# First Line

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Papadopoulos, George (1919-1999), headed the government of Greece from 1967 to 1973.


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Paris, Comte de, (1838-1894), a claimant to the French throne, became heir apparent on the death of his father in 1842.


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Paul of the Cross, Saint (1694-1775), founded the Passionist Order, or the Congregation of the Discalced Clerks of the Most Holy Cross and Passion of Our Lord Jesus Christ.


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Peabody, George (1795-1869), a merchant and financier, became one of the foremost philanthropists of his time.


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Petrie, Sir Flinders (1853-1942), an English archaeologist, served as professor of Egyptology at University College, London, from 1892 to 1933.


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Pham Van Dong, (1906-2000), became premier of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) in 1955.


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Pillsbury, John Sargent (1828-1901), was a Minnesota industrialist and Republican politician.


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Pittman, Key (1872-1940), a Nevada Democrat, served in the U.S. Senate from 1913 until his death.


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Politi, Leo (1908-1996), was an American artist and author-illustrator of children's books.


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Pompidou, Georges Jean Raymond, (1911-1974), served as president of France from 1969 to 1974.


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Prescott, William Hickling (1796-1859), an American historian, wrote chiefly about Spain and its relations with the New World and with the Protestant Reformation.


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Pusey, Nathan Marsh (1907-2001), an American educator, served as president of Harvard University from 1953 to 1971.


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Quezon y Molina, Manuel Luis, (1878-1944), served as the first president of the Philippine Commonwealth from 1935 until his death.


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Reichstein, Tadeus (1897-1996), a Swiss chemist, shared the 1950 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine for his research on hormones of the outer cover, or cortex, of the adrenal glands.


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Robbins, Frederick Chapman (1916-...), shared the 1954 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine with John Enders and Thomas Weller.


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Roberts, Kenneth Lewis (1885-1957), an American novelist and essayist, was noted for his series of historical novels.


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Robinson, Sir Robert (1886-1975), a British organic chemist, received the 1947 Nobel Prize for chemistry.


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Rolvaag, Ole Edvart, (1876-1931), was a Norwegian-American novelist.


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Romney, George Wilcken (1907-1995), was secretary of housing and urban development from 1969 to 1973 under President Richard M. Nixon.


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Roosa, Stuart Allen (1933-1994), was a United States astronaut.


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Rumsfeld, Donald Henry (1932-...), a Republican, served twice as United States secretary of defense.


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Ryun, Jim (1947-...), an American track star, became the world's fastest middle-distance runner.


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Ryzhkov, Nikolai Ivanovich, (1929-...), was premier of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1990.


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Sachs, Julius von (1832-1897), a German botanist, was the founder of the science of plant physiology.


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Saragat, Giuseppe, (1898-1988), served as president of Italy from 1964 to 1971.


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Sarazen, Gene (1902-1999), an American golfer, became one of the world's leading players.


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Sato, Eisaku, (1901-1975), served as premier of Japan from 1964 to 1972.


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Sears, Paul Bigelow (1891-1990), an American botanist, was an authority on pollens, applied ecology, and the historical study of vegetation patterns.


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Semenov, Nikolai, N. (1896-1986), was a Soviet scientist who shared the 1956 Nobel Prize in chemistry with Sir Cyril Hinshelwood. Semenov wrote many publications based on his research work in chemical kinetics and chemical reactions that release large amo


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Shaw, Robert (1916-1999), was one of the outstanding choral conductors of his time.


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Simcoe, John Graves (1752-1806), was a British soldier and the first lieutenant governor of Upper Canada.


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Simont, Marc (1915-...), is an American artist.


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Siple, Paul Allman (1908-1968), was an American Antarctic explorer and geographer.


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Sorensen, Virginia (1912-1991), was an American author.


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Spier, Peter (1927-...), is an American illustrator of children's books.


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Stevens, Theodore Fulton (1923-...), has been a member of the United States Senate since 1968.


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Symington, Stuart (1901-1988), a Missouri Democrat, served as a United States senator from 1953 to 1977.


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Tamm, Igor Yevgenevich (1895-1971), a Soviet physicist, shared the 1958 Nobel Prize for physics with Pavel A. Cherenkov and Ilya M. Frank.


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Tatum, Edward Lawrie (1909-1975), an American biochemist, shared the 1958 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine for discovering that genes regulate specific chemical processes.


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Thiers, Louis Adolphe, (1797-1877), was the first president of the Third Republic of France.


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Thomsen, Christian Jurgensen, (1788-1865), was a Danish archaeologist.


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Tikhonov, Nikolai Aleksandrovich, (1905-1997), served as premier of the Soviet Union from 1980 to 1985.


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Tombaugh, Clyde William (1906-1997), was an American astronomer.


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Townes, Charles Hard (1915-...), is a United States physicist.


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Trevino, Elizabeth Borton de (1904-...), is an American author.


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Trujillo Molina, Rafael Leonidas, (1891-1961), was the ruling force in the Dominican Republic for over 30 years.


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Ulbricht, Walter, (1893-1973), was the Communist leader of East Germany from 1950 to 1971.


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Untermeyer, Louis (1885-1977), was an American poet, critic, and editor.


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Van Devanter, Willis (1859-1941), served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1911 to 1937.


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Vandenberg, Arthur Hendrick (1884-1951), was an American statesman and political leader.


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Veronica, Saint, is traditionally supposed to have been one of the women of Jerusalem who followed Christ on His way to Calvary.


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Vogt, William (1902-1968), was an American ecologist and ornithologist.


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Washburn, Sherwood Larned (1911-...), is an American anthropologist.


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Wavell, Archibald Percival (1883-1950), was a British soldier and statesman.


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Wentworth, Benning (1696-1770), served as royal governor of New Hampshire from 1741 to 1767.


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Weyler y Nicolau, Valeriano, (1838-1930), a Spanish general, was appointed governor of Cuba in 1896.


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Whittington, Dick, was an English folk hero.


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Whittle, Sir Frank (1907-1996), became one of the leading pioneers in the development of the turbojet engine.


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Whitworth, Sir Joseph (1803-1887), was a British mechanical engineer and inventor.


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Williams, Roy Lee (1915-1989), served as president of the Teamsters Union, the largest labor union in the United States, from 1981 to 1983.


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Wood, Jethro (1774-1834), a Quaker farmer, produced an improved cast-iron plow with removable pieces at points of greatest wear.


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Wood, Robert Williams (1868-1955), was an American physicist.


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Yakubovsky, Ivan Ignatievich, (1912-1976), was deputy defense minister of the Soviet Union from 1967 to 1976.


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Zim, Herbert Spencer (1909-1994), was an author and educator.


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Abbott, Lyman (1835-1922), an American Congregationalist preacher and editor, popularized the reconciliation of evolution with the Biblical account of creation.


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Aleman Valdes, Miguel, (1902-1983), served as president of Mexico from 1946 to 1952.


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Ambedkar, Bhimrao (1893-1956), became the leader of India's untouchables and other outcastes.


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Andree, Salomon August, (1854-1897), was a Swedish explorer and engineer.


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Andrews, Frank Maxwell (1884-1943), an American Army officer, was one of the first advocates of airpower.


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Ansermet, Ernest (1883-1969), a Swiss conductor, became internationally known as the founder and conductor of the Orchestre de la Suisse Romande, of Geneva.


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Arista, Mariano (1802-1855), a Mexican general, took part in Mexico's war for independence from Spain.


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Babel, Isaak Emanuilovich (1894-1938?), was a short-story writer in the early period of Soviet Russian literature.


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Babson, Roger Ward (1875-1967), an American statistician, founded Babson's Statistical Organization in 1904 to gather information useful to business.


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Baraga, Frederic (1797-1868), a Roman Catholic missionary, became the first bishop of Upper Michigan in 1853.


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Barras, Vicomte de (1755-1829), Paul Francois Jean Nicolas de Barras, a French nobleman, changed sides to fight with the revolutionists in the French Revolution.


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Belgrano, Manuel (1770-1820), was an Argentine general and revolutionary hero.


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Bellingshausen, Fabian von (1778-1852), a Russian naval officer, sailed around the South Polar region between 1819 and 1821.


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Belshazzar, was a Babylonian leader who lived during the 500's B.C.


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Bemis, Samuel Flagg (1891-1973), was an American historian and authority on American diplomatic history.


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Ben-Zvi, Izhak, (1884-1963), became Israel's second president in 1952.


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Benchley, Robert C. (1889-1945), an American humorist, made people see the funny side of everyday life. He wrote 14 humorous books, including The Early Worm (1927), From Bed to Worse (1934), and Inside Benchley (1942).


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Benton, William Burnett (1900-1973), was an American businessman and politician.


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Beria, Lavrenti Pavlovitch, (1899-1953), was the chief of the Soviet secret police.


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Bernadotte, Folke (1895-1948), Count of Wisborg, was a Swedish diplomat who became well known for his work in exchanging World War II prisoners.


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Bland, Richard Parks (1835-1899), an American statesman known as "Silver Dick," was a leader in the movement for free coinage of silver.


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Bok, Edward William (1863-1930), was an American journalist.


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Boris III (1894-1943) became king of Bulgaria in 1918.


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Bridges, Robert Seymour (1844-1930), was an English poet and scholar.


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Brown, Jacob Jennings (1775-1828), was a hero of the War of 1812.


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Candolle, Augustin Pyrame de (1778-1841), a Swiss botanist, published many books about plant classification and its theoretical aspects.


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Cartwright, Sir Richard John (1835-1912), a Canadian statesman, gained a reputation as an authority on financial matters.


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Channing, Edward (1856-1931), a historian, won a Pulitzer Prize in 1926 for his book The War for Southern Independence.


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Chenier, Andre (1762-1794), Andre Marie de Chenier, a French poet, wrote his greatest work, Les Iambes, in prison during the last months of his life.


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Clarke, James Paul (1854-1916), served as a United States senator from Arkansas from 1903 to 1916.


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Condon, Edward Uhler (1902-1974), an American physicist, became noted for his contributions to theoretical physics.


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Cosgrave, William Thomas (1880-1965), served as president of the Irish Free State's executive council from 1922 to 1932.


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Covarrubias, Miguel, (1904-1957), a Mexican painter, became internationally known for his caricatures of famous persons.


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Curtin, John Joseph (1885-1945), was prime minister of Australia during World War II.


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Cushman, Charlotte (1816-1875), an American actress, won fame for her roles as Lady Macbeth in Macbeth, Meg Merrilies in Guy Mannering, and Nancy Sykes in Oliver Twist.


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Davis, Edward Wilson (1888-1973), was known as the father of taconite, because he discovered how to get iron ore from taconite rocks.


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De Kruif, Paul (1890-1971), an American writer, specialized in scientific and medical subjects.


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Dearden, John Francis Cardinal (1907-1988), archbishop of Detroit, was appointed a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church in 1969 by Pope Paul VI. In 1966, Dearden had been elected the first president of the National Conference of Catholic Bishops.


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Del Sarto, Andrea (1486-1531), was an outstanding painter of the Italian Renaissance.


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Diaz Ordaz, Gustavo, (1911-1979), served as president of Mexico from 1964 to 1970.


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Diels, Otto (1876-1954), a German chemist, shared the 1950 Nobel Prize for chemistry with his former pupil Kurt Alder.


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Dismas, Saint, is a saint of the Roman Catholic Church.


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Douglas, Paul Howard (1892-1976), a noted economist, served as a United States senator from Illinois.


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Dowie, John Alexander (1847-1907), founded a sect that stressed divine healing, the Christian Catholic Apostolic Church in Zion.


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Drinkwater, John (1882-1937), was an English playwright, poet, and biographer.


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Du Pre, Jacqueline (1945-1987), an English cellist, made her debut in London at the age of 16.


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Duluth, Sieur, (1636-1710), was a French explorer for whom Duluth, Minnesota, was named.


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Eads, James Buchanan (1820-1887), was an American engineer and inventor.


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Eastman, Max Forrester (1883-1969), was an American writer whose Enjoyment of Poetry (1913) introduced many readers to poetry.


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Eisenhower, Milton Stover (1899-1985), a brother of President Dwight D. Eisenhower, won fame as an American educator and administrator who specialized in agriculture, public information, and governmental organization.


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Elman, Mischa, (1891-1967), a Russian-American violinist, made his first public appearance in St. Petersburg in 1904 with great success, and then made a spectacular tour of Germany.


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Erskine, John (1879-1951), gained popularity in the 1920's as the author of comic novels about legendary characters, such as The Private Life of Helen of Troy (1925), Galahad (1926), and Penelope's Man (1928).


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Farrar, Geraldine (1882-1967), an American soprano, enjoyed a brilliant career in opera and on the concert stage.


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Fels, Samuel Simeon (1860-1950), was an American civic leader, industrialist, and philanthropist.


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Fischer, Hans (1881-1945), a German biochemist, received the 1930 Nobel Prize in chemistry for his work on the composition of the coloring matter in leaves and blood.


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Fisher, Irving (1867-1947), was an American mathematical economist and monetary reformer.


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Fitzpatrick, Sir Charles (1853-1942), served as chief justice of the Supreme Court of Canada from 1906 to 1918.


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Frick, Ford (1894-1978), was national commissioner of baseball from 1951 to 1965.


