyd Roberts of Van Nuys, California.


Description:
Champions of 1938 were: Heavyweight: Joe Louis, Detroit, Michigan.


Description:
Patty Berg made the best year's record in golf ever attained by a woman.


Description:
The government of Getulio Vargas was concerned with many problems. Public opposition developed, chiefly on the part of the Fascist elements led by Plino Salgado. In March was discovered a local Fascist plot to assassinate the executive, and Government ...


Description:
From plans begun in 1935 and first construction in June, 1936, 1,216 1/2 acres of salt marsh and waste land, adjacent to Flushing, were transformed into the site for the New York World's Fair 1939, opening on April 30, and announced to close on ...


Description:
The first Canadian air mailfrom Montreal to Vancouver, via Ottawa, Toronto, and Winnipegwas successfully flown on December. 1.


Description:
The recession in business during the first half of 1938 made itself felt in banking through a moderate decline in deposits, a reversal of Federal credit policies, and pressure by certain government officials for an expansion of loans at the expense of ...


Description:
Various sections of the world became more easily accessible during 1938 with the completion of several transportation projects. Among the most important ones, as well as those in other fields of engineering either begun or finished, were the ...


Description:
Business and industry in 1938, after extension during the first four or five months of the steep descent begun early in the preceding year, staged one of the most impressive recoveries ever seen in the United States.


Description:
When 1939 opened, Australia was wrestling with the problems of national security and social security. By June, plans for spending $300,000,000 on land, sea, and air defenses had been adopted, but were far from complete when war came. At the same time ...


Description:
The latter part of the year 1939 found the pace of automobile manufacture quickening, in spite of considerable difficulty from strikes and the scarcity of some essential materials. The production was some 40 per cent greater than 1938and the ...


Description:
For a number of years, the internal and external affairs of Belgium have been carried on successfully under the guidance of a coalition cabinet of Catholics, Liberals, and Socialists, representing the three principal political parties in Parliament.


Description:
Important developments in the field of botany in 1939 included the following:


Description:
The Government succeeded in maintaining its balance on the precarious tightrope of strict neutrality. However, there was close co-operation with Yugoslavia and, because of revisionist sympathies, a pro-Russian attitude was evidenced, particularly by ...


Description:
The year 1939 will have in Canadian history the same grim significance as 1914. No one can safely predict what the outcome will be, but the close of 1939 at any rate found Canadians determined to do their full share in the second great struggle of the ...


Description:
Among significant developments in the field of pure and applied chemistry in 1939, the following are important:


Description:
Reviewers agree that 1939 was a good year for juvenile books. The Newbery medal was awarded to Thimble Summer


Description:
January was a momentous month for Chile. President Pedro Aguirre Cerda began the year by reducing the price of food, especially bread and milk. He said that he desired cheaper nitrates and fertilizers, more schools, cleaner jails, vacations for miners ...


Description:
Throughout the year 1939, China pursued two policies(1) to fight with firm determination against the invader until the freedom and independence of the nation was won, and (2) to develop the interior provinces politically and economically as the ...


Description:
As war in Europe became more and more certain, the position of Colombia in the defense of the Panama Canal became more apparent, at least to the United States. In the middle of July it was reported that the United States would build an air base at ...


Description:
Colonel Batista and President Laredo Bru worked during 1939 to better economic and social conditions in the island, as well as to improve relations with neighboring countries. Colonel Batista made a good will tour to Mexico in February.


Description:
After the Munich settlement, Czecho-Slovakia limped along, reduced in area, mutilated economically, deprived of her fortifications and defenses, abandoned by trusted allies, and more and more at the mercy of surrounding despoilers. The government of ...


Description:
German pressure from without and Nazi penetration from within caused Denmark's Government to steer a tedious diplomatic course during the year, since the country is exceedingly vulnerable to attack by Germany.


Description:
Great Britain entered 1939 hoping for the best, but increasingly conscious of the need for making preparations against the worst. Prime Minister Chamberlain was disappointed by the absence of any sign that Germany and Italy were willing to contribute ...


Description:
Troubled course of European events led Greece and her governing group during 1939 away from close association with Germany toward the political and economic protection of England and France. Early in the year, Nazi activities were very great, through ...


Description:
Like many Latin American countries, Guatemala became antagonistic to the activities of foreign factions within her borders. On May 25 the Government banned all foreign political activities and ordered all foreign political societies dissolved; and ...


Description:
President Stenio Vincent arrived in Washington, D. C., on December 6 in order to consult with the Department of State and with President Roosevelt, hoping to obtain funds from the Export-Import Bank for the construction of drainage and irrigation ...


Description:
Factional strife at home, due in part to the policies of Premier Bela Imredy, tool of Hitler and rabid anti-Semite, threatened revolution in January. In the nick of time, Imredy discovered his maternal great-grandfather was a Jew and in ...


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As India is a member of the British Commonwealth of Nations, but at the same time a member not in full standing and yet anxious to be fully self-governing, passing events in that country have more than local significance. The mere fact that the ...


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Libraries are so close to the lives of the people that in 1939 they did not escape the influence of the European War. Histories and descriptions of the countries involved, biographies of leading rulers and statesmen, and books about dictatorships were ...


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Over all the past year hung either the threat of war or the catastrophe of war itself. The literature of the period took character from political events and even where it did not deal with them directly was colored by the interest in international ...


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In 1939, the chief developments concerned vitamins, glands, and sulfanilamide derivatives. Sickness and death rates were the lowest ever recorded in this country, including a great reduction in maternal mortality.


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During the winter the weather was generally warm with precipitation above normal. In the spring it was still abnormally warm, and the western half of the country suffered from lack of moisture. During the summer, drought and warm weather prevailed ...


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The petroleum controversy continued to excite public opinion, the Mexican peso fluctuated dizzily, strikes hampered industry, serious railroad accidents brought criticism on the National Railways Administration, and school legislation created deep ...


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The screen did not acquit itself with any great distinction in 1939. The troubled state of Europe and finally the outbreak of war upset the economic equilibrium of an industry which counted on 30 per cent of its revenues from abroad. At the same time, ...


Description:
No other influence upon music in 1939 was as great as that of the European War that began in September.


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Coal reserves for the future are now estimated at 7.8 trillion metric tons. The year's worst mine disaster caused the death of forty-five men in a coal mine catastrophe at Grundy, Va.


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The past year has proved exceedingly lean for poetry and drama. E. B. White's The Fox of Peapack,


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Out of the manifold mysteries arising from rigid censorships imposed by the war in Europe and the rearmament program in the United States, these vital facts about aviation emerged in 1939. England and France had rearmed themselves in the air so that ...


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The search for the early forms of man still is the leading lure in anthropological science. While no great discoveries were made during 1939, new information resulted from the study of the human fossil bones so far collected. The human skeletons ...


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In 1939, there was considerable archaeological activity in Egypt. At Amarah, the Egypt Exploration Society dug deep, finding many New Kingdom inscriptions. As a result of excavation at Edfu, a large portion of the city of Apollinopolis Magna was ...


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The year was characterized by a brisk upturn in private construction, especially in the residential field. Lending agencies all over the country reported a strong demand for construction money.


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Late in March, the Government and people of Argentina were stirred by an alleged German document which seemed to indicate a desire to obtain Patagonia as a place to settle Germans from the overcrowded homeland. The Argentine Government began an ...


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Educational programs, planning, and proposals in the United States during 1939 mirrored national and international happenings, conditions, and needs, and fore-shadowed what education may be like in the future.


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Both in internal affairs and foreign relations, Egypt's condition continued during the first two thirds of the year very similar to that in 1938. Prime Minister Mohammed Mahmoud Pasha remained in office until August 13, when he was succeeded by Ali ...


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President Maximiliano Hernandez Martinez continued in office throughout the year, although an attempt was made to assassinate him on January 13. Early in the year it was announced that the constitutional assembly which was drafting a constitution for ...


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On March 21, 1939, Poland was warned that there must be a German-Polish settlement this was renewal of a demand made by Hitler on October 24, 1938, three weeks after the Munich Agreement, and repeated twice in January, 1939. The demands ...


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The year 1939 was one of momentous developments for France. It saw the gradual giving up of the appeasement policy, the outbreak of the war with Nazi Germany, and the adoption of totalitarian governmental controls over the whole of ...


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Earthquakes of 1939, because of their unusual destructiveness, were of major importance to mankind.


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On January 30, 1939, the sixth anniversary of National Socialist accession to power, Adolf Hitler made one of his most effective speeches. Before him were the 855 members of the Reichstag of the new Greater Germany, including Austrian and ...


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The number of Indians in the United States continues to increase, in contrast with a former period when they actually seemed to be dying out. Official figures for 1939 showed that the Indian population is increasing annually at a rate twice that of ...


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The attention of the people of Iran was concentrated in the early months of the year on the marriage of the Crown Prince Mohammed Riza with Princess Fawzia of Egypt, and in the later months of the year on the consequences of the outbreak of the ...


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General Nuri Pasha al-Said remained Prime Minister throughout the year. He released political prisoners and permitted certain journals that had been suppressed to resume publication. Finding that Parliament was not closely in accord with his policies, ...


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The Anglo-Irish agreement of April, 1938, did not end the partition of the country into two partsthe republican south and Northern Ireland. Premier de Valera asserted that this injustice must eventually be redressed; but only by peaceful means, ...


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The third year of the undeclared war on China and ninth year of the invasion of Manchuria was devoted by Japan to the development of the New Order in Eastern Asia, calling for the ejection of all Western influences in the Far East.


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The year 1939 was marked by a lull in legislation favoring the organized worker, and by the most protracted strike in the history of the automobile industry.


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For the Kingdom of the Netherlands, 1939 was a year of fear.


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President Anastasio Somoza continued his vigorous attacks upon the economic and social problems of his country during the year. In attempting to attract tourist trade, the executive on March 4 announced that the Government would build three large ...


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Awards in 1939, including two for 1938, were as follows:


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In common with the rest of Scandinavia, Norway took steps to maintain and protect its neutrality. A nonaggression treaty proffered by Germany and guarantees for its integrity from the British were rejected early in the year on the basis that ...


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In 1939, art was in the forefront with the New York and San Francisco expositions.


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During 1939, a few more of the gaps in the story of ancient man were filled in, and Asia again has been an important site of discovery. The skeleton of an eight-year-old Neanderthal boy was unearthed near Tashkent, Turkestan, and seven skeletons of ...


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On February 19, a revolution broke out against the government of President Oscar R. Benavides, who at the time was absent from Lima. The leader of the revolt was General Antonio Rodriguez, Chief of Police and Minister of the Interior, who with a small ...


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Radio broadcasting splits into two general classifications of public service: entertainment and information. The bulk of broadcast reception is domestic. Short waves, however, add an international tinge that becomes stronger with the years through ...


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During 1939, construction work was in progress by the United States Bureau of Reclamation on 30 irrigation projects in 13 states. Twenty-one dams were being built and 5 were completed. The Bureau had completed 160 dams, with 24 additional structures ...


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The year 1939 was one of wars and rumors of wars. Meanwhile, the Church was preaching with ever-increasing emphasis the gospel of the love of God as the only hope for a disturbed and distracted world. In some countries this was done in the face of ...


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After making spectacular gains in safety in 1938, the United States virtually marked time in 1939. Accidental deaths for the year, according to the National Safety Council, totaled 93,000 as compared with 93,805 in 1938, a decrease of about 1 per ...


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The longest and bloodiest civil war in modern Spanish history ended in an Insurgent victory in the last days of March, 1939. The London nonintervention agreement, which tolerated German and Italian support of the Rebels, but prohibited ...


Description:
Among major events and respective winners in 1939 were the following:


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In 1939, Sweden was engaged in preparing itself for the arduous role of a neutral in the European War, and, as the year closed, for the not impossible and far more tragic role of a combatant.


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The increasing tension in international relations and the outbreak of war, first in eastern and then in central Europe, brought the Soviet Union back to Europe, from which the Munich settlement of 1938 tried to isolate it. Also in the Far East its ...


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Although purely domestic problems such as a never-balanced national budget, a mounting national debt, barriers to trade between the states, and unemployment, were present to disturb the energies of the United States during 1939, the attention of the ...


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Problems concerned with international relations chiefly occupied the attention of the people of Uruguay during the year. On January 21, the Government signed with Germany a trade treaty which it was hoped would increase trade between the two ...


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On July 21, four United States Government experts went to Venezuela to advise the administration of President Lopez Contreras on commercial, fiscal, tax, and monetary matters. On May 9, the two countries by an exchange of notes continued in force the ...


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The outstanding event of 1939 in Yugoslavia was the final accord on the twenty-year-old dispute over Croat independence. Negotiations were hastened by international tension, as well as by Vladimir Matchek, Croat leader. He threatened secession or ...


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Much political turmoil surrounded attempts by Latin American countries to regulate the political and economic activities of foreigners in 1939. And in January, a devastating earthquake struck Chile.


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President Roosevelt reflected the nation's preoccupation with the course of events abroad in 1939. In this sixth annual message to Congress, at the beginning of the year, he voiced American antipathy to European despotism, and urged that the national ...


Description:
All other events that affected American agriculture in 1939 were minor in comparison with the outbreak of the war in Europe. Farmers had to figure out as best they could, how it would influence their plantings, marketings, prices, and business ...


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On January 9, President Roosevelt invited President Vargas to send Oswaldo Aranha, Minister of Foreign Affairs, to visit the United States to discuss mutual problems. During February, the minister visited Washington and held consultations with ...


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The New York World's Fair opened on April 30 and closed at 2 A.M., November 1. In all, 25,817,265 persons paid their way to see the wonders of science and industry, the glamor of faraway lands and the glittering amusements included in the Fair's 1,216 ...


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The United States banking system absorbed with little difficulty the shocks attendant on the outbreak of the European War, and the problems confronting it as 1939 ended were chiefly those of the predecessor year in aggravated form.


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The pace in building construction set in 1939 increased in 1940 in spite of a strong increase in prices of materials and the fact that wages, for both common and skilled workers, reached the highest point in United States history. For the first three ...


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Argentina was considerably affected by World War II. After the collapse of Holland and Belgium in May the people of Argentina became increasingly suspicious of fifth column activities within the country. This was especially true concerning news papers ...


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Australia in 1940 played a useful part in the European and African conflict, but increasingly realized that it had a job to do in the Pacific as well. In February a contingent of 30,000 Australian troops reached Egypt, to join the Anglo-French forces ...


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During 1940 an increasing number of the automobile industry's personnel turned to the problems of mass production of motorized military units of all types, while still maintaining production of passenger cars and trucks. The total production of ...


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The history of Belgium in 1940 was overshadowed and darkened by the blight of war. For the second time in twenty-five years the country was invaded by Germany. During the early months of the year, Belgium had continued to maintain its attitude of ...


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A little calcium chloride causes canned tomatoes to retain their shape, according to a report of Z. I. Kertesz of the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station. The chemical reacts with pectic acids to form a gel which supports the cell structure ...


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United States authority shifted in midyear from military to civilian status with the transfer of control from the Department of War to the Department of the Interior, by virtue of Roosevelt's Reorganization Order Number II. Francis B. Sayre was sworn ...


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Otto Hahn and F. Strassmann of the Kaiser Wilhelm Research Institute, basing their investigations on the earlier work of Hahn with Lise Meitner and of Enrico Fermi of the University of Rome, succeeded in splitting the uranium atom by bombardment with ...


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Poland at the opening of 1939 was in a difficult situation. Wage levels, although they had risen slightly in recent years, were more than 20 per cent below those of 1929; the unemployed numbered more than 400,000; and particularly in the Ukrainian ...


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The advent of the European War brought an official statement concerning the country's position. The alliance with Great Britain was reaffirmed, but at the same time neutrality was emphasized as the aim and hope of the Government. Previously, in May, ...


Description:
Washington continued to hold the limelight in the public health affairs of the year. The most important events were not new discoveries or startling changes in health conditions, but discussions of a national health program.


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The island of Puerto Rico assumed an increasingly important place in the minds of Federal officials in the United States. On March 12, a convention of seventy-two business, civic, and cultural organizations adopted a resolution calling for a ...


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The Swiss National Exhibition in Zurich opened on May 6th and closed on October 29th. Extending on both shores of the Lake of Zurich, this Exhibition presented a complete picture of the diversity and originality of Switzerland. The Exhibition ...


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The year 1939 in Syria was marked by reduced self-rule and increased French control. The Alexandretta region was taken from Syria and added to Turkey; 10,000 or more refugees, principally Armenians from the famous Musa Dagh, were settled in the ...


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April 30, 1939, marked the beginning of scheduled television service in the United States. Field tests of transmitters and receivers had resulted in technical improvements in equipment that enabled the National Broadcasting Company to offer ...


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Two outside events affected the American theater adversely in 1939, one quite unexpectedly. This latter was the New York World's Fair, which opened in the spring and which the New York theater managers had counted on to bring a great influx of ...


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The quiet, effective control with which President Inonu began his term of office in November, 1938, was maintained throughout the year 1939.


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South Africa was making very leisurely preparations for defense when war came. Her politics were more concerned with such domestic matters as the relations between the Dutch and British elements, the position of Asiatics, the native problem, and ...


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Champions of 1939: American League, New York Yankees.


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The following are hockey champions of the year: National Hockey League, Boston Bruins.


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The following are soccer champions of the year: American League, Scots-Americans, Kearny, N. J.


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Champions of 1939 were: Heavyweight: Joe Louis, Detroit, Michigan.


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The following are champions of 1939: Arlington Classic: Challedon.


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The following are champions of 1939: National cross-country: George Gustavson, Placerville, Calif.


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The following are champions of 1939: H-Y-P-D College Chess League: Yale.


Description:
The year 1939 saw a number of discoveries and inventions related to food production, preparation, and preservation.


Description:
The following are tennis champions of 1939:


Description:
Transportation projects and dams exceeded projects in other areas of construction in 1939. Projects either begun or finished include the following:


Description:
Business and industry in the United States extended in 1939 the broad expansion begun the year before. During the first half of the year the pace of the upturn was moderate, though consistent; but in the latter six months the increasingly favorable ...


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After several years of poor business, the coal-mining industry began in 1939 to show a marked improvement. The production for the year approximated 378,000,000 tons of bituminous coal, up 14 per cent from 1938, and 47,500,000 tons of anthracite, an ...


Description:
In the fields of poetry, drama, and belles lettres, little of distinction appeared during the past year. Edna St. Vincent Millay in Huntsman, What Quarry?


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Lightning, devastating warfare made aviation one of the most terrifying, yet most fascinating subjects of 1940. The world shuddered at the word bomber the German Luftwaffe


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No outstanding discoveries in anthropology were reported for 1940. The specialists in early man devoted their time to a study of the materials on hand. DeTerra, American geologist, having studied the sites in Java from which came the best-known ...


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For several reasons there can be little doubt that the most important archaeological work during 1940 was done at Ezion-geber, Solomon's seaport at the north end of the Gulf of Aqabah in Trans-Jordan. Here the American School of Oriental Research in ...


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As the key state of the Balkans, Bulgaria was the subject of a tug of war between Russia and Germany. The latter continued to dominate the economic scene, although both Soviets and Nazis assiduously applied political pressure. By cautiously playing ...


Description:
War overshadowed Canada and the Canadian people, as it did so much of the civilized world. Throughout 1940 the life of the Dominion was geared to the war machine to a rapidly increasing extent. Directly or indirectly, practically every Canadian took ...


Description:
Research on derivatives of sulfanilamide was intensified in 1940. Some 1,500 derivatives had been made and tried by that time, but only a few showed improvement over the original product. Sulfathiazole for pneumonia, sulfanilylguanidine as a promising ...


Description:
Into the books for young people published in 1940 came a very strong feeling of the importance of a knowledge of our American heritage and of friendship between the Americas. There were many books with an historical setting and a number about the ...


Description:
Relations with the United States were cordial during the year. In May the United States Export-Import Bank increased its loan to Chile from $5,000,000 to $12,000,000. The following month a group of military advisers went to Chile to help that country ...


Description:
The country appeared more determined in 1940 than in 1938 and 1939 to continue its war of resistance and to carry out the program of reconstruction, to the end that it might become a free and independent nation. There were discouraging events and ...


Description:
The population of the Greater Reich, according to the census of May, 1939, including Austria and the Sudetenland, annexed respectively on March 15 and September 30, 1938, totaled 79,375,281. By including Memelland and the so-called Protectorate of ...


Description:
During the first three months of the year, Great Britain was party to a war so devoid of action that it was derisively termed a phoney war. During the next three months there was an overabundance of staggeringly unexpected and melodramatic ...


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President Jorge Ubico of Guatemala, like other Latin-American presidents, co-operated with the United States for continental defense. He took a definite step toward keeping the peace with British Honduras when an agreement was reached which allowed ...


Description:
Nazi domination, for all practical purposes, was completed during 1940. This was evidenced by Hungary's joining the Rome-Berlin-Tokio alliance (in November), by a Nazi controlled press (which had been strongly anti-Fascist although the Government had ...


Description:
Naturally, as in all other parts of the British Empire, the war was in the foreground in 1940. Indian troops were with the British Army in France, and serving in the defense of the Empire in the East and Near East, from Hongkong to Africa, giving a ...


Description:
There were 361,816 Indians under the jurisdiction of the United States Government in 1940, an increase of 9,938 over 1939. This did not include scattered groups in various parts of the country; the total Indian population of the United States of ...


Description:
In Europe, people burn books. In the United States, libraries strive to make books available to everyone. In Europe, political and intellectual freedom are destroyed. Librarians believe that in the United States nothing else is so important as the ...


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As 1940 drew toward its close, the paralysis which the war had cast on creative writing seemed slowly to be yielding. The novelists, who in the first horror of the European disaster were stricken into inactivity, overwhelmed by the apparent ...


Description:
Outstanding discoveries of the year related to chemotherapy, vitamins, and glands. The sulfonamide group held first place. Sulfanilylguanidine was used successfully in intestinal infections. The spraying of sulfanilamide on war wounds was recommended.


Description:
Like many of its predecessors, 1940 was a year of so-called unusual weather, although its mean temperature of 48.6 o


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The presidential campaign brought constant cries of Wolf! Wolf! But the much talked-of revolution, the accusations of Fascist-Nazi-Communist help to the opposing candidates, the attempts to arouse public opinion in the United States ...


Description:
In spite of serious readjustments, the screen flourished in 1940. Limited to a domestic market by the war, Hollywood produced a large number of purely escapist films. At the same time it turned out a wide range of provocative and stirring ...


Description:
World War II exercised a profound influence upon music in 1940, an influence that was felt in America as well as in every country of the European continent.


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Looming largest in 1940 was the question of defense. The program for self-protection was practically abandoned. This was evidenced by drastic cuts in military appropriations and by the authorized statement that responsibility for defense remained with ...


Description:
The interest excited in 1939 by splitting the uranium atom with the release of 200,000,000 electron volts of energy carried over into 1940. There are three forms of uranium, known as 234, 235, and 238, these numbers indicating atomic weights. When a ...


Description:
The year 1940 was for the people of Poland one of the most tragic in their history. During 1939-1940 some 3,000,000 or more Poles perished in the subjugation of their land, at least 1,700,000 young Polish men and women were deported to do compulsory ...


Description:
As the year closed, the Salazar Government still hoped to escape a state of belligerency in World War II. Commercially and diplomatically, every precaution was taken to maintain neutrality and sustain peaceful relations with its neighbors. Naturally, ...


Description:
Problems arising from the defense program were the main interest in health affairs of the year. Protection of civilian health had to be carried on with the protection of the health of men in the expanding army, navy, and defense industries.


Description:
In 1940 radio functioned as the sound track of Europe's daily motion picture war and world chaos. Bombers and battle fleets, soldiers and submarines cast the lengthening shadow of war on American broadcasting throughout the year. It could not be ...


Description:
Throughout the year President Edwardo Santos affirmed his friendship for the United States and his desire to co-operate for continental defense. On May 1 the United States Export-Import Bank increased a previous loan of $5,000,000 to $10,000,000. The ...


Description:
During the first part of the year, the people of Cuba were concerned with the presidential election, first scheduled for February. The chief candidate was Colonel Fulgencio Batista, who had been in charge of the Cuban army, and who had been the chief ...


Description:
Nonaggression pacts, scrupulous neutrality, and Danish good faith to the contrary, the country was invaded by Germany on April 9. Occupation was well established by nightfall.


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The survival of democracy, it seemed during 1940, depended on war supplies from the United States. War supplies depend on trained workers, and trained workers depend on American education. This heavy responsibility became clear in May when the German ...


Description:
Although its territory was violated and bombs were dropped on the chief cities Egypt remained persistently neutral.


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Perhaps never in history has a great nation collapsed with the tragic suddenness of the Third French Republic. That a highly civilized nation, rich in resources, defended by a large and well-trained army of several million men, with one of the best ...


Description:
Many imaginative theories have been advanced to account for the fact that the lands are crowded into the northern hemisphere and the oceans expand south of the equator, but during 1940 C. D. Perrine of the Argentine National Observatory at Cordoba ...


Description:
In February announcement was made in Iran of a policy of strict neutrality. Floods of Nazi propaganda were reported to have had little effect. Suspicions of Russian intentions were increased by rumors that Hitler had offered Stalin expansion to the ...


Description:
Iraq remained technically neutral, although not unmindful of treaty pledges to cooperate with Britain. Friendly relations were maintained with Saudi Arabia and Turkey. Foreign Minister Nuri as-Said went to Ankara in June to confer about common action ...


Description:
Eire was more surely than ever a divided house during 1940. Northern Ireland (Ulster) was a belligerent part of the British Commonwealth of Nations, but Eire was a neutral member of that Commonwealth. After May it stood with Portugal as the only two ...


Description:
The year began with extravagant claims on the part of Mussolini and his associates as to Italy's prowess and imperialistic future, but it ended with lame excuses for the disasters which Italian arms were meeting everywhere.


Description:
The fourth year of the undeclared war on China and the tenth year of the invasion of Manchuria witnessed a closer alliance between Japan and the dictators of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. At the same time the militarist rulers of Japan ordered ...


Description:
Courts, legislatures, labor organizations, and economic conditions are perhaps the four chief factors in the making of labor history. In 1940 legislative action was at a comparative minimum, court decisions important, organized labor active but still ...


Description:
In early 1940, Hollanders' faith in their armed neutrality, and a few months later their grim determination not to become another Denmark, hardly presaged the plight that befell them in May. On the morning of the ninth, Hitler's legions ...


Description:
The dictatorial power of President Anastacio Somoza continued to increase during the year under the constitution of March, 1939. The President announced that his administration would continue until January 1, 1949. Preliminary work on the proposed ...


Description:
No awards were granted in 1940, because of the chaotic international situation.