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Fry, Franklin Clark (1900-1968), was one of America's most prominent Lutheran clergymen.


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Furtseva, Ekaterina, (1910-1974), was the first woman to serve on the Presidium of the Soviet Union's Communist Party Central Committee.


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Gabriel, was one of the archangels and a messenger of God.


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Gall, Franz Joseph (1758-1828), a German anatomist, founded the pseudoscience of phrenology.


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Gaston, William (1778-1844), was an American jurist and advocate of political rights for blacks and Roman Catholics.


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Gates, Arthur Irving (1890-1972), an American educator, became well known for his contributions to the improvement of reading.


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Geiger, Hans (1882-1945), was a German physicist who became famous for his work in nuclear physics.


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Goujon, Jean, (1510?-1568?), was a French sculptor of the Renaissance period.


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Grechko, Andrei Antonovich (1903-1976), was a Soviet military leader.


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Greely, Adolphus Washington (1844-1935), was an American soldier and Arctic explorer.


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Greuze, Jean Baptiste (1725-1805), was a French painter known for his scenes of moral family life.


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Grillparzer, Franz (1791-1872), was an Austrian playwright.


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Halpern, Bernard Naftali (1904-1978), a French research biologist and physician, discovered and studied antihistamine drugs.


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Handforth, Thomas (1897-1948), was an American printmaker, illustrator, and author of children's books.


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Hansen, Alvin Harvey (1887-1975), an American economist, believed that an economic depression like that of the 1930's could be prevented by government planning for full employment.


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Harnack, Adolf von (1851-1930), was a German scholar of the New Testament.


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Hayes, Patrick Joseph Cardinal (1867-1938), a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church, became archbishop of New York City in 1919.


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Hebbel, Friedrich (1813-1863), was a German playwright.


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Hedin, Sven Anders, (1865-1952), a Swedish explorer, provided the first maps and information about areas in central Asia.


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Hench, Philip Showalter (1896-1965), an American physician, shared the 1950 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine with E. C. Kendall and Tadeus Reichstein.


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Henderson, Arthur (1863-1935), a British statesman, served as president of the World Disarmament Conference from 1932 to 1935.


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Heyrovsky, Jaroslav, (1890-1967), a Czechoslovak scientist, won the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1959.


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Hooker, Richard (1554?-1600), was an English scholar, theologian, and clergyman.


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Hopkins, Esek (1718-1802), an American sea captain, commanded the tiny continental Navy from 1775 to 1778.


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Hopkins, Mark (1802-1887), was a famous American college teacher.


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Hughes, Sir Samuel (1853-1921), a Canadian soldier and statesman, served as minister of militia and defence from 1911 to 1916.


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Hughes, William Morris (1862-1952), was prime minister of Australia during World War I. He called for the establishment of a draft system in 1916.


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Idris, I (1890-1983) became king of the newly independent nation of Libya in 1951.


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Inkslinger, Johnny, a character in American folklore, was Paul Bunyan's timekeeper.


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Iris, in Greek mythology, was the golden-winged goddess of the rainbow, and a messenger of the gods, especially of Hera.


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Jahn, Friedrich Ludwig, (1778-1852), a German teacher, was a founder of the gymnastics movement in Germany.


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James, Will (1892-1942), was an American writer and illustrator of stories about the West.


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Jameson, Sir Leander Starr (1853-1917), was a Scottish doctor born in Edinburgh who went to South Africa in 1878 and became an administrator in the British South Africa Company.


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Jimenez de Cisneros, Francisco (1436-1517), was a Spanish cardinal.


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Johanan ben Zakkai, was the foremost spiritual and cultural leader of the Jewish people shortly after the time of Jesus Christ.


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Johnson, Thomas (1732-1819), a statesman and jurist, helped lead the state of Maryland during the Revolutionary War period.


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Judson, Clara Ingram (1879-1960), an American author, won awards for her stories and biographies for children.


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Kagawa, Toyohiko (1888-1960), was a leading Christian minister and social worker in Japan.


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Kaltenborn, H. V. (1878-1965), an American radio commentator, gained recognition as the father of his profession. He delivered his first radio broadcast in 1922, during the days of the crystal set.


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Kania, Stanislaw, (1927-...), served as first secretary of the Communist Party of Poland from September 1980 to October 1981.


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Keats, Ezra Jack (1916-1983), an American illustrator, won the Caldecott Medal in 1963 for The Snowy Day (1962).


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Kekule von Stradonitz, Friedrich August, (1829-1896), was a German chemist and professor.


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Kendall, Amos (1789-1869), was an American political leader.


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Kerwin, Patrick (1889-1963), was the chief justice of the Supreme Court of Canada from 1954 to 1963.


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Kiesinger, Kurt Georg (1904-1988), was chancellor of West Germany from 1966 to 1969.


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Kinkaid, Thomas Cassin (1888-1972), an American naval officer, won fame for his service in the Pacific during World War II.


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Knickerbocker, Diedrich was the pen name that Washington Irving used to sign his Knickerbocker's History of New York.


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Knight, Frank Hyneman (1885-1972), an American economist, wrote Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit (1921).


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Knox, Philander Chase, (1853-1921), a Republican political leader and statesman, served as secretary of state from 1909 to 1913 under President William Howard Taft.


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Krishna Menon, Vengalil Krishnan (1897-1974), an Indian statesman, served as India's minister of defense from 1957 to 1962.


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Lamar, Mirabeau Buonaparte (1798-1859), served as the second elected president of the Texas Republic from 1838 to 1841.


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Lawrence, Gertrude (1901-1952), an English actress, achieved stardom in both England and the United States.


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Lawson, Victor Fremont (1850-1925), was an American newspaper publisher and editor.


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Leahy, William Daniel (1875-1959), served as chief of staff to President Franklin D. Roosevelt during World War II.


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Leblanc, Nicolas (1742-1806), a French physician, surgeon, and industrial chemist, melted together sodium sulfate, limestone, and coal to produce soda economically.


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Leigh-Mallory, Sir Trafford L. (1892-1944), a British air chief marshal, won fame during World Wars I and II. In 1942, he became head of the Royal Air Force Fighter Command.


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LeNain, Louis, (1597?-1648), was a French artist noted for his paintings of peasant life.


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Leslie, Frank (1821-1880), was a publisher of periodicals.


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Lewis, Elizabeth Foreman (1892-1958), is known for her realistic stories about the young people of modern China, with its conflict of old and new ideas.


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Lewis, Isaac Newton (1858-1931), invented the Lewis depression position-finder for artillery fire control (1891) and the Lewis machine gun (1911).


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Litvinov, Maxim Maximovich (1876-1951), a Soviet diplomat, joined the Russian foreign service in 1918 and became the Soviet commissar for foreign affairs in 1930.


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Lloyd, Selwyn (1904-1978), a British statesman, was secretary of state for foreign affairs from 1955 to 1960, chancellor of the exchequer from 1960 to 1962, and lord privy seal in 1963 and 1964.


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Lockwood, Charles Andrews (1890-1967), was a vice-admiral in the United States Navy.


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Loewy, Raymond Fernand (1893-1987), was an industrial designer for corporations in the United States and other countries.


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Louis II, the German (804?-876) is often regarded as the founder of the German kingdom.


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Lowe, Thaddeus Sobieski Coulincourt 1832-1913), organized and directed balloon reconnaissance and artillery spotting for the Union Army during the Civil War.


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Luckner, Count von (1881-1966), Felix Luckner, a German naval officer, was one of the most colorful figures of World War I. He first saw service in 1916 at the Battle of Jutland on the North Sea.


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Magee, Snake, was a legendary oil-well driller from West Virginia.


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Marshall, Peter (1902-1949), was a Presbyterian minister who served as chaplain of the United States Senate from January 1947 until his death.


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Marsilius of Padua (1275?-1343?), an Italian political theorist, defended the claims of the Holy Roman Empire against those of the papacy.


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Mary of Bethany was the sister of Martha and Lazarus.


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Maytag, Frederick Louis (1857-1937), was an American businessman.


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Mazepa, Ivan Stepanovich (1632?-1709), also spelled Mazeppa, was a famous Cossack hetman, or chieftain.


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McBride, Lloyd (1916-1983), served as president of the United Steelworkers of America (USWA), one of the largest labor unions in the United States, from 1977 to 1983.


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McDonald, David John (1902-1979), was president of the United Steelworkers of America from 1952 to 1965.


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McGuigan, James Charles Cardinal (1894-1974), was a Canadian cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church.


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McReynolds, James Clark (1862-1946), was one of the "nine old men" of the Supreme Court of the United States during the 1930's.


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Memminger, Christopher Gustavus (1803-1888), an American statesman, served as secretary of the treasury for the Confederacy from 1861 to 1864.


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Menzies, Sir Robert Gordon (1894-1978), served as prime minister of Australia from 1939 to 1941 and from 1949 to 1966.


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Metaxas, Joannes (1871- 1941), was dictator of Greece from 1936 until his death.


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Meyer, Albert Gregory Cardinal (1903-1965), a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church, became archbishop of Chicago in 1958.


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Michelet, Jules (1798-1874), a French historian, is best known for his 19-volume History of France.


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Mitscher, Marc Andrew (1887-1947), an American naval officer, commanded the famous Task Force 58 in the South Pacific during World War II.


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Monod, Jacques (1910-1976), a French biochemist, shared the 1965 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine with Francois Jacob and Andre Lwoff.


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Monsarrat, Nicholas (1910-1979), was an English author.


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Morazan, Francisco (1799- 1842), a Central American soldier and statesman, was elected president of the United Provinces of Central America in 1830 and served for almost 10 years.


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Mordvinoff, Nicolas (1911-1973), an author, illustrator, and painter, won the Caldeott medal in 1952 for his illustrations in Finders Keepers, a children's book by William Lipkind.


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Moreell, Ben (1892-1978), an American naval officer, founded the Seabees of the United States Navy.


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Morley, Christopher (1890-1957), was a popular American literary journalist.


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Morrison, Herbert Stanley (1888-1965), was one of the leaders of the British Labour Party.


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Morrow, Dwight Whitney (1873-1931), was an American lawyer, banker, and diplomat.


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Muck, Karl (1859-1940), a German conductor, was principal conductor of the Boston Symphony Orchestra in 1906 and 1907, and again from 1912 to 1918.


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Muench, Aloisius J. Cardinal (1889-1962), became a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church in 1959. He became bishop of Fargo, North Dakota, in 1935 and the papal nuncio (ambassador) to West Germany in 1951.


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Mundelein, George William Cardinal (1872-1939), became Roman Catholic Archbishop of Chicago in 1915, and a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church in 1924.


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Nazimova, Alla (1879-1945), a Russian actress, became famous on the American stage and in motion pictures.


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Oursler, Fulton (1893-1952), was an American writer and editor.


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Patch, Alexander McCarrell, Jr. (1889-1945), led United States armies in the Pacific and European theaters during World War II. General Patch commanded U.S. forces at Guadalcanal in the South Pacific in 1942.


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Perkin, Sir William Henry (1838-1907), an English chemist, founded the aniline dye industry.


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Perry, Bliss (1860-1954), an American author and educator, won recognition as general editor of the Cambridge Editions of the Poets (1905-1909).


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Pierrot, a character in French pantomime, was descended from the Italian character, Pedrolino.


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Pire, Dominique Georges, (1910-1969), a Belgian priest, was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1958 for his work in aiding people who had to flee their homelands after World War II.


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Polycarp, Saint (A.D. 69?-155?), a disciple of John the Evangelist, became Bishop of Smyrna (now Izmir), Turkey.


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Powell, John Wesley (1834-1902), was an American geologist, an authority on irrigation, and a student of American Indians.


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Praetorius, Michael (1571-1621), a German composer of church music, became known also as a music historian.


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Primo de Rivera, Miguel (1870-1930), Marques de Estella, was a Spanish army general.


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Ramsay, Sir Bertram Home (1883-1945), was a British admiral.


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Rasmussen, Knud Johan Victor (1879-1933), was a Danish Arctic explorer and authority on the Inuit (or Eskimo) people.


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Remsen, Ira (1846-1927), an American chemist, did much to promote the rapid development of science in the United States.


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Renan, Ernest (1823-1892), was a French historian and religious scholar.


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Repplier, Agnes an American writer, was best known for her skillfully written essays.


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Repton, Humphrey (1752-1818), was an English landscape gardener.


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Rosenwald, Julius (1862-1932), was an American businessman and philanthropist.


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Rozelle, Pete (1926-1996), was commissioner of the National Football League (NFL) from 1960 to 1989.


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Sage, Russell (1816-1906), was an American banker and philanthropist.


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Sandoz, Mari Susette (1901-1966), was an American biographer and novelist.


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Saxe, Comte de (1696-1750), Maurice de Saxe, a German soldier of fortune, led French armies to victory in the War of the Austrian Succession.


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Schick, Bela, (1877-1967), was an authority on the diseases of childhood.


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Schley, Winfield Scott (1839-1911), an American naval officer, commanded the expedition that rescued the Arctic explorer Adolphus W. Greely in 1884.


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Schofield, John McAllister, (1831-1906), commanded the Union forces that captured Wilmington, North Carolina, during the Civil War.


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Schumann-Heink, Ernestine (1861-1936), was a greatly admired contralto.


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Seidl, Anton (1850-1898), an orchestra conductor, greatly influenced musical life in the United States with his interpretations of Richard Wagner's operas.


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Seligman, Edwin Robert Anderson (1861-1939), was an American economist and pioneer in public finance.


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Severus, Lucius Septimius (A.D. 146-211), a Roman emperor, reorganized the administration of the army and the provinces.


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Shannon, Monica (?-1965), an American author, received the Newbery medal in 1935 for Dobry, the story of a Bulgarian boy who longed to be an artist.


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Shastri, Lal Bahadur (1904-1966), became prime minister of India in June 1964, after the death of Jawaharlal Nehru.


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Shaw, Wilbur (1902-1954), was an American racing car driver.


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Shazar, Schneor Zalman (1889-1974), served as president of Israel from 1963 to 1973.


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Sherman, Forrest Percival (1896-1951), was the youngest man up to that time to hold the United States Navy's top post, chief of naval operations.


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Signorelli, Luca di Egidio di Ventura de' (1450?-1523), was one of the great Italian painters during the Renaissance.


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Smith, Joseph F. (1838-1918), was the sixth president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (the Mormon Church). His uncle Joseph Smith founded the church.


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Spalding, Albert (1888-1953), was an American violinist.


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Spemann, Hans (1869-1941), a German biologist, pioneered in the analysis of embryonic development.


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Spitteler, Carl (1845-1924), a Swiss poet and writer, won the 1919 Nobel Prize for literature.


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Spurgeon, Charles Haddon (1834-1892), was one of the greatest British preachers of his time.


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Stanley, Wendell Meredith (1904-1971), an American biochemist, did outstanding research on viruses.


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Statler, Ellsworth Milton (1863-1928), was an American hotel owner and operator.


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Steinberg, William (1899-1978), was a symphony orchestra and opera conductor who became best known as music director of the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra from 1952 to 1976.


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Stritch, Samuel A. Cardinal (1887-1958), was named a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church by Pope Pius XII in February 1946. In 1958 he was named pro-prefect of the Vatican's Sacred Congregation for the propagation of the Faith.


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Taylor, Jeremy (1613-1667), was a British preacher and writer on theology.


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Terhune, Albert Payson (1872-1942), an American writer, was best known for his stories about dogs, particularly collies.


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Theiler, Max (1899-1972), a South African research physician and bacteriologist, received the 1951 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine for his discoveries concerning yellow fever.


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Therese of Lisieux, Saint (1873-1897), also called Little Flower of Jesus, became a saint of the Roman Catholic Church in 1925.


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Thomas, Ambroise (1811-1896), a French composer, is remembered chiefly for his opera Mignon (1866).


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Thomas, Lowell (1892-1981), was an American news commentator and author specializing in world travel.


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Tomonaga, Sin-Itiro, (1906-1979), of Japan, shared the 1965 Nobel Prize in physics with United States physicists Richard P. Feynman and Julian S. Schwinger.


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Treitschke, Heinrich Gotthard von (1834-1896), a German historian and teacher, argued for German unity in his writings.


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Tromp, Martin Harpertzoon (1597-1653), was a Dutch naval officer.


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Turner, Roscoe (1895-1970), was an American racing pilot and aviation business executive.


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Ursula, Saint, is a saint of the Roman Catholic Church.


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Van der Waals, Johannes Diderik, (1837-1923), a Dutch theoretical physicist, became famous for his work on the behavior of liquids and gases.


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Van Dyke, Henry (1852-1933), was an American Presbyterian clergyman, educator, novelist, essayist, poet, and religious writer.


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Van Hise, Charles Richard (1857-1918), was an American geologist and educator.


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Van Loon, Hendrik Willem (1882-1944), an American historian, biographer, journalist, and lecturer, won a 1922 Newbery medal for his history of the world, The Story of Mankind (1921).


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Vandenberg, Hoyt Sanford (1899-1954), served as chief of staff of the United States Air Force from 1948 to 1953.


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Vauban, Sebastien Le Prestre (1633-1707), Marquis de Vauban, best known as a French military engineer, was equally brilliant as a statesman and economist.


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Villard, Oswald Garrison (1872-1949), a staunch liberal, was editor of the New York Evening Post and then The Nation.


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Von Karman, Theodore (1881-1963), became one of the outstanding scientists of the 1900's.


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Warren, Charles (1868-1954), an American lawyer, gained fame for his definitive historical books on the Supreme Court of the United States and on the American bar.


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Warren, John Collins (1778-1856), was an American surgeon.


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Webster, Margaret (1905-1972), an actress and director, became famous for her exciting productions of Shakespeare's plays.


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Weygand, Maxime (1867-1965), a French soldier, served as chief of staff to Marshal Ferdinand Foch during World War I. In 1920 and 1921, he was military adviser to the Polish government during the Russo-Polish War, and helped the Poles defeat the Russian B


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Wilmot, David (1814-1868), a Pennsylvania Democrat, served in the United States House of Representatives from 1845 to 1851.


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Wilson, Charles Thomson Rees (1869-1959), a British physicist, invented the cloud chamber in 1912.


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Winant, John Gilbert (1889-1947), was United States ambassador to Great Britain from 1941 to 1946.


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Wood, Robert Elkington (1879-1969), an American industrialist and soldier, helped make Sears, Roebuck and Company one of the world's largest general merchandising firms.


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Woodworth, Robert Sessions (1869-1962), was an American psychologist known for his work in experimental psychology.


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Wrangel, Ferdinand von (1794-1870), Baron von Wrangel, was a Russian naval officer and colonial administrator.


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Wright, John Joseph Cardinal (1909-1979), was appointed a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church in 1969 by Pope Paul VI. That same year, the pope named Wright prefect (head) of the Vatican Congregation of the Clergy, which is responsible for the spiritual


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Young, Charles Augustus (1834-1908), an American astronomer, did pioneer studies in the physics of the sun.


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Zimbalist, Efrem (1889-1985), was a well-known violinist.


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Zorach, William (1887-1966), became one of the leading American sculptors in the 1930's.


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Grey, Edward (1862-1933), Viscount Grey of Fallodon, was a British diplomat and statesman.


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Adler, Felix (1851-1933), was an American educator, reformer, and publicist.


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Adler, Mortimer Jerome (1902-2001), was an American critic and educator.


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Allen, Fred (1894-1956), was a noted American radio, stage, television, and motion-picture comedian.


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Bundy, McGeorge (1919-1996), served as special assistant for national security affairs under Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson.


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Chandler, Happy (1898-1991), a colorful politician, served as Democratic governor of Kentucky and as a United States senator.


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Cooney, Barbara (1917-2000), was an American illustrator of children's books.


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Cooper, John Sherman (1901-1991), a Kentucky Republican, served in the United States Senate for more than 20 years from 1946 to 1973.


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Dubcek, Alexander (1921-1992), was first secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia in 1968 and 1969.


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Echeverria Alvarez, Luis (1922-...), served as president of Mexico from 1970 to 1976.


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Gorton, John Grey (1911-...), served as prime minister of Australia from January 1968 to March 1971.


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Hayek, Friedrich August von (1899-1992), an Austrian-born economist, won the 1974 Nobel Prize in economic science.


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Javits, Jacob Koppel (1904-1986), a New York Republican, served in the United States Senate from 1957 to 1981.


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Killy, Jean-Claude (1943-...), was one of the greatest skiers of the 1900's.


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Levi, Edward Hirsch (1911-...), served as attorney general of the United States from 1975 to 1977 under President Gerald R. Ford.


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Pastore, John Orlando (1907-2000), became the first person of Italian descent to win election as a state governor and then as a United States senator.


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Percy, Charles Harting (1919-...), an Illinois Republican, was a United States senator from 1967 to 1985.


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Roberts, Oral (1918-...), is an American missionary and revivalist whose preaching made him known in many parts of the world.


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Schwarzkopf, Elisabeth (1915-...), a lyric soprano, won great success in the 1940's and 1950's as a concert and opera singer.


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Schwinger, Julian Seymour (1918-1994), the United States shared the 1965 Nobel Prize in physics with Richard P. Feynman and Sin-itiro Tomonaga.


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Scott, Hugh Doggett, Jr. (1900-1994), a Pennsylvania Republican, was minority leader of the U.S. Senate from 1969 to 1977. He succeeded Senator Everett M. Dirksen of Illinois after Dirksen's death.


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Shelepin, Alexander Nikolaevich (1918-1994), was an important Communist Party official of the Soviet Union from the 1950's to the mid-1970's.


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Shelest, Peter Yefimovich (1908-1996), was an important Communist Party official of the Soviet Union from the 1960's to the mid-1970's.


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Whittaker, James Warren (1929-...), became the first American to reach the summit of Mount Everest.


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Schuschnigg, Kurt von (1897-1977), was chancellor of Austria until Adolf Hitler forced Austria to unite with Germany in 1938.


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Adams, Louisa Johnson (1775-1852), was the wife of John Quincy Adams, who served as president of the United States from 1825 to 1829.


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Adams, Abigail Smith (1744-1818), was the wife of John Adams, who served as president of the United States from 1797 to 1801.


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Monroe, Elizabeth Kortright (1768-1830), was the wife of James Monroe, who served as president of the United States from 1817 to 1825.


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Harrison, Anna Symmes (1775-1864), was the wife of William Henry Harrison, who served as president of the United States for only 30 days.


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Abbado, Claudio (1933-...), is an internationally known Italian symphony orchestra and opera conductor.


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Abbott, George (1887-1995), was a director, playwright, and producer who had one of the longest careers in the history of American theater.


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Adams, Bryan (1959-...), is a Canadian singer and songwriter whose pop-oriented style has made him an international star since the mid-1980's.


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Adderley, Cannonball (1928-1975), was an important jazz alto saxophonist and bandleader known for his warm tone and his swinging, blues-drenched solos.


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Aikman, Troy (1966-...), was a leading quarterback in the National Football League.


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Alda, Alan (1936-...), is an American actor,motion-picture director, and screenwriter known for his genial but sarcastic style.


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Allen, Gracie (1906?-1964), was a popular American comedian on radio and television and in motion pictures.


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Allen, Marcus (1960-...), ranks among the greatest running backs in football history.


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Allen, Steve (1921-2000), was one of the most versatile personalities in American show business.


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Allen, Tim (1953-...), is a popular American comic actor known for his amiable, "regular guy" style.


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Allison, Bobby (1937-...), became one of the most successful and popular drivers in the history of American stock car racing.


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Alpert, Herb (1935-...), is an American bandleader, trumpet player, and record company executive.


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Andrews Sisters were a singing trio that became popular on radio and in motion pictures, especially during the 1940's.


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Andrews, Julie (1935-...), is a British-born star of stage and motion-picture musical comedies known especially for her clear, well-trained soprano voice.


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Archer, Jeffrey (1940-...), is an English novelist who is popular in both the United Kingdom and the United States.


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Archibald, Nate (1948-...), was one of the greatest guards in professional basketball history.


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Arizin, Paul (1928-...), was one of the greatest scorers in American basketball history.


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Arlen, Harold (1905-1986), was an American composer who wrote hundreds of popular songs.


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Arnaz, Desi (1917-1986), was a Cuban-born actor, musician, and bandleader.


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Arpino, Gerald (1928-...), is an important American ballet choreographer (creator of dances).


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Ashkenazy, Vladimir (1937-...), a Soviet-born pianist and conductor, ranks among the finest piano soloists of his generation.


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Avedon, Richard (1923-...), an American photographer, is credited with raising fashion photography to an art form.


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Bacall, Lauren (1924-...), is an American motion-picture and stage actress who gained fame as the co-star of Humphrey Bogart.


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Bacharach, Burt (1928-...), is an American composer and songwriter who has gained success both in motion pictures and on the stage.


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Bailey, Pearl (1918-1990), was an American singer and actress known for her warm, throaty voice.


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Barry, Rick (1944-...), ranks among the finest forwards in basketball history.


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Basquiat, Jean-Michel, (1960-1988), was a black American artist whose paintings became known for their vivid, complex images.


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Belmondo, Jean-Paul (1933-...), is a French movie star best known for playing antiheroes and sympathetic tough guys.


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Bench, Johnny (1947-...), ranks among the greatest catchers in baseball history.


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Bennett, Tony (1926-...), is a popular American singer noted for his warm, relaxed, jazz-flavored voice.


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Benson, George (1943-...), is an American guitarist and singer who has achieved success both as a jazz musician and a pop vocalist.


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Bergen, Candice (1946-...), is an American actress best known as the star of the popular television program "Murphy Brown."


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Berkeley, Busby (1895-1976), was an American dance director famous for his extravagant dance sequences in motion-picture musicals of the 1930's.


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Berle, Milton (1908-2002), an American comedian and actor, became the first big star of television.


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Bertolucci, Bernardo (1940-...), is an Italian motion-picture director whose films portray the complex relationships among sex, politics, and violence.


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Bing, Dave (1943-...), ranks among the finest guards in basketball history.


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Blake, Eubie (1883-1983), was an African American composer and pianist whose career lasted more than 80 years.


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Blakey, Art (1919-1990), was a jazz drummer and one of the most influential bandleaders in jazz history.


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Boone, Pat (1934-...), an American singer and actor, was one of the most popular performers of the middle 1950's and early 1960's.