Description:
Like other small neutrals that seemed to impede Hitler's progress toward his goal of ultimate world domination, on April 9 Norway fell victim to his notorious tactics. The invasion was accompanied by the usual verbal broadsides and preceded by the ...


Description:
Both San Francisco and New York continued their international expositions, but with completely new art exhibitions. The New York World's Fair presented a brilliant survey of European and American painting from 1500 to 1900 in its Masterpieces of Art ...


Description:
Who were the first Americans? During 1940 new light was thrown on this intriguing question by Frank C. Hibben of the University of New Mexico. He found evidence of Americans apparently even older than the famous Folsom Man who probably hunted in the ...


Description:
The year began with the new administration of President Manuel Prado, who took office on December 8, 1939, for a term ending July 28, 1945. In the following months Peru enjoyed internal peace and general prosperity, being affected less by the war than ...


Description:
During 1940, construction was started by the United States Bureau of Reclamation on the first of the so-called Great Plains or Small Water Conservation and Utilization Projects. This was the Buford-Trenton project, near Williston, N. Dak. These ...


Description:
The year 1940 was not marked in any country by many specially outstanding religious events. Events of religious interest, however, were apparently more widely distributed than usual.


Description:
Although the national defense program stressed the need for conserving manpower and other resources, loss of life and destruction of property through accidents in the United States increased in 1940. Accidental deaths for the year, according to ...


Description:
Those who hold that war is futile find in Spain the perfect object-lesson. Exhausted and penniless, with none of the problems which caused the civil war definitively settled, with a large percentage of its man power either under arms or in ...


Description:
Excepting those not held because of the international situation, major events and respective winners in 1940 include the following:


Description:
As the international storm clouds darkened over Sweden early in the year, Prime Minister Per Albin Hansson asked for and obtained a coalition cabinet in which all parties except the Communists were represented. At the same time, Rickard Sandler, ...


Description:
Every effort in 1940 was directed towards the strengthening of national defense. The army was kept on wartime footing all the year and in the critical months of the German offensive in the West during May, June, and July, it exceeded one-half million ...


Description:
Anxiety, indecision, passion, and resolvethe confused emotions of a heterogeneous people dedicated to a homogeneous political formulaclouded the vexed path of the world's greatest democracy during 1940.


Description:
Throughout the year the Government and people of Uruguay were almost continuously concerned with subversive activities on the part of Axis agents. Fifth-column activities were promoted locally by a Nazi party (known as the N.S.D.A.P.) which organized ...


Description:
In his message to congress on April 27, President Lopez Contreras assured the people of Venezuela that the country was making steady political and economic advancement and that he favored democracy to dictatorship. He also indicated his desire to ...


Description:
The European War of 1939 became in 1940 the second world war, involving as it did in one way or another practically every country on the globe.


Description:
Fear gripped the nation during the entire year because of the constant Nazi menace. The foreign policy continued to stress neutrality and independence, but long before the twelve-month ended Germany definitely was in the ascendancy.


Description:
Latin America elected several new leaders in 1940 and prepared for additional elections. Governments battled the influence of Nazi sympathizers and other antigovernment influences and worked with the United States to coordinate a defense of the ...


Description:
The following are national tennis champions of 1940:


Description:
During 1940 the President of the United States was easily the most important American.


Description:
Farmers realize fully that a world war influences customs, laws, institutions, and social relationships at home and abroadwithin which they do their business; and that by contrast prices changes are minor. Essentially, war cuts down farm ...


Description:
Relations between Brazil and the United States were very cordial during the year, and in November President Roosevelt invited President Getulio Vargas to visit him in the White House.


Description:
The decennial census of the United States originated in 1790 from the clause of the Constitution which provided that an enumeration of inhabitants should be made every ten years to serve as the basis for the apportionment of representatives in ...


Description:
On April 1, 1940, the population of continental United States was 131,669,275, an increase of 7.2 per cent during the decade. This was the lowest rate of increase in the history of the United Statesless than one half that between 1920 and 1930.


Description:
During 1940, the United States Bureau of Reclamation started construction on the first of the so-called Great Plains or Small Water Conservation and Utilization Projects. This was the Buford-Trenton project, near Williston, N. Dak. These projects ...


Description:
The Government and people of Argentina became much concerned with fifth-column activities of Axis agents.


Description:
The war became very grim to Australia during 1941. The number of volunteers under arms rose to nearly 450,000, or one quarter of the total eligible man-power between the ages of eighteen and forty-five. Contingents sent to the Near East took part in ...


Description:
Preparation for all-out production of war equipment by the automotive industries gradually got under way during 1941. While this change was going on, a record was made in motor truck production, and the passenger car production of the banner year 1929 ...


Description:
The year 1941 was a gloomy one for the Belgian people. Under the German occupation, they had neither freedom, nor the comforts of life; while some were compelled to forced labor, others faced unemployment; many were subjected to imprisonment, and all ...


Description:
During the year a number of important discoveries were made affecting diseases and growth of plants.


Description:
Radio's instantaneous reports from the Pacific and the eyewitness coverage of the war in Europe and the Far East as the microphone switched from continent to continent, from island to island, demonstrated as never before the flexibility with which ...


Description:
On March 1, in Vienna, the country joined the Axis Powers as the seventh signatory to the triple military alliance of Berlin, Rome, and Tokyo. The action followed months of diplomatic juggling on the part of King Boris, involving Germany and Russia. ...


Description:
Croatia, a province of Yugoslavia, was declared an independent state on April 10 after the Nazis attacked the country, and made a kingdom on May 19. It includes the ethnical unit of Croatian elements in Yugoslavia, comprising the old Croatia-Slavonia, ...


Description:
President Fulgencio Batista, on February 3, was faced with a revolt led by Jose Pedraza, Army Chief of Staff, and by others who demanded the abdication of the executive. The movement, however, failed, and the leaders fled to Miami, Fla. Thereupon, ...


Description:
The effects of German occupation became increasingly evident during 1941. The country was heavily in debt and continued to accumulate unusable German credits. Living standards were lowered as supplies of all kinds dwindled and substitutes, especially ...


Description:
War fused the forces of American education during 1941. All through the year American schools, responding to the nation's call, trained thousands of workers for the arsenal of democracy. Stout tanks and planes were put together by boys who learned ...


Description:
Egypt remained in neutrality or nonbelligerency during 1941, although war raged continuously, but with marked fluctuations of intensity, beyond its western borders.


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With the declaration of war upon the United States by the Axis Powers, the Government of El Salvador, like the governments of the neighboring states, declared war upon Japan, Germany, and Italy on December 12.


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Owing to close censorship, little information came out of Syria during 1940, especially during the last six months.


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Commercialization of television transmission was promised for 1940 but, because no agreement on standards could be reached, the Federal Communications Commission refused to grant the necessary licenses. Television progress, therefore, remained in ...


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The political outlines of Thailand became more clearly visible in the lenses of world telescopes during 1940. Repercussions of the fall of France and of Japan's ambitions in the Pacific area were fused in Siamese demands for return of sections of ...


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The war in Europe greatly affected the American theater in 1940. First, it cut off the supply of foreign plays which have always furnished stimulating variety to the stage; even England had only a couple of plays to send. The fall of France in the ...


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Early in 1940, Eastern Turkey was struck by an earthquake of great destructiveness. Many gifts for relief came from abroad, especially from England, Syria, and Greece.


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Throughout 1940 General Jan C. Smuts remained Prime Minister, pledged to active participation in the war. Subsequently, South African aviators operated in East Africa against Italy.


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In a year of spreading war, the Soviet Union in 1940 terminated its conflict with Finland, but absorbed without resort to force Bessarabia, North Bucovina, and the three Baltic states of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia. The Soviet leaders continued to ...


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Champions of 1940: American League, Detroit Tigers.


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Champions of 1940 were: Heavyweight: Joe Louis, Detroit, Michigan.


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The following are champions of 1940: Arlington Classic: Sirocco.


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The following are champions of 1940: National cross-country: Peter Fosseide, Duluth, S. C.


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The following are champions of 1940: H-Y-P-D College Chess League: Yale.


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The year 1940 saw a number of discoveries and inventions related to food production, preparation, and preservation.


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Since January 1937, the Republicans had sought for the likely leader who would get that fellow out of the White House, and they entered the crucial year of 1940 with three aspirants leading the field. They were Senator Arthur H. Vandenberg ...


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Although the national defense program stimulated a steady increase in loans for business and industrial purposes, deposits rose far more rapidly and as 1940 ended the nation's banks were confronted by the old problems of low interest rates, idle ...


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Transportation projects and dams exceeded those in other fields in 1940. Among those either begun or finished during the year were the following:


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Impelled by the rolling momentum of a gigantic national defense and armament program, inspired by the belligerency rampant elsewhere in the world, business and industry in the United States in 1940 underwent the most vigorous expansion and ...


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There was a complete lack of significant poetry both in England and America. Representative of the general output are William Butler Yeats's Last Poems and Plays,


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A world at war made increasing demands upon aircraft in 1941. This was evidenced everywhere, from production lines to fighting fronts.


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A record discovery, the finding of two dwarf skeletons ( Chondrodystrophic


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Some obviously true footprints belonging to early geological periods were found in Nicaragua in 1941. They were made in mud, thrown out by a volcanic eruption one thousand or more years ago, which quickly hardened to the consistency of stone. One need ...


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American architecture during 1941 was keyed around the nation's defense effort. New factories to produce planes, tanks, guns, and ammunition, houses to shelter defense workers, military training camps, air fields, and other facilities necessary to ...


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The end of 1941 found Canada more deeply than ever engaged in war. Early in December Hungary, Rumania, and Finland were added to its list of enemies, and on Sunday evening, December 7, Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King announced that, as a ...


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Most important during the year was the progress made in production of synthetic rubber.


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The juvenile books of 1941 emphasized American history, patriotism, and, to some extent, religion. This was only natural, as publishers and authors endeavored to anticipate events to come. Stirred by a feeling for the values of freedom and democracy, ...


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Problems relating to the world war were uppermost in the minds of the people of Chile during the year. Early in January the United States arranged to purchase 300,000 short tons of nitrate of soda for defense at $18.00 per ton, if delivered before ...


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The Chinese people celebrated the beginning of the year 1941 by a new national pledge to fight the invader to the end. At the close of the year, they found themselves an ally of the democratic nations in a global war against the Axis tyrannies.


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Because of the close proximity of Colombia to the Panama Canal, its relations with the United States were of prime importance. During the year the United States Export-Import Bank loaned $18,000,000 to Colombia for the construction of public works. ...


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At noon on January 3, the Seventy-sixth Congress came to an end, and the Seventy-seventh opened its two-year term. Membership included:


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Early in January, Haile Selassie, Emperor who never yielded his title, issued a proclamation calling on the Ethiopian tribes to aid the British in ousting their Italian conquerors. The revolt was well under way by February and centered in the region ...


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When the year 1941 closed, some hope was held that the tenacious old Chief of State at Vichy, Marshal Henri Philippe Petain, was neither too weak nor unwilling to resist German demands for full military collaboration against Great Britain.


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Fundamental researches in geology showed something of a decline in 1941, due to the fact that many of the scientists were engaged in direct war efforts.


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History may perhaps look back upon 1941 as the year which marked the turning of the tide in Hitler's successes. He had not succeeded in invading England, as his followers had been encouraged to believe he would do. The Battle of the Atlantic for the ...


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It is a truism of any European war that if Great Britain is to be defeated, a conquest of the British Isles must be accomplished. To Hitler there were three possible ways of achieving this result: (1) by pounding Britain into submission from the air; ...


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At the close of 1940 Greece was at war with Italy, but holding its own against sixfold odds in the mountains of Albania. By the end of 1941, the country was wholly enslaved in German and Italian occupation, its trade dead, and the people starving.


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Strong undercurrents of intrigue and propaganda in favor of the British, or of the Germans and Italians, were evidenced by a series of cabinet replacements. When, on April 3, Sayyid Rashid Ali el Ghailani seized power with the help of the army, he ...


Description:
Ulster (Northern Ireland) continued to experience the trials of war, while the rest of the country (Eire) suffered the less deadly but quite grievous consequences of a neutrality which it could not hope to maintain if either belligerent decided to ...


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Most competent observers saw in the year's events in Italy an end to Italian independence, at least for the duration of the war.


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Throughout the year the Japanese people made increased sacrifices to support the war policy of the militarist masters of Nippon. Japan became a full-fledged belligerent in the war of the dictatorships against the democracies on December 7, 1941, when ...


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The Supreme Court of the United States made most of the labor history in 1941, although its decisions of lasting importance were publicly overshadowed by the recurrent crises of labor relations in the defense program. Strikes that would not have ...


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Nazi subversive activities, favored by several circumstances, were especially pronounced in Latin America in 1941.


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Libraries throughout the country made efforts to increase the understanding and appreciation of American democracy and to make it work by encouraging reading in social, economic, and political problems.


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As in every other field, the war brought about great changes in musical activity throughout the world. In the United States, its effects were felt less than in any other of the great countries, for concert and opera-giving was in no way diminished. ...


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Active as well as passive resistance to the Nazis remained a cardinal principle of behavior among many loyal Hollanders. There were, of course, the resultant executions, imprisonments, and heavy city fines. Queen Wilhelmina on November 28, in a ...


Description:
The United States, on February 1, was invited to establish air and naval bases on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of Nicaragua in order to protect the interests of the two countries and the Panama Canal. On March 22, it was announced that ...


Description:
Again, in 1941, no awards were granted, because of the chaotic international situation.


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Anti-Nazi and anti-Quisling activities kept up a running barrage against all efforts to crush the stubborn resistance of Norwegians under the German yoke. Sabotage ran rife in the country (especially outside the heavily guarded capital, Oslo), death ...


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Keenly realized in this second year of World War II was the fact that the United States had become the refuge for Europe's scholars, scientists, and artists. Fortune


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The pace of paleontological discovery was somewhat diminished in 1941, due to world war conditions. Nevertheless, a number of interesting finds were made, especially by members of state and Federal geological surveys.


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Europe, about 90 per cent Nazi-dominated, has been reduced to starvation rations in order to support the Nazi armed forces. World War II has reduced the daily food requirement of 2,400 calories for adults to 250 calories in Greece, 680 to 400 calories ...


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Because of defense and war needs, those features essential to the production of hydroelectric power on reclamation projects were being rushed to completion.


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The shifting of American thought and action with reference to the war profoundly affected the attitudes and work of the churches. Their normal work and growth continued, but religion was more than usually in the headlines because of the world's ...


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In spite of the overwhelming pressure of work in a defense and war year, the President Roosevelt D. Franklin found time in 1941 for civil appearances and speeches and for the many duties of a busy private life.


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Defense activity, reflected in greater employment and travel, visibly affected the safety record of the United States in 1941. Defense production and military activity created many boom towns with special safety problems. Housing, sanitation, and fire ...


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The country continued its struggle under the combined difficulties of civil-war ruin and world hostilities. Economically, conditions went from bad to worse. Starvation was everywhere. Alexis Carrel reported much of the population existing on a diet ...


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Excepting those not held because of the international situation, major events and respective winners in 1941 include the following:


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On September 12, the Guatemalan Congress extended the term of President Jorge Ubico to March 15, 1949, two years beyond the previous limit. From the standpoint of continental defense and co-operation with the United States this step appeared very ...


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Although it was unconstitutional, in March the Chamber of Deputies unanimously voted to President Stenio Vincent a third term of office (for five years, beginning on May 15). This honor, however, was declined and on April 15 the congress selected Elie ...


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The great increase in the size of the army in 1941 and the establishment of military camps required the War Department to make extensive preparations to safeguard the health of officers and soldiers.


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As one of Germany's satellites, Hungary took part in the Balkan Campaign. For such aid by its armed forces Hungary was permitted to annex additional territory lost in World War I. This area included the so-called Baranga Triangle (between the Danube ...


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The gradual disappearance of politics and tacit obstruction of war efforts was the single largest achievement during the past year. America's entry into the war brought the last doubter of the wisdom of the war to enthusiastic support of the cause of ...


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War affected the 400,000 American Indians somewhat differently from other people.


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Iran's Riza Shah Pehlevi, proud ruler of the Persians, showed himself friendly to the hundreds of German diplomats, technicians, and business men who came into his country. The British, having established control in Iraq and Syria, agreed with the ...


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Like every other phase of activity, literature reflected the constant and absorbing interest in the war. It served as background for some of the outstanding fiction of the year; it furnished the springboard to innumerable discussions of democracy and ...


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MALAYA was invaded by the Japanese in December in their drive to capture Allied possessions in the Pacific. On December 10, after seizing the British airdrome at Kota Bharu at the northeastern tip of British Malaya, the Japanese were soon able to ...


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Investigations in 1941 were stimulated by the military emergency, advances in fields related to chemistry, the glands, vitamins, diseases caused by viruses, and in surgery.


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In meteorological work the chief concern was for national defense, causing scientists to postpone many pressing research problems. The average meteorologist was training field observers for the army and navy, and instructing aviators in those phases ...


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Under the leadership of President Manuel Avila Camacho, the Government concentrated upon the serious task of restoring confidence, of developing the natural resources, and of rectifying the excesses of the previous administration.


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The industry found itself embattled, but very much on its toes during 1941. From any standpoint, its offerings proved noteworthy. Although foreign markets had disappeared, government investigations were in order, the consent-decree ruling went into ...


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Late in March, the Peruvian Government notified the German Lufthansa that its contract to fly in Peru would be terminated in June. But in April the Government took over the German planes and ground property and confiscated the company's funds. These ...


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The Commonwealth proved to be a classic example of too little and too late in matters of defense. The long-discussed but wishfully improbable attack by Japan materialized on December 9, two days after the action at Pearl Harbor.


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The war has called particularly upon physics and its several applications in industry for the new materials which characterize it. Much of the best physical thought was called to arms in this sense during 1941.


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During 1941, in the Warthegau that Germany had annexed, there was substituted a comprehensive program of Germanization for an earlier program that replaced Poles with Germans. And, in the General Government of central Poland that had gained millions ...


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Portugal remained a nonbelligerent, but its independence was none too secure, because of Axis pressure and the country's traditionally pro-British sentiment.


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Defense activities in 1941 created many new problems, but also started new efforts for protection against sickness and premature death, because manpower is essential to the nations strength in war.


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News flash from the Pacific on December 7, 1941, [when the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor] shifted operations in all phases of radio, especially radio broadcasting, from a program of national defense to all-out for victory.


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Although Sweden was necessarily within the control of the Axis Powers on account of its geographical position, defense preparations were staunchly continued during 1941. A new half-billion-crown loan for defense was floated early in the year. Total ...


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The main event, of Swiss public life in 1941 was the 650th anniversary of the founding of the Swiss Confederation on August 1, 1291. Under the present international conditions, the oldest democracy in the world celebrated that anniversary with an ...


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At the beginning of the year, Syria was held by the government of unoccupied or Vichy France. German agents conducted from Syria an extensive propaganda in the Arab lands. After the Germans had conquered Greece and occupied Greek islands, their planes ...


Description:
Estimating that through additional excise taxes there might be derived an income of $876,000,000 for the purpose of financing the national defense program, the Ways and Means Committee recommended to Congress certain new levies which were adopted in ...


Description:
National defense activities during 1941 bore down heavily on the radio industry in general and television suffered in proportion.


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Japan's long-feared influence in Thailand developed into complete control in 1941. After several months' mediation of the border war between Indo-China and Thailand, the Japanese announced that a peace pact had been signed by Thailand and France on ...


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As a part of its policy of hemispheric solidarity, Uruguay continued to work in close co-operation with the United States. On February 16, it sent three missions to the United States to purchase arms, airplanes, small war vessels, and mine layers. At ...


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During the first part of the year, the people of Venezuela were concerned chiefly with the election of a new president. In February Romulo Gallegos, former Minister of Education and a widely known novelist, announced that he was a candidate for the ...


Description:
American war correspondents covered the outbreak and progression of the world war in considerable detail. Especially outstanding in achievements during the year were: Leland Stowe and Wallace R. Deuel of the Chicago Daily News;


Description:
Five main changes characterized the development of World War II during 1941.


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Yugoslavia as such, ceased to exist in 1941. Beginning in February, German diplomatic pressure toward full alliance was increasingly intensified. To comply meant economic and political vassalage. The Government repeatedly attempted to compromise, but ...


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As scientists continued their researches in various phases of zoology, public interest easily kept pace. Improvements in zoological gardens, particularly the installation of pits and other devices avoiding bars, continued to be developed; much ...


Description:
Four main changes characterized the development of World War II in Europe during 1941.


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Throughout 1941, Pope Pius XII maintained the Vatican's policy of strict neutrality in World War II. Pressed by both Axis and Allied diplomats to affirm the righteousness of their respective efforts, he refused to approve the war in any way, and ...


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The following are national tennis champions of 1941:


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Farmers of the United States place their industry on a war footing in 1941, inscribed Food for Freedom on their banner, and fell into line with urban dwellers in a drive for necessary war production. Under Federal guidance they endeavored ...


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Brazil's government was largely concerned with problems growing out of the war in 1941. Within the country, pro-Axis activities led to the suppression by September 1 of all periodicals and newspapers not printed in Portuguese. When a Brazilian ship ...


Description:
Chicago got a new daily newspaper in 1941, the Chicago Sun,


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Built at a cost of about $16,000,000, the Washington, D.C., airport was officially opened for use on June 16, 1941. Carefully planned to accommodate an increasing load of traffic, it combines functional design with attractive landscaping. Covering ...


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The Bureau of Reclamation of the Department of the Interior planned and executed a number of water projects in 1941.


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Aside from the need to control credit inflation, the banking year of 1941 exhibited many of the characteristics of its immediate predecessor. Commercial banks absorbed the shock of the outbreak of war with surprising ease, and the December 31 bank ...


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During the year the Argentine Government continued to deal in its own way with World War II and the belligerents, without much concern for what the other American governments did. Partly, the Argentinian attitude was due to the fact that President ...


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On February 17, Mexico dedicated a new astro-physical observatory at Tonanzintla in the state of Puebla, about eighty miles west of Mexico City. The principal instrument is a Schmidt photographic reflector of 31 inches aperture, which was largely ...


Description:
When Japanese bombs rained down on Darwin on February 19, Australia experienced its first attack since the white man settled there in 1788. Australian fighters had tasted victory in Libya but bitter disaster in Crete and Greece, while over 21,000 of ...


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Production of automobiles was stopped in early February, but sales were resumed on a rationed basis in March. The greatest industry in the United States, which has produced 5,000,000 cars and trucks in a year, set its man power and inventive genius to ...


Description:
In occupied Belgium, the food situation grew constantly worse, and the population was faced with the stern reality of famine. Everything was rationed, except fresh vegetables. Officially, each person was allowed daily 7 1/2 oz. of bread; 3/4 oz. of ...


Description:
Although Bulgaria supported the German campaign in the Balkans, requests for similar aid in the spring offensive against the Soviet were met with reluctance. The Bulgarians were much more willing to fight Rumania, because of its boundary aspirations, ...


Description:
On May 3, a national election was held for president. There were two candidates: Carlos Aranjo Velez, a moderate Liberal with some Conservative backing, who favored all-out aid to the democracies; and ex-president Alfonso Lopez, a Liberal of the New ...


Description:
The seventy-seventh Congress met for its year-long second session on January 3. It repeatedly asserted itself in the conduct of the war, partly on the theory that the direction of the war was the legitimate concern of Congress and partly on the theory ...


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As a belligerent in World War II, Cuba took active steps to contribute to the war effort. On January 3, the Government announced the levying of the first income tax in the island's history, together with a list of other taxes to be used in financing ...


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In addition to experiencing an unexpected setback at the polls in November, the Democratic Party in 1942 suffered from an acute case of internal dissension. From time to time, conservative Democrats voiced the opinion that they ought to join with ...


Description:
In 1942, Denmark continued to be the best-fed nation under Nazi domination. However, as the year progressed, relations with Germany reached a breaking point and complete occupation came closer.


Description:
For the first time in American history, in 1942 there were decreases in the enrollments of elementary and secondary schools as well as of higher institutions. Military service and openings in war industries drew thousands of students from high schools ...


Description:
At the close of the year, thirty-two theaters on Broadway were offering twenty-two plays and ten musicals or spectacles, a gain of 40 per cent over the preceding year. There were also more plays on tour, and the summer theaters had perhaps their most ...


Description:
During the entire year, Turkey remained stubbornly neutral, though often under pressure from both sides in the enlarging war. Rumors were frequent of the massing of troops on the Bulgarian frontier, and of requests to permit Axis war vessels to pass ...


Description:
Industrially and commercially, South Africa benefited by the turn in war events. Troopships and merchantmen bound from Britain and America had to go round the Cape of Good Hope, instead of through the Mediterranean, on their way to the Near, Middle, ...


Description:
At the end of the year, after six months of the severest fighting, the Red Army had inflicted a serious military setback on the invading Nazi war machine. Also the Soviet Union joined with the United Nations in the declaration drawn up in Washington ...


Description:
As a result of the outbreak of war in the Pacific, Prime Minister Winston Churchill visited President Roosevelt during December to join in setting up a definite organization and procedure for Allied conduct of the war. Representatives of the nations ...


Description:
Throughout 1941, the nation was reminded of the seriousness of the emergency, the inescapable involvement in the international situation, and the need for providing the victims of aggressors with the sinews of war.


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Champions of 1941: American League, New York Yankees.


Description:
World War II in Africa and the Middle East


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The following are soccer champions of the year: American League, Scots-Americans, Kearney, N.J.


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Winners of the Indianapolis 500-mile race were Mauri Rose, Indianapolis, and Floyd Davis, Springfield, Ill.


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Champions of 1941 were: Heavyweight: Joe Louis, Detroit, Michigan.


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MEN Canadian Open: Sam Snead, Hot Springs, Virginia.


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The following are champions of 1941: Arlington Classic: Attention.


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The following are champions of 1941: National cross-country: George Gustavson, Auburn, S.C.


Description:
The following are champions of 1941: H-Y-P-D College Chess League: Yale.


Description:
The latest magic bullets which chemotherapy has derived from the coal-tar substance, sulfanilamide, are sulfadiazine, promin, and sulfaguanidine. Sulfadiazine has proved its effectiveness in the cure of pneumonia, tonsilitis, meningitis, ...


Description:
Work on power plants and transportation facilities, much of it as a part of the general war effort, went forward in various parts of the world during 1941. Among the outstanding projects were the following:


Description:
Business activity in the United States advanced to all-time high levels in 1941. Vitally affecting the American economy in 1941 were the two policies of aid to Britain in its war effort, and domestic expenditures for national defense. Large civilian ...


Description:
As war engulfed the world, the warring nations took stock of their energy supplies.


Description:
There was practically no poetry published in England during the past year, but in America there were several distinguished volumes of verse issued. Foremost among them was The Dust Which Is God,


Description:
By the end of 1942, both military and civil aircraft had become so important to the conduct of the war that the withdrawal of fighting and transport planes from any fighting force would almost surely spell defeat.


Description:
Where war conditions permitted, anthropologists were patiently filling in gaps in the recorded knowledge of surviving primitive peoples. Even in the United States and Canada, whose surviving Indian tribes are rapidly becoming Americanized, ...


Description:
No important discoveries were reported from the Old World in 1942. In North America, the most ambitious undertaking was that which sought traces of man on the route of the Alaska Highway. Indications were, however, that no important archaeological ...


Description:
American architecture during 1942 switched from a defense


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The Japanese conquest of this British colony began with the fall of Moulmein on January 31, and was practically completed with the capture of Lashio, April 30, and Mandalay, May 1. By May 7, Japanese troops had pursued the retreating Allies across the ...


Description:
The war absorbed more and more of the thought and energies of the Canadian people during 1942. The policy of the Government continued to be to reduce production and consumption of peacetime commodities to the absolute minimum needed for health and ...


Description:
Much of the advance in chemistry during the year had to do with problems caused by the war. Chemists endeavored especially to produce substitutes for scarce war materials.


Description:
For a number of years, children's books have tended to stay fairly strictly at home, but with the first year of war came an extension to cover the countries of the Allies. There are also a number of books dealing with the war itself; and several ...


Description:
During the year,the Chilean Government and people struggled with the question as to whether they should join with all the other American nations, except Argentina, and either break off diplomatic relations with the Axis or declare war upon those ...


Description:
In 1942, China emerged as one of the four major powers in the United Nations, the other three being the United States, Great Britain, and Russia. Internally, the country achieved great political unity and stability, although facing serious economic ...


Description:
The nonbelligerent relation and attitude of Egypt toward the war remained substantially unchanged, except that the unexpected approach of General Rommel's German-Italian army and its four months' threatening sojourn within seventy miles of Alexandria ...


Description:
Electronics is the science that deals with the electron, the basic unit in electricity. Electrons freed and controlled in a modern vacuum tube are powerful in many lines of activity. Most common is their use in radio.


Description:
The Government of Maximiliano Hernandez Martinez, who is serving a presidential term which expires in 1945, maintained its belligerent status during the year. In November, El Salvador broke off diplomatic relations with Vichy France, following the ...


Description:
As a main food arsenal of democracy, the United States sent food to military outposts, battlefronts, and many Allied nations, although certain kinds of food were provided for the American forces by some of the Allies. So enormous were the military and ...


Description:
The year 1942 will be remembered in France as one of deepest despair. Marshal Petain steadily surrendered all effective power into the hands of the pro-Nazi Pierre Laval, who emerged as the real leader of the Vichy government. French economic and ...


Description:
Most of the new discoveries in geology for 1942 cannot be reported specifically because they have direct bearing on the war effort with which almost all American geologists were concerned in one way or another. The geologists of the greatly augmented ...


Description:
Exodus of Indians from their reservations into the military forces and into industry was the most significant feature of Indian life in 1942. By December, 11,000 Indians were in the armed forces, a larger proportion than of any other population group. ...


Description:
Throughout 1942, the British continued to occupy an area in the south of Iran, and the Russians one in the north. Some friction reported between these allies in the middle of the country was mediated successfully by the Americans who supervised the ...


Description:
General Nuri as-Said continued in office as Prime Minister through 1942, with a cabinet reorganization in October. Friendly to Great Britain, he was steadily supported by London. Opinions moved toward actively entering the war.


Description:
On January 26, the first contingent of American troops landed in Ulster, and went to bases already prepared for them, by American construction crews. In May and later months, further and larger contingents arrived. Ulster welcomed them with open arms, ...


Description:
In a speech in April before ninety-eight prefects, Mussolini said that Italy's difficulties were the result of the natural increase in population, the food requirements of the army, the help granted to peoples in occupied territories, the difficulty ...


Description:
The first year of Japanese participation in World War II brought exultation to Nippon. Believing that American and British designs to exploit Asia had forced the war upon Japan, and devoted to Japan's role of leadership in the Greater Asia Sphere of ...


Description:
The social aspects of music, naturally taken for granted during normal times, become strikingly evident under the stress of war. As an aid to morale, music was employed during the year with an increasing understanding of its powers, not only in the ...


Description:
Despite messages broadcast by the Government-in-Exile in London to await with confidence and wise patience the call to take an active part in the destruction of the tyrant, acts of sabotage grew in number and violence during the year. The ...


Description:
During 1942, the self-governing Dominion of New Zealand prepared vigorously to meet the threat of Japanese invasion. At the same time, it helped to carry on the fight against the Axis in the Middle East and other parts of the world.


Description:
Nicaragua remained a belligerent in the war throughout the year. In May a Nicaraguan ship was sunk by an Axis submarine off the Atlantic coast of the United States. The Government of President Anastacio Somoza, who by self-appointment is to remain in ...


Description:
Sabotage and open violence broke out in many parts of the country following the appointment of Major Vidkun Quisling, Norse Nazi leader, as Premier of Norway on February 1, 1942. Violent sabotage, particularly in the Trondheim area, brought forth a ...


Description:
Immediately after the United States entered the war, the Section of Fine Arts announced a competition sponsored by the Office of Emergency Management to record war and defense activities. The works thus acquired by the government were to be reproduced ...


Description:
The health of the American people was good in 1942, in spite of all the changes and adjustments required by the war. There were no severe epidemics, either in the army or among civilians. Wartime prosperity contributed to health. Shortages caused by ...


Description:
In every phase of its activity, from research to engineering, production to communications, was geared in 1942 to the all-out war effort. Traveling at lightning speed and with ability not only to encircle the globe but to take to the air from ...


Description:
The reclamation program was severely restricted by the shortage of materials for construction, but despite this difficulty its contribution to the production of wartime essentials was substantial. Most important from the standpoint of new facilities ...


Description:
During 1942, the churches adjusted themselves to the needs of a nation at war. None of the churches as such, and few ministers or religious leaders, had favored American intervention. However, when war became a fact, the churches began to consider ...


Description:
In 1942, the Republicans gained strength externally but were still troubled by internal disunity. Typical of the pulling and hauling within the party's ranks was the election in December of Harrison E. Spangler as chairman of the Republican National ...


Description:
President Roosevelt, in 1942, due to the pressure of events, became even more the national leader of a nation at war. Although he remained a master politician, he simply did not have time to devote himself to purely political affairs, because the ...


Description:
Although in December, 1942, Hitler dominated more than 240,000,000 people, not including the millions in the conquered parts of Russia, his power was beginning to wane. His war production was now outmatched by that of Britain and the United States. ...


Description:
As 1942 dawned, the sky was darker than at any time since Dunkirk. A series of spectacular disasters made the year even blacker as the months went on. Not until November and December did the Russian counteroffensive, the rout of Rommel in Africa, the ...


Description:
As one of the belligerents in the war, Guatemala confined its activities largely to aiding the United States in the defense of the Panama Canal. In March, it was announced that the Government had provided air bases for the use of United States bombers ...


Description:
Haiti under President Stenio Vincent, as a belligerent closely collaborated with the United States in its war effort. On April 13, the two countries signed an agreement in which the United States promised to assist Haiti to defend its territory, to ...


Description:
For playing the Nazi game, Hungary had been well rewarded in 1940 and 1941, but the tide began to turn in 1942. Its armies were cut to pieces on the Russian Front, Hungarian laborers were shipped to Germany, and Rumania pressed demands for boundary ...


Description:
Following the Japanese conquest of Malaya, Singapore, and Burma early in 1942, India was in imminent danger of invasion. Calcutta, Ceylon, and other places were bombed and, for many months, the Japanese fleet had control of the India Ocean. To meet ...


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Under the impact of war in 1942, labor relations became more and more a function of government, and the history of labor for the year is to a large extent the history of the National War Labor Board. Legislation seriously affecting labor was lacking ...


Description:
The total war during 1942 was fought not only in the Solomons, China, Russia, and Africa, but in industrial plants, kitchens, and garages. Since it was a war of books, planned in books, fought out of books, fought for books and the right to read ...


Description:
Creative literature in the past year, as in the one that preceded it, suffered most from the turmoil of conflict. In the face of the catastrophe of society, the complications and emotional involvements in the life of the individual which normally bulk ...


Description:
Outstanding advances for 1942, in which medicine served many war needs, included:


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With weather and climate playing such important roles in conquest and defense, it is not surprising that weather statistics are not now common property. It can be said, however, that the winter of 1941-1942 was one of the warmest in recent years in ...


Description:
Personal considerations, minor interests, and personal differences were subordinated to a single issue in 1942: the early victory of the democracies. On January 1, President Manuel Avila Camacho in a radio address appealed for unity and the increase ...


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World War II offered a serious challenge to motion pictures as one of the greatest propagandist mediums of our day, to further the fight against Fascism. The screen was confronted with staggering problems at the start of 1942. It has met and solved ...


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Despite the curtailment of paleontological expeditions on account of wartime restrictions, a number of important discoveries of relics of ancient life were made in 1942.


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January was an important month for Peru. With other American states, it sent delegates to the Conference of Foreign Ministers at Rio de Janeiro. These men carried with them the problem of future relations with the Axis powers, and that of the boundary ...


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Under attack since December 9, 1941, United States and Filipino forces heroically resisted the Japanese invaders, knowing all the while that reinforcements could not possibly reach them. After organized resistance had been overcome by the armies of ...


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An important development in physics was the creation of portable electron microscopes. Heretofore these instruments had been unwieldy, expensive, and time-consuming to build. In 1942, several manufacturers made portable, comparatively inexpensive ...


Description:
Throughout 1942, the Nazis in Poland waged a ceaseless struggle to Germanize the land and to eliminate through terrorist means the underground and guerilla activities, sabotage, and slow-down work of the Poles. The Nazis employed fire, gas, and ...


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Neutrality was the keynote of Portuguese foreign relations in 1942. As the year drew to a close, Portugal and Spain entered into a pact in order to maintain peace in their countries. Relations with Great Britain and the United States continued to be ...


Description:
While reduced speeds and decreased use of automobiles cut the nation's traffic death toll by about 12,200 in 1942, the war complicated certain other phases of the safety problem. People were forced to walk more and to use buses and streetcars, and ...


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Although the Spanish dictator, General Francisco Franco, was still cheering for Fascism in 1942, the Government of Spain steered a neutral course. In December, an Iberian solidarity bloc was created with Portugal to further insure peace for the two ...


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Excepting those not held because of the international situation, major events and respective winners in 1942 include the following:


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A new five-year defense plan, calling for annual expenditures of 755,000,000 kronen, was laid before the Riksdag on April 9 by Defense Minister Per Edvin Skold. The bill supersedes one calling for a yearly expenditure of 147,000,000 kronen under a ...


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In the completely changed picture of the continent, Switzerland remained the lonely island of democracy and an oasis of peace in the heart of Europe. Although the country was spared the horrors of war, the life of the Swiss nation continued to be ...


Description:
And the Lebanon continued to be governed as republics whose independence was recognized by the Free or Fighting French and the British, but not by the Vichy French or the United States. The Fighting French and the British continued, however, to ...


Description:
After seven months of Congressional hearings and debate, the revenue act of 1942 became law on October 21. It lifted the nation's annual Federal tax bill to the staggering total of $26,000,000,000.


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Although Thailand is supposed to have been richly rewarded for collaborating with Japan, the populace soon tired of military domination. The war has ruined the commerce of the country and Japanese officials control such important departments as ...


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In spite of the loss of man power to the draft and the difficulties of transportation, the theater did better financially in 1942 than during 1941. Toward the end of the year there were not enough theaters in New York to house the attractions waiting ...


Description:
Like other countries of the Near (or Middle) East, Turkey was able during 1942 to remain neutral, with external and internal conditions relatively stable. Fear of Axis invasion followed the German thrust toward Stalingrad and the Caucasus, but at the ...


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During the year, there was continued expansion of agricultural and industrial production, a large output of gold, and heavy traffic in the ports as United Nations vessels called on their way to or from the Red Sea. In August, Prime Minister General ...


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By its epic struggle against the invading Nazi hordes in 1942, the Soviet Union greatly weakened the military machine which had become the common enemy of independence-loving peoples. The cost in lives, equipment, and territory borne by ...


Description:
By the end of 1942, the United States had shipped enormous quantities of lend-lease supplies to many of the United Nations, but especially to Great Britain, Russia, China, and to Australia and New Zealand. Without American tanks, planes, guns, ships, ...


Description:
The following are hockey champions of the year: National Hockey League, New York Rangers.


Description:
As a result of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941, followed by the German and Italian declarations of war on the United States, World War II in 1942 became a truly global war. Japan's Advance in Asia and the Pacific


Description:
The following are soccer champions of the year: American League, Philadelphia Americans.


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Champions of 1942 were: Heavyweight: Joe Louis, Detroit, Michigan.


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The following are champions of 1942: Arlington Classic: Shut Out.


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The following are champions of 1942: National cross-country: Howard Chivers, Gould Academy.


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The following are champions of 1942: H-Y-P-D College Chess League: Harvard.


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Nobel prizes were not presented in 1942 due to war conditions in Europe.


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Because of the war footing of the nation's industry, construction of water projects proceeded throughout most of the year at varying rates, depending upon the priority assistance obtainable.


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The first year of the war gave the banks of the nation an important role in financing a part of the mounting government debt, forced easier money policies on the Federal Reserve Board of Governors, and forecast, after a test, the use of big and little ...


Description:
Housing continued to be critical, especially in the vicinity of defense plants, but, in spite of this, only $885,000,000 went into residential construction during the last half of 1942 as against $2,800,000,000 for military and naval construction. At ...


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In 1942, war needs brought modification of many traditional business practices and policies. Subordination of the profit motive to the war effort was high-lighted by such unusual occurrences as telephone companies and railroads asking patrons to ...


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As a means of conserving rubber, the Government ordered curtailment of civilian pleasure driving through nation-wide rationing of gasoline, beginning on December 1. The ruling was enforced by the Office of Price Administration, which issued A, B, C, ...


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Unfortunately 1942 will not go down in the annals of poetry as an outstanding year, although some of the best-known names in American verse are included in its offerings. To take one of the most noted, the war turned Edna St. Vincent Millay into a ...


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When the year opened, Australia was still in grave danger of invasion. At various times during early 1943, Japan seemed to be mustering forces for another southward thrust, and June arrived before Prime Minister Curtin could declare that the ...


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From the time that new passenger-car rationing went into effect on March 2, 1942, until the Office of Price Administration took its inventory on June 30, 1943, about 390,000 cars were released for civilian use. This left to dealers some 131,000 cars ...


Description:
The German occupation brought further oppression and exploitation for the Belgian people during the year.


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Shortly after the Great Fire swept London in 1666, a new plant sprang up on the ruins, which was given the name of London Rocket. It was about two feet high and had a flower of four petals. Scientists in Great Britain are wondering whether it will ...


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The most strategic of Germany's Balkan satellites, Bulgaria was the scene of widespread rioting, sabotage, and other acts of violence in 1943. Notable among the pro-Nazi shootings (which numbered over 100) was that of General Christo Loukoff, Minister ...


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Only an occasional trickle of news has come out of Burma since its occupation by Japan early in 1942. Yet, today, Burma is one of the most strategically important regions in the world. Over its mountains runs the Burma Road, the highway into China. ...


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The outstanding event of 1943, so far as Canada is concerned, was the Quebec Conference. This meeting, at which the political leaders of the United States, Great Britain, and Canada were accompanied by both their civil and war chiefs, made important ...


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The people of Uruguay were concerned during the year with two important problems: internal politics and international problems growing out of the war. As the year opened, everyone looked forward to the presidential election scheduled for March 29. ...


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Venezuela felt the effects of the World War II profoundly during the year, especially because of the decline of her oil exports due to the sinking of tankers in the Atlantic and Caribbean by German submarines. This considerably reduced the national ...


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As a result of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, followed by the German and Italian declarations of war on the United States, World War II soon became a truly global war. In Europe only five states remained neutral throughout 1942Portugal, ...


Description:
The exemplifying courage of Yugoslav soldiers to continue a large-scale guerrilla warfare against the Axis invaders, was greatly dimmed in 1942 when civil war broke out in various sections of the country. Although many political, religious, and social ...


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Latin American countries were heavily involved in efforts to defeat the Axis powers in 1942. Brazil, Mexico, and Argentina in particular devoted enormous resources to the war effort.


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Champions of 1942: American League, New York Yankees.


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The year saw a rising struggle on the home front to elevate and define the place of the Negro. For a decade Negro leaders had been engaged in a campaign to obtain for their race the fuller exercise of the rights to which they are entitled under the ...


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Compounds derived from the coal-tar substance, sulfanilamide, during 1942 included sulfapyrazine, used principally in the treatment of pneumonia, and sulfasuxidine, effective in gastro-intestinal disturbances. Tests with sulfadiazine proved that it ...


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The Vatican indicated in several ways during 1942 its belief in the righteousness of the United Nations cause. It realized in particular, from the flouting of its appeals for better treatment of Jewish refugees in France and of Polish prisoners in ...


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The following are national tennis champions of 1942:


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Organized in the defense period for war work, farmers of the United States plunged into tremendous unified activity during 1942. Much was accomplished. Through nation-wide crop adjustments increased emphasis was placed on raising livestock ...


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From the beginning of 1942, Brazil took great interest in world affairs and played a prominent part in Pan-American activities. From January 15 to 28, Brazil was host to the Conference of Foreign Ministers at Rio de Janeiro. On the last day of the ...


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A heavy cruiser of the United States Navy, the Houston


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In 1943, Allied air power was on the offensive in every theater of war. It was a year of ever-increasing aircraft production; of ever-mounting bombing of the German heartland to destroy war industry, disrupt communications, and prepare the way for a ...


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World War II drew so heavily on the time of anthropologists for information concerning the languages and ways of living among native peoples in combat zones, that there was little opportunity for research in 1943. For example, small pocket handbooks ...


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An English geologist, Barnes, seeking a method by which crudely man-chipped flints could be distinguished from those produced by natural pressure in the earth, reports the discovery that the angles of fracture in fragments of flint differ, when ...


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The building industry during 1943 concentrated on the construction of war plants and war housing. Private construction, except for war facilities, was practically nonexistent. By July 1, the nation's war-facilities program was about four fifths ...


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The people of Argentina began the year under President Ramon Castillo, who ruled the country under a state of siege (martial law). It was therefore apparent to most observers that Argentina was ripe for a revolution. This occurred on June ...


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In 1943, astronomers continued their studies, aiding in the war whenever possible and being aided by the war in turn.


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There were three major reportable chemical events during 1943. They were important not only as prime scientific events, but also from the standpoint of production. The three milestones involved the opening of synthetic rubber, aviation gasoline, and ...


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This is the first year that books for young people have felt the effects of the war, and they have come through nobly. Some of them are beautifully made, in spite of curtailment in the use of materials. Some have closer type and narrower margins, ...


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On January 20, the Chilean Government finally broke off diplomatic relations with Germany, Italy, and Japan, and cast in its lot with the United Nations. Immediately, Axis diplomats and nationals were interned, and steps were taken to suppress Axis ...


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China went through the seventh year of the war against Japan, scathed, wounded, but unbeaten. The dual program of resistance and reconstruction was carried on with a greater determination and a greater promise of success than ever before.


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Like several other Latin-American countries, was drawn closer to the United States because of the war. Late in May the manager of the Colombian Agricultural, Mining, and Industrial Credit Bank visited the United States and obtained a loan from the ...


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The first session of the seventy-eighth Congress, wishing to be known as the Victory Congress, convened on January 6. Membership included:


Description:
The activity in the field of electronics continued to be largely associated with the war effort, and with that portion of the war effort upon which there was a strict requirement of secrecy.


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Announcement was made in October of the opening of a new $500,000 highway from San Miguel to the border of Honduras, which makes possible continuous motor travel from the Mexican border to Costa Rica, on the Pan-American Highway. Work on the road was ...


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An almost forgotten country since the British freed it from the Italians and restored Emperor Haile Selassie to his throne in 1941, Ethiopia is actually governed by British civil and military commissions. Delegated authority over tribal chieftains of ...


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The specters of postwar famine and plague stimulated the Allied countries into holding the United Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture at Hot Springs, Va., in May. The conference was confronted with three problems:


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Throughout 1943, the whole of continental France was occupied by the green-gray troops of the German Reichswehr. Thus all direct means of communication with the United States and the other nations at war with Germany were cut off; the little news ...


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Geologists can and do perform many essential, if unspectacular, tasks in war as well as in peace. During World War II, they have played an outstanding behind-the-scenes role in providing the metals, minerals, and fuels without which the war could ...


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India in 1943 passed through a period of preparation and transition. Only twice did it make front-page headlines. The one was economic and political, the very recent severe famine in Bengal; the other was Mahatma Gandhi's fast, with its accompanying ...


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Today, Indians live much longer than they used to, and as the birth rate for Indian children is greater than that for white children, the Indians are increasing more rapidly in number than any other group of people in the United States. There are ...


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During the whole of 1943, Iran served as a channel for the transportation of many kinds of war material on their way from America and England to Russia. The British Tenth Army in the south developed ports, built wharves, and constructed railways and ...


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Iraq's experience during 1943 was comparatively uneventful. The eight-year-old King Faisal II was guided by the Regent, his maternal uncle Abdul Illah. General Nuri as-Said continued as Prime Minister, especially interested in Arab unity. The harvest ...


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Northern Ireland continued to serve as the base for American troops going to the British Isles. Politically, it was disturbed when, in January, the Chief of Staff of the outlawed Irish Republican Army escaped from a Belfast jail, later made a speech ...


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Mussolini's downfall on July 25 was one of the most significant political events of the year. Fascism, the movement that was to make Italy strong and great, left the country instead weak and undefended, the prey of Allied bombings and Nazi vengeance. ...


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Keyed to total war, Mexico did its part toward victory by supplying the democracies with much-needed supplies. From its mines came strategic metals; other products included fibers, oil seeds, foodstuffs, livestock, drugs, industrial alcohol, and the ...


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Both feature films and documentaries in 1943 concentrated on the global conflict. Such escapist photoplays as appeared were so arrantly escapist that they became immediately subordinate to the martial melodramas.


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The increased momentum of war activity was reflected in music during 1943. Camp entertainments flourished and many outstanding singers, instrumentalists, and conductors appeared, bringing relaxation and glamor after the daily routine and hard work.


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In 1943, Nazi oppression in the Netherlands reached a peak. Continuing Axis reverses in North Africa, Russia, and Italy, as well as the heavy bombings of German cities, caused the Germans to issue a warning that Holland would be reduced to a shambles ...


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Economic life was stimulated considerably during the year. There was a large increase in exportable fruits and fresh vegetables, which were sent largely to Panama and the Canal Zone. Chicken and egg production continued to increase as a result of the ...


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On the home front, Norwegians carried on a war of nerves against their German taskmasters. Nine months of winter and suffering, followed by intense summer heat and hordes of mosquitoes, also helped to lower soldier morale. Sabotage and ...


Description:
During the year, Nazi oppression was developed apace in Poland. Large quotas of young Poles were recruited for war work in Germany; Germans exploited decidedly the natural resources; and, aiming to Nazify the land, they placed Polish children in ...


Description:
The fifth largest empire in the world and one of the five remaining neutrals of Europe, Portugal took on a military air in 1943. Army maneuvers, civilian defense exercises, blackouts, and complete mobilization of defenses made up the program. From a ...


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In many respects, 1943 was a banner year for prisons. Federal, state, and municipal institutions accelerated their production of manufactured articles and foods for American war purposes and for Lend-Lease. The value of these products exceeded ...


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The American people enjoyed moderately good health in 1943, despite the increasing strains of war.


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In 1943, scientists and military experts of the Army Signal Corps and Naval Communications revealed that they had achieved great success in adapting radio's invisible waves of communication to new and sensational usesto detecting, ranging, ...


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Despite the greatly restricted government reclamation program, several important pieces of work were completed during 1943, and invaluable support was given to both agriculture and industry. With the installation of a new 108,000-kilowatt unit at ...


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Religion rose noticeably in prestige during the year. There was a heightened interest in religion, and the recognition of its importance was not confined to the churches.


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The rate of major crimes by adults for every 100,000 in the general population of the United States was the lowest in five years, at the beginning of 1943. There had been a steady decline since 1938 in the totals of defendants disposed of. ...


Description:
On February 1, Cuba and the United States signed a supplementary agreement to an original one of September 7, 1942, regarding military and naval co-operation, which would intensify their joint war efforts against the Axis. Details of the agreement ...


Description:
Results of 1943 state and city elections indicated that the Democratic party was losing ground in some sections of the country. Disagreements over the question of abolishing the poll-tax qualification for voting in the southern states, and also ...


Description:
Curtains were dropped on Denmark on August 28, 1943, after three years as the show window of the blessings of Nazism. King Christian and his cabinet were set aside when they refused to approve the German demands that all Danish saboteurs ...


Description:
War's heavy hand began to press seriously on education in 1943. War took teachers from their posts and students from their classrooms. At the same time, war called for changes in curriculum and placed new burdens on the schools.


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Freed from the threat of active war, Egypt in 1943 enjoyed a high degree of political stability, economic activity, and general prosperity.


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The 1943 off-year elections of November were followed with great interest, because they were expected to reveal trends to the all-important 1944 presidential elections. Three governorships were involved.


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In 1940, Hitler had sowed the wind by attempting to bomb Britain into surrender. In 1943, he reaped the whirlwind when British and American bombers subjected German cities and industrial areas to a far more intense and destructive devastation. This ...


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For the British people, the outstanding fact of 1943 was the changing of a fervent faith into a justifiable conviction that victory was certain. The completion of the North African campaign was celebrated on May 16 by ringing the church bells which ...


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The occupation by Axis forces continued throughout 1943. The upset in Italy, followed by Italian surrender to the United Nations, led to the disappearance of Italian occupational forces, and also to an increase in the number of German troops and in ...


Description:
Like other Central American countries, Guatemala contributed to the war effort of the United Nations by increasing production of strategic needs. By the end of the year, six plantations were producing cinchona trees for quinine. El Porvenir ...


Description:
In February, a favorable report was made of the eighteen months' activities of the Societe Haitiano-Americaine de Developpement Agricole


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The first to climb upon Hitler's band wagon in the hopes of establishing its pre-1918 borders, Hungary, by 1943, was convinced that Germany would lose the war, and began to play the role of a helpless victim of Nazism. New ties with such neutrals as ...