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Borge, Victor (1909-2000), was a Danish-born pianist and humorist.


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Bradshaw, Terry (1948-...), ranks among the greatest quarterbacks in the history of the National Football League (NFL).


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Branagh, Kenneth (1960-...), is a British actor and director who has excelled in both classical and modern roles.


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Braun, Lilian Jackson (1916?-...), is an American author of detective stories that feature a Siamese cat.


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Breathed, Berke (1957-...), an American cartoonist, created the popular satirical comic strip "Bloom County." Breathed won the 1987 Pulitzer Prize for editorial cartooning for "Bloom County."


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Brinkley, David (1920-...), became one of the most popular and respected journalists in the history of American television.


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Brooks, Mel (1926-...), is an American motion-picture director, actor, writer, and producer known for his zany, satirical movie comedies.


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Bruce, Lenny (1925-1966), was an influential and controversial American comedian.


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Burke, James Lee (1936-...), is a popular American novelist best known for his series of detective stories featuring a former New Orleans police officer named Dave Robicheaux.


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Burnett, Carol (1936-...) is a versatile American actress, singer, and comedian.


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Burns, George (1896-1996), had one of the longest careers in American show business history.


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Burton, Richard (1925-1984), a Welsh actor, gained recognition for both classical and modern roles in motion pictures and the stage.


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Butkus, Dick (1942-...), ranks among the greatest linebackers in the history of professional football.


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Caesar, Sid (1922-...), an American comedian, was one of the greatest personalities in the early years of television.


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Cage, Nicolas (1965-...), is an American motion-picture actor known for his versatility and his striking performances in offbeat roles.


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Caine, Michael (1933-...), is an English motion-picture actor known for his mild manner in both comic and action roles.


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Cardin, Pierre (1922-...), is an influential and successful French fashion designer.


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Carney, Art (1918-...), is an American actor best known as Ed Norton in the popular television comedy series "The Honeymooners."


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Carrey, Jim (1962-...), is a Canadian-born motion-picture actor who gained international fame for his slapstick physical comedy and rubber-faced mugging.


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Carter, Benny (1907-...), is an American jazz musician, composer, arranger, and bandleader who has had one of the longest careers in jazz history.


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Channing, Carol (1921-...), is a musical comedy performer whose trademarks are her raspy voice and wide-eyed look.


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Checker, Chubby (1941-...), an American performer of rock music, created a sensation with his recording of "The Twist" in 1960.


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Cher (1946-...), is an American singer and actress known for her husky voice and exotic appearance.


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Chicago, Judy (1939-...), is an American sculptor and writer who became a leader in the feminist art movement.


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Churchill, Caryl (1938-...), is an English dramatist known for her imaginative plays.


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Clancy, Tom (1947-...), is a popular American author of espionage novels.


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Clapton, Eric (1945-...), is an influential English rock guitarist and composer.


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Clark, Dick (1929-...), is an American television personality and producer who hosted the weekly TV program "American Bandstand" from 1956 to 1989. "American Bandstand" featured rock music, dancing by the teen-aged audience, and interviews with performers


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Clark, Mary Higgins (1929-...), is a popular American author of suspense fiction.


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Cleese, John (1939-...), is an English actor and writer internationally known for his distinctive style of physical and verbal comedy.


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Close, Chuck (1940-...), is an American artist known for his large-scale portraits.


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Coen, Ethan and Joel, are American filmmakers known for their original and offbeat motion pictures.


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Coleman, Ornette (1930-...), is an influential and controversial jazz musician and composer.


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Collins, Judy (1939-...), is a popular American folk singer and composer who gained fame for supporting feminist and liberal political causes.


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Connery, Sean (1930-...), is a Scottish motion-picture actor who became famous as dashing spy James Bond in a series of internationally popular movies.


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Cook, Robin (1940-...), is a popular American author of medical thrillers.


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Copperfield, David (1956-...), is an internationally famous American magician.


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Cosell, Howard (1918-1995), was one of the best-known and most controversial personalities in the history of American sports broadcasting.


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Costner, Kevin (1955-...), is an American actor whose good looks, likable manner, and natural style of delivery made him one of the most popular motion-picture stars of his time.


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Cowens, Dave (1948-...), was one of the dominant centers in the National Basketball Association (NBA) during the 1970's.


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Craven, Wes (1939-...), is an American motion-picture director, producer, and screenwriter who specializes in horror films.


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Crawford, Joan (1904-1977), was one of the most popular and durable stars in motion-picture history.


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Crystal, Billy (1947-...), is a popular American comedian and motion-picture star.


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Cunningham, Billy (1943-...), was an outstanding college and professional basketball player and a successful coach in the National Basketball Association (NBA).


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Dandridge, Dorothy (1923-1965), was one of the first African American performers to become a motion-picture star.


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Davis, Sammy, Jr. (1925-1990), was one of the most versatile and exciting entertainers of his time. Davis was famous for the high energy of his performance and for his skill as a singer, dancer, comedian, mimic, and actor.


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Day, Doris (1924-...), is an American singer and motion-picture actress who gained fame for her wholesome good looks, clean-cut personality, and clear singing voice.


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De Palma, Brian (1940-...), is an American motion-picture director known for his horror and action movies.


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De Veto, Danny (1944-...), is an American motion-picture actor and director known for portraying nasty yet lovable characters.


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DeBusschere, Dave (1940-...), was one of the most versatile forwards in the history of the National Basketball Association (NBA).


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Denver, John (1943-1997), was a popular American singer and songwriter.


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Domino, Fats (1928-...), is a pianist, songwriter, and singer who became one of the most popular and influential personalities in the history of rhythm and blues and rock music.


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Donen, Stanley (1924-...), is an American motion-picture director and choreographer (creator of dances) especially known for his musicals.


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Douglas, Kirk (1916-...), is an American motion-picture actor who has starred in a wide variety of roles, including weak characters, villains, and action heroes.


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Douglas, Michael (1944-...), is a popular American motion-picture actor and producer.


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Drexler, Clyde (1962-...), was one of the most exciting guards in the National Basketball Association (NBA).


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Dreyfuss, Richard (1947-...), is an American motion-picture actor who achieved his greatest successes playing aggressive hustlers or witty intellectuals.


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Durang, Christopher (1949-...), is an American playwright best known for his black comedies that satirize social conventions and morality.


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Edwards, Blake (1922-...), is an American motion-picture director, producer, and writer who is best known forthe "Pink Panther" series of film comedies.


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Eldridge, Roy (1911-1989), was one of the greatest trumpet players in jazz history.


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Ellison, Harlan (1934-...), is an American author best known for his science-fiction stories.


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Ellroy, James (1948-...), is an American author best known for his grimly realistic crime novels set in Los Angeles.


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Elway, John (1960-...), ranks among the greatest quarterbacks in football history.


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Estefan, Gloria (1957-...), is a popular Cuban-born singer and songwriter.


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Evans, Bill (1929-1980), was one of the most influential pianists in jazz history.


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Ewing, Patrick (1962-...), ranks among the leading centers in college and professional basketball history.


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Faldo, Nick (1957-...), is a leading English professional golfer.


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Falk, Peter (1927-...), is an American actor known for his distinctive side-of-the-mouth speaking style.


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Farrow, Mia (1945-...), is an American motion-picture actress known for her portrayals of frail but plucky heroines.


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Feiffer, Jules (1929-...), is an American cartoonist and playwright who blends social commentary and political satire.


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Feld, Eliot (1942-...), is a leading American dancer and choreographer (creator of dances).


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Ferguson, Maynard (1928-...), is a Canadian jazz trumpet player and bandleader known for his technical skill and his ability to play high notes.


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Field, Sally (1946-...), is an actress who moved from perky roles in television comedies to serious roles in motion pictures.


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Flatt and Scruggs formed one of the greatest bluegrass teams in the history of American country music.


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Ford, Harrison (1942-...), is an American actor best known as a rugged man of integrity in action films.


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Fosse, Bob (1927-1987), was an American director, dancer, and choreographer (creator of dances) known for his jazzy dance numbers.


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Foster, Jodie (1962-...), is an American motion-picture actress and director known for the keen intelligence she brings to many dramatic roles.


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Fountain, Pete (1930-...), is a clarinet player who gained fame playing traditional New Orleans jazz.


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Frazier, Joe (1944-...), was heavyweight boxing champion of the world in the early 1970's.


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Frazier, Walt (1945-...), ranks among the greatest guards in basketball history.


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Freberg, Stan (1926-...), is an American humorist known for his distinctive brand of satire.


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Freleng, Friz (1906-1995), was an American animator and director of cartoons.


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Garner, James (1928-...), is an American actor known for his amiable personality and droll sense of humor, even in action roles.


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George, Elizabeth (1949-...), writes about a team of a team of Scotland Yard detectives, the aristocrat Thomas Lynley, and his assistant, Barbara Havers.


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Gibson, Mel (1956-...), is a motion-picture actor and director known for his work in action films.


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Gifford, Frank (1930-...), was a star college and professional football player who became a popular sports personality on television.


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Gleason, Jackie (1916-1987), was an American performer who became one of the most popular stars in the history of television.


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Goldberg, Whoopi (1955-...), is an exuberant African American star of motion pictures, television, and the stage.


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Goodman, John (1952-...), is a heavy-set American actor who gained fame in the popular television comedy "Roseanne" from 1988 to 1997.


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Gordon, Jeff (1971-...), is one of the most successful drivers in American automobile racing.


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Gordy, Berry, Jr. (1929-...), a successful American record producer and motion-picture executive, founded Motown Records in Detroit. The company recorded many top African American artists, especially those performing soul or rhythm and blues.


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Gould, Chester (1900-1985), was an American cartoonist who created the popular comic strip "Dick Tracy."


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Greer, Hal (1936-...), became one of the highest scoring guards in the history of the National Basketball Association (NBA).


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Grey, Joel (1932-...), is a popular American singer, dancer, and actor who gained success on both the stage and in motion pictures.


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Guare, John (1938-...), is an American playwright known for his brilliant use of language and the imaginative style of his best works.


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Hackman, Gene (1931-...), is an American actor known for his strong performances in motion-picture character roles.


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Haggard, Merle (1937-...), is an important American country music composer and singer.


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Hamlisch, Marvin (1944-...), is a leading American composer who has gained acclaim for his music for motion pictures and musical plays.


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Hanna and Barbera were a team of animators and producers who created many popular cartoon characters for motion pictures and television.


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Hare, David (1947-...), is an English dramatist and film director known for plays that examine English society since the end of World War II in 1945.


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Havlicek, John (1940-...), was one of the greatest all-around players in basketball history.


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Hawn, Goldie (1945-...), is an American motion-picture actress best known for her comic roles as zany young women.


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Hayes, Elvin (1945-...), ranks among the leading centers in basketball history.


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Hefner, Hugh (1926-...), an American magazine publisher, created Playboy, one of the most popular and controversial magazines of the 1900's.


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Hepburn, Audrey (1929-1993), was a motion-picture star who gained international fame for her elegant beauty and gracious charm.


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Heston, Charlton (1923-...), is a popular American motion-picture actor best known for his portraits of heroic characters in Biblical and medieval epics.


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Hines, Gregory (1946-...), is a popular African American dancer and actor.


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Hopkins, Anthony (1937-...), is a distinguished British motion-picture and stage actor.


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Hornung, Paul (1935-...), was one of the greatest and most versatile players in American football history.


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Howard, Ron (1953-...), is a former child actor who became a popular American motion-picture director.


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Jackson, Reggie (1946-...), was one of the greatest sluggers in baseball history and one of the sport's most colorful personalities.


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Jarrett, Keith (1945-...), is an American pianist who has gained international acclaim for both his jazz and classical performances.


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Jefferson, Blind Lemon (1897-1930), was one of the greatest and most influential blues singers in American music.


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Jennings, Waylon (1937-2002), was one of the most popular singers in country music.


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Joel, Billy (1949-...), is an American rock singer, pianist, and composer known for his melodic compositions and strong lyrics.


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John, Elton (1947-...), is an English pop singer, composer, and pianist who made unusual eyeglasses and flashy costumes his trademarks.


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Johnson, Michael (1967-...), an American track star, ranks among the greatest runners in the history of the sport.


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Jones, James Earl (1931-...), is an African American actor known for his imposing physical presence and deep, rumbling voice.


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Jones, Sam (1933-...), was an outstanding scorer for the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association (NBA).


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Jones, Tommy Lee (1946-...), is an American actor known for his intense portrayals of both heroes and villains.


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Keeshan, Bob (1927-...), an American actor, created and starred in "Captain Kangaroo," one of the most popular children's programs in television history.


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Kellerman, Faye (1952-...), is an American author of detective fiction who created the husband-and-wife team of Peter Decker and Rina Lazarus.


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Kellerman, Jonathan (1949-...), an American author of detective fiction, created the amateur detective and child psychologist Alex Delaware.


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Kesey, Ken (1935-2001), an American author, became known for two novels, One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest (1962) and Sometimes a Great Notion (1964).


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Kingsley, Ben (1943-...), is a British actor who became famous in the title role of the motion picture Gandhi (1982).


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Kitt, Eartha (1928-...), is an American singer and actress known for her seductive, purring voice.


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Kline, Kevin (1947-...), is a versatile American actor who has won praise in comedies, musicals, dramas, and classics.