Description:
The second year of Japan's participation in Word War II brought few military victories and several defeats, increased taxation, a greater regimentation of Japanese economic life, higher prices, less food for the common man, and a sobering expectation ...


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The chief developments in Latin America during 1943 were related to the course of internal events as affected by World War II (1939-1945). Inasmuch as the area called Latin America covers 20 separate nations with over 125,000,000 people, ...


Description:
During the year, libraries continued their activities in every phase of the war effort. Librarians encouraged reading especially on how the victory is to be won, what kind of a country we want after the war is over, and to what extent America shall ...


Description:
Even more than in the preceding year, the war conditioned literature in 1943 in both Europe and America. As the conflict grew in intensity and absorbed more and more of the energies of the embattled nations, the literature of both continents ...


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More than 50,000 doctors left their practice during the year, to engage in service with the armed forces. This left approximately one doctor for every 1,500 people in the United States. About 400 areas were without any physician. Congress passed an ...


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The dangers of invasion and of enemy raids on the United States were so reduced by Allied successes in 1943 that weather forecasting by radio and through the press was resumed. On account of the war, however, little detained meteorological information ...


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The most interesting development of the year was in connection with painting of war scenes by artists in many countries. In the first part of the year, the United States War Department formed a limited number of war-artist units, composed ...


Description:
Discoveries of major importance were relatively rare in 1943, owing to the fact that most paleontologists, having had geological training, were pressed into the search for strategic mineral resources. Nevertheless, some paleontologic finds, throwing ...


Description:
The year 1943 witnessed further developments bearing on the broad peace objectives, economic, social, and political, of the Atlantic Charter and the mutual-aid agreements concluded among the United Nations. Most significant of these was the conference ...


Description:
During the year the Peruvian Government attempted, with the aid of United States rubber experts, to organize some 15,000 native rubber gatherers to work in the Amazon region of the country. Iquitos, 2,300 miles up the Amazon River, was made the center ...


Description:
Since the occupation of the Philippines by the Japanese forces early in 1942, the Filipino people have not ceased to resist the so-called New Order. Whether in the mountain fastnesses or in enemy-garrisoned cities, resistance is going on ...


Description:
A new radio static eliminator was reported during the year. Full details were not available, as it was being used in national defense. Enough information was released, however, so that the operating principles were understood. The method is to dampen ...


Description:
The Republican party chalked up gains in several off-year state and city elections. The party claimed twenty-six states with an electoral vote of 339, compared with a total of eighteen Republican states having an electoral vote of 187 in 1939. The ...


Description:
On New Year's Day, 1943, President Roosevelt reminded the American people that it was the first anniversary of the United Nations Pact. He championed the supreme necessity of planning what is to come after the war: (1) Crush the ...


Description:
In the second year of war, accidental deaths in the United States continued to drop. Almost all of the 1943 decrease, however, was caused by the restricted use of automobiles.


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In the light of Allied successes in North Africa (the United States and Great Britain promptly guaranteed Spanish neutrality) and various other world developments in 1943, Spain changed from nonbelligerency to vigilant ...


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Although the war made great demands upon the nation's athletes, in 1943 sporting events proved to be of an unusually high quality and new high records were established in various fields. Gunder Haegg of Sweden surpassed previous running records set by ...


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At the opening of the Riksdag on January 12, the Swedish budget for 1943 was presented, and it was found that a little more than 48 per cent of the entire budget was to be spent on defense alone. With a total of 4,131,000,000 kronor called for in the ...


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As a neutral nation, centrally located in the Old World, and possessing territory and resources important to both sides in World War II, Turkey continued to receive much diplomatic and newswriting attention. In Ankara the German Ambassador continued ...


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For the Union, 1943 was full of achievement. When the Axis forces were cleared out of Africa, Parliament resolved (February) that the army of over 200,000 whites who had volunteered for service anywhere in Africa could now be allowed to ...


Description:
The policy of trading space for time followed by the Red Army in 1941-1942 paid dividends in 1943. In eighteen months of masterly retreat the German invader, the Red Army had inflicted heavy losses on the German Wehrmacht.


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The American people entered their third year of war in December 1943, and the government continued to mobilize all resources and efforts in waging war.


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On February 12, President Alfredo Baldomir dissolved the Council of States which he had created in February, 1942, and replaced it by the national legislature which he created on the following day. The next month, on March 1, the newly elected ...


Description:
During the year, the people and Government of Venezuela were largely concerned with economic problems. On January 1, the country's first income tax (approved July 10, 1942) became effective. The law is broad in scope but generous in exemptions. ...


Description:
The following are champions of 1943: H-Y-P-D College Chess League: Yale.


Description:
Nobel prizes were not presented in 1943 due to war conditions in Europe.


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During the early months of 1943, there were encouraging signs for the colored race, although the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People cited the nondiscrimination policy of the People's Committee and urged that Negro ...


Description:
Though in the main the powerful forces of chemistry were focused on the perfection of war weapons, the legions of chemists in chemotherapy highlighted by many new discoveries the good that is in chemical science. Probably most important was ...


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Though recognized as a sovereign state by the Italian Government, Vatican City was surrounded by military guards when the Germans occupied Rome in September, 1943. Pope Pius XII, spiritual leader of more than 365,000,000 Catholics and one of the ...


Description:
The following are national tennis champions of 1943:


Description:
The year 1943 was characterized by the fact that in every theater of war the Allies had built up sufficient strength in men and materiel to pass from the defensive to the offensive. The Axis Powers were definitely checked in their advance, and were ...


Description:
Agriculture in the United States established a new all-time record in total food production for the seventh year in succession, with an output 32 per cent higher than the five-year prewar average.


Description:
Industrial production and business volume reached record highs in 1943, under the stimulus of war expenditures. Everybody who could work had a chance for a choice of jobs, with those in war plants paying the highest wages in history.


Description:
In 1942, the Federal Solid Fuels Administrator estimated that the United States would need 600,000,000 tons of coal in 1943. The actual consumption figures are close to the estimate. The production, unfortunately, did not keep pace with consumption. ...


Description:
Poetry, which during World War I had so many distinguished representatives, had comparatively little to show which was kindled by the present conflagration. There are no Rupert Brookes, Humbert Wolfes, Robert Graveses, or Siegfried Sassoons in ...


Description:
The aviation industry reached new peaks in 1944. Production was at an all-time high; air warfare increased in scope and intensity; domestic airlines established new records of passengers and goods carried. American air warfare was truly global. United ...


Description:
Attacked by Mussolini's fascist forces in sudden and shameless aggression on April 7 (Good Friday), 1939, has fought occupation forces for five years. By the end of 1944, German armies had been driven from the southern and central portions ...


Description:
The contributions of anthropologists to winning the war continued to occupy the time of research anthropologists. A memoir on The Skull of Sinanthropus Pekinensis


Description:
Being spared the ordeal of war, Switzerland carried out its duties as a neutral both in the humanitarian field and in the sphere of mediation, acting as a connecting link between the belligerent countries.


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The Lebanon attracted worldwide attention in November and December, through a contest with French authorities. The trouble in the Lebanon followed upon election results in July, when the party which co-operated with the French was defeated. In ...


Description:
A Congressional revolt against Administration tax policies produced the Current Tax Payment Act of 1943, a modified version of the Ruml Skip a Year tax plan, and a revenue measure that in final form fell some $8,000,000,000 short of the ...


Description:
Predictions were revived for postwar home-television. The pictures, it is estimated, will be about 18 by 24 inches and the associated sound will be carried by FM (frequency modulation) as already featured by the video station WNBT, New York. As ...


Description:
Under Japanese occupation, Thailanders have taken no interest in the new agricultural methods, Japanese vocational schools, or high market prices paid for their rice and pigs. Taskmaster Luang Pibul Songgram said his subjects were stubborn ...


Description:
The commercial theater in 1943 was financially prosperous and artistically poverty-stricken. By autumn, for the first time in more than a decade, there were more plays trying to get into New York than there were theaters to house them. If a play had ...


Description:
Divided into at least nine separate occupied areas, Yugoslavia, with various armies and guerrillas, continued to fight some of the bloodiest European battles of 1943 against Axis armies. Although General Draja Mikhailovitch was retained as Minister of ...


Description:
Champions of 1943: American League, New York Yankees.


Description:
The following are soccer champions of the year: American League, Brooklyn Hispano.


Description:
Champions of 1943 were: Heavyweight: Joe Louis, U.S. Army.


Description:
All-American Open: Harold McSpaden, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.


Description:
Count Fleet won the Wood Memorial, Kentucky Derby, Preakness Stakes, Withers Mile, and Belmont Stakes, the first race horse in history to take these five major stakes.


Description:
As an active belligerent in World War II, Brazil co-operated fully with the United Nations, and especially with the United States. Early in January, military conscription was widened to include eighteen-year-olds. At the end of the month, President ...


Description:
On its fiftieth anniversary in September, the Field Museum of Natural History (whose name had been changed twice previously) became the Chicago Museum of Natural History. Marshall Field, grandson of the founder, suggested this change so that the ...


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Racial tension erupted in a fierce riot in Detroit in June, 1943. The city had had ample warning of trouble when the Sojourner Truth housing project was completed and riot squads stood guard while Negroes and whites attempted to take up their ...


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Realizing fully the advantage of crops guaranteed by irrigation, reclamation interests advanced an accelerated irrigation program to offset ever-increasing food shortages. On the Yakima Project in Washington, farmers planted their crops even as ...


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In a year that followed much the same trends as its immediate predecessor, the nation's banking system added substantially to its holdings of government bonds, reported another sharp increase in deposits, and, on the average, earned more than in 1942.


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While almost 1,500,000 war-housing units had already been completed or were under construction, mounting shortages in some industrial areas still resulted in serious slum conditions. In the Detroit area, conditions were particularly bad; and at the ...


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The war continued to prevent active field work in archaeology. The most important events of the year were the publications of reports on previous excavations. Among the most conspicuous was a brief statement concerning the chronology of cultures in ...


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Except for building connected with the war effort, architecture, during the year, was at a standstill. Meanwhile, architects were busy with designs for postwar public works and for private projects to be undertaken when war production order L-41 is ...


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Events during the year attracted world-wide attention.


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During the year, many astronomers remained engaged in activities directly or indirectly connected with the war. There were, nevertheless, a number of interesting developments.


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As the Pacific war retreated further from Australian shores, some of the strain imposed by the threat of invasion was relaxed, yet the contribution to the common war effort was intensified. By late October the great bulk of American forces had left ...


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The year 1944 witnessed an increase in the German oppression and exploitation of Belgium. Deportations of both men and women for forced labor in Germany reached 600,000, notwithstanding the protests addressed to the German Military Governor by the ...


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A new plant that eats insects, a mold that lives in the soil, was uncovered by Dr. Charles Drechsler, of the United States Department of Agriculture. The fine threads of the mold, crisscrossed into a fused network, send up little oozy, stubby, ...


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In 1944, China suffered a serious military crisisa crisis aggravated by political and economic difficulties. At the close of the year, however, the military problem was somewhat lessened, political conditions were greatly improved, and economic ...


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On February 12, Alfonso Lopez, on leave from the presidency since the previous November, returned with his family from the United States, where he had been undergoing medical treatment.


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When the Seventy-eighth Congress reconvened in January, 1944, the Democrats found themselves with a membership of 217 in the House of Representatives, as against 208 Republicans and 4 minor party membersa very slim majority, indeed. In the ...


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Newspaper correspondents in the war rendered a remarkable service, the story of which cannot be entirely revealed until after the war has ended. In the first five days of the invasion of Europe, they sent home to their papers 2,500,000 words, the ...


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Crime showed the effects of wartime conditions during the year, chiefly in a decline among adults and increase among youth.


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In anticipation of the presidential election to be held on June 1, several candidates appeared in the field early in the year. The government candidate, backed by President Fulgencio Batista, was Carlos Saladrigas, a pro-United States lawyer who had ...


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From the 1942 elections on, the Democratic party in Congress had a struggle to maintain control. As 1944 wore along, resignations and deaths further impaired the Democratic majority in the House; both there and in the Senate there was a tendency ...


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The year 1944 will probably be recorded in the future annals of France as one of the great dates in the history of that nation, for when it opened the entire country was under the sway of the German army, and when it closed there were relatively few ...


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In 1944, as in 1943, practically all geologists, regardless of their specialties, were engaged in war work, either in connection with the discovery of new supplies of petroleum or new sources of minerals and metals, or in various tasks grouped under ...


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In 1944 the decisive fact for Germany was that on every frontin Russia, the Balkans, Italy, and Francethe German armies were being defeated and forced to retreat. Instead of dominating Fortress Europe, Germany was now being ...


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To countless Americans, the main fact about Britain in 1944 was that the country ceased to be their temporary home when the hour of D-Day struck. The first five months were filled with the mounting accumulation of men and supplies, with ceaseless ...


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Unhappy Greece had strange vicissitudes in 1944. At the year's beginning, it was occupied by merciless Nazi enemies, who nevertheless managed local government largely through Quisling Greeks. The back country contained bands of ...


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Political disorders marked the year in Guatemala. The government of President Jorge Ubico encountered growing opposition as the year progressed, until on June 22, he suspended constitutional guarantees. One result was a strike of students in the ...


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Another unhappy year for this most unfortunate country was 1944. As the Allies moved northward and took successively Rome, Florence, and other key points on the peninsula, they found a country ravaged as a result of Fascist mismanagement, Nazi ...


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The third year of Japan's participation in World War II brought a few land victories in China, but also a series of defeats in the Pacific Ocean as the army, navy, and air forces of the United States and its Allies drove the soldiers of the Emperor ...


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While libraries in the United States continued to serve as centers for war information, they gave especial attention to the increasingly urgent problem of demobilization and readjustment of the veteran and the war industry worker to postwar America. ...


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Books enjoyed a bonanza year in 1944. Americans, seeking new forms of entertainment and relaxation to replace those restricted by war, read more than ever before and bought more books than in any twelve-month period of their history.


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In 1944, more than 5,000,000 Americans donated blood to the American Red Cross blood procurement program, which is to be continued in the postwar period. Gamma globulin, one of the by-products of blood, was found to be of great value in the prevention ...


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During 1944 the United States Army abolished or greatly curtailed enrollment in the various units of its once elaborate program of training meteorologists for service with the armed forces. Nevertheless, the men who had taken part in the program, ...


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Scattered over the vast expanse of the Pacific Ocean are thousands of islands, some of which are so small that only a few square yards of land rise above the surface of the sea. The largest, New Guinea, has an area greater than that of Ohio, Indiana, ...


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Despite the great number of exhibitions by the abstractionists during the year, the critic for Art News


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Most paleontologists in 1944 were engaged in commercial work for the oil industry, or pressed into service in the search for other natural resources. As a consequence, although numerous routine discoveries were made, few significant finds were ...


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The year opened with the discovery of a pro-Nazi plot which was antigovernment and anti-Semitic, but it was immediately suppressed by President Prado's forces. On January 23, the Government announced that it had decreed the liquidation of all ...


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The most outstanding event of the year was the return to the Philippines of the American forces under the command of General Douglas MacArthur, and the re-establishment of the Philippine Commonwealth on Philippine soil. President Sergio Osmena of the ...


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Peter Debye, Professor and Chairman of the Department of Chemistry at Cornell University, stated during the year that although the world's low temperature record is now within one thousandth of a degree of the unattainable absolute cold, there is hope ...


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During the fifth year of German occupation, Poland had become the scene of important political and military developments. The German terror continued unabated, and it was estimated that Poland had lost 18 per cent of its prewar population of ...


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Belgium was finally convinced, after three years of World War II, that Hitler's plan for a New Order in Europe was doomed to failure. Former Quislings suddenly became concerned about the country's future and wondered when and how to make a ...


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While American troops were landing in Saipan and Guam in 1944, the British, with American and Chinese aid, defeated a strong Japanese force in northern Burma and the neighboring Indian state of Manipur. Many thousands of miles separate Saipan and ...


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Toward the end of 1944, a problem arose which for the time being overshadowed all other Canadian problems, domestics or external. To most people outside the Dominion, it had the puzzling appearance of a tempest in a teapot. Late in November the ...


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Synthesis held the spotlight in chemistry during the year 1944. The biggest event, as far as pure chemistry was concerned, was the total synthesis of quinine by Robert B. Woodward of Harvard University and William E. Doering of Columbia University. ...


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Children's books were two hundred years old in 1944dating from the time when John Newbery, bookseller of London, published A Little Pretty Pocket Book.


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The people of Chile were concerned less with the war than with their own political and economic affairs, which were complicated by friction between the powerful Radical and Conservative parties and by the fact that President Rios seemed largely ...


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The one-time model of a Hitler-blessed country, was under Nazi martial law by 1944. Occupation forces were harassed day and night by patriot bomb explosions and other acts of sabotage. Allied invasion fears also mounted as the year wore on. The ...


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For still another year, war's heavy hand rested on education, taking teachers and students from classrooms and diminishing the buying power of teacher salaries. Once again, war-dictated decisions in Washington swayed school life. In April, the War ...


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Wartime prosperity continued throughout the year. Egypt not only paid off great sums of external indebtedness, but became a creditor nation; the debt of England to Egypt grew to more than one billion dollars.


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Nearly 48,000,000 people flocked to the polls on November 7 to prove, by the third wartime presidential election in the history of the United States, that democracy in this country functions in war as in peace. The two other occasions were in 1864 ...


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In August, it was announced that the General Electrical Company had purchased a 155-acre plot five miles from Syracuse, N.Y., to build a new plant as headquarters for their Electronics Department.


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Political events reached a crisis stage in El Salvador on several occasions during the year.


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Negus Haile Selassie, King of Kings and Emperor of Ethiopia, although very grateful to Great Britain for sheltering him during his years in exile and for freeing his helpless country from Italian forces in 1941, was anxious to regain full control of ...


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Continued to co-operate in the war effort, and to maintain its peaceful internal development. By decree of January 13, the National Law School was reorganized and renamed the Faculty of Law of Port-au-Prince. A set of detailed regulations was given it ...


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The one-time willing slave and in 1944 last vassal state of Germany, was forced to continue its alliance with the Reich. Regent Admiral Nicholas Horthy and his ministers were summoned to Berchtesgaden for one of the notorious Hitler conferences. ...


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What took place in India in 1944 and during the preceding war years can make the country easily one of the foremost nations of the world, or one of the world's most unfortunate and a threat to world peace. A revolution, beneficent or malevolent, got ...


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During 1944, considerable attention was centered on the steps being taken by the Department of the Interior to guarantee the land ownership of the natives of Alaska, who form about half the total population of the territory. There are about 32,000 ...


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The picture of Iran during 1944 was very similar to that of the previous year. Supplies for wartime continued to be escorted, chiefly by Americans, over roads and railway from the south, where many British worked, to the north where Russians hurried ...


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The experiences of Iraq during 1944, as in Iran, were very similar to those of 1943. Business showed wartime activity, with prices increased to about sevenfold. This was paralleled by the increase of money in circulation from about five million dinars ...


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Despite grave internal problems which were accentuated by world war conditions, Mexico took an increasingly important position as a member of the United Nations and as a leading Latin-American power during 1944.


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The year 1944 found the screen flourishing, but definitely escapist. The chief offerings dealt with mysticism and melodrama. Going My Way


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The outburst of martial enthusiasm so characteristic of the earlier stages of the war, and which resulted in the production of so many patriotic songs, gave rise in 1944 to a sterner and more realistic attitude.


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The year 1944 brought both liberation and unparalleled disaster to the Netherlands. The expected Allied invasion of the European mainland induced the German authorities to expedite the completion of their fortifications. All coastal areas were ...


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Nicaragua was affected by the political unrest of its neighbors, and President Anastacio Somoza was troubled by his enemies both within and without the country. On July 4 a passive resistance movement began against the president in order ...


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Suspended in 1940 because of the chaotic international situation, Nobel prizes were again presented (for 1943-1944) on December 10, 1944, the forty-eighth anniversary of the death of Alfred Bernhard Nobel, the Swedish inventor of dynamite, who left ...


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Oppressed but unconquered, Norway withstood a fourth year of Nazi domination. Despite continued privation, deportation, and executions, Norwegian morale mounted as invasion news reached the country. Underground leaders appeared in London and planned ...


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Portugal remained in the neutrals' camp throughout 1944. As it is a major source of the invaluable wolfram (ore used for hardening steel for armaments), great pressure was brought upon the Iberian Empire to stop shipment of this vital war material to ...


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The reports of the United States Bureau of the Census show that there has been a steady decline of the prison population of the country since 1940. During 1944 the trend continued to be somewhat downward, according to scattered reports.


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Compared with previous years, 1944 was a healthy year for the civilian population of the United States, although somewhat below the high health level of 1941-1942.


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In 1944 played a major role in clinching final victory for the Allied Nations. Throughout the year of attack, radio and radionic weapons spearheaded the advance on every beachhead, every battle on land and sea, and every bombing mission. The mightiest ...


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Regulations which had been eased in March and May were stringently tightened at the end of December, due to the lengthening shadow of the war. In May all meats except beef were made ration free, although with the exception of veal and certain ...


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Throughout 1944, the United States Bureau of Reclamation, an agency of the Department of Interior, continued to concentrate its efforts on the utilization of water for the production of food and of electrical power for war purposes. At the same time ...


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Swedes went to the polls on September 17 to vote for members of the Second Chamber of the Riksdag. A total of 3,019,336 votes were cast, representing 70.1 per cent of the entire electorate. The Social-Democrats, whose leader is Prime Minister Per ...


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Switzerland was greatly influenced by military events in 1944, particularly by the liberation of France. After almost four years, total encirclement by the Axis nations was ended by the arrival of Allied troops at the Swiss-French frontier.


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Economic and political conditions remained essentially unchanged in Syria during 1944. The war went farther away, but trade continued restricted, especially as regards imports. Monetary inflation persisted, more noticeably than in Egypt and Palestine, ...


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Passage of a 1944 Federal revenue act which increased taxes only $2,315,000,000 brought a dramatic clash between the Congress and President Roosevelt.


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The best business the theater had enjoyed in a decade marked 1944, not only in New York but in San Francisco and other cities where the war had caused crowds and prosperity. The year ended with more plays clamoring to get on Broadway than there were ...


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Like all other countries in the Near or Middle East, Turkey suffered during 1944 from the scarcity of many articles and from general inflation. A large proportion of the able-bodied men were under arms, and the resultant expenses pressed heavily on ...


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In the middle of January, President Isias Medina Argarita visited the United States as a guest of the United States Government. During the remainder of the year, the country enjoyed internal peace and national prosperity, and co-operated fully in the ...


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Ancient capital and cultural center of Poland, occupied by the Germans since September, 1939, when the entire country was overrun by Nazi forces, became the scene of a fierce sixty-three-day battle in 1944. With guns of the Red Army within hearing ...


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At the beginning of 1944, Germany and Japan were fighting far from their own home frontiers. In Europe, not a single Allied soldier stood north of the Naples area or west of the Pripet Marshes. In the Pacific the Allies had taken only a few points in ...


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Yugoslavia continued to be a battlefield throughout 1944. However, the German offensive was reversed in many sectors of the country by trick tactics of the National Liberation Army under Marshal Tito. Partisan divisions often retreated before Nazi ...


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A rare event in zoology took place at the Washington National Park in 1944 when a Surinam toad, a rare South American species, produced a batch of eggs.


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Latin American leaders continued their war efforts in 1944 to root out Nazi influence in the hemisphere, though tension arose between the United States and Argentina over war issues. Mexico began direct military assistance to the Allied war effort for ...


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Champions of 1944: American League, St. Louis Browns.


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Vatican City was liberated on June 4, 1944 when the Allied armies reached Rome. Pope Pius XII maintained his policy of strict neutrality despite the German and Allied military. June 7 was perhaps one of the strangest days in Vatican history. About two ...


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The following are tennis champions of 1944:


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For the eighth year in succession, farmers in the United States produced another record food total in 1944. As compared with the prewar (1935-1939) average, the food output (food crops plus total livestock products) showed an increase of about 36 per ...


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The people and government of Brazil devoted much attention to the war effort, and to co-operating fully with the United Nations. Throughout the year, President Vargas maintained his dictatorial grip on the government, although on April 15 he announced ...


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Through its various water projects, the Department of the Interior's Bureau of Reclamation provides complete or supplementary water supplies for 4,000,000 acres of land in seventeen western states. Farmers raise food and forage crops worth ...


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Rising deposits, better earnings, and a decline in failures almost to the vanishing point, proved the year to be a prosperous one for banking.


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With housebuilding, except for war purposes, at a standstill until late in the year, construction agencies turned their attention to what the postwar house should be. The University of Illinois organized a Small Homes Council to disseminate the ...


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Above the din of war and the distractions of a political campaign, the churches sounded their note on behalf of the spiritual values, without which neither war nor politics has meaning. They said that man must understand that he is a child of God and ...


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Greatly strengthened by the Congressional and gubernatorial elections of 1942, the Republican party went into the 1944 national election with higher hopes than it had entertained since the beginning of its sojourn in the wilderness in 1933. However, ...


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For, the President, the year 1944 brought a great decision. Should he rest on his laurels of twelve years as the only thrice-elected President of the United States, and, secure of his niche in the Hall of Fame, step down and leave the conclusion of ...


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Accidental deaths in the United States during 1944 were 94,000, a decrease of 5 per cent from 1943. The economic cost approximated $4,850,000,000; disabilities numbered 9,750,000.


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The Franco Government, widely recognized protege of Adolf Hitler, was gradually forced from the side of the arch dictator by the United Nations military successes and increased power. The liberation of France in 1944 also placed a geographic wedge ...


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War conditions, in 1944 as in previous war years, continued to keep sportsmen and athletes from traveling to convenient centers for many of their established tournaments and contests. Proposed banning of baseball at the end of the year brought ...


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The most populous state of the Soviet Socialist Republics, occupies the southwestern section of Russia. Bordered by Germany, Hungary, and Rumania, its great wheat belt, industrial areas, Donets mineral deposits, and water reserves (Dnieper, Bug, and ...


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South Africa's war effort continued to be made chiefly in the Mediterranean campaign and in the waters around Africa. The triumph of General Smuts in the 1943 election gave the government freedom to pursue its policies without hindrance, and schemes ...


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In March, 1944, the Red Army finally drove back the German invaders across the frontiers of the U.S.S.R. on the Prut River. In October, the Red Army, on its drive toward Berlin, actually entered German territory in East Prussia. A year of victory ...


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A meeting of representatives of the United States, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and China occurred at Dumbarton Oaks in Washington, D.C., in 1944 for the purpose of planning a general international organization. Conversations were held between ...


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An expectant, optimistic mood, with the nation's thought tending to focus more and more on the postwar period, characterized life in the United States during the greater part of 1944. Particularly after the successful invasion of continental Europe by ...


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Under President Juan Jose Amezaga, Uruguay co-operated fully with the United Nations in the war effort. On May 1, the United States transferred an antisubmarine craft to the Uruguayan Government at Miami, Fla. Its crew had been trained in the United ...


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The following are hockey champions of the year: National League, Montreal Canadians.


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Champions of 1944 were: Heavyweight: Joe Louis, United States Army.


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All-American Open: Byron Nelson, Toledo, Ohio.


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The following are champions of 1944: H-Y-P-D College Chess League: Harvard.


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Several important Supreme Court decisions favorable to the Negro were made in 1944. One was a ruling that Negroes could not be barred from voting in the Texas Democratic primaries on grounds of racea decision that had equal validity for other ...


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The first complete penicillin information was released to the public during 1944. Speaking before the spring meeting of the American Chemical Society, Robert D. Coghill, of the Northern Regional Research Laboratories of the United States Department of ...


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War production and the huge accompanying expenditures dominated the course of business activity in 1944.


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Production figures for coal have not been made generally available, but industry estimates suggest that the 1944 output was about 5 to 6 per cent higher than that of 1943. Therefore, approximately 620,000,000 tons of coal were mined in 1944 for an ...


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Poetry relied on its faithful fanciers. Top titles included Marianne Moore's Nevertheless,


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Aviation played a triple role in 1945. Its part in winning the war grew increasingly evident as intelligence reports were gathered and interpreted. Private flying activities reached an all-time peak as wartime restrictions were lifted and new planes ...


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One of Europe's smallest and youngest states, half-mythical and mountain kingdom (but without its king beginning in January, 1946), was ruled in 1945 by Premier Enver Hoxha. He promised private ownership of property, universal suffrage, national ...


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A new study and reconstruction of a fossil fragmentary apelike skull, found in Africa by Robert Broom, was made by W. K. Gregory and Milo Hellman of New York. Broom named the fossil Plesianthropus.


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On November 1, important discoveries were announced at Hasuna, Iraq, indicating the earliest civilization known, a people who used brick, made pottery, cultivated grain, and domesticated cattle, about 6000 B.C. This would indicate that man was ...


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The beginning of 1945 witnessed the final liberation of Belgium. The battle of the Ardennes, often called the Battle of the Belgian Bulge, ended in January, but not without tragic results for that picturesque region. Most of the villages ...


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Botanists made a number of discoveries during the year.


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Within the short period of one year, this vassal of Hitler's Axis became a satellite of the Red Star. When the German collapse in the Balkans began, there was formed the Patriotic Front, composed of the Communist, Agrarian, Social Democratic, and ...


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Of all the year's developments, perhaps Canada's part in the development of the atomic bomb is most important. The National Research Council in Ottawa set up committees to co-ordinate scientific research in connection with the war, and the most ...


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The dominant event in 1945 science was the discovery of the atomic bomb and the stupefying power within man's reach.


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Although wartime restrictions still affected the output of children's books during the year, many books of high quality and of a variety of interests were published. There was a noticeable tendency on the part of authors to emphasize ideals and ...


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Political affairs in Chile continued as previously along democratic lines, with numerous cabinet changes. Foreign relations proved more interesting. On April 5, the Chilean government unanimously declared war on Japan. On September 28, President Juan ...


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The ancient and cherished capital of Saxony, Germany, was erased from the face of Europe by British and American bombers early in 1945. During massive air raids made on the night of February 14-15, fire spread over the city, killing many of its ...


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Denmark was the only country occupied by the Germans which was not looted and wrecked. Although it had to export ever-increasing quantities of agricultural products to the Reich, its population was still allowed ample supplies. Danish underground ...


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The most far-reaching event in education in 1945 was the founding of U.N.E.S.C.O.  United Nations Education, Science, and Cultural Organization. Approval for such an international organization supplementary to the United Nations came during the ...


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During 1945, Egypt was unusually quiet, except for the assassination on Feb. 24 of Prime Minister Ahmed Maher Pasha, and for outbreaks of violence against Jews on Nov. 2, the anniversary of the Balfour Declaration in 1917. British influence remained ...


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Peace freed Eire from the strain of maintaining neutrality, but accentuated the problem of inflation. To the funds sent home by tens of thousands of Irishmen working in British munitions plants or serving in British forces was now added the money ...


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On February 19 the United States recognized the government of El Salvador. This step had been withheld since October, 1944. On March 3 President Salvador Castaneda Castro, elected two months before as the sole candidate, was inaugurated with a ...


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On January 23, Guatemala announced the breaking off of diplomatic relations with Spain, on the ground that the Franco government was purely totalitarian and that its practices were repugnant to the democratic principles of the Guatemalan constitution. ...


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On August 7, two Haitians were executed by the Government for attempting the assassination of President elie Lescot. During the year friction along the common border continued with the Dominican Republic, the Haitians complaining that their citizens ...


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Squeezed between the invading Russian army and the Nazi hordes, Hungary saw bitter fighting in early 1945. On January 20, representatives of the Provisional Government of Premier Miklos signed an armistice agreement with the United States, Great ...


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The year 1945 brought victory to India but not happiness. The year closed with melancholy riots in Calcutta and Bombay, and student parades in Delhi, in protest against the trial for treason of officers in an Indian army raised by Subhas Chandra Bose, ...


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The latest reports for 1945 indicate that during the period of the war, 121 American Indians served in the Coast Guard, 723 in the Marines, 1,910 in the Navy, and 21,767 in the Army. This does not include those who received officers' ratings, or the ...


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The defeat of Germany and Japan brought to an end the need of transporting supplies for Russia across Iran. The northward flow of loaded trucks and trains and airplanes gradually ceased. American troops were all withdrawn, and English and Russian ...


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New antibiotics (destroyers) like penicillin, streptomycin, and subtilin held the center of medical interest during 1945. Research with new methods of surgical technic gave new hope against cancer. The atomic bomb focused attention on radioactivity as ...


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For the first time in history, meteorologists possess world-wide facts about the weather as a basis for their forecasts. This development, made possible by regular exchange of information with Russian and Japan, promises to increase the accuracy of ...


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On January 29, 1945, the Joint Mexican-American Economic Commission announced a plan whereby Mexico would spend $383,000,000 by 1948 for internal industrial improvements, using private and public funds from the United States and Mexico, and equipment ...


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In both war and peace during the year 1945, motion pictures played a satisfying part in American life, at home and throughout the world.


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The after-holiday part of the 1945 season reflected, as might have been forseen, the lassitude so inevitable in human affairs during the closing months of a long war.


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For the Netherlands, 1945 was a year of climactic trials, and triumphs. On May 4, General Dwight D. Eisenhower announced the unconditional surrender of all German forces in the nonliberated part of Holland. The surrender was signed on May 5 in ...


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Late in March the government re-established diplomatic relations with Russia. On July 6 Nicaragua was the first nation to ratify the world peace charter formulated at San Francisco.


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The 1945 building year was characterized by efforts at reconversion to peacetime programs. At the end of May the War Production Board's Order L-41, which had restricted building since April, 1942, was so amended that some civilian construction could ...


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The year 1945 was an exceedingly critical one in Argentine politics, as well as in economic affairs. The United States Department of State considered Argentina the bad boy of the Hemisphere. This attitude had important consequences in ...


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War work continued to occupy many astronomers, but some important advances were made in astronomical knowledge and in closely related fields.


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Australia's tasks in the last stages of the war were (1) cleaning up strong Japanese forces in the Solomons, Bougainville, and New Guinea; (2) the invasion of Borneo, which began in May; (3) preparation of one division for a share in the landing on ...


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Absorbed by Hitler in 1938, ceased to exist as an independent country. In April, 1945, the British charge d'affaires and the American representative in Moscow were informed by Russia that a provisional Austrian government had been suggested by Karl ...


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At the end of 1945, automobile manufacturers were busily getting under way for a record 1946 production. Although the war had ended, reconversion was not complete and probably would not be for months to come. It was not probable, either, that all ...


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Japan's sudden collapse in 1945 and immediate acceptance to the Allied terms of surrender laid down in the Potsdam Proclamation of July 26 sealed the fate of the last aggressor and brought wild jubilation to the Chinese and all the peace-loving ...


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On March 11 it was announced that a plot to overthrow President Lopez had been discovered and crushed the day before, and that more than fifty persons had been arrested. As the months passed, the Government encountered more political opposition. ...


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The 79th Congress began its 1945 legislative session in bitter controversy with President Roosevelt over his nomination of Henry A. Wallace as Secretary of Commerce. It ended the year in controversy with President Truman, whose succession had been ...


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Official reports indicate that there was an increase in crime during the first half of 1945 in 392 cities in the United States. Inclusive of all crimes reported, it amounted to 8.4 per cent over the corresponding period of 1944. The murder rate was up ...


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On January 3, the Cuban Government accused Commander Jose Aguila Ruiz, Chief of the Cuban Navy, of misappropriating $500,000 of insurance money from the sinking of a Cuban vessel. At the same time it was announced that two Cuban naval officers had ...


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Overrun and dismembered by the Germans six years ago (1938-1939), Czechoslovakia began gathering up the pieces in 1945. During the World War II, Czechoslovak leaders, headed by Dr. Eduard Benes, former president, established a government-in-exile in ...


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Ethiopia made an important step toward developing its oil resources in 1945. Vice-Minister of Foreign Affairs Ato Aklilou Abte Wold signed an agreement with the Sinclair Oil Corporation. The American oil company has a fifty-year grant which gives it ...


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The year 1945 was memorable for the continued restoration of republican institutions and practices, great material hardship but gradual economic recovery, and the government's insistence that the ultimate peace settlement with Germany provide for ...


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During 1945, many geologists continued their war work, which ranged from teaching soldiers to searching for petroleum, mineral deposits, and new supplies of water. Others engaged in military studies, including the preparation of reports on regions ...


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In the spring of 1945 suffered a greater military defeat and a more catastrophic political collapse than ever befell a great nation in modern times. Successful resistance was hopeless against superior armies invading on three frontsStalin's Red ...


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On Aug. 14, 1945, Japan surrendered. The next day King George VI opened the newly elected Parliament. The war just ended had absorbed an ever-increasing share of Britain's energies for two weeks short of six years. Great Britain's share in the peace ...


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Near the end of 1945 Greece was called Europe's most frightened country. The Greek people were hardly happier than during any year of the German occupation. Although the civil war which began in December, 1944, was soon ended ...


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Measuring by space in the news, Iraq in 1945 was one of the quietest and perhaps therefore one of the happiest of the countries of the world. Political conditions and international relations were remarkably stable. The Regent Abdul Illah paid an ...


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The year brought an end to Mussolini, German occupation, and divided control of the hapless country, but it did not end the black market, hunger, inflation, lack of shelter, coal shortage, and lack of transport. Nor did it furnish the needed raw ...


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The fourth year of Japan's participation in World War II brought the defeat of its proud land, sea, and air forces; the ignominious surrender of the military regime; the occupation of Yamata by the victorious Allies; the complete disarmament of Japan; ...


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The breach between the American Federation of Labor and the Congress of Industrial Organizations widened, rather than narrowed, as officials of the two groups fought for prestige in the international field and acknowledged leadership at home. Among ...


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The American Library Association conducted among librarians a campaign for funds to provide representation of library interests in Washington, to promote the extension of liberty service, to make army books (when no longer needed by the army) ...


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In books, the year 1945 was more distinguished for what it promised than for what it produced. It was a time of readjustment and a period of planning. Books reflected only sketchily the momentous events that were taking place on the world scene.


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Nobel prize awards were presented on December 10, 1945. Gunnar Jahn, President of the Storting Nobel Committee, made the peace prize presentations in Oslo, Norway. King Gustaf V of Sweden made the other presentations in Stockholm, for the first time ...


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Norway was freed of German occupation forces on May 7, 1945. King Haakon, who escaped to England when the Nazis came in 1940, returned to Oslo on June 7. It was Norway's national Flag Day and the fortieth anniversary of its separation from Sweden. ...


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One of the finest collections of art to be used in advertising is that being acquired by the Upjohn Company. This company is buying outstanding examples of the work of contemporary American artists to use as illustrations for color advertisements in a ...


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As in 1944, many paleontologists were engaged in war work or in the search for petroleum and mineral deposits. In spite of this, however, many important studies of fossils were made and reported upon.


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Political affairs chiefly occupied the minds of the people of Peru during the year. On March 18 a brief revolt occurred when a group of Apristas seized Air Minister General Fernando Melgar at the Ancon air base. However, the government ...


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The year 1945 is most significant in Philippine history, mainly for four reasons. First,


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The proximity fuse proved to be one of the major developments in physics announced during the year. The fuse, also called the VT (variable time) fuse, was rated the number two secret weapon of the United States. Placed in the nose of antiaircraft ...


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Just eighty-three days after he had taken office as President for the fourth time, on Apr. 12, 1945, President Roosevelt died of a cerebral hemorrhage in the Little White House at Warm Springs, Ga. Within four hours Harry S. Truman became the ...


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Accidental deaths showed a slight increase in the United States during the last year of the war. Most of the increase was due to the lifting of driving restrictions and the consequent rise in motor vehicle accidents.


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The only independent country in Southeast Asia, Siam was officially named Thailand in 1939. In 1945, the name was changed back to Siam for all foreign languages. However, the traditional term of Thai will continue to be used within the country. The ...


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During the year, the United States and particularly Great Britain decided to abandon their cautious attitude toward Spain. They began to pursue publicly an aggressive policy designed to weaken and discredit the Franco regime, especially after the ...


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The general quality of performance in major sports reached probably its lowest level during 1945, but the year was still marked by a tremendous increase in spectator interest and financial prosperity throughout organized athletics.


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After the first year of the war, Sweden had until 1945 a coalition government, composed of members of the four major parties, Social-Democratic, Conservative, Farmer, and Liberal. The Prime Minister was Per Albin Hansson who, with one brief ...


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The end of the war in Europe was heralded in Switzerland by the long-awaited reopening of the frontiers. To a country which has to import all its essential raw materials and a high percentage of its foodstuffs, this re-establishment of contact with ...


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Syria continued through 1945 the same pressure toward complete independence as during 1944. A little war fought with the French in May and June was ended by British intervention and partial French evacuation. In December both western powers announced ...


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For the first time in sixteen years, the United States prepared for a reduction in Federal taxes.


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The Federal Communications Commission announced a television allocation plan that would for some 400 commercial stations. The stations would operate in 13 channels spaced between 44 and 216 megacycles. Under the plan New York, Chicago, and Los Angeles ...


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If money could buy good theater, 1945 would have been the best year in our playhouse since 1930. People everywhere were eager for plays, especially musicals, and could afford the price. Investors, also, were willing to back productions, and there were ...


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In 1945 Turkey reaped some advantages from a policy of prolonged neutrality. The declaration of war in February against Germany and Japan was purely a gesture to obtain entrance to the United Nations and participation in the San Francisco Conference. ...


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Yugoslavia was under the iron fist of Marshal Tito in 1945. At the turn of the year, negotiations were going on in Belgrade for the formation of an all-party federal government for Yugoslavia, which would obviate the civil disturbances and foreign ...


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As Latin American leaders wrapped up their support of the Allied war effort, many leaders found themselves faced with internal conflicts during 1945. Conflicts rose to a fever pitch in Brazil, and authorities uncovered a plot to overthrow the ...


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Champions of 1945: American League: Detroit Tigers.


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World War II came to a welcome finish before 1945 ended. In the Far East the Allies were pushing their net of fire and steel closer to the shores of Japan itself and cutting off the island empire from its conquests in southeast Asia and The ...


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Professional boxing, with most of its champions still in service, went through the year with no important changes in its list of champions, but faced 1946 with a great amount of major activity in sight.


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Outstanding individual performer of 1945 was Byron Nelson, professional golfer from Toledo, Ohio, who broke almost every possible record for American tournament competition. Winner of 19 events, and of approximately $66,600 in War Bond prizes, Nelson ...


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During the first months of the year, the Polish Home Army as well as the Polish armed forces abroad, in close co-operation with the Allies, helped to win the war. The Home Army, fighting in the rear of the Germans, disrupting communications and ...


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During the year, there was increasing opposition to the policies of Premier Salazar by Portuguese Army circles. They were worried over the postwar effect of Salazar's neutrality, which was formerly pro-Axis. Consequently they were anxious to join the ...


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The Federal and state prisons in the United States and in Hawaii have had a great uplifting of morale during the war. The effect of this uplift was marked in 1945.


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In spite of the war, 1945 was a healthy year for the civilian population of the United States. The health of the armed forces also continued at a very high level.


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Radio in 1945 demonstrated its might and magic as never before. The role radio played in winning the war was made clear with the lifting of the veil of secrecy that covered many wartime developments. Radio waves ferreted out enemy planes, ships, ...


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The United States Bureau of Reclamation concentrated its efforts in 1945 on conservation and use of western water resources for the production of essential agricultural products and hydroelectric energy. As mighty rivers harnessed by Reclamation's ...


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While the war was still young, the churches of America took the lead in insisting that it was not too early to begin thinking about what we would do with peace when we got it. A year before its end, they began preparing to make the actual day of ...


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The year 1945 brought the long-awaited victory against Nazi Germany. Although this victory had been won only through the combined efforts to Britain, the United States, and Soviet Russia, nevertheless the Russians tended to exaggerate the part of the ...


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The United Nations Conference on International Organization convened on Apr. 25, 1945, in the auditorium of the War Memorial Opera House in San Francisco, California. Secretary of State Edward R. Stettinius, Jr., represented the host nation (the ...


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Epochal events happened with increasing rapidly in 1945. Barely had Americans adjusted themselves to the first White House change in more than twelve yearsfrom the Roosevelt to the Truman administration when V-E (Victory in Europe) Day was ...


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Uruguay continued to manifest special interest in international affairs. On February 21, the Government declared war on the Axis powers. On November 23, the Uruguayan Foreign Minister sent a note to the United States Department of State. He suggested ...


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During the year, as the Presidential election grew nearer, President Isaias Medina Angorita's position grew more precarious. Finally on October 18, revolt of young army officers overthrew the President. As this revolt spread, some 300 persons were ...


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Wolrd War II came to a welcome finish before the year ended. In January, 1945, the Allies were clearly in sight of final victory over the Axis forces of evil. General Mark W. Clark's army was about to descend from the northern Apennines to ...


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Horse racing was closed by government order during the first four months of the year, but reopened in May. Records for attendance and for amounts of money wagered were broken at almost every track. On September 22 at Belmont Park, New York, a total of ...


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The year 1945 saw a number of inventions related to food production, preparation, and preservation.


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Court decisions in 1945 evidenced an increasing trend in according recognition of the Negro's civil rights.


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The following are tennis champions of 1945:


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The following are track and field champions of 1945:


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One of the grave problems of a world newly at peace is that of the thousands of displaced persons who must somehow be readjusted to normal living. The situation of surviving Polish Jews was particuarly desparate.


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Farm production continued in 1945 with a momentum unchecked by the ending of the war. Crop and livestock production, aimed at goals co-operatively determined the previous fall and favored by generally good weather, was virtually equal to that of the ...


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The year 1945 was a critical one for the Brazilian people and especially for president Vargas. On February 28, the Executive granted a request of his cabinet that he call a general presidential and congressional election as soon as practicable. ...


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The controls placed upon nonhousing construction by the Veterans' Emergency Housing Program retarded building in general in 1946. Architects had long been busy with postwar building plans, and were anxious to begin actual construction, but this was ...


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The leading candidate for the presidency, Colonel Juan Peron, made international news in 1946. On January 13, Argentine firms and business organizations began a three-day period of protest against a government decree of December 20, 1945. It was ...


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With the ending of World War II, astronomical work was resumed energetically. Techniques and instruments developed during the war proved of great value.


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Although World War II was over, the contest among the United States, Great Britain, and Soviet Russia for the spheres of influence in Central Europe kept the armies of these three powers in Austria.


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For the automobile industry, 1946 was the first full year of peacetime production. As a whole, the industry produced 2,140,000 passenger cars, which was 43 per cent less than the 1941 output, and 930,000 trucks.


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The first full year of peace was a period of sharp readjustment for American aviation. At year's end many aviation authorities took a gloomy view about the immediate future of aircraft manufacturing and air commerce. But there were amazing ...


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Discovery of a new chemical compound 4,000 times as sweet as cane sugar, which promises far-reaching economies in the food, candy, and beverage industries, and may help end the world-wide sugar shortage, was revealed during the year.


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Because during the war paper was strictly rationed, and the quality was not good, fewer books were published in 1946 than in normal years; large picture books all but disappeared because they use too much paper; and fine colored illustrations were ...


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Chile enjoyed increasing prosperity during the year, largely because of demands in Europe and China for nitrate.


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China in 1946 was a land of high hopes and severe disappointments for China. The country wobbled between a brightened horizon of lasting peace and the dark abyss of unending war, in a tortuous march toward unity and stability. The strife between the ...


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During the early part of 1946, the people of Colombia were concerned with selecting a new president. On March 29 the Conservative party candidate, Mariano Ospina Perez, announced a platform to maintain existing social reforms, modernize agriculture, ...


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The seventy-ninth Congress met for its second and final session on January 14. It lasted about six and one-half months. The Congress was more strongly controlled than the 77th and 78th Congresses by its alliance of conservative Republicans and ...


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According to the Federal Department of Justice, there has been an increase of 13 per cent over the preceding half year in crimes known to the police


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After the end of World War II, Eire found that the underground extremist movement known as the Irish Republican Army was showing marked signs of activity all over the country. A few hundred members of the organization who had been in prison or ...


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Public interest in politics was unusually high for an off-year or mid-term campaign. This was reflected in a record mid-term vote of more than 36,000,000 at the November 5 election. The result was a Republican landslide, wherein the party ...


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The year 1946 brought with it dramatic progress in the new art of electronics. A stove which cooks with short radio waves was put on sale. Such radio heat cooks food all the way through simultaneously and within a few seconds' time. Ordinary heat ...


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The world's major food needs are wheat, sugar, fats and oils, and rice. War and bad weather conditions have seriously impaired these food supplies. By 1946 normal wheat supplies had been reduced by one fourth; sugar and fats and oils by one fourth; ...


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The year 1946 was notable for the drafting and acceptance of a constitution for the Fourth Republic; for continued economic recovery, together with the danger of runaway inflation; and for the defeat of the French effort to separate the Ruhr and the ...


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Both the United States Army and the Navy continued to support geologic work in 1946. Several states announced expanded programs, and many companies engaged geologists.


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This has been a dramatic year in India, full of promise and warning. India is making the crossing from wardship to mature independence. The experiment was planned in January, 1946. In March, representatives of the British Government visited India to ...


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The mistakes which were made in early days when land was taken without paying the Indians, or when there were errors in setting the boundaries of the Indian reservations, have resulted in serious disagreements. Before an Indian tribe can sue the ...


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In 1946, Iran passed from a wartime occupation by British, Russian, and American troops to apparently complete independence. Along the way was the vigorous controversy before the United Nations over Russian withdrawal, a partial recognition of the ...


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Iraq in 1946 was again one of the quieter areas of the world. The Cabinet was changed three times peaceably. In November, the veteran Nuri al-Said Pasha became premier. New elections were contemplated calmly. Ministers to and from Great Britain and ...


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In spite of the fact that economic conditions have been slowly improving in Italy, the country faced a food crisis when U.N.R.R.A. went out of business at the end of the year. The nation's heavy industry had risen to nearly 80 per cent of capacity, ...


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The second year of the Allied occupation of Japan saw great progress in constitutional and education reforms, and considerable progress in economic reconstruction. The country continued under military government. General of the Army Douglas MacArthur ...


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Divided under two military governments and lacking national unity, the Hermit Nation in 1946 remained one of the unsolved problems of World War Il.


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The first full postwar year was marked by an unparalleled outburst of industrial strife. The pattern, however, was approximately the same as in 1919, following World War I.


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During 1946, guided group reading as a library service received particular attention in several libraries of the United States. Two experiments carried on in the public libraries of the District of columbia and Chicago stimulated participation. In the ...


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The hopes, fears, and confusions of the postbellum world were reflected in the literature of 1946.


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New uses for new antibiotic drugs were among the outstanding discoveries in medicine in 1946. Streptomycin was found to be almost specific in the treatment of tularemia. Extensive investigations were being made to determine its effectiveness against ...


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During 1946, meteorologists continued to apply advances made during the war. The United States Weather Bureau established stations in Arctic America to supplement information from Russia, and thereby to improve forecasting in the United Stats and ...


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Much of the attention of the people of Mexico during the year was concentrated upon the election of a new president.


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The sudden end of the war and the economic shock of reconversion had little effect on the nation's banking system.


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In the housing industry, the accent was upon the small


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The sudden ending of the war focused the attention of business on the peacetime problems of production and distribution.


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Traditional sources of energyfossil fuels such as coal and petroleumcontinued to power the world's engines in 1945. But interest was newly focused on the latent power of the atom and the possibility of harnessing it for practical uses.


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Poetry devotees found little to satisfy their tastes. Karl Shapiro's Essay in Rime,


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The Constituent Assembly proclaimed Albania a republic on January 11, and adopted the new constitution on March 7. But these proclamations were just window-dressing for the acts of the Soviet-sponsored and self-proclaimed Colonel-General Hoxha. A ...


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For anthropology of the New World, the outstanding event of 1946 was the publication of the first two volumes of the Handbook of South American Indians,


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Azerbaijan, a province in northwestern Iran, became a postwar trouble spot in after hostilities ceased, although Azerbaijan the United Nations Security Council in 1946. Soviet forces that had infiltrated the province during World War II continued to ...


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The return of King Leopold to the Belgian throne remained an open and troublesome question during 1946. In January, the Premier rejected the King's request that his return be submitted to the elections of February 17. The Catholics, making up the ...


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A new artificial method of turning roosters into capons was developed in 1946. It may mean a large increase in the capon supply. The male chicken is placed on a diet which contains a small quantity of a synthetic female hormone. Results are noticeable ...


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Bulgaria became a republic in 1946. A referendum on September 8 resulted in 3,801,160 votes for the republic, and 197,176 for the monarchy. The nine-year-old king, a member of the Saxe-Coburg-Gotha family which had ruled Bulgaria for fifty-nine years, ...


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Like much of the rest of the world, Burma in 1946 suffered from a sense of political frustration, high prices, scarcity of consumer goods, and a breakdown of communication. The result was widespread unrest and lawlessness. But notwithstanding all ...


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Canada spent the year 1946 in rehabilitating and re-establishing war veterans, changing over to a peacetime economy, settling strikes, holding down price ceilings, and searching out spies in the national capital.


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Early in March it was announced that Cuba would sell 620,000 tons of its 1946 sugar crop to the United States, at 3.675 cents per pound, and that 650,000 tons of the 1947 crop would be sold at the same figure. In return, the United States agreed to ...