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Knight, Gladys (1944-...), ranks among the greatest singers in the history of American rhythm and blues music.


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Kramer, Stanley (1913-2001), was an American motion-picture producer and director known for films that deal with serious social themes.


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Lancaster, Burt (1913-1994), was a motion-picture star who won praise for his performances in both action roles and as sensitive characters.


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Lansbury, Angela (1925-...), is an English-born actress who has gained success in television, on the stage, and in motion pictures.


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Lasorda, Tom (1927-...), was one of the most successful and popular managers in baseball history.


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Leadbelly (1889-1949) was a famous American blues singer and guitarist.


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Lear, Norman (1922-...), an American producer and director, created some of the most popular and influential shows in television history.


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Lee, Peggy (1920-2002), was an American singer and songwriter known for her delicate, husky singing voice.


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Leigh, Vivien (1913-1967), was a famous English stage and motion-picture actress known for her beauty and charm.


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Lemmon, Jack (1925-2001), was a versatile motion-picture actor whose roles during a long career have ranged from amiable young men to grumpy old ones.


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Leno, Jay (1950-...), is a popular American comedian and television personality known for his good-natured comedy routines.


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Letterman, David (1947-...), is a popular American comedian and television personality known for his hip, sophisticated, and sometimes harsh comedy.


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Lewis, Jerry (1926-...), is an American comic actor.


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Lewis, Jerry Lee (1935-...), was one of the first stars of rock music.


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Liberace, (1919-1987), was an American pianist and entertainer known for his flamboyant costumes and performing style.


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Little Richard (1932-...) was one of the first and most influential stars of rock 'n' roll.


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Loren, Sophia (1934-...), is an internationally famous Italian motion-picture star known for her beauty and sex appeal.


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Lucas, Jerry (1940-...), was an outstanding college and professional basketball player.


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Ludlum, Robert (1927-2001), was an American author of novels of suspense and intrigue.


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Lugosi, Bela (1882-1956), was a Hungarian-born actor famous for his roles in horror movies.


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Lumet, Sidney (1924-...), is an American motion-picture director known for his skill at directing intense dramas.


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Lynn, Loretta (1935-...), became one of the most popular singers in the history of American country music.


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Ma, Yo-Yo (1955-...), is one of the world's greatest and most popular cello players.


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Madden, John (1936-...), is a former professional football coach who became a successful television football analyst.


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Malkovich, John (1953-...), is an American actor known for his intense performances playing both sympathetic characters and villains.


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Malone, Karl (1963-...), ranks among the most dominant power forwards in basketball history.


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Malone, Moses (1955-...), was one of the greatest centers in the history of professional basketball.


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Mancini, Henry (1924-1994), was an American composer and songwriter known for his music for motion pictures and television.


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Manilow, Barry (1946-...), is a popular American singer and composer known for his personable manner and pleasant baritone voice.


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Mapplethorpe, Robert (1946-1989), an American photographer, became famous and controversial for his artistic black-and-white photographs and for subject matter many people found obscene or offensive.


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Marshall, Penny (1942-...), is an American actress and motion-picture director.


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Martin, Dean (1917-1995), was an American singer and motion-picture actor known for his casual performing style and his full baritone singing voice.


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Martin, Mary (1913-1990), was one of the most popular stars in the history of American musical comedy theater.


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Martin, Steve (1945-...), is an American comedian, actor, and writer.


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Mathis, Johnny (1935-...), is an American singer known for his moody, mellow voice and his expressive delivery of love songs.


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Matthau, Walter (1920-2000), was an American motion-picture and stage actor known for his droll comic style.


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May, Elaine (1932-...), is an American entertainer who has succeeded as an actress, playwright, comedian, and motion-picture director and screenwriter.


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McEntire, Reba (1955-...), ranks among the most popular singers in the history of country music.


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McGuire, Al (1931-2001), became one of the most colorful figures in college basketball.


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Nelson, Willie (1933-...), is a popular country music composer and singer.


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McHale, Kevin (1957-...), was one of the most dominant "big men" in the history of the National Basketball Association (NBA).


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Newhart, Bob (1929-...), is an American comedian and actor known for his understated, gently satirical humor.


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McPartland, Marian (1920-...), is a leading jazz piano player noted for her tasteful melodic style and fluent technique.


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Newton, Wayne (1942-...), is a popular American entertainer who gained his greatest fame as a star singer in Las Vegas.


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Merman, Ethel (1908-1984), was a popular star of Broadway musicals known for her exuberant personality and powerful singing voice.


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Messier, Mark (1961-...), became one of the greatest centers in the history of the National Hockey League (NHL).


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Midler, Bette (1945-...), is a popular American singer and actress.


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Minnelli, Liza (1946-...), is a popular American singer, dancer, and actress known for her energy and magnetic personality.


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Minnelli, Vincente (1910-1986), was one of the greatest directors in the history of American motion pictures.


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Mitchell, Joni (1943-...), is a Canadian-born singer and composer known for her expressive voice and broad vocal range.


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Mitchum, Robert (1917-1997), was an American motion-picture actor known for his casual style.


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Monroe, Bill (1911-1996), was an American singer, musician, bandleader, and songwriter.


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Monroe, Earl (1944-...), was an outstanding guard as both a college basketball player and as a professional in the National Basketball Association (NBA).


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Moore, Mary Tyler (1937?-...), is a popular American actress known for her perky personality.


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Morgan, Joe (1943-...), ranks among the greatest second basemen in major league baseball history.


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Morrison, Jim (1943-1971), was the lead singer and composer for the Doors, one of the best-known rock groups of the 1960's.


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Mostel, Zero (1915-1977), was a hearty American comic actor who gained popularity both on the stage and in motion pictures.


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Murphy, Eddie (1961-...), is an African American comedian and motion-picture actor who gained popularity for his breezy, fast-talking style.


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Nimoy, Leonard (1931-...), is an American actor and film director who became famous as Mr. Spock, an alien in the science-fiction television series "Star Trek" (1966-1969).


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O'Connor, Carroll (1924-2001), an American actor, gained fame as the bigoted blue-collar character Archie Bunker on television.


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Oliver, King (1885-1938), a cornet player, was one of the earliest and most important musicians and bandleaders in jazz.


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Orton, Joe (1933-1967), was a controversial English playwright known for his savage "black" comedies.


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Osmond, Donny (1957-...), is a popular American singer and musical comedy star.


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Pacino, Al (1940-...), is an American actor known for his brooding, intense acting style.


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Palance, Jack (1919-...), is a gaunt American movie actor best known for his roles as sinister villains in gangster movies and Westerns.


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Parcells, Bill (1941-...), ranks among the most successful coaches in professional football history.


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Paretsky, Sara (1947-...), an American author of detective stories, is the creator of the female private investigator V. I. Warshawski.


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Parish, Robert (1953-...), ranks among the greatest centers in the history of the National Basketball Association (NBA).


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Paterno, Joe (1926-...), ranks among the most successful coaches in the history of American college football.


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Paul, Les (1915-...), ranks among the most popular and influential guitarists of the 1900's.


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Peck, Gregory (1916-...), an American motion-picture actor, became known for his performances as honorable, intelligent heroes.


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Peckinpah, Sam (1925-1984), was an American motion-picture director noted for his powerful Western films.


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Penn, Sean (1960-...), is an American motion-picture actor and director known for his intense performances.


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Perkins, Anthony (1932-1992), was an American actor known for his convincing portrayals of awkward and neurotic young men.


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Perry, Anne (1938-...), is an English author of best-selling detective fiction set in the late 1800's.


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Pettit, Bob (1932-...), was an outstanding college and professional American basketball player.


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Pippen, Scottie (1965-...), ranks among the most versatile players in the history of professional basketball.


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Pitt, Brad (1963-...), is an American motion-picture actor whose good looks and seductive manner have made him one of the most popular leading men of his day.


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Player, Gary (1935-...), became one of the greatest golfers of the mid-1900's.


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Plummer, Christopher (1927-...), is a Canadian actor who gained an international reputation as a stage actor and in a variety of motion-picture roles.


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Powell, Bud (1924-1966), was one of the most influential pianists in the history of modern jazz.


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Price, Nick (1957-...), is a successful South African professional golfer.


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Prince, Harold (1926-...), ranks among the most successful and creative directors and producers in the history of American musical theater.


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Puzo, Mario (1920-1999), was an American novelist and screenwriter best known for his novel The Godfather (1969).


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Quinn, Anthony (1915-2001), was a Mexican American motion-picture actor known for his earthy, masculine performances.


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Randall, Tony (1920-...), is an American actor best known for his comic roles on television.


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Redgrave, Vanessa (1937-...), is a leading English stage and motion-picture actress.


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Reed, Willis (1942-...), was an outstanding American college and professional basketball player.


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Reeve, Christopher (1952-...), is an American actor who became famous as the comic book superhero Superman.


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Reeves, Keanu, (1965-...), is a motion-picture actor known for his good looks and understated acting style.


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Reiner, Carl (1922-...), is an American comic actor who became a popular television and motion-picture writer and director.


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Reinhardt, Django, (1910-1953), a jazz guitarist, was the first important European-born jazz musician.


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Rendell, Ruth (1930-...), an English author, became internationally famous for her detective stories and novels of psychological suspense.


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Reynolds, Debbie (1932-...), is an American actress who gained popularity for her charm and vivacity in a series of motion-picture musicals and comedies during the 1950's and 1960's.


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Rice, Anne (1941-...), is an American author known for her popular novels about the supernatural.


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Riefenstahl, Leni (1902-...), is a German filmmaker known for two brilliant and controversial documentary motion pictures--Triumph of the Will (1936) and Olympia (1938).


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Riley, Pat (1945-...), ranks among the most successful coaches in the history of the National Basketball Association (NBA).


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Ripken, Cal, Jr. (1960-...), holds the record for the most consecutive games played by a major league baseball player. On Sept. 6, 1995, Ripken broke the previous record of 2,130 consecutive games held by Lou Gehrig.


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Robards, Jason (1922-2000), was a leading American stage and motion-picture actor.


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Roberts, Julia (1967-...), an American actress, became one of the most popular motion-picture stars in Hollywood while she was still in her early 20's.


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Robinson, David (1965-...), is a star center in the National Basketball Association (NBA).


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Robinson, Smokey (1940-...), became one of the most important performers and composers in the history of rock music.


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Rodman, Dennis (1961-...), ranks among the greatest rebounders and defensive players in professional basketball history.


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Rogers, Ginger (1911-1995), was an American actress perhaps best known as Fred Astaire's dancing partner in musical comedies of the 1930's.


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Rogers, Kenny (1938-...), is an American singer who mixes pop, country, and folk music styles.


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Rollins, Sonny (1930-...), an American tenor saxophone player, ranks among the most creative soloists in jazz history.


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Rooney, Mickey (1920-...), is an energetic and versatile American motion-picture star who had one of the longest careers in movie history.


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Roseanne (1952-...) is an American comedian and actress who gained national fame as the star of the television comedy series "Roseanne" (1988-1997).


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Ross, Diana (1944-...), gained fame as the glamorous lead singer of the Supremes, one of the most successful singing groups in the history of American rock music.


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Salle, David (1952-...), is an American artist who became known for works that combine images and words in complex and often mysterious ways.


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Sanders, Deion, (1967-...), is one of the few athletes in American sports to have starred in two professional sports.


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Schayes, Dolph (1928-...), became one of the early stars of modern professional basketball.


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Schwarzenegger, Arnold (1947-...), is an Austrian-born motion-picture star famous for his roles as a muscular hero in action films.


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Scott, George C. (1927-1999), was an American actor known for his performances as dominating, intense, and intelligent men. Scott won the 1970 Academy Award as best actor for Patton (1970), but he refused the award, stating that all such awards are meanin


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Seinfeld, Jerry (1954-...), is an American comedian who gained fame as the co-creator, producer, co-writer, and star of the popular television comedy series "Seinfeld" (1990-1998).


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Shange, Ntozake, (1948-...), is an African American author known for her imaginative works for the stage.


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Sharman, Bill (1926-...), was a leading American basketball player and coach.


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Shatner, William (1931-...), is a Canadian-born actor best known for his television and motion-picture appearances in the science-fiction series "Star Trek."


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Shula, Don (1930-...), won more games than any other head coach in the history of the National Football League (NFL).


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Smith, Maggie (1934-...), is an English actress known for playing eccentric comic characters.


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Smith, Jimmy (1925-...), is considered the most influential organist in the history of American jazz.


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Smith, Will (1968-...), is a popular African American actor known for his breezy, wise-cracking style.


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Sorenstam, Annika (1970-...), a Swedish golfer, ranks as one of the leading woman golfers in the world.


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Spillane, Mickey (1918-...), is an American author of detective fiction known for its emphasis on violence and sex.


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Stallone, Sylvester (1946-...), is an American motion-picture actor who gained international success by creating two characters, boxer Rocky Balboa and action hero John Rambo.


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Starr, Bart (1934-...), ranks among the greatest quarterbacks in professional football history.


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Starr, Ringo (1940-...), is a British rock musician who gained international fame as a member of the Beatles rock band from 1962 to 1970.


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Steel, Danielle (1947-...), is a best-selling American novelist.


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Sting (1951-...) is a popular English rock musician, composer, and actor.