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Karl Frank, former Nazi Governor of Bohemia, was hung on May 21. On May 26, the general election for a Constituent Assembly gave 93 seats to Czech Communists, 65 to the National Socialists, 47 to the People's party, 43 to the Slovak Democrats, 36 to ...


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Although President Truman asked for party unity and responsibility at the Democrats' traditional Jackson Day dinner on March 23, divisions among party elements which the late Franklin D. Roosevelt skillfully kept cemented together began to ...


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Denmark, the land of plenty during the war years, had become a poor country by 1946. This happened in spite of the fact that it had few battle scars and was almost completely intact when liberated. Hotels are unheated, department store stocks are low, ...


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Flight of more teachers from their profession, record college enrollments swelled by returning veterans, and creation of new international ties, marked education in 1946.


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Strained relations with Great Britain were the chief public concern of Egypt during 1946. They involved agitation and negotiation for a revision of the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of Friendship and Alliance of 1936. Egyptians, old and young and of all ...


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Little progress was made toward a self-sufficient nation in occupied Germany during 1946. An acute scarcity of food, little means for industrial production, and the problems of military government under the four Allied conquerors made the life of the ...


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The United Kingdom continued to nationalize industry in 1946. There were disputes and delays, but the majority of the people had voted for the plan in 1945, and were determined to see it put through. Abroad, there was skepticism from many; both from ...


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In 1946, Greece occupied more space in American newspapers than did many a larger country. The Greek people lived in circumstances just short of active civil war. In spite of an election supervised and approved by Western observers, and a plebiscite ...


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In the middle of January, Great Britain offered to submit the boundary dispute between British Honduras and Guatemala to the United Nations International Court of Justice as its case, even though the Court had not been organized. This proposal was ...


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On January 11, President Elie Lescot was overthrown in a military coup which set up an executive committee of three to govern the state until presidential elections could be held. Lescot, who fled first to the United States and then to Canada, was ...


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The most phenomenal and disastrous inflation in the world's history took place in Hungary during 1946. By April, the pengo had dropped to twenty-two million to the dollar on the black market. The official rate was about one million to the dollar. In ...


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The usual problems of creating pictures to help entertain over 90,000,000 Americans each week increased by (1) advancing costs; (2) greater competition abroad and at home; (3) restrictions in foreign fields; (4) jurisdictional labor union disputes; ...


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During World War II and the period immediately following, many musically minded persons predicated that, with the coming of peace, popular interest in music would rapidly decrease. On the contrary, a widespread enthusiasm for music has been marked. ...


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Although one of the European countries most hard-hit by the war and one of the last to be liberated, the Netherlands made much progress toward normalcy in economic and political affairs during 1946.


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Late in January the opposition to President Anastasio Somoza took the form of a public demonstration of 20,000 persons, in which a number of participants were killed. During the summer the President visited the United States for medical treatment. He ...


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The traditional Nobel ceremonies were held in Stockholm, Sweden, in the Concert House, the evening of December 10, 1946. Each prize winner received from King Gustaf a medal, a check, a handsomely illuminated diploma, and a citation.


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In 1946, Norway needed both money and materials to put its ships back on the seas. It had the fourth largest merchant fleet in the world before World War II. Norwegian ships fought with the Allies and by the time hostilities ceased there was only a ...


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Premier Salazar on June 2 received the bases in the Azores which had been used during the war by the United States and Great Britain. Salazar also offered hospitality to the exiled King Humbert of Italy.


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Public sentiment, common sense, and the known psychology of youth are strong bars against imprisonment of teenagers. The emphasis is upon probation, except in relatively rare cases. Late in 1945, for example, at a conference of judges of criminal and ...


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The year started with an epidemic of respiratory diseases (especially influenza and pneumonia) that had begun in November, 1945. It caused many deaths in the first two months of the year. After that, health conditions showed almost steady improvement ...


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America has moved into an era of great expansion in broadcasting since the end of the war. On V-J Day the nation had 936 standard broadcasting stations, 40 FM (frequency modulation) stations, and seven television licensees. At the end of 1946, 1,051 ...


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The United States Bureau of Reclamation in 1946 resumed building after the war years. Construction of seven big dams was begun. In addition, contracts were awarded during the year for the construction of three other dams, and preconstruction work was ...


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In 1946, the first postwar year, the churches, like other institutions, were much occupied with reconversion. Maintaining their internal activities was not too difficult. The chaplains and servicemen were back home, the colleges and theological ...


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The year 1946 brought to Syria the complete withdrawal of French and British troops. The two states were left wholly independent and wholly separate. But their interests remained parallel, and nothing appeared to mar their mutual friendliness.


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At the end of 1946, interest in taxation centered in what the new Republican majorities in House and Senate would do in 1947.


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At the beginning of 1946, seven companies were on the air with television stations and the Federal Communications Commission had before its applications from 142 others. At year's end, seven stations were on the air; 39 construction permits had been ...


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In 1946, as often before in the long history of the theater, it was proved that, if enough new plays are not written to fill the demand, the public will gladly go to revivals of old plays. It was not until autumn that several of the better-known ...


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During 1946 President Harry S. Truman was in the midst of complex events in a nation and world changing over from wartime conditions to the inevitable unsettlements of the first years of peace. He put virtually all the conduct of deliberations with ...


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Relations with Russia continued to be the chief international problem for Turkey through 1946. The government of the United States showed increasingly active interest in the question of the Straits by sending warships to Turkish waters and notes to ...


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Tightening his grip on Yugoslavia, Marshal Tito caused the first major shooting incident after World War II, the first ultimatum, and the first wild rumors of forthcoming war. Yugoslavia's Quisling, General Nedich, committed suicide on February 6 ...


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New leaders took control of Argentina, Chile, Mexico, and Brazil in 1946. Argentina also continued its squabble with the United States about its alleged support of Nazis during World War II (1939-1945).


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Champions of 1946: American League: Boston Red Sox.


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The Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer  an electronic brain  works out complicated mathematical problems thousands of times faster than the most expert mathematician, saving months of time. The machine occupies a ...


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Archaeologists from the United States have begun systematic exploration in the Andean highlands. Among their discoveries this year is a pre-Inca city, called Chanchau, which promises to be the largest city known in the ancient world. To support its ...


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With the defeat of Germany and the capture of most of the top war criminals guilty of starting an aggressive war and of waging it in an inhumane manner, the question arose of what to do with them. At least four courses were open to the Allies: (1) ...


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A partial recovery from the effects of war and considerable progress in the re-establishment of artistic exchange between Europe and America was evident during 1946. The interest in American art continued to grow.


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Fossils are studied for information about living things of the past, their changes, and their distribution on earth. Fossils also are used to date events in earth history, to give the relative ages of rock formations, and to aid in finding materials ...


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Early in January, the Peruvian senate approved a United States loan of $30,000,000, and agreed to renew the interest payments on an $81,000,000 debt in default since 1931. Later in the year, Peru announced a five-year plan for building schools so that ...


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On July 4, 1946, the Commonwealth of the Philippines became a republic. Its people celebrated little more than political independence, because the war had robbed them of all the gains they had made since 1898 when the United States took possession of ...


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Physics showed advances in many fields during the year.


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Poland's reconversion to peacetime conditions made hardly any progress in 1946. A growing opposition of the masses and an ill-planned and lost referendum (June) clearly indicate that the Provisional Government remains in power only because of a ...


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It was a year of resurgence for the Republican party, both in popular support at the polls and in party organization. One of the G.O.P.'s more striking victories was that it carried New York City for the first time in many years. In Chicago, also ...


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The increase in accidental deaths which followed the end of World War II continued into 1946, but a vigorous prevention campaign launched in the spring checked the trend by mid-summer.


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Thailand (Siam) was the scene of a great domestic tragedy in 1946. Its twenty-year-old king, Ananda Mahidol, was found dead with a bullet wound in his forehead on June 9. He had returned from Switzerland in late 1945 to assume full monarchial duties. ...


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Franco's regime profited from the growing anti-Communist feelings and the inability of the Allies to agree on the desirability of overthrowing his rule. This was demonstrated by Franco's speech in February at Segovia. He declared that his continuation ...


Description:
During 1946 all major organized sports enjoyed a great increase in interest and financial prosperity. Most sports, in addition, made large strides toward regaining the high levels of performance which had prevailed before the war.


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The death of Prime Minister Per Albin Hansson, the succession of Tage Erlander as Premier and head of the Social Democratic party, and the birth of a prince provided important news in Sweden during 1946. In domestic affairs, important developments ...


Description:
Switzerland in 1946 began to re-enter international life, and endeavored to contribute to the relief and economic rehabilitation of Europe.


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South African affairs had more foreign attention in 1946 than for many years. The United Nations, meeting in New York in November and December, discussed South Africa's proposal to annex its mandate of South West Africa, and the Indian complaints ...


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The year 1946 witnessed great progress in the reconstruction of the ravaged lands and factories of Soviet Russia. A new Five Year Plan was launched. Russia's control over the satellite countries on its borders was consolidated. But there was growing ...


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The United Nations (U.N.) made great progress during 1946, both in organizing its various agencies and in adopting measures for promoting peace and economic improvement in the world. The U.N. General Assembly, in which each member nation is ...


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Leaders and plain citizens of the United States devoted 1946 to the difficult task of changing from war to peace conditions, and had not fully accomplished the job at the end of the year. The national unity brought about by the common war effort was ...


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Candidates for the November 24 presidential election appeared early in the year. The chief candidate for the Colorado party was Tomas Berreta, whose platform was liberal, democratic, and international. Other factions participating in the election were ...


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At the beginning of March it was announced that the Shell Oil Company (British and Dutch) would invest an additional $45,000,000 in Venezuelan oil developments. The next month it became known that United States oil companies in Venezuela were planning ...


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Joe Louis, the world's heavyweight champion, defended his championship twice, knocking out both Billy Conn and Tami Mauriello.


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MEN British Open: Sam Snead, Hot Springs, Virginia.


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The following are the racing champions of 1946: Arlington Classic: The Dude.


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The Negro made some progress toward equal rights and opportunities in America during 1946, but the advance was uneven. On July 28, Negroes voted in a Texas primary election for the first time. Georgia, under the leadership of its liberal Governor ...


Description:
The following are tennis champions of 1946:


Description:
The following are track and field champions of 1946:


Description:
The farmers of the United States, nearly six million in number, produced about as much in 1946, the first full year of peace, as they did in the preceding year. The total crop production set an all-time record. Food grains, feed grains, truck crops, ...


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On January 31, General Eurico Gaspar Dutra was inaugurated President of Brazil. He immediately announced that he would maintain the closest co-operation with the United Nations and, above all, with the United States and the other republics of ...


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Various areas of New York were discussed as possible sites for the permanent home of the United Nations in 1946. Before adjourning in London, the General Assembly adopted a plan to place interim headquarters in or near New York City. The ...


Description:
Progress of the nation's banking system towards normal peacetime operations was rapid in 1946, and the year ended with a feeling of confidence.


Description:
Housing was a critical national problem during 1946. As the year opened, it was hoped that small home building could be speeded up. Completion of 1,200,000 family units was planned. Materials were funneled into home construction and controls placed ...


Description:
After five years of concentration on defense and war requirements, the first full year of peace was anticipated by businessmen as a strong start toward filling the pent-up demand for civilian goods of all types. Instead, 1946 turned out to be a ...


Description:
With the possible exception of Robert Lowell's Lord Weary's Castle


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The Corfu incident, in which two British destroyers were damaged by mines at the end of 1946, attracted much attention in 1947. The Security Council of the United Nations, after futile discussion of the matter, appointed an Investigation Committee. ...


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The most important oil strike in ten years was made at Leduc, south of Edmonton, early in 1947. In ten months, twenty-eight of thirty-three wells which had been completed were successful. Experts predicted that the new area would surpass the great ...


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Important discoveries and announcements relating to prehistoric man were made in 1947. In part they were due to intentional search, in part to accidental discoveries associated with digging in connection with buildings or dams.


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Architecture remained sensitively responsive to the national scene during 1947. Architects reported record designing activity. But although many buildings were designed, few were erected. Publicly financed construction exceeded that of 1946, but ...


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Better relations with other nations of the Americas, particularly the United States, marked the foreign policy of the Argentine Government during 1947. Most important was the final agreement of Argentine delegates to provisions of the Treaty of Rio de ...


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New instruments and new methods of observation were conspicuous in the advancement of astronomy during 1947, and gave promise of important developments in the future.


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showed the big powers that it did not intend to be left out of world affairs in 1947. The truce in Indonesia was inspired by Australia. Its delegates persuaded the United Nations Security Council to give the cease fire order that stopped ...


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The country's situation remained difficult in 1947. The delay in the signing of a peace treaty caused a further postponement of the evaluation from Austria of the American, British, French, and Soviet occupation forces. This in turn increased the ...


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A number of new records were set in 1947 by the automobile industry, in spite of continuing steel shortages that kept output well below capacity.


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The positions of Secretary of War and Secretary of the Navy disappeared from the Cabinet in 1947. They were replaced by the Secretary of Defense. This was one of the results of the Armed Forces Unification Art, adopted by Congress on July 25. James ...


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For Canada, the year 1947 was a record-breaking one in almost every respect. The Dominion Bureau of Statistics estimated that on June 1 the country's population was 12,582,000. This was a gain of 275,000 over the previous year, and the greatest annual ...


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Radioisotopes, the short word for radioactive isotopes, held the spotlight in the field of chemistry during 1947. It was the job of chemists to identify the many radioactive particles of various chemical elements which the physicist produced by ...


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Strikes and Communist activities troubled the Chilean Government during 1947. Late in August, President Gabriel Gonzalez Vidala dismissed from office several Communists accused of fomenting strikes in Chile. At the same time, the National Congress ...


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China suffered another year of civil strike in 1947. The economic condition of the country turned from bad to worse as full-fledged war broke out between the government troops and Chinese Communist forces.


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Enjoyed peace, prosperity, and international honors under Conservative President Ospino Perez during 1947. On March 12 the governing board of the Pan-American Union elected ex-president Lleras Camargo to be director-general of that organization. On ...


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Some measure of recovery from its bitter year of 1946 was noticeable in the Democratic party's activities and prospects, but 1947 was nonetheless a time of uneven fortunes for the party.


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Denmark mourned the death of King Christian X in 1947. He had ruled since 1912. The seventy-six-year-old monarch suffered a heart attack in early April. Pneumonia aggravated the condition and Christian died on April 20. His elder son, Crown Prince ...


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Difficulties in financing educational programs and problems of policy featured the course of education during 1947.


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Strained relations with Great Britain over treaty revisions continued throughout 1947. In the last five weeks of the year great excitement arose over the proposed partition of Palestine. The objects of adverse demonstrations were not so much England ...


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The year was hard for Eire. First, the bad weather hurt industries. Eire could not get the usual coal supplies from England, for that country was critically short of fuel. By the middle of March no passenger trains were running on the main lines, and ...


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Municipal elections were the principal activity at the nation's polls in 1947. Kentucky elected a Democratic Governor, Earle C. Clements, cutting the number of states under Republican administrations from 25 to 24.


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Electronics entered new fields during 1947, and made new conquests in old ones. Today there is hardly a department in human life that has not been touched by developments in electronics. The range extends from medicine to geology, and from psychology ...


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In practically every phase but one, 1947 was year of tremendous progress in aviation. Air commerce, manufacturing, and private flying operated at record peacetime levels. The one big problem was that both air-transportation companies and manufacturers ...


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A new campaign to return King Leopold II from his exile in Switzerland developed in Belgium during 1947. A Royalists' conference was held in Brussels in November to discuss the return of the monarch. Leopold himself had set the stage for the movement, ...


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The most important research in the field of biology during 1947 was with radioisotopes. No single accomplishment in this research stood out, but there was a general advance of knowledge over much of the biological field. An illustration of one type of ...


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Canada's western-most province had a banner year in 1947. Wages, salaries, and dividends passed all previous records. The total value of production from lumbering, agriculture, mining, and fishing was estimated at $475,000,000. The output of the ...


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Communists gained full control of the Bulgarian Government during 1947. Under the leadership of George Dimitroff, former secretary of the Communist Third International, they attempted to crush all opposition. By terrorizing, arresting, and executing ...


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The year 1947 was as important to the more than 15,000,000 Burmese as any year in American history to Americans. For, during 1947, careful plans were made and announced for the new sovereign Burmese republic, to be known as the Union of ...


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Science, research, and industry blazed new trails in communication during 1947. The electron tube was further developed to perform new tasks tending toward shrinking the globe and bringing all people closer together.


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The year was one of intense activity for the 80th Congress of the United States. Congress met in its first regular session from January 3 to July 27, and in a special session from November 17 to December 19. The regular session was the first to be ...


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Wind and water have destroyed about 282,000,000 acres of formerly productive farm land in the United States, conservation agencies estimated during 1947. There are another 46,000,000 acres which should no longer be cultivated. If turned into pasture ...


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Crime in 1947 continued to follow the rising curve that history always records for the years immediately after a great war. But there was an interesting difference in the crime rate for cities and for rural areas. In cities, the frequency of crime ...


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The Government for President Grau San Martin maintained general peace and prosperity during the year. The problem of the sale of sugar was the leading economic and political question. In July the Government announced the Great Britain purchased ...


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Czechoslovakia became a rather unwilling partner of the Soviet Union during 1947. Czechoslovakia was on the list of nations invited to the international conference on European economic recovery in July. Immediately Communist Premier Klement Gottwald ...


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Early in May, TACA Airlines inaugurated direct air service between El Salvador and New Orleans, with connections to more than seventy-five cities in Central America and South America.


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Ethiopia declined United Nations reconstruction aid in 1947. Ato Aklilou Abte Wold, Vice-Minister of Foreign Affairs, said other nations were more immediately in need of urgent assistance. However, the Ethiopian Government reserved its ...


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Europe's serious economic difficulties continued during 1947. They were lack of food, raw materials, industrial equipment, and transportation facilities, all resulting from the destructive effects of the war. The conditions of privation and distress ...


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Fashion is that by which the fantastic becomes the universal, said Oscar Wilde. Looking at women's clothes at the end of 1947, one could well believe it. Wartime restrictions had been forgotten in an extravagance of material and a complete ...


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Food continued to be the world's greatest need in 1947. Europe suffered its bitterest winter in more than a hundred years. Spring floods and frosts ruined basic crops and grain reserves. Germany, Austria, and Greece had the most disastrous food ...


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The French Government showed unexpected strength in fighting off Communist attempts to take over the country in 1947. The Communists were ousted from the Government, General de Gaulle staged a remarkable comeback in the municipal elections, and the ...


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Communists in Hungary took over complete control in 1947. The process, begun over two years ago, was climaxed by the seizure of the premiership on May 31. Ferenc Nagy, while on vacation in Switzerland, was replaced by Lajos Dinnyes. Soviet authorities ...


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On August 15, 1947, Great Britain gave up its power in India. The former British colony was divided into two free nations, the Hindu-controlled Dominion of India and the Moslem-controlled Dominion of Pakistan. Patriotic Indians celebrated the event ...


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Great trouble came to the Navaho in 1947. The Navaho make up the largest Indian tribe in the United States. There are about 62,000 of them, and they live on land in northern Arizona, New Mexico, and southern Utah. The reservation is as big as the ...


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In 1947, the most important events in the Netherlands Indies were those looking forward to the setting up of the United States of Indonesia. This was assured by the Linggadjati agreement, formally signed in March, but drafter four months earlier in ...


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Iran twice snubbed the mighty Soviet Union during 1947. A Russian request for an oil concession in Azerbaijan was rejected in October by the Majlis (Iranian Parliament) by a vote of 102 to 2. The Soviet Union protested, and renewed its request, but ...


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Plans for irrigation and flood control and the extension of railways occupied the attention of leaders of Iraq in 1947. A great dam was designed to be built below the joining of the Greater Zab and Tigris rivers, creating a reservoir 40 miles long. ...


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Motion pictures on 16-mm. film as an effective means for communication of information to groups captured the country-wide attention of librarians.


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Libya, the largest of Italy's former possessions in Africa, continued to be governed by British and French occupation forces in 1947. The country's future, if not decided by the Council of Foreign Ministers by September of 1948, will be taken up by ...


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American letters in the year 1947 continued to mirror all the uncertainty of an uncertain era and gave no indication that a postwar literary renaissance was in the making.


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The format of children's books in 1947 compares favorably with those published before 1942, although the supply of paper is still limited and printing costs are higher than ever before. Many old favorites are back in print. Many authors and ...


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High production costs caused many magazine publishers to raise their issue and advertising prices during 1947. Liberty,


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During 1947, Manitoba undertook its most ambitious road-building program in fifteen years. The major project was a new all-weather highway from Winnipeg to the international border. It was to cost $4,000,000 when completed. Building construction was ...


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As in 1946, new uses for the antibiotics (streptomycin, penicillin, and chloromycetin) were among the most conspicuous advances in medicine during 1947. Outstanding achievements also included new uses for the sulfonamides and the radioactive isotopes.


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The nation's newspapers, while enjoying record circulation and profits, were plagued by shortages of newsprint and high production costs during 1947.


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On February 2, presidential elections were held in Nicaragua. The chief candidate, Leonardo Arguello, had the support of President Anastasio Somoza, and of the National Conservative and National Liberal parties. Arguello won the election and was ...


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Nobel prizes were presented at ceremonies held in Concert Hall in the Swedish capital of Stockholm on December 10, 1947. King Gustaf gave out the famed awards. Gerhard Domagk, German winner of the 1939 medicine prize, received a diploma this year in ...


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In January, the Soviet Government reopened discussions with the Norwegian Government concerning the establishment of Soviet military bases on Spitzbergen. Norway announced that it was willing to revise the Svalberg Treaty of 1920, which demilitarized ...


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Nova Scotia acquired a new Lieutenant Governor during the year. He was John Alexander Douglas McCurdy, who succeeded H. E. Kendall.


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Ontario showed a population gain of 88,000 for the year ending June 1, 1947. This was the largest increase in any Canadian province. But population growth still lagged behind the demands for labor, especially in heavy industries, in the woods, and on ...


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Determined efforts were made in the art world in 1947 to restore conditions and relationships broken by the war. Amid the confusion certain optimistic trends gradually became evident. The number of loan exhibitions from abroad rose sharply. In part ...


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The order of succession to the presidency of the United States was revised in 1947. On July 18, President Truman, who had no Vice-President, signed a law which gives the office to the Speaker of the House of Representatives in case death or incapacity ...


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Canada's smallest province was the only one to hold a provincial election during 1947. On December 11 the voters returned to power, for the fourth consecutive time, the Liberal administration headed by Premier J. Walter Jones. The ...


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Classification of prisoners on the basis of social adaptability had much attention during 1947. Studies of their physical, mental, and emotional natures led the American Prison Congress to publish a Handbook on Classification.


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World War II emphasized psychiatric disturbances as a cause for the rejection of young men from the armed forces to an extent which made it a subject of major interest in medicine during 1947. Many physicians even believe it is being overemphasized. ...


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This was a healthy year in the United States. Death rates were nearly at record low levels. There were no large epidemics. Health departments had adjusted to peacetime needs.


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In August, the people of Puerto Rico gained the right to elect their own chief executive. Action by the Congress of the United States granted Puerto Ricans this privilege. No other possession of the United States had ever been given such a right.


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The government of Premier Luang Dhamrong Nawasuawat was overthrown by a bloodless military coup on November 9, 1947. Field Marshal Luang Pibul Songgram, wartime puppet premier under the Japanese, led the revolt. Charges of widespread corruption, ...


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Francisco Franco's regime continued in power in Spain during 1947, despite increasing opposition and growing internal unrest. Hoping to gain the sympathy of the moderate wing of the opposition, Franco presented the nation with a bill proclaiming Spain ...


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Sports provided a number of surprises and upsets for the followers of various games and contests during 1947. In baseball, the New York Yankees and the Brooklyn Dodgers won the major league pennants, upsetting the predictions of most baseball writers ...


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In sharp contrast to most of Europe lying to the south, enjoyed a politically peaceful and generally progressive year during 1947.


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Switzerland pursued an active policy of international co-operation during 1947, and endeavored to stabilize its economy at the prevailing high level of production and employment.


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The city of Damascus became a center for the preparation of Arab irregular troops for an invasion of Palestine late in 1947. Syrians were angered at Jews, Russians, and Americans because of the partition plan for Palestine. Mobs attacked Jews, tore ...


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Despite efforts of the Republican majority in Congress to reduce income taxes, the Federal tax structure remained practically unchanged in 1947. Congress approved indefinite continuation of the wartime luxury taxes.


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Reports based on wartime investigations of the United States Army and Navy dwindled in 1947, but those based on geologic studies for dams increased in number and added much to our knowledge of ancient formations found in many parts of the United ...


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During 1947 Germany continued to suffer from most of the same unfortunate conditions as in 1946. There was the disunity caused by the division of the country into four separate military zones. There was the problem of insufficient food. There were ...


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The year 1947 was one of the hardest Great Britain has ever gone through in peacetime. By December there was even less to eat and wear than there was during the war.


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Starvation and violence continued in Greece during 1947, in spite of foreign aid to the extent of more than a million dollars a day. The country was the scene of a struggle for power between Great Britain and the United States on the one hand and the ...


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President Jose Arevalo on April 29 approved a press law limiting freedom of expression and requiring that all copies of all editions of Guatemalan newspapers be delivered to all government officials. The same law also prohibited the introduction into ...


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Early in May a group of representatives of the United Nations Economic and Social Council visited the Marbial section of Haiti to aid in stamping out tuberculosis, malaria, and many other diseases by teaching the fundamentals of hygiene, flood ...


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During 1947 Italy adopted a new Constitution of the Italian Republic, the peace treaty went into effect, and Allied troops were withdrawn. A government was formed without the Communists, and the general elections were postponed. Strikes and riots ...


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The third year of the Allied occupation of Japan witnessed further progress toward democracy. By March, 1947, this progress appeared so promising that General Douglas MacArthur, the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers, declared that the time was ...


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Remained divided into two zones during 1947. In the American Zone south of the 38th parallel, 19,000,000 Koreans were represented in a legislature and enjoyed their first lawmaking experience in forty years. In the Russian Zone, north of the parallel, ...


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American trade unionism enjoyed a year of stability in 1947, despite a drastic change in Federal law affecting labor-management relations. Jobs were plentiful. Wages were high. No major change occurred in top labor leadership.


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Beyrouth, the capital of Lebanon, was chosen by the Arab League as it center for political resistance against the partitioning of Palestine late in 1947. This caused difficulties for American crews working on an oil-pipe line through Lebanon, and for ...