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Stockton, John (1962-...), ranks among the greatest guards in professional basketball history.


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Taylor, James (1948-...), an American singer and composer, became one of the most popular performers of the 1970's.


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Thomas, Frank (1968-...), ranks among the most dominant hitters in baseball.


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Tilson Thomas, Michael (1944-...), is an American orchestra conductor who has been praised for his broad repertoire, which extends from Renaissance music of the 1400's to modern electronic music.


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Thurmond, Nate (1941-...), ranks among the leading rebounders in the history of the National Basketball Association (NBA).


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Turow, Scott (1949-...), is an American author known for his best-selling suspense novels with a legal background.


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Tyson, Cicely (1933-...), is an African American actress who has gained acclaim for her performances in motion pictures and on television and the stage.


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Unseld, Wes (1946-...), was one of the most dominant centers in the history of the National Basketball Association (NBA).


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Walters, Barbara (1931-...), became one of the most successful journalists in the history of American television.


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Walton, Bill (1952-...), was one of the most dominating players in the history of basketball.


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Wambaugh, Joseph (1937-...), an American author, gained recognition for his gritty and complex novels and nonfiction works that portray the lives of police officers.


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Washington, Denzel (1954-... ), is a leading African American actor who has gained fame for his intelligent portrayals in a wide variety of challenging roles.


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Washington, Dinah (1924-1963), was an American singer equally skilled at performing jazz, rhythm and blues, and popular songs.


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Welk, Lawrence (1903-1992), was an American bandleader who was the host of "The Lawrence Welk Show," one of the most popular programs in television history.


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White, Reggie (1961-...), ranks among the greatest defensive linemen in football history.


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Wilkens, Lenny (1937-...), was an outstanding college and professional basketball player who became one of the greatest coaches in the history of the National Basketball Association (NBA).


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Williams, Billy Dee (1937-...), is a popular African American actor known for his good looks and smooth manner.


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Wilson, Brian (1942-...), was a founder and main composer for the popular American rock band the Beach Boys.


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Williams, Robin (1952-...), is an American actor and comedian known for his skill at improvising and his frantic comic style.


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Wilson, Teddy (1912-1986), was one of the greatest pianists in jazz history.


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Woodward, Joanne (1930-...), is an American motion-picture actress known for her sensitive and intelligent portrayals of women with strong or distinctive personalities.


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Worthy, James (1961-...), ranks among the greatest forwards in basketball history.


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Wynette, Tammy (1942-1998), was one of the most popular singers in the history of country music.


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Zappa, Frank (1940-1993), was one of the most creative and versatile personalities in the history of American rock music.


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Jagger, Mick (1943-...), is an English singer, musician, and composer who became famous as a member of the Rolling Stones rock band.


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Harrison, George (1943-2001), was an English rock singer, guitarist, and composer who gained international fame as a member of the Beatles from 1962 to 1970.


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Thomas, Isiah (1961-...), ranks among the greatest guards in the history of American basketball.


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Abduh, Muhammad (1849-1905), an Egyptian lawyer, tried to bring Muslim thinking in line with the findings of science and conditions of the modern world.


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Abdul Rahman, Tuanku (1895-1960), the first king of independent Malaya, was yang di-pertuan agong (paramount ruler) from 1957 to 1960.


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Abdul Rahman, Tunku (1903-1990), was the first prime minister of the independent country of Malaya from 1957 to 1963.


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Aberystwyth is a popular seaside resort in western Wales.


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Abul Fazl (1515-1602), an Indian scholar, was a close companion and biographer of the Mughal emperor Akbar (see Akbar).


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Adams, Sir Grantley Herbert (1898-1971),a West Indian statesman, became the first premier of Barbados and later, prime minister of the Federation of the West Indies.


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Addington, Henry (1757-1844), was prime minister of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1804.


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Adi Granth, meaning Original Scripture, is the holy book of the Sikhs.


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Aflaq, Michel (1910-1989), was an Arab political thinker who founded the socialist Baath Party.


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Afrikaner Broederbond is a secret fraternity (brotherhood) that worked to further the interests of Afrikaans-speaking white people in South Africa.


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Agar is a jellylike substance obtained from certain seaweeds.


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Mattingly, Thomas Kenneth, II (1936-...), a United States astronaut, piloted the command module Casper on the Apollo 16 space flight in April 1972.


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Ahern, Bertie (1951-...), became prime minister of Ireland in 1997.


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Ala-ud-din Khalji, also known as Juna Khan, was ruler of northern India from 1296 to 1316.


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Albert II (1934-...) became king of Belgium in 1993, after the death of his brother Baudouin.


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Albion is an ancient name for Britain or England.


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Alcuin (735-804) was an English scholar, teacher, and writer.


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Aldiss, Brian W. (1925-...), is a British science fiction writer and critic. He writes short stories, novels, and criticism of science fiction literature.


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Alexandrian Library, in Alexandria, Egypt, was the largest and most famous of the ancient collections of scrolls.


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Alice Springs (pop. 25,586) is a town in the Northern Territory of Australia.


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Amalfi (pop. 6,052), a picturesque Italian town, overlooks the Gulf of Salerno.


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Amr ibn al-As (?-663) was the Arab conqueror of Egypt during the first rapid phase of the expansion of Islam.


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Andalusia, also spelled Andalucia, is a mountain and plains region of southern Spain.


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Andaman and Nicobar Islands (pop. 277,987) are two island groups in the eastern Bay of Bengal.


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Andhra Pradesh is a large state in southeastern India.


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Andreotti, Giulio (1919-...) is an Italian politician.


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Andrew, Prince (1960-...), is the second son of Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom.


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Angeles (pop. 263,971) is a city in the Philippines.


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Anglesey (pop. 67,800) is the largest island in England and Wales.


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Anglo-Zulu War took place in South Africa in 1879.


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Angophora is the name of a group of trees native to Australia.


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Angstrom, Anders Jonas (1817-1874), a Swedish physicist and astronomer, was one of the founders of the science of spectroscopy.


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Antbird is a perching bird that lives in Central and South America.


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Antpipit is the name of two species of pipitlike birds that live in South America.


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Anzac, the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps, was a combined force of Australian and New Zealand volunteer soldiers.


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ANZUS is a collective defense treaty formed by Australia, New Zealand, and the United States.


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Aquino, Benigno (1932-1983), was a Filipino political leader and an opponent of the former Philippine president, Ferdinand Marcos.


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Aran Islands are a group of islands in Galway Bay, about 30 miles (48 kilometers) west of Galway, Ireland.


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Arborvitae is the name of certain evergreen trees native to eastern Asia and parts of North America.


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Arden, Forest of, is a region in west-central England.


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Arden, John (1930-...), a British playwright, used as his central theme the opposition between the steady citizen who lacks imagination and the imaginative person who lives in chaos.


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Ariadne, in Greek mythology, was a daughter of Minos, king of Crete.


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Arlberg Tunnels are two tunnels--one a railway tunnel and the other for automobile traffic--in western Austria between the provinces of Vorarlberg and Tyrol.


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Armidale (pop. 21,606) is a city in northern New South Wales, Australia.


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Armstrong, Henry Jackson, Jr. (1912-1988), was the only boxer to have held three world championship titles at the same time. Armstrong, an American, won the featherweight title in 1937, and the welterweight and lightweight titles in 1938.


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Arnhem Land is a region in the northeastern corner of Australia's Northern Territory.


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Arnold, Thomas (1795-1842), was an influential British educational reformer and a writer.


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Arunachal Pradesh is a state in northeastern India.


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Aryabhatta (A.D. 476-?) was an Indian astronomer, mathematician, and poet.


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Ascham, Roger (1515-1568), was tutor to Princess Elizabeth, later Queen Elizabeth I of England, and was the author of The Schoolmaster (1570).


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Ashcroft, Peggy (1907-1991), was a British actress.


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Ashdown, Battle of, was a battle fought during the Danish campaign to conquer England in the late 800's.


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Ashdown, Paddy (1941-...), led the United Kingdom's Liberal Democratic Party from 1988 to 1999.


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Ashmore and Cartier Islands are a territory of Australia in the Indian Ocean about 185 miles (300 kilometers) off the northwestern coast of Australia.


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Asphodel is a hardy plant that is native to the Mediterranean regions.


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Assam is a state in northeastern India, in the low-lying Brahmaputra Valley.


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Atherton Tableland is an area of high, flat land in northeastern Queensland, Australia.


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Aubrey, John (1626-1697), a British author, is best remembered for his Brief Lives, a collection of anecdotes about such famous men as Francis Bacon, Ben Jonson, and Sir Walter Raleigh.


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Aubrietia is a plant of the mustard family.


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Auckland Islands are a group of uninhabited islands about 185 miles (300 kilometers) south of New Zealand.


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Augean stables, in Greek and Roman mythology, were the stables belonging to Augeas, king of Elis.


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Augrabies Falls, on the Orange River in South Africa, are among the world's great waterfalls.


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Austral Islands lie south of Tahiti in the Pacific Ocean.


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Australia Day is celebrated as a national holiday in Australia on January 26 of each year.


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Australian Capital Territory (ACT) is the site of Canberra, Australia's national capital.


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Australian Rules football is a highly popular winter game in the southern states of Australia.


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Auvergne is a region and former province in the southeastern part of central France.


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Avebury is famous as the site of some of the oldest prehistoric structures in England.


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Ayers Rock is a giant outcrop of rock in the Northern Territory of Australia.


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Ayub Khan, Mohammad (1907-1974), was a Pakistani political leader.


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Bacolod (pop. 429,076) is the capital of the province of Negros Occidental, on Negros Island in the Philippines.


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Baja California Norte (pop. 2,487,700) is a state of Mexico.


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Balcon, Sir Michael (1896-1977), a British motion-picture director and producer, became noted as the chief of productions at Ealing Films in London.


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Ballarat (pop. 78,347) is the largest inland city in Victoria, Australia.


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Balm of Gilead, also called balsam Mecca, is a resin that has been valued since ancient times for its fragrance and for its supposed value as a medicinal salve.


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Balmoral is a castle belonging to the British monarch.


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Bananaquit is a small bird of the Caribbean and Central and South America.


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Banbury is a market town in south-central England.


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Banksia is the name of about 70 kinds of plants that grow in Australia and New Guinea.


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Barbet is a small to medium-sized brightly colored bird.


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Barkly Tableland is a vast plateau in the Northern Territory and Queensland, in Australia.


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Barracouta is a long, slender fish commonly found off the southern coasts of Australia.


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Barramundi is the name of two unrelated species of fish.


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Barrow Island is the site of an oil field located 60 miles (97 kilometers) off the coast of Western Australia.


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Barrows are mounds of earth or stone covering ancient burial places.


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Barry, Sir Charles (1795-1860), a British architect, designed some of the most important buildings of his day.


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Barton, Sir Edmund (1849-1920), was the first prime minister of Australia, from 1901 to 1903.


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Bass Rock is a steep-sided islet in the Firth of Forth in Scotland.


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Bass Strait separates Tasmania from the Australian mainland.


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Griffith Joyner, Florence (1959-1998), was a famous American track and field star.


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Bass, George (1771-1803?), a British naval surgeon, won fame for his exploration of the eastern coast of Australia.


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Bates, H. E. (1905-1974), was a British novelist and short-story writer. His first successful novel was The Two Sisters (1926).


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Batman, John (1801-1839), landed at the site on which Melbourne, Australia, now stands in May 1835.


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Britain, Battle of was a decisive air conflict during World War II (1939-1945).


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Battles, Fifteen Decisive. Battles of such force and meaning that they have changed the history of the world are often called decisive battles.


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Bay of Islands is on the east coast of the northern tip of New Zealand's North Island.


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Bay of Plenty is a large bay on the central northern coast of the North Island of New Zealand.


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Baylis, Lilian Mary (1874-1937), became manager of the Royal Victoria Hall in London in 1912.


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Beaton, Sir Cecil (1904-1980), a British artist, designer, and photographer, published many books of photographic studies.


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Bedfordshire is one of the smallest English counties.


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Bedlam is a place of wild confusion and noise.


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Benefit of clergy was a privilege allowed under common law in England to members of the clergy who were charged with a crime.


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Bendjedid, Chadli (1929-...), was president of Algeria from 1979 to 1992.


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Bentley, E. C. (1875-1956), was a British author best known for his detective stories and nonsense verse. His novel Trent's Last Case (1913) marked the beginning of the realistic era of detective stories.


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Berchtesgaden (pop. 8,345) is a German health spa and market town in the Bavarian Alps.


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Berkshire is an area in the central part of southern England.


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Bhubaneshwar (pop. 411,542) is an Indian city that is a center for Hindu pilgrimage.


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Bhumibol Adulyadej (1927-...) became king of Thailand in 1946.


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Bicol is a peninsula located in southeastern Luzon, in the Philippines.


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Bihar, is a state in northeastern India.


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Bilbao (pop. 433,030), a city in north-central Spain, is the capital of Vizcaya province.


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Billabong is a pool or small lake in Australia.


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Binturong is a tree-living animal that belongs to the civet family.


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Birdcatching spider is a large spider of Indonesia and New Guinea.


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Bithynia was an ancient country in Asia Minor.


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Bizerte (pop. 94,509) is a Tunisian port on the Mediterranean Sea.


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Black and Tans were members of an auxiliary police force recruited from former soldiers in Britain for service in Ireland in 1920 and 1921.


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Black snake usually refers to the red-bellied black snake in Australia.


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Blackwood, Algernon (1869-1951), was a British novelist and short-story writer who specialized in ghost stories and other tales of the supernatural.


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Blaxland, Gregory (1778-1853), an Australian pioneer, became famous as one of the first white men to cross the Blue Mountains, in New South Wales, Australia.


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Bloody Assize (1685) was the name given to the court that tried those accused of taking part in Monmouth's Rebellion in England.


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Blue Lake is situated in the steep-sided depression of the old volcanic cone of Mount Gambier, in South Australia.


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Blue Mountains of Australia rise about 40 miles (65 kilometers) west of Sydney in New South Wales.


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Blue-ringed octopus is a kind of sea animal commonly found along the southern Australian coast.


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Blue-tongued lizard is a stout-bodied Australian lizard named after its bright-blue tongue, which it displays when angry or alarmed.


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Blunden, Edmund (1896-1974), an English poet, won a high reputation for his brilliant book about World War I, Undertones of War (1928).


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Boesak, Allan Aubrey (1946-...), a South African clergyman, won world renown in the 1980's for his opposition to apartheid.


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Bog of Allen occupies about 375 square miles (970 square kilometers) of central Ireland.


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Bogong moth was a food favored by Aborigines when they inhabited certain areas of the Australian Alps.


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Bohol is an island province in the Philippines, in the Visayan region.


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Bolingbroke, Viscount (1678-1751), Henry St. John, was an English statesman and writer.


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Bolt, Robert (1924-1995), was a British playwright and motion-picture scriptwriter.


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Bonifacio, Andres (1863-1897), a Filipino patriot, founded Katipunan, a secret revolutionary society, in 1892.


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Bonner, Neville (1922-1999), the first Aboriginal member of the Australian Parliament, was a Liberal Party senator for Queensland from 1971 to 1983.


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Bonney, Charles (1813-1897), an Australian politician and explorer, pioneered an overland route from the site of Albury, on the Murray River, south to the Ovens River, in Victoria, in 1836.


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Boole, George (1815-1864), a British logician and mathematician, devised a method of expressing logical relationships in terms of algebra, now known as Boolean algebra.


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Boomslang is an African snake that lies in wait for its prey in trees and bushes.


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Bophuthatswana was one of 10 homelands set up by the South African government under the former policy of enforced racial separation known as apartheid.


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Borders is a region in southeastern Scotland.


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Borobudur is a magnificent Buddhist temple in central Java, Indonesia.


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Boronia is the name given to about 90 kinds of shrubs that grow only in Australia.


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Borrow, George (1803-1881), a British author, traveled on foot through Britain, France, Germany, Russia, and Spain, and wrote about his adventures in these countries.


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Borstals were prison schools for young offenders in the United Kingdom from 1902 until 1983.


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Bose, Satyendra Nath (1894-1974), was an Indian physicist who, with Albert Einstein, developed a system of statistical quantum mechanics now known as Bose-Einstein statistics.


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Bose, Sir Jagdish Chandra (1858-1937), was an Indian scientist.


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Bose, Subhas Chandra (1897-1945), was a revolutionary Indian nationalist leader.


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Heiden, Eric (1958-...), an American athlete, ranks among the greatest speed skaters in the history of the sport.


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Spitz, Mark (1950-...), ranks among the greatest swimmers of all time.


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Tyler, Letitia Christian (1790-1842), was the first wife of John Tyler, who served as president of the United States from 1841 to 1845.


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Tyler, Julia Gardiner (1820-1889), was the second wife of John Tyler, who served as president of the United States from 1841 to 1845.


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Bossuet, Jacques Benigne (1627-1704), was a French preacher, theologian, and historian.


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Bosworth Field, in Leicestershire, England, was the site of the battle that ended the struggle between the Yorkists and the Lancastrians for the throne of England in 1485.


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Bottlebrush is an evergreen tree of the myrtle family that grows in Australia.


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Bougainville, Louis-Antoine, Comte de (1729-1811), was a French scientist and navigator who sailed around the world with scientists on the Bondeuse and Etoile between 1766 and 1769.


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Bow Bells are the bells of St. Mary-le-Bow Church in the City of London.


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Bow Street runners were the first paid detectives in Britain.


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Bowdler, Thomas (1754-1825), a British scholar and doctor of medicine, edited The Family Shakespeare (1818).


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Bowen, John (1780-1827), founded the first settlement on Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania), Australia, in 1803.


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Bowie, David (1947-...), is an English rock musician and composer famous for his bizarre costumes in concerts and for his experimentation with many musical styles and themes.


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Braine, John (1922-1986), was an British novelist best known for his first novel, Room at the Top (1957).


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Brass rubbing is the technique of making full-sized reproductions of the designs and inscriptions on monumental brasses.


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Braunschweig (pop. 258,833) is a city in Germany, about 35 miles (55 kilometers) southeast of Hanover.


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Bream, Julian (1933-...), is a British guitarist and lutanist whose fine musicianship rapidly made him a popular performer in Europe and the United States.


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Brendan, Saint, is the name of two Christian saints who lived in Ireland in the 500's.


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Brigalow is the popular name in Australia for a kind of wattle that grows in central and southern Queensland and northern New South Wales.


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Brink, Andre (1935-...), is one of South Africa's best-known writers.


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Brisbane River rises in the hills and ranges about 60 miles (100 kilometers) northwest of the city of Brisbane, Australia.


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British-Irish Council is a political body that addresses matters of concern to the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland.


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Broken Hill (pop. 23,739), a city in the far west of New South Wales, Australia, is one of the world's major mining centers.


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Broken Hill Proprietary Company Ltd. (BHP) is the largest company in Australia. Its three main areas of activity are extracting oil and natural gas, mining coal and metals, and manufacturing steel and steel products.


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Brolga is a crane that lives in most coastal parts of Australia except southwestern and southeastern Australia.


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Brook, Peter Stephen Paul (1925-...), is a British producer and director.


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Brooke, Sir James (1803-1868), was an English adventurer and statesman who became ruler of the state of Sarawak in Borneo (now part of Malaysia).


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Brown snake is one of Australia's most dangerous snakes because of its extremely potent venom.


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Browne, Sir Thomas (1605-1682), was an English author and doctor.


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Brownie, in British folklore, is a helpful, kind-hearted creature.


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Bruce, Stanley (1883-1967), served Australia as prime minister from 1923 to 1929.


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Brunner, Thomas (1821-1874), was a British explorer and surveyor who made the first extensive explorations in the West Coast region of the South Island of New Zealand.


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Bubonic plague is one of the most formidable epidemic diseases.


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Buckinghamshire is a small county in southern England, near London.


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Buenaventura (pop. 193,185) is an important port on the Pacific coast of Colombia.


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Bull ant is any one of several species (kinds) of ants in Australia.


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Bull roarer is a propeller-shaped piece of hardwood made by the Australian Aborigines.


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Burbage was the family name of an English theatrical family.


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Burke, Robert O'Hara (1821-1861), led the tragic expedition that first crossed the Australian continent from south to north.


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Burroughs, William S. (1914-1997), was a controversial American novelist. Burroughs strongly influenced younger writers and artists who belonged to the "beat movement" of the 1950's.


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Bushrangers were criminals who operated in country districts of Australia from about 1790 until 1900.


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Bustamante, Sir William Alexander (1884-1977), became Jamaica's first prime minister when the island gained independence in 1962.


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Butcherbird is the name given in Australia to birds that resemble shrikes.


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Buthelezi, Mangosuthu Gatsha (1928-...), is a political leader in South Africa.


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Buxar, Battle of, was a decisive battle fought between British and Indian forces at Buxar, a town on the Ganges River.


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Cagayan de Oro (pop. 461,877) is the capital of Misamis Oriental, a province in the Philippines.


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Cairngorm Mountains are in the central Highlands of Scotland.


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Cairns (pop. 49,334) is the main city of north Queensland in Australia.


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Calceolaria is a plant with round or pouch-shaped flowers, generally brightly colored.


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Caloocan (pop. 1,177,604) is a city on the island of Luzon in the Philippines.


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Cambridgeshire is an inland county in eastern England.


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Camorra was a secret society of criminals that formed in Naples, Italy, in the early 1800's.


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Campion, also called catchfly, is the name of a large number of plants of the pink family.


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Campion, Edmund (1540-1581), was the first English Jesuit martyr.


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Canaletto (Giovanni Antonio Canal) (1697-1768) was an Italian painter celebrated for his views of Venice, where he was born.


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Cango Caves, in South Africa, are among the great wonders of the world.


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Canning, George (1770-1827), played an important part in the British government during the Napoleonic Wars, first as a supporter of William Pitt and later as foreign secretary from 1807 to 1809 in the Duke of Portland's administration.


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Cape Agulhas is the southernmost point of Africa.


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Cape Barren goose is a large, unusual Australian bird.


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Cape gooseberry is a plant cultivated for its round edible fruits.


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Capsicum is the name of a group of small, shrubby plants that grow in tropical America.


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Caratacus was king of the Catuvellauni, a powerful British tribe at the time of the Roman invasion of Britain in A.D. 43.


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Carew, Thomas (1595?-1639?), an English writer, was one of the most distinguished of the Cavalier poets, a group of poets at the court of King Charles I. These writers became renowned for their wit and elegance of style and for their direct approach to th


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Carey, Peter (1943-...), an Australian writer, won international acclaim for his novels and short stories.


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CARICOM is an organization for political and economic cooperation of Caribbean states.


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Carlow is an inland county in the Republic of Ireland.


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Carpenter bee is a type of bee that gets its name because it tunnels in timber or in the stems of plants.


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Carpet snake is the name of some of Australia's most common and widespread pythons.


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Cartland, Barbara (1901-2000), a British novelist, became one of the most prolific writers of all time.


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Case moth is the name of Australian insects that make cases of material from the plants on which they feed.


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Castle Hill Rising began in Australia on March 4, 1804, when convicts from a New South Wales government farm at Castle Hill, near Sydney, broke out and seized firearms and ammunition.


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Catspaw is a small, tufted Australian plant commonly called kangaroo paw.


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Cecil, Lord David (1902-1986), an English author and literary academic, wrote lively and scholarly biographies.


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Celtic art. The Celts expressed their artistic genius in such arts and crafts as metalwork, sculpture, and ceramics (pottery).


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Cetshwayo (1826-1884) was a Zulu leader.


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Chaffinch is the name of a common European finch.


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Chamberlain Case, involving the disappearance of a 9-week-old Australian girl, attracted worldwide attention in the 1980's.


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Chandigarh (pop. 509,452), is a city in northern India.


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Chandigarh is a union territory in northern India.


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Changsha (pop. 1,066,030), is the capital of Hunan province in southeastern China.


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Chantry was a small chapel in which priests offered Masses for the souls of the dead.


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Chapbook is a pamphlet, originally sold by chapmen (peddlers) from the 1500's to the 1700's.


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Chaplain is a minister, a rabbi, or a priest attached to a unit in the armed forces.


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Charleroi (pop. 216,144) is a commercial city in Belgium.


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Chatham Islands are part of New Zealand.


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Chatterjee, Bankim Chandra (1838-1894), was an Indian author who wrote the first modern novels in the Bengali language.


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Cheltenham (pop. 85,900) is a residential town in Gloucestershire, England.


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Chequers is a nationally owned country estate in England used by the British prime ministers.


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Cheshire is a county in northwestern England.


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Cheviot Hills are a range of hills situated on the border of England and Scotland.


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Chevy Chase was a battle that took place on the English-Scottish border in 1388.


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Chiang Mai (pop. 100,146), a spacious city in northern Thailand, is a cultural, educational, and tourist center.


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Chifley, Ben (1885-1951), served as prime minister of Australia from 1945 to 1949.


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Chola Empire was the most powerful empire in southern India for more than 200 years.


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Christ of the Andes is a bronze statue of Christ on the Argentina-Chile border in the Andes Mountains.


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Christie, Linford (1960-...), a British athlete, won the grand slam of international 100-meter sprint titles in 1993.


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Christmas bells is the name given to a group of tufted summer-flowering herbs that grow only in Australia.


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Christmas bush is a name given to several kinds of Australian plants.


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Christmas Island is an Australian territory in the Indian Ocean about 1,553 miles (2,500 kilometers) northwest of Perth.


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Churchill, Lord Randolph (1849-1895), was a British Conservative politician and father of Sir Winston Churchill, prime minister of Britain during World War II (1939-1945).


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Cibber, Colley (1671-1757), an English actor and playwright, won fame for his portrayal of eccentric characters.


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Ciskei was one of 10 homelands set up by the South African government under the former policy of enforced racial separation known as apartheid.


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Civil War, English, was fought between the forces of King Charles I and those of the English Parliament.


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Civil War, Irish, was fought between supporters and opponents of the Anglo-Irish treaty of December 1921.


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Claim, in its general meaning, is a legal demand.


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Clarendon Code was a series of four Acts of Parliament aimed at enforcing religious conformity with the Church of England.


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Clough, Arthur Hugh (1819-1861), was a British poet and scholar.


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Cobh (pop. 6,372) is a port and holiday resort in County Cork in the Republic of Ireland.