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The only independent Negro republic in Africa, was 100 years old in 1947. The centennial was celebrated from July 24 to August 11. A United States delegation attended the ceremonies. America's birthday gift to Liberia was an $18,000,000 modern harbor ...


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Late in January, President Miguel Aleman established a National Institute of Fine Arts and Literature with the conductor-composer Carlos Chavez as director, assisted by leading artists, actors, and authors. The new Institute administers the Palace of ...


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Morocco experienced a change in government during 1947. Sultan Sidi Mohammed Ben Youssef and the French Government signed an agreement which limited the Sultan's powers, and which placed Moroccan and French cabinet members on an equal basis.


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All the drama in motion pictures did not appear on theater screens. The brooding clouds of Congressional investigation, and the lightning flashes of narrowing markets at home and abroad, made national and international headlines of compelling force.


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Great music is no longer a luxury article for the privileged few. A backward glance over the year's programs and reports indicates the busiest season in United States history.


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During 1947, the Government and the people of the Netherlands made steady social and economic progress toward reconstruction of the tiny kingdom.


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Like the rest of Canada, New Brunswick could boast that its provincial finances were in a very healthy condition. For the eight successive year, the Provincial Treasurer reported a surplus. The 1947 surplus of $5,000,000 was the largest on record. ...


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Representatives of Canada and Newfoundland met at Ottawa from June 25 to September 29. They established terms for confederation in a 350-page document. The items released to the public included:


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You will not find this country on any map published before August 14, 1947. It is a Moslem state carved out of the old India. Pakistan is made up of the old Indian Provinces of Sind, Baluchistan, North West Frontier, the western half of the Punjab, ...


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During the year the cost of living in Peru was kept at a lower level than in any other South American country. Strikes, however, caused some concern. On September 2, President Jose Luis Bustamante suspended constitutional guarantees when a five-day ...


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This former islands possession of the United States marked its first anniversary as a free republic on July 4, 1947, and continued through the year with marked progress in industrial and domestic affairs. The income of government enterprises was much ...


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Atom-smashing continued to be the big news in physics during 1947. The first shipment of radioactive isotopes to a foreign country was made on September 5, 1947. Throughout the previous year more than a thousand such shipments had been made in our own ...


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Made considerable economic progress during 1947. Low coal output in England and Western Germany gave Poland, now Europe's largest coal producer, a chance for favorable exchange. The return of the country's agriculture to relative normalcy improved its ...


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The weak Communist party of Portugal staged a demonstration in Lisbon on April 30 in an unsuccessful attempt to take over the leading role in the fight against the semidictatorial government of Antonio de Ovileira Salazar. In June several high ...


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By the death of Cardinal Villeneuve January 17, Canada lost its most distinguished Roman Catholic church leader. The late Cardinal was succeeded as Archbishop of Quebec by Bishop Maurice Roy of Three Rivers. The new archbishop served as a chaplain in ...


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Broadcasting stations in the United States continued to soar in number throughout 1947. Authorized standard, FM, and television stations totaled 2,779 at year's end as compared with 1,701 in 1946. This was an increase of about 60 per cent. There were ...


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Churches of all creeds labored to give relief to sufferers from the ravages of war during 1947. The Nobel Peace Prize for 1947 was awarded to the American and British Friends (Quakers) Service Committee for their work in giving food, clothing, ...


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Success in 1948 was the theme of Republican Lincoln Day rallies across the nation on February 12, 1947. Throughout the year the most conspicuous activity within the party came from aspirants to the nomination the President of the United ...


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Accidents killed 100,000 persons in the United States in 1947. This was 2 per cent more accidental deaths than in 1946. Traffic accidentsthe traditional No. 1 killerwere deposed in 1947 by home mishaps as the leading cause of accidental ...


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Workers from Saskatchewan made a valuable contribution to the harvesting of 1947 crops on both sides of the Canadian-United States border. Before the crops were ready in Saskatchewan, six hundred combines, with crews of more than two thousand men, ...


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Television, just around the corner for years, turned that corner finally during 1947, in the opinion of most video authorities.


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The theater in 1947 continued to develop musical comedy away from a kind of glorified vaudeville into unified music drama. It revived with success great plays from the past. It began producing ventures and tours of small cities independent of New York ...


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On March 12, 1947, President Truman presented to Congress a plan to halt the advance of Communism in Turkey and Greece. This was to be done by taking up the military and economic assistance which Great Britain was forced to drop because of lack of ...


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The visit of the British royal family to South Africa meant holidays and pageants for South Africans of many nationalities. The greetings were warm, and the South African minorities who had said they would boycott the visit decided not to. Great ...


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Throughout the year 1947, the Soviet Union continued to repair the damage caused by the Nazi invaders in World War II, and to expand its industrial and agricultural production in order to meet the goals set for the second year of a new Five Year Plan. ...


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The year 1947 was an important one in the development of the United Nations (U.N.). Its principal executive organ, the eleven-member Security Council, was very busy throughout the year with the fundamental problems of atomic energy and disarmament. ...


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The Rose Bowl Game at Pasadena, Calif., on January 1, 1948, provided another upset in the history of this New Year's Day football festival. The University of Illinois defeated the University of California at Los Angeles by a score of 45 to 14.


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Mauri Rose of Chicago won the 31st annual 500-mile auto race at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway on May 30. Rose drove the 500 miles in 4 hours, 17 minutes, and 52.17 seconds, averaging 116.338 mph. His prize money amounted to $28,800. Bill Holland of ...


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Joe Louis, negro holder of the heavyweight championship of the world since 1937, defended his title on December 5 in Madison Square Garden, New York. It was the first time Louis bad fought since September 18, 1946. His opponent was Joe Walcott, also a ...


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A woman high-lighted golf news during 1947. She was Mildred Babe Didrikson Zaharias, who on June 12 became the first American-born golfer ever to win the British Women's Amateur tournament. On her return from London, Mrs. Zaharias announced she was ...


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The nation's second city had the threat of suspension of its school system from the North Central Association of Colleges lifted during 1947. The association investigated charges of poor administration by Superintendent William H. Johnson. After ...


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New York City pushed plans and action on various civic improvement projects. The Traffic Action Committee studied methods to relieve traffic congestion. Work progressed on eight of fifteen planned six-lane highways. The Board of Transportation ...


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The City of Detroit Interracial Committee continued its vigorous campaign against race hatred during 1947. The program began after the shocking race riot in 1943.


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Los Angeles took action against ever-increasing traffic accidents in 1947. A new one-way traffic system was adopted. The traffic bureau was authorized to increase its force by four hundred policeman. The Los Angeles Transit Lines ordered a fleet of ...


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Washington, D.C., residents, who have long sought their own city government and full citizenship rights, took heart in 1947 when a new ally appeared for their cause. Local self-government, participation in presidential elections, and Congressional ...


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Mayor Camillien Houde of Montreal was returned to office for the sixth time, by acclamation. It was the first time since 1898 that a civic mayoralty election in Montreal had not been contested.


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The banking year began in a peaceably routine manner and ended in a battle against new government controls.


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The year 1947 was a strange mixture of prosperity and anxiety for the people of the United States of America. Many citizens were harassed by inflation, and haunted by expectations of a depression to come and the fear of a World War III.


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President-elect Tomas Berreta visited the United States late in January. When he was inaugurated in March, the United States sent five warships and six superfortresses for the celebration. The President's health rapidly failed, and on August 2 Berreta ...


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Venezuela, under the presidency of Romulo Betancourt, enjoyed peace and prosperity during 1947, although the cost of living increased steadily, making the country the most expensive in South America for the United States tourist.


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In 1947, weather was unpredictable and unusual. Rain, cold, heat, drought, and snow all reached record or near-record volume. The year was unprecedented for freakish weather.


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The past year saw the further strengthening of Marshal Tito's one-party dictatorship in Yugoslavia, and at the same time a considerable improvement in the country's economic situation.


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Efforts to quell Communist activities and political unrest marked much of 1947 in Latin America. Coups toppled leaders in Ecuador, Nicaragua, and Chile.


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Basketball continued to gain favor as a winter sport in colleges, high schools, and as a professional sport in the larger cities during 1947. Winners of important league and conference championships during the year included:


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Jet Pilot was a dark-horse winner of the Kentucky Derby in May. Armed, a six-year-old veteran of the race tracks, was Horse of the Year for 1947. Armed earned $376,325 in prize money for his owners during the racing season, bringing his ...


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Ann Curtis of San Francisco was the outstanding swimmer of 1947. She stroked her way to eight new records during the year, including a new world's record of 5 minutes, 7.9 seconds for the 440-yard free-style swim event of the National Amateur Athletic ...


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The colored population of the United States continued to find social and economic discrimination during 1947, despite some encouraging growth in the number and activities of intercultural relations groups.


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Jack Kramer of Los Angeles remained United States tennis champion for the second consecutive year. In 1947 he defeated Frank Parker, 1944 and 1945, for the men's singles championship. With F. B. Schroeder, Jr., Kramer also won the doubles ...


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Several new records were set in the various indoor and outdoor tracks and field meets during 1947. Team winners of the principal competitions were:


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A picture of Mr. Average American Farmer in 1947 looked something like this:


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The Communist party in Brazil, with 180,000 members, was the largest in the Western Hemisphere in 1947. Communist candidates polled 800,000 votes in the January provincial elections. Such strength served as an ominous warning to the government of ...


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The greatest volume of house construction in twenty-two years went up in 1947 despite the fact that both labor and material prices increased and the home buyer received less for his money. At the end of the year there were strong demands to stop ...


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Boom is the one word that best describes business in 1947. It was a year in which most earlier peacetime records were shattered. And almost every section of the business community shared in the general prosperity.


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The need for a review of coal reserves was stressed by G. H. Ashley, for many years the state geologist of Pennsylvania. New methods of burning, as well as gas-turbine locomotives, promise to increase the efficiency of coal as a fuel. Underground ...


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Interest in poetry was to a large extent focused on three books: Stephen Spender's Poems of Dedication;


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In 1947, a Philadelphia city ordinance appropriated $525,000 to the Philadelphia Bureau of Traffic Engineering. The money was used to improve street lighting and traffic signal systems.


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This country's Communist government devoted its energies in 1948 to attacks on the enemies of Moscow, both inside and outside Albania.


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An important new oil field was discovered in Alberta in 1948. It was the Redwater field, near Edmonton and near the Leduc field discovered in 1946. By the end of the year there were more than 200 producing wells in Alberta. The flow of each well was ...


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Anthropology saw much progress in 1948, the twenty-fifth anniversary year of the discovery of King Tut's tomb. The most mechanized fossil-hunting expedition in history explored Africa from the Cape to Cairo, under the sponsorship of the University of ...


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New ideas in architectural design accompanied a rise in building activity during the year. For all types of construction in the first ten months of 1948, the nation spent a record $17,800,000,000. After residences, commercial structures showed the ...


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Argentina was concerned chiefly with moves toward economic security during 1948. On January 7 the Government announced a trade agreement with Great Britain to replace that of October, 1946. The new agreement enables Argentina to buy about 17,400 miles ...


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The year 1948 saw Asia more closely involved in world politics than ever before. Asiatic states played an important role in the United Nations during the year. Of the fifty-eight U. N. member states, seventeen belonged to the Asiatic and the Pacific ...


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Important advances were made during 1948 in all branches of astronomy, but especially in our knowledge of the planets.


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The people of Australia were prosperous in 1948, but they had several disappointments. They were looking forward to a visit from King George, Queen Elizabeth, and Princess Margaret in April, 1949, but in November the King became too ill to make the ...


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The execution of Nikola Petkov and the breaking up of his Agrarian party in 1947 did not wipe out the spirit of opposition against George Dimitrov's Communist dictatorship in Bulgaria. The government reported many arrests and trials of opposition ...


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Burma became an independent nation on January 4, 1948. Its first year outside the British Commonwealth of Nations was not a happy one. Some of its leaders preferred a dominion status to allow time for economic recovery and for growing up ...


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Most members of President Truman's Cabinet openly failed to campaign for his election to a second term in office. As a result, considerable speculation arose concerning the possible removal of members who had sat by with folded hands. The Chief ...


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From Ontario's busy factories to the teeming fisheries of British Columbia and Nova Scotia, the Land of the Maple Leaf hummed with activity during 1948.


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New discoveries that make use of the radioactive isotopes excited the world in 1948. Isotopes are different atoms of the same element, the difference being primarily one of weight. Radioactive isotopes are ones which give off rays, much as radium ...


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Chile, like Brazil, was concerned with problems caused by Communism during 1948. Chile purged its so-called Communists. On March 12 the Chilean Government formally accused the Soviet Union with threatening the peace of the world by taking over ...


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It took Nazi Germany six active years of political and military force to take Czechoslovakia in 1939. But the Soviet Union gobbled it up in just six days in 1948. On February 19, 1948, Soviet Deputy Foreign Minister Zorin came to Praha on a pretense ...


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In terms of political power, 1948 brought the Democratic Party from rags to riches.


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The main events of 1948 in Denmark were the American aid received under the Marshall Plan (ERP) and the signing of a trade agreement with Great Britain on September 15. Under the trade pact, Denmark will export to the United Kingdom 90 per cent of its ...


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In 1948 the United States Senate passed a general aid-to-education bill which provided $300,000,000 for elementary and secondary school support. This bill was rejected by the House, but was expected to be brought up again in 1949.


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In 1948, as in 1947, the most active concern of Egypt was with events in Palestine. Next in importance were the unsatisfactory relations with Great Britain. Twice the Egyptian Prime Minister insisted that Britain should withdraw its 10,000 troops from ...


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Citizens of the United States cast a total of 49,363,798 votes in the November 2 national, state county, and municipal elections. Of these, 48,680,416 were marked for President.


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The busy electron had wrought many wonders in communication during the years between 1895 and 1948. First wireless, then the radiophone, radio broadcasting, and finally television. Latest among the electronic wonders was the Ultrafax electronic radio ...


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A new prince and an old industry completed with the dollar shortage for the British people's attention in 1948. The new Prince Charles was in line to inherit the British throne, and the steel industry was to be bought from its private owners and ...


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Greece was an extremely unhappy country during 1948. About one out of every four Greeks was barely able to keep alive, in spite of shipments of relief supplies from the United States. But a tight censorship could not conceal the fact that some Greeks ...


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Early in the year the Government reopened the question of its claim to British Honduras. The British Government immediately sent two cruisers to the area. On February 28, President Juan Jose Arevalo asked the United States to support Guatemalan ...


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At the end of January, the Government discharged from public office all Communists. On February 11, the Chamber of Deputies passed a resolution asking that the Communist party be outlawed.


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Public health was good in the United States during 1948. Death rates stayed at record low levels. There were no large epidemics, except for infantile paralysis in some parts of the country. Health departments made great progress in adjusting to ...


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Slowly and carefully the Communists remodeled Hungary into a Communist dictatorship in 1948. They moved slowly because they had failed once before, in 1919, by acting hastily. This time, the average Hungarian could hardly tell the difference at first. ...


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The big news of the year in Italy was the Communists' failure to win the national elections. Premier Alcide de Gasperi, leader of the Christian Democrats, continued in power.


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Made new progress toward democratic government in its fourth year of Allied occupation. The country also made a gain in economic recovery.


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In South Korea, the American Military Government was withdrawn on August 15, 1948. On the same day, the independence of South Korea was proclaimed in ceremonies at Seoul, the capital. In North Korea, north of the 38th parallel of latitude, a ...


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Americans who work for wages had one of the most prosperous years in history during 1948. Wages for the average worker reached a record high level. The cost of living, which had been rising since the end of World War II, showed signs of having reached ...


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Unrest swept Latin America during 1948, as it did many other countries of the world. Presidential elections always give an opportunity for a certain type of Latin-American politician to try to start an uprising, and elections were held in Costa Rica, ...


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Lebanon, joined with other Arab League countries in 1948 to fight the Jews in Palestine. On May 20, sixty-nine Zionists of military age were taken off the United States ship Marine Carp


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The Liberian International Airways, Ltd., was dedicated in 1948. It began operating a 2,800-mile route between the United States and Liberia. The new African airways is part of the Liberia Company's economic, educational, and social development ...


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Was in the middle of the struggle for power between the Western democracies and the Soviet Union in 1948. Another year of occupation by the four victorious power hampered the country's return to a normal life. But conditions inside Austria were ...


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In 1948, for the second time in history, more than five million new cars, trucks, and buses were produced in the United States. This was the result of the steady expansion of auto production capacity since World War II.


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Most branches of aviation showed progress in 1948. Aircraft manufacturing in the United States reached a higher level. Air commerce showed signs of recovering from its postwar difficulties. The year was especially important for the production of a new ...


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In 1948, Belgian women were given the right to vote in national elections. They already had been entitled to vote in provincial and municipal elections.


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A new vitamin made the headlines in 1948. The discovery of vitamin B-12 was announced in April by scientists of the research laboratory of Merck & Company. Inc. The discovery marked a climax in twenty-two years of looking for a near-miraculous ...


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British Columbia experienced the worst flood of its history in 1948. From May 24 to June 29, dangerous conditions existed along sections of the Columbia River and in the lower Fraser River valley. About 75,000 acres of farm land were flooded. Premier ...


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China took steps along the road to democratic and liberal government in 1948. The first National Assembly which the people had elected met on March 29. It elected China's first constitutional President and Vice-President. The new Legislative Yuan met ...


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Civil rights received great attention in the United States throughout the year. One cause of this emphasis was found in the battle between democracy and Soviet Communism. American defenders of Western democracy condemned the Soviet Union for ...


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Disorder marked Colombian life during the year. Conservatives and Liberals of the Province of Santander del Norte began to shoot at each other over political differences in January. The government sent troops into the regional Several persons were ...


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The 80th Congress of the United States spent much of its second and final year of life in combat. One old battle, with President Truman, continued with vigor and vetoes. In addition to the normal strife between Democrats and Republicans, Republican ...


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Crime in the United States during 1948 increased nearly 4 per cent in rural areas and dropped about 2 per cent in the cities, compared with 1947. Murders declined in the cities and increased in the country. Rural burglaries decreased, and city ...


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On June 1, the people of Cuba elected Carlos Prio Socarras to succeed Grau San Martin as president. Prio's candidacy was supported by the Government. Former President Fulgencio Batista, an exile in Florida, ran for the Cuban Senate and was elected. He ...


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Ethiopia has never had government-owned palace for its kings. Its Government opened an international competition for the designs of an imperial palace in 1948. Awards amounting to $20,000 were offered for prize-winning designs. Ethiopia is rich in ...


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Notable developments in Europe during 1948 included the sharpening of the conflict between the Soviet Union and the Western democracies, and movements for closer co-operation in the West for defense against the Soviet. Communism seemed to grow weaker, ...


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Feminine styles in 1948 were refreshing, gay, and lavish. The long-skirt era had definitely arrived. Sunray pleats, back fullness, and drapes required yards and yards of material. Organdy, satin, and taffeta were once more in high favor.


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Most of the students of fossils, or paleontologists,


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The French people were uneasy during 1948. Their cabinet was shaky, currency was devalued, and coal and rail workers went on strike. The national budget presented problems, the cost of living soared, and foreign policy was in dispute. French democracy ...


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The demand for geologists, already great, has been increased by the need for teachers to instruct college and university classes that have increased as much as four times over prewar levels. The year 1948 saw field work, laboratory research, and ...


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During 1948 several important changes took place in Germany. Western Germany took steps toward economic and political self-government. Berlin was gradually split into tow parts. The Iron Curtain was tightened at the Elbe River, which divides the ...


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In 1948 the difficult living conditions in Europe contrasted sharply with the high wages and prosperity in the United States. Many people wanted to live in this country. Altogether nearly 200,000 immigrant aliens came to make their homes in the United ...


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In early 1948, the world was shocked by the death of Mohandas K. Gandhi, from the beginning the leader of India's struggle for freedom. He was assassinated by one of his own people during a prayer service on the evening of January 30. The new Indian ...


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The Navaho and Hopi Indians were given much attention in 1948. These Indians live in an area of northern Arizona and New Mexico which is bigger than the state of West Virginia. There are about 3,000 Hopi and more than 50,000 Navaho. Their reservations ...


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Iran changed governments twice in 1948. Soviet demands for oil concessions in the northern provinces were again rejected by the Iranian Parliament. United States missions continued their work in Iran.


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Rioting broke out in Iraq after a military treaty was signed with Great Britain on January 15. Under the new treaty, Iraq was given the airfields at Habbaniya and Shaibah, but Britain was to continue using them. Britain also was to continue to train ...


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At midnight on May 14, 1948, the Jews in Palestine proclaimed the new state of Israel. The new nation began its life with territory whose boundaries were hotly disputed. The Jewish part of its populationor Israeliincreased in numbers with ...


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The library profession looked critically at many of its traditional ways of thinking and doing in 1948. At the beginning of the year, the American Library Association challenged every library in the country to redirect its services in a program of ...


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Like a delayed-action bomb, the full impact of World War II was finally felt in the literature produced during 1948. The political, dynamic, and emotional aspects of the war received detailed attention. The war was reviewed from every angle in novels ...


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Authors and artists, both well-known and new ones, used their talents to make 1948 a good year for children's books. A few more old favorites are back in print, and there are some new editions of popular stories. One that will be welcomed by everybody ...


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About one of every two Americans read one or more magazines during 1948. A readership survey conducted by the Magazine Advertising Bureau established the number of magazine readers in the United States at 71,500,000. Magazine sales had boomed during ...


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A new Federation of Malaya was established on February 1, 1948. It included the four Malay states which had been federated before, as well as the five unfederated states. The nine States were given local self-government. Great Britain kept control of ...


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Manitoba had its most prosperous year in history in 1948. Agricultural products reached the value of $321,000,000. The average profit per farm was $5,000. Mineral production was increased 50 per cent over 1947 and amounted to $24,500,000. Forest ...


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New Brunswick greatly expanded its pulp and paper industry. A new $65,000,000 pulp and paper mill was planned at Lepreau. Production of industrial chemicals was also increased. A search was undertaken for new oil and mineral resources. In February, ...


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Newfoundland voted in 1948 to become the tenth province of the Dominion of Canada. Newfoundland itself had been a dominion in the British Commonwealth of Nations from 1855 to 1934. But it had been compelled to become a colony again because of its poor ...


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Rising costs in 1948 again left newspapers with less profits, although their income from advertising and circulation continued at record-breaking levels.


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Victor Roman y Reyes remained President of Nicaragua during the year, but his strong-man nephew, Anastacio Somoza, ran the country. Somoza controlled the army. Former President Somoza accused the presidents of Cuba, Venezuela, Guatemala, ...


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Nobel prizes were presented at ceremonies in Concert Hall, Stockholm, Sweden, on December 10, 1948. King Gustaf was unable to attend because he had been ill. This was the first time since he took the throne in 1907 that Sweden's King did not give out ...


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The beginning of aid from the Marshall Plan helped Norway along the road to recovery in 1948. There was full employment during the year. The tension in world politics brought about a Norwegian preparedness grant of 100 million kroner ($20,000,000) and ...


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Made considerable progress toward recovery from war destruction in 1948. The city of Warsaw was rapidly being rebuilt. But the political lot of the Poles was an unhappy one. The many arrests and trials of members of anti-Communist underground ...


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Portugal marked the twentieth year of Antonio de Oliveira Salazar's semidictatorship on April 28. In 1948, the democratic apposition was treated more liberally than before. Almost all who had taken part in the plot against the Government in 1947 were ...


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Prince Edward Island took steps to increase tourist traffic in 1948. The province government voted to spend $945,000 for highway construction and $140,000 for bridges during the year.


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The International Penal and Penitentiary Commission held its second postwar session in Berne, Switzerland, from August 2 to 17, 1948. Delegates from fifteen nations and observers from China and Siam attended. Goals were set up for prison reform.


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The difficult problem in the field of psychiatry in 1948 was still the shortage of trained investigators, including psychiatrists, psychologist, psychiatric social workers, and others. The organize mental diseases were better controlled than ever ...


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An island possession of the United States for fifty years, elected its own governor for the first time in 1948. Puerto Rico was the first United States possession to enjoy this privilege. Luis Munoz Marin, founder of the Popular Democratic party and ...


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Field Marshal Luang Pibul Songgram, who seized control of Thailand (Siam) in 1947, remained in power throughout 1948. He became premier in February. Songgram collaborated with the Japanese during World War II, but has since maintained good relations ...


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This country's strategic significance in European defense plans and its valuable ores influenced some democratic countries to change their hostile attitude towards Franco's dictatorship in 1948. France renewed communications with Spain and the two ...


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The biggest sports headline of 1948 was the death of George Herman (Babe) Ruth, probably the most famous athlete who ever lived. People from all walks of lifeand all nationsmourned when Ruth, baseball's home-run ...


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All Sweden joined in wishing its King Gustaf V a happy ninetieth birthday on June 16. The monarch was in good health and went through the jubilee program with no signs of fatigue. He is the world's oldest king.


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In 1948, Switzerland celebrated the hundredth year of its present constitution. The federal system of government had insured a century of peace and prosperity.


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The attention of Syrians was directed southward toward Palestine during most of 1948. In Damascus and other Syrian towns public resentment rose to violent action when successes of Israeli forces were reported. Mobs endangered the lives not only of ...


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Income taxpayers were given a $4,800,000,000 reduction when Congress on April 2 passed the Revenue Act of 1948 over President Truman's veto.


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Outstanding progress was made during 1948 in research on the antibiotic drugs, including penicillin, streptomycin, and aureomycin. Advances also were made in other drugs, in the use of the radioactive isotopes, and in surgery.


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Much work was done on the upper air, at heights of more than fifteen miles, to get information needed for rocket flights and to improve long-range forecasting of weather. The United States Army sent balloons bearing instruments to heights of 26.5 ...


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The government of President Miguel Aleman was largely concerned with economic problems during the year. Early in February, machinery was installed in one of the largest canesugar mills in the world, in the state of Vera Cruz. It will use 5,000 tons of ...


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The motion-picture industry tightened its belt several more notches in 1948. Business was much greater than in 1938, but it had dropped by comparison with the lush years during World War II, when the industry could not produce enough films to meet the ...


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During 1948, many gifted musicians from Europe were working and producing in the United States. American composers and artists were strongly influenced by the creations of these newcomers. In turn, the European musicians have been affected by the ...


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Marshall Plan aid, extended to the Netherlands in April, started the country on its way to economic recovery in 1948. Production began to increase and more consumer goods appeared on the market. Expansion was planned for all the country's industries. ...


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Nova Scotia turned its attention to more efficient production in 1948. The Dominion Steel and Coal Corporation hoped to increase the production of coal by using more machinery in the mines. As in the other Maritime Provinces, a loan board was set up ...