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Cocos Islands are in the Indian Ocean, 1,720 miles (2,768 kilometers) northwest of Perth, Australia.


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Coe, Sebastian (1956-...), one of the United Kingdom's outstanding athletes, won fame for his record-breaking triumphs in track events.


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Coetzee, J. M. (1940-...), a highly acclaimed South African writer, was the first writer to twice win the Booker Prize, the United Kingdom's best-known literary award. Coetzee won the prize for his novels The Life and Times of Michael K in 1983 and Disgra


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Colchester (pop. 141,100) is a town in the county of Essex, in eastern England.


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Colet, John (1467?-1519), was an English scholar, teacher, and priest who influenced the revival of learning and the reformation of the church in England.


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Collins, David (1756-1810), was the founder of Hobart, the capital of Tasmania, Australia, and the first lieutenant governor of Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania).


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Columba, Saint (521-597), founded several monasteries in Ireland and made the island of Iona, off western Scotland, a center for missionary work.


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Columbanus, Saint (?-615), was an Irish missionary whose work greatly influenced the spread of Christian teaching in Europe.


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Comfrey is a bushy perennial plant found in Europe and Asia.


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Cominform, short for Communist Information Bureau, was established in 1947.


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Comintern, short for Communist International, often called the Third International, was founded in 1919.


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Comitia were assemblies of the people of ancient Rome.


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Cone shell is any one of several marine snails named after their cone-shaped shells.


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Connacht is one of the four provinces of Ireland.


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Cook, Sir Joseph (1860-1947), was prime minister of Australia in 1913 and 1914.


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Coppard, A. E. (1878-1957), a British poet and short-story writer, was noted for the vivid narrative style of his stories. Among the collections of these stories are Clorinda Walks in Heaven (1921), The Black Dog (1923), Ninepenny Flute (1937), Ugly Anna


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Cotman, John Sell (1782-1842), a British landscape painter, was noted especially for his early water colors.


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Cotswold Hills, in southwestern England, is a range of limestone hills famed for its beautiful scenery and attractive houses built in local Cotswold stone.


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Courgette is a type of small squash that resembles a cucumber.


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Court of Saint James's is the title of the British royal court.


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Covent Garden, in London, is the home of the Royal Opera House, one of the world's great opera houses.


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Crab plover is a wading bird found on the shores of the Indian Ocean, from East Africa to Burma, and on the Andaman Islands and Madagascar in the Indian Ocean.


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Crabbe, George (1754-1832), a British poet, brought a direct and often unromantic approach to his work.


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Craigavon, Lord (1871-1940), James Craig, was the first prime minister of Northern Ireland.


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Crashaw, Richard (1613-1649), an English poet, wrote poetry that is noted for its sensuous mysticism and for its extravagant imagery.


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Cremer, Sir William Randal (1838-1908), a British politician, advocated a system of international arbitration that would enable countries to settle their differences peacefully.


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Croagh Patrick is an isolated mountain about 2,500 feet (760 meters) above sea level that rises in County Mayo, in the Republic of Ireland.


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Crofter is the tenant or owner-occupier of a croft in northern Scotland.


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Crofters' war was a series of agrarian disturbances in Scotland during the 1880's.


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Crome, John (1768-1821), was one of the great English landscape painters.


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Crotalaria is any one of a large group of plants of the pea family that grow in tropical countries.


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Crown jewels are precious ornaments owned by the kings and queens of England.


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Crown of thorns is a multiarmed starfish that eats the flesh of coral.


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Crown, The, in the United Kingdom, is a term used to describe the power and property of the monarch as head of state.


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Crystal Palace was an iron and glass building designed by Joseph Paxton for the Great Exhibition held in London in 1851.


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Culloden is a moor in Highland Region of Scotland, about 5 miles (8 kilometers) east of Inverness.


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Cumbria is a beautiful, mountainous county in the northwestern corner of England.


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Cunningham, Allan (1791-1839), was an explorer and botanist who became famous for his pioneering expeditions in eastern Australia.


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Cup moth is any one of about 80 species of moths that live in Australia.


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Cupola is a small dome that crowns a roof or tower.


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Currawong is a large bird belonging to the Australian crow-shrike family.


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Custard apple is the fruit of a small tropical American tree.


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Fillmore, Abigail Powers (1798-1853), was the first wife of Millard Fillmore, who served as president of the United States from 1850 to 1853.


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Cutty Sark is a clipper ship preserved at Greenwich, in London.


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Taylor, Margaret Smith (1788-1852), was the wife of Zachary Taylor, who served as president of the United States in 1849 and 1850.


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Cymbeline (?-A.D. 43?), also called Cunobelinus, was a king of the Catuvellauni, who were the most powerful tribe of southern Britain during the period before the Roman invasion in A.D. 43.


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Cytology is the study of the internal structure and organization of cells.


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Polk, Sarah Childress (1803-1891), was the wife of James Knox Polk, who served as president of the United States from 1845 to 1849.


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Czechs are a Slavic people who make up most of the population of the Czech Republic.


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D'Entrecasteaux, Bruni (1739-1793), a French naval commander, explored much of southern Australia.


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D'Urville Island lies at the eastern end of Tasman Bay, near the northern coast of the South Island of New Zealand.


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Dadra and Nagar Haveli (pop. 138,542) is one of the union territories of India.


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Dagohoy, Francisco (1704?-1774?), a Filipino patriot, led a revolt against Spanish colonial rulers of the Philippines in 1744.


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Daman and Diu (pop. 101,439) are two districts that form one of the union territories of India.


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Dandenong Ranges are low hills about 18 miles (30 kilometers) east of Melbourne, Australia.


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Dandi march was a walk undertaken by the Indian nationalist leader Mohandas K. Gandhi and his followers in 1930.


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Danegeld, meaning Dane money, was a land tax levied in England in the A.D. 900's and 1000's.


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Danelaw was the area of England that the Danes occupied during and after their invasion of the 800's.


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Darling Downs is a fertile region situated about 100 miles (160 kilometers) west of Brisbane, Australia.


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Darling River is the longest river in Australia.


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Darling Range is a chain of mountains in Western Australia.


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Darnley, Lord (1545-1567), a Scottish nobleman, was close in the line of succession to the throne of England.


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Dartmoor is a rocky plateau in southwestern England.


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Davao (pop. 1,147,116) is a city in southern Mindanao in the Philippines.


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Day-Lewis, Daniel (1957-...), is an Irish actor.


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De Wet, Christiaan Rudolf (1854-1922), was a famous guerrilla leader and politician in South Africa.


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Death adder is among Australia's most dangerous snakes.


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Deller, Alfred (1912-1979), was a leading English countertenor.


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Derby, Earl of (1799-1869), was British prime minister three times.


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Derbyshire is a county in the center of England.


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Derwent River is a river in Tasmania, Australia.


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Diamantina River is one of the rivers of the Lake Eyre system in Australia.


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Didgeridoo is a musical instrument that the Aborigines of northern Australia play in their religious ceremonies.


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Dingane (1795-1840) was king of the Zulu from 1828 to 1840.


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Dneproges Dam is a large concrete dam in Ukraine.


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Dodecanese Islands include about 40 Greek islands and many small reefs in the Aegean Sea.


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Doldrums is a belt of calms, light breezes, or sudden squalls near the equator, mainly over the oceans.


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Doncaster is an industrial town in South Yorkshire, England.


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Donegal is a county on the northwest coast of Ireland.


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Dorset, a county in southern England, was once a shire of the Kingdom of Wessex.


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Down, County, is one of the six counties of Northern Ireland.


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Downing Street, in Westminster, London, has the official homes of the United Kingdom's prime minister and chancellor of the exchequer.


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Downpatrick is a town in Down, in Northern Ireland.


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Downs are generally treeless ranges of gently sloping hills.


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Drakensberg is the most important range of mountains in South Africa.


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Drogheda (pop. 23,848) is an important seaport and manufacturing center in northeastern Ireland.


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Drury Lane is a street in central London.


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Du Fresne, Marion (1726-1772), was a French explorer.


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Dugite is a large venomous snake from southwestern Australia.


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Dumont D'Urville, Jules (1790-1842), a French explorer and naval officer, made several voyages of exploration to Australia and New Zealand.


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Dunbar, Battles of, were fought in Scotland in 1296 and 1650.


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Dunedin (pop. 116,577) is a city in New Zealand.


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Dunnart is a mouselike marsupial that lives on the ground in deserts and other arid places.


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Durian is a tree that bears edible fruit.


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East Anglia is a region in eastern England.


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Eastern Cape is the second largest of South Africa's nine provinces.


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Ecclesiastical court is a court set up to judge cases involving clerics.


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Edgeworth, Maria (1767-1849), was an Irish writer.


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Edward, Prince (1964-...), is the third son and youngest child of Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom.


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Eisteddfod is a popular festival of music and the arts that takes place in Wales.


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Emmer is a cereal grain similar to wheat.


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Emperor gum moth lives in eastern Australia, from northern Queensland to Tasmania.


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Emperor moth is a European moth that lives in moors.


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Empson, William (1906-1984), was a distinguished English poet and literary critic.


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Encounter Bay lies at the entrance of Lake Alexandrina, at the mouth of the Murray River, in South Australia.


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Entebbe (pop. 32,488) is a major city in Uganda, a nation in eastern Africa.


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Ervine, St. John (1883-1971), an Irish novelist and dramatist, is best known for his novel Mrs. Martin's Man (1914) and the plays Mixed Marriage (1911), Anthony and Anna (1926), and Robert's Wife (1937).


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Esdraelon, Plain of, is a large fertile plain in northern Israel.


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Essex is a county in southeastern England.


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Essex, Earl of, was the title held by two English noblemen who became famous as soldiers.


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Eucalyptus oil is obtained from eucalyptus leaves.


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Evans, Edith (1888-1976), was one of the most celebrated actresses of her time.


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Evatt, Herbert Vere (1894-1965), was an Australian statesman, politician, and lawyer who gained a worldwide reputation for his approach to world politics.


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Eyre Peninsula lies between the Great Australian Bight and Spencer Gulf in South Australia.


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Eyre, Edward John (1815-1901), became famous for his exploration of Australia.


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Fabianism, a socialist movement, began in 1884 with the formation of the Fabian Society in London.


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Fadden, Sir Arthur (1895-1973), an Australian politician, was prime minister of Australia from August to October 1941.


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Fareham (pop. 54,866), is a market town in Hampshire, in southern England.


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Farm Cove is a bay on the southern side of Sydney Harbour, near Sydney Opera House, in New South Wales, Australia.


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Farne Islands are a group of about 25 small islands off the coast of Northumberland, in northeastern England.


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Fatimah Hashim (1924-...) was a leader of the women's section of the United Malays National Organization (UMNO), the main political party of Malaysia.


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Feather-tail gliders, also known as pygmy gliders, are the smallest marsupials able to make gliding flights.


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Fens are a low-lying region of land in eastern England, extending west and south of The Wash as far as Cambridge.


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Fermanagh is the most westerly of the six counties of Northern Ireland.


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Fiddleback spiders are poisonous spiders native to the Mediterranean region.


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Fife is a region lying on the east coast of central Scotland between the Firth of Tay and the Firth of Forth.


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Finch, Peter (1916-1977), an Australian actor, won an Academy Award after his death in 1977 for the role he had played in the motion picture Network.


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Finney, Albert (1936-...), a British actor and director of plays and motion pictures, achieved his first success in the realistic drama of the 1950's and 1960's.


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Finnian of Clonard, Saint (?-549), helped develop the early church in Ireland.


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Firdausi, also called Firdusi (940?-1020?), means the Heavenly One.


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First Fleet brought the first convicts from Britain to Australia in 1788.


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Fisher, Andrew (1862-1928), was prime minister of Australia three times--in 1908 and 1909, from 1910 to 1913, and in 1914 and 1915.


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Flame tree is one of Australia's most colorful trees.


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Flannel flower grows in many parts of Australia and New Zealand.


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Fleet Street is the London street that is identified with the national press of the United Kingdom.


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Flinders Island is the largest of the Furneaux group, in Bass Strait, off the northeastern coast of Tasmania.


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Flinders Range, in South Australia, stretches northward from Port Augusta to beyond Leigh Creek.


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Flinders, Matthew (1774-1814), was a British navigator who charted and explored large areas of the Australian coastline.


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Florist is a merchant who sells cut flowers and pot plants.


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Flying Doctor Service is an unusual medical service that originated in Australia.


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Forde, Francis (1890-1983), an Australian politician, was prime minister of Australia from July 6 to July 12, 1945.


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Fort Denison was built on an island in Sydney Harbour, Australia, between 1841 and 1857.


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Forth is one of the main rivers of Scotland.


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Fox Talbot, William Henry (1800-1877), was a British scientist who invented the negative-positive system in photography.


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Fox, Sir William (1812-1893), was premier of New Zealand four times.


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Foxe, John (1516-1587), an English Puritan teacher, was the author of the Book of Martyrs (1563).


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Frame, Janet (1924-...), a New Zealand writer, gained an international reputation as a novelist.


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Fraser Island, also called Great Sandy Island, is the largest sand island in the world.


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Fraser, Dawn (1937-...), an Australian swimmer, won three successive gold medals in the women's 100-meter freestyle race at the