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Bob Mathias, a 17-year-old schoolboy from Tulare, Calif., and Fanny Blankers-Koen, Dutch housewife and mother of two children, were the standout individual performers in the 1948 Olympic games in London.


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Ontario had a dangerous shortage of hydroelectric power in 1948. The shortage was caused by a lack of rain and by increased use of power.


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An exhibition of paintings from Europe caused more comment and was seen by more people in the United States than any other exhibition shown in 1948. The paintings had been found by the American Army in a salt mine near Merkers, Germany, at the end of ...


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In the autumn of 1948, Pakistan mourned the death of its founding father and Governor General, Mohammed Ali Jinnah. Khwaja Nazimuddin was appointed acting Governor General after Jinnah's death. The Prime minister of Pakistan was Liaquat Ali Khan. The ...


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In January the Pan American Labor Conference met at Lima. There, on January 13, a new Inter-American Federation of Labor was organized to replace the Latin American Labor Confederation. The new Federation had headquarters at Santiago, Chile.


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In 1948, the Philippine Republic made sound progress in the work of recovering from the ruin of world War II. It also kept peace and order within its territory in spite of a few clashes between government forces and a small group of rebels known as ...


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An extensive program for hydroelectric development was drawn up in Quebec in 1948. The Quebec Hydroelectric Commission began work on a $40,000,000 project which would add 600,000 horsepower to the Beauharnois development. Other developments were ...


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Broadcasting in 1948 rode the wave of postwar expansion. The total of standard (AM) stations in the United States rose to 1,839 from 1,522 in 1947. There were 682 FM stations operating compared with 376 a year earlier. Permits for new AM stations ...


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The World Council of Churches was formed in 1948. A long series of conferences, beginning in 1910, and ten years of definite preparation led up to the formal organization of the Council at Amsterdam, The Netherlands, August 22 to September 4.


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Almost until midnight of election day, Republican victory was taken for granted in the Presidential race, and in most Congressional and state contests. A reflection of this attitude was the keen rivalry for the Republican nomination for President. As ...


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Accidents in the United States took the lives of 98,000 persons in 1948. This figure was 2 per cent less than the death tool of 99,579 for 1947.


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Saskatchewan, the only Canadian province to experiment with Socialism, returned its Socialist government to power in June. But by year's end it was apparent that the cost of supporting government-sponsored social services was creating too great a ...


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A forest of odd-looking antennas was sprouting on the rooftops of major United States cities. The word video,


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The crop of new plays in 1948 cost more to produce than ever before in history. Broadway managements reported that the 1948 play needed $60,000 to $85,000 backing before the opening night curtain could go up.


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Harry S. Truman was elected President of the United States in 1948. Few political observers had expected him to keep the high office to which he had been elevated from the Vice-Presidency on the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt. But Truman himself ...


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Life in Turkey during 1948 was more tranquil than in the Balkan States to the west or the Arab states to the south. Most Turks felt sympathy for the Arab states in the struggle against Israel, but no active measures were taken to help the Arabs.


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In 1948, the third year of the postwar Five Year Plan, the Soviet Union made progress in the expansion of industry. But the standard of living of the workingmeneven those outside forced labor campswent down rather than up.


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During 1948 the United Nations (U.N.) General Assembly, made up of delegates of fifty-eight nations, held two sessions. A special session was held at Lake Success in New York from April 16 to May 14. A more important regular session met at the Palais ...


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In most lines of endeavor, 1948 was a year of intense activity in the United States. Much was accomplished in education, science, civil liberties, and government. New records were reached in industrial and farm production, national income, wages, and ...


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The Minneapolis Lakers, after winning the National League title, jumped to the Basketball Association of America, thereby strengthening the younger professional league. The Baltimore Bullets captured the B. A. A. championship.


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The professional football season produced play as brilliant as any in history. It opened when the Chicago Cardinals, defending National Professional League champions, defeated the College All-Stars 28 to 0 in Chicago in August before 101,220 ...


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Toronto's Maple Leafs won the national Hockey League regular season championship and then retained the Stanley Cup in the postseason playoffs.


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Ocean Exploration centered largely on rumors of the lost continent of Atlantis in the mid-Atlantic. Egerton Sykes, former secretary of the British Embassy at Warsaw, attempted to gather together an expedition in London to find the sunken continent of ...


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New hybrid seeds helped make big crops in 1948. Hybrid corn has helped increase corn production for several years. New and better hybrids were used for the 1948 crop. Results were greater than ever. New varieties of other grains also helped increase ...


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The biggest archaeological story of the year was about the Kensington Rune Stone. Scientists had disputed for fifty years over whether the Norsemen had left it in Minnesota, or it was a fake. The stone was finally accepted by the Smithsonian ...


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The American farmer raised more crops during 1948 than ever before, and received record high prices for them. But he had less money to show for his work than in 1947, because of rising production costs.


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Communist activities held the center of the political stage in Brazil during the year. On January 7 a law was passed which removed all known Communists from the Brazilian legislature, the state legislatures, and the Rio de Janeiro Council. The next ...


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Canadian unions were concerned with weeding out Communist elements within their ranks. The Canadian Congress of Labor suspended the International Union of Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers at its convention in Toronto in October.


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The banking system of the United States found itself in the thick of the anti-inflation fight in 1948.


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Efforts were made to improve the quantity and quality of housing during 1948. Both industry and the public supported moves toward effective use of the Federal aids provided in the Housing Act of 1948. There were many conferences on the subject, but ...


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In 1948 reached the high point of America's longest postwar economic boom. Many production, sales, and profits records were broken. But signs of slackening appeared in the closing months. High production and price increases combined to reduce greatly ...


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Building was carried on at a lively rate in the United States throughout 1949. Private construction rose about 15 per cent above that of 1948. Public construction was up about 19 per cent. Building contracts awarded in both September and October ...


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On March 11, a constituent assembly approved a new constitution for Argentina which permitted the President to succeed himself. Five days later President Juan Peron took an oath of office to uphold the constitution, amid a country-wide celebration.


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During 1949, the United States Army passed through a more eventful year than usual. The Army underwent several investigations, as well as a complete change in high-level civilian leadership. It was compelled to practice greater economy, while its ...


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Throughout 1949 Asia continued to be an area of great political change and economic upset. The victory of the Communist armies over the Kuomintang Government in China aroused fears of Communist conquest in border countries. It also compelled other ...


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There was great activity in astronomy throughout 1949, and several unusual discoveries were made.


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The Labor party, which had governed Australia since 1941, lost power in the general election of December 10, 1949. The victory went to a coalition of the Liberal party and the Country party. An unusual interest was shown in the election because New ...


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At the beginning of 1949 the main concern of all Austrians was to have a peace treaty, by which all foreign occupation forces would be withdrawn. Those hopes were dashed. After weeks of haggling between the United States, Great Britain, and France on ...


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Burma was torn by civil war during 1949, its second year of independence. The Karens, a strongly organized minority group, rebelled against the government in January. They had long wanted their own state, even though the Burmese Constitution permits ...


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Four new faces appeared in the President's Cabinet in 1949. In several of the Cabinet departments there also were changes among the undersecretaries and the assistant secretaries. In October, Congress raised the salaries of Cabinet members from ...


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Canada was still the world's third greatest trading nation in 1949. It ranked first in the production of newsprint, nickel, and asbestos. It stood second in wheat, aluminum, and zinc, and third in copper, gold, and silver. The sub-Arctic Eldorado Mine ...


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Official names were chosen for fourteen chemical elements in 1949. A chemical element is one of the 96 simple substances which go to make up everything in the world. The elements were named by official action of the International Union in Chemistry, ...


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January, 1949, was an important month in Chile. On January 2, it was announced that the U.S. Export-Import Bank had approved a $20,000,000 loan for a steel mill to be erected at Concepcion. On January 19, an international payments agreement with ...


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The close of 1949 witnessed the near-completion of one of the greatest political overturns of modern timesthe conquest of vast China by the Communists. At the beginning of the year 1949 the Nationalist Government, headed by General Chiang ...


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Great Britain agreed on March 2 to sell to Uruguay all British-owned railroads in the Latin-American country. Britain was to receive about $28,600,000. In June, the Uruguayan Government announced a five-year plant to develop hydroelectric power and ...


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On February 15 President Romulo Betancourt was succeeded by Romulo Gallegos, elected the previous December. To prevent Gallegos' inauguration, if possible, two B-24 bombing planes had flown under false clearance papers from Augusta, Ga., by way of ...


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Under its dictator, Marshal Tito, made headlines in 1948. It became the first Soviet satellite state to oppose its masters in Moscow. Deep-rooted Southern Slav feelings for freedom and independence played a significant role in Yugoslavia's refusal to ...


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The Bermuda Deep-Sea Expedition of the Chicago Natural History Museum gave zoologists huge quantities of new materials to work with in 1948. Scientists from several universities accompanied the expedition. About three months were spent in exploring ...


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South Africa's distinguished Prime Minister, Jan C. Smuts, was forced to give up his post in 1948. The United party, to which he belonged, lost the election of May 26 to the Nationalist party, led by Daniel F. Malan. The Governor-General then asked ...


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The Cleveland Indians won the greatest share of the other sports headlines in 1948. The Indians shattered all attendance records and capped the season by defeating the National League Boston Braves in the World Series, four games to two. Cleveland's ...


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Andy Varipapa made a valiant attempt to capture the national All-Star bowling championship for the third consecutive year, but finished second to Connie Schwoegler, 1942 champion.


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Joe Louis, who has reigned longer than any other heavyweight champion, defended his title by knocking out Joe Walcott in the eleventh round of their bout in Yankee Stadium on June 25. Louis announced his retirement soon after the fight, then later ...


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Ben Hogan was voted the golfer of the year. Hogan gained claim to this honor by winning the P. G. A. tournament, the United States Open, the Western Open, and various minor tourneys.


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Calumet Farm's Citation made 1948 one of horse racing's greatest years. The colt's most storied victory came in the Kentucky Derby when Eddie Arcaro booted him home four lengths ahead of his stable mate, Coaltown.


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The year 1948 saw a number of inventions related to food production, preparation, and preservation.


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A United States tennis team led by Frank Parker and Ted Schroeder had little more than a workout in beating back Australia's challenge for the Davis Cup. The United States swept all five matches. The United States women kept the Wightman Cup, beating ...


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Minnesota was the surprise victor in the National Collegiate Athletic track meet. Leading individual stars of the year, aside from Olympic competition, include Charles Fonville, Harrison Dillard, Mel Patton, Herb McKenley, Bob Mathias, and Gil Dodds. ...


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Practical atomic energy, often hailed as just around the corner, still seemed distant as 1948 ended. Early in December, David Lilienthal, Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission, predicted that an experimental plant to produce electricity through ...


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The International Trade Conference at Havana, Cuba, ended on March 24, 1948, after four months and four days of negotiation and debate. The Conference was called by the United Nations Economic and Social Council to approve the international trade ...


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The art of poetry showed some signs of revival in 1948, with the return to the field of Archibald MacLeish and the publication of his Actfive, and Other Poems.


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In 1948, three political parties held national conventions in Philadelphia to choose their candidates for President and Vice-President: the Republicans, the Democrats, and the Progressives.


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in 1949 remained one of the most obedient of the Soviet satellite states. Prime Minister Enver Hoxha went twice to Moscow to pay his respects to Stalin. In spite of strong censorship by Hoxha, the world learned that there was much tension inside ...


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New oil discoveries made in Alberta in 1949 increased the government's revenue from the lease of oil lands and royalties. Oil production reached 10,974,000 barrels, nearly double that of 1948.


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Politics and disputes highlighted a year marked by progress in the study of man and his history in many fields. The political note was sounded when Soviet scientists denounced the early September hunt for the remains of Noah's Ark as ...


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The fifty-three automobile manufacturers in the United States set a new production record in 1949. About 6,250,000 cars, trucks, and buses were turned out in the country's 110 final assembly plants. The previous high in American automobile production ...


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All things considered, United States aviation during 1949 had the best peacetime year in its history. Air lines operated at record levels. Aircraft manufacturing was at an exceptionally high volume. Military aviation, though much lower than ...


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Highlights of the year in ballet were the American performances of two ballet companies from abroad, the Sadler's Wells Ballet of London and the Ballet of Paris.


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The royal question of permitting King Leopold III to regain his throne remained the storm center of Belgian domestic policy in 1949. Apparently there were disputes about the question even within the royal family itself. Exiled King Leopold ...


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During 1949, cortisone and ACTH made headlines as new treatments for arthritis. Cortisone and ACTH are hormones. Hormones are secretions of certain types of glands in the body. Details of the action of hormones are unknown. But they probably act much ...


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British Columbia became the third province of Canada in 1949 in terms of wealth and estimated population.


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Upon the death of Bulgarian Prime Minister Georgi Dimitrov in the U.S.S.R., Vassil Kolarov took his position. The Communists found many difficulties in seeking to change the economic life of the country along Soviet lines. The Bulgarian peasants ...


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Civil liberties received wide public attention in the United States during 1949. Emphasis continued to be laid upon the need, in a free society, for protecting citizens from oppression by the government or by groups of other citizens. At the same time ...


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Political problems occupied the center of the stage in Colombia during 1949. It was a presidential election year. By October 24 the election campaign had become so intense that the government banned all demonstrations until December 5. The candidates ...


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More than 180,000,000 calls a day were handled during 1949 by the telephones in service in the United States. More than 2,000,000 new phones were added during the year, bringing the total number to well over 33,000,000. Some 350,000 of these new ...


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During 1949 the Eighty-first Congress wrestled with many issues of long-range importance both to the United States and to the world. As a result its first session was among the longest in peacetime. Congress convened on January 3 and remained in ...


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In 1949 the Department of the Interior observed its one hundredth anniversary and a Century of Conservation by embarking on the most extensive conservation program in its history.


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Long-range crime prevention programs made important progress in 1949. The University of Southern California's law enforcement training program came into full swing after two years of experimenting. It reaches, 2,900 police officers in Los Angeles, ...


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Ireland celebrated Easter Monday, April 18, 1949, as the day on which it became the fully independent Republic of Ireland. This was the thirty-third anniversary of the Easter revolt against the British in 1916. Religious services and military parades ...


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State and municipal elections were the principal events at the nation's polling places in 1949. Two of the special elections held to fill vacancies in Congress captured national attention.


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Outstanding among the exciting electronic experiments of 1949 was the work of psychologist Joseph A. Gengerelli of the University of California at Los Angeles. As part of his effort to investigate the physical basis of mental processes in animal ...


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The cold war between East and West continued to trouble Europe during 1949. The struggle between the western democracies and the Soviet Union for influence over Germany remained one of the chief factors in this cold war. Communist loss of prestige and ...


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Simplicity was the keynote of the distinctly feminine styles in 1949. There were no revolutionary trends. Skirts were shorter and basically trim. Women were once again choosing the individual skirt lengths which were most becoming to their figures. ...


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An enormous variety of plants and animals lived during past ages and left fossils in beds of rock. The year brought forth descriptions of several newly-found species and subspecies, ranging from the simplest plants and protozoans to highly developed ...


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On February 23, Haiti and its neighbor, the Dominican Republic, accepted a resolution of the Organization of American States (Pan American Union) urging them to establish mutual good relations. This action was taken as a result of charges of ...


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Public health was generally good and on the upgrade in the United States during 1949. Death rates fell to a new record low. The only large epidemic was caused by infantile paralysis. There were encouraging signs of progress against chronic diseases, ...


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The history of Hungary in 1949 is the story of a country forced by hook or by crook into submission to a Soviet-type police state. The behavior of the government proved once more that those ruling such a state are frightened men who, in order to ...


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Political disturbances and poor living conditions in many parts of the world made the United States seem a haven to many people in foreign lands. In the fiscal year ended June 30, 1949, there were 188,317 aliens who came to the United States from ...


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India in 1949 continued to make progress towards becoming an independent republic. In April, at the Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference in London, India announced its decision to continue membership in the Commonwealth of Nations, even though it ...


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Talk about the needs of the Navaho and Hopi Indians in the newspapers and in Congress brought about two kinds of action in 1949.


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Because of Soviet defiance of the United Nations, the Hermit Nation continued to be divided into South Korea and North Korea during 1949. In the meanwhile, Communist violence disturbed the peace in South Korea throughout the entire year ...


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The most startling development in 1949 in the field of labor was the negotiation of old age pensions, paid for by the employer, in several large industries. For more than ten years, most industrial workers in the United States have been included in ...


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In tune with much of the rest of the world, there was considerable unrest and some violence in Latin America in 1949. Many of the plots, counter-plots, and outbreaks stemmed from the difficult readjustment to postwar economic realities. Politically, ...


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Lebanon set up an ambitious twenty-year reforestation program for the ancient cedar groves of the Lebanon Mountains. Some of the few hundred cedars are descendants of the trees famous during King Solomon's reign.


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America's Town Meeting of the Air made a 65-day, round-the-world trip in 1949, and broadcast its discussions to the United States from fourteen foreign capitals. Members of the seminar were representatives of leading American organizations ...


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A former Italian colony in North Africa, Libya was made a United Nations trust territory in December, 1949. Adrian Pelt of the Netherlands, until recently United Nations Assistant Secretary-General for Conference and General Services, was appointed ...


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Cuba was host of two international gatherings during the year. On March 17 fourteen nations, not including the United States, met at Havana to consider the future relations between European powers and their remaining colonies in the Western ...


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In January, 1949, Communist-dominated Czechoslovakia became a member of the Moscow-inspired Council for Economic Assistance established to counteract the Marshall Plan. The Czechs received from the Soviet Union a $23,000,000 commodity credit on which ...


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It was a full year for the Democratic party. The voters treated the party kindly at the polls. The strategy of its national leaders, including President Harry S. Truman, seemed to be proceeding successfully in winning the continuing support of farmers ...


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The most important event of 1949 for Denmark was its signing of the North Atlantic Pact. Denmark departed from its traditional policy of neutrality to obtain security from Soviet expansion.


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The sharpest trend of the year stemmed from the fact that citizens in many parts of the country decided to take a stronger interest in their schools. The growth of citizens' councils, topped by the creation of a National Citizens Commission for the ...


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in 1949 had some conspicuous diplomatic successes. It became a member of the United Nations Security Council for a two-year term. It took part in the Asian Conference on Indonesia at Delhi, India, in January. It secured an agreement with Great Britain ...


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French economic recovery advanced steadily during the year in spite of many uncertainties. In the absence of prolonged strikes, production passed the previous peak attained in 1929. Progress was made in reducing the dollar shortage, but unbalanced ...


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In 1949, an astronomer and a chemist presented the science of geology with new theories of the earth's beginning. Gerard Kuiper suggested that our planet came from a ball of dust that once revolved around the sun. In time the ball spread out into a ...


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The unfortunate division of Germany was further sharpened during 1949. The year witnessed the establishment in the three Western Zones of a genuinely democratic Federal Government and in the Soviet Zone of a puppet so-called German Democratic ...


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Paying for imports of foreign food and industrial materials became more difficult than ever for the British in 1949. This new dollar crisis was a surprise, for the news in the first three months of the year was good.


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Greece remained an unhappy country in 1949, in spite of the crushing of the guerrillas by the army of the Government. It was a poverty-stricken land, as it had been for a long time. The $50,000,000 which the United States Congress voted for ...


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On May 5 a strike of Guatemalan workers against the United Fruit Company was settled by a compromise. The shutdown had cut off trade with the United States in the company's ships, which had been routed to other countries.


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The former Netherlands Indies, now the sovereign Republic of the United States of Indonesia, underwent a profound change for the better in 1949. At the beginning of the year, Dutch forces still held key positions in the islands. Many Republican ...


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On February 4, an attempt was made on the life of the Shah of Iran. He was slightly wounded. The origin of the assailant and his motives remained a mystery.


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Like the other Arab countries, Iraq was shaken by unexpected defeat at the hands of the Israelis. In spite of a strict censorship it became known that unrest was great among the people of Iraq. The country had two different cabinets in rather quick ...


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Just before New Year's Day, 1949, the Second Battle of the Negeb ended with the routing of the Egyptian army by the Israelis. The Israelis chased the Egyptians into Egypt's territory. The unexpected thrust caused anxiety in all the world capitals ...


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Italy continued to recover from the ravages of war during 1949, but it found some of its long-range problems troublesome. The country was still plagued by poverty, illiteracy, ignorance, lawlessness, overpopulation, and unemployment. But Marshall Plan ...


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After four and a half years of military occupation, the Japanese people remained friendly to the United States. Instead of living off the land, the Allied occupation army had imported its own supplies. More than this, the United States had saved the ...


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American writing, always a faithful mirror of the American mind, was depressed as the first half of the twentieth century closed. There were few bright spots to lift hopes for the future.


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The outstanding characteristic of the books for children published in 1949 is their high quality in all fields.


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U.S. magazines continued to grow in total circulation during 1949, but their rate of growth was slower than during World War II and the immediate postwar years.


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Premier D. L. Campbell's coalition government, made up of Liberal Progressives and Progressive Conservatives, won 44 of the 57 seats in the Manitoba House in the November 10 election. The election revealed that the Socialist C.C.F. had lost some ...


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Many great advances in American medicine were made during 1949. The most startling of these was the control of rheumatoid arthritis by the use of an extract from the adrenal gland called compound E, or Cortisone, and by the use of an active principle ...


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Radar was widely used to study the weather during 1949. By this means, E. J. Workman found that thunderstorms develop vertically, with temperatures that range from freezing to 70 degrees below zero. Lightning begins when the thundercloud reaches its ...


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On January 6, 1949, the World Bank granted Mexico two loans totaling $34,100,000 for electrical development, about half of which was for the Mexico City area. It was announced on March 5 that the Government had signed an oil-drilling contract with a ...


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On February 1, Anastasio Somoza, minister of defense, celebrated his fifty-third birthday by ordering all political prisoners released. He also announced that all political exiles would be welcomed back into the country. Twenty days later the ...


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Nobel prizes were presented at ceremonies in Concert Hall, Stockholm, Sweden, on December 10, 1949. King Gustaf, now ninety-one years old and in delicate health, was unable to attend for the second year in a row. Crown Prince Gustaf Adolf again gave ...


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Norway signed the North Atlantic Pact on April 4, 1949, after intense public discussion. Later, Norway joined with its new allies in setting up an Atlantic council and discussing joint defense of the Atlantic region. As a result of these discussions, ...


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In the June election, the Liberal Government of Angus Macdonald was returned with 28 seats out of 37 in the House of Assembly. The Liberals have held office since 1933 and have been returned five times.


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Rich mineral finds and expansion of manufacturing gave Ontario's prosperity a boost in 1949. Iron ore was discovered at Steep Rock Lane, 40 miles west of Port Arthur, gold at Campbell Red Lake Mines in northwestern Ontario, and asbestos near Mathewson ...


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On January 12, 1949, the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan appointed the Basic Plans Committee to draft a constitution for the new state. By the end of the year it was announced that this committee would have the draft of a new constitution ready to ...


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An old plan of a regional consultative legislative body, representing the three Maritime provinces and Newfoundland, was revived in 1949 after Newfoundland's entry into Confederation. The plan was given some support by Premier J. Walter Jones.


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Penal institutions in the United States were seriously overcrowded in 1949. An Illinois conference suggested a possible 25 per cent reduction of prison population by systematic use of probation. It recommended that authority over probationers be ...


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Most important in the advancement of psychiatry in 1949 was a discovery that may have bearing on various forms of depressive mental disturbance and in schizophrenia. This discovery is the possibility that failure of the adrenal gland to respond to ...


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Puerto Rico began the year with the inauguration of Luis Munoz Marin, its first elected Governor, on January 2. The inauguration was accompanied by one of the biggest celebrations the island had ever seen. The Puerto Rican recovery program, called ...


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Further plans were made during the year for the development of Quebec's and Labrador's iron ore deposits, now expected to yield 300,000,000 tons. The rich mining region of Chibougamau in northern Quebec was linked by road with the Lake St. John and ...


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The phenomenal growth of television in 1949 tended somewhat to obscure the fact that radio broadcasting not only held its own against video, but actually continued to grow. In fact, radio added more new stations and more sets in the year than the ...


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Before the end of 1949, rationing of all goods except coffee was abolished by the Swedish Government.


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A Diplomatic Conference met in Geneva from April 20 to August 13 to discuss conventions, or international rules, for the protection of war victims. On the invitation of the Swiss Federal Council, fifty-nine governments sent delegates and four others ...


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On March 31, Syria found itself under a military dictatorship headed by General Zayim. The President was forced to resign on April 7, and Parliament was dissolved.


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Television in 1949 became a national institution in the United States. From clusters of TV stations in a few metropolitan areas along the eastern seaboard, in the Middle West, in the Far West, and in a few spots sprinkled elsewhere, television spread ...


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Dramatic productions reached thousands of new theatergoers in 1949. Largely spearheaded by the efforts of the American National Theatre and Academy, theater production became a vital activity in many communities in which motion pictures had been the ...


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On Jan. 20, 1949, Harry S. Truman was inaugurated into his first elected term as President of the United States. It was estimated that 10,000,000 persons saw the inauguration ceremonies by television and that a crowd of 130,000 was in actual ...


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The high cost of living caused the downfall of the Hasan cabinet in Turkey in 1949. Shemsettin Gunultay became Prime Minister on January 16. The economic situation remained difficult, however. According to a report by President Truman, $153,000,000 in ...


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Experimental giant rats unlike any others on earth were produced at the University of California at Berkeley in 1949. The rats were fed a purified growth hormone. They had a normal shape except for smaller paws and somewhat bulging jaws.


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The Yankees' successful season was completed in storybook fashion. The team started out under a new manager, Casey Stengel, who in his playing and previous managing days had been renowned as a jester who liked to get laughs from the fans. Few ...


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The year brought about the merger of the National Basketball League and the Basketball Association of America, after the Anderson Packers had won the N.B.L. title and the Minneapolis Lakers had taken B.A.A. honors.


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Besides Frank Leahy's Notre Dame eleven, other standout college football teams included Oklahoma, Army, Rice, California, Ohio State, and Michigan. Army was voted Eastern champion. Oklahoma took the Big Seven crown. Rice gained the Southwest ...


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The Toronto Maple Leafs, who finished only fourth in the National Hockey League race, won the Stanley Cup for the third straight year. The Detroit Red Wings took the league title in regular season play. Roy Conacher of the Chicago Blackhawks was the ...


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On August 16, 1949, Otis Barton went down 4,500 feet below the surface of the Pacific Ocean in a steel ball called a benthoscope. This was the deepest man had ever descended into any ocean. Later he made shallower dives in waters close offshore to ...


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The year 1949 was not kind to motion picture producers and distributors. It also offered little satisfaction to movie-goers. There were 19,323 picture theaters in operation in 10,087 U.S. communities, with seats for more than 11,722,000 persons. But ...


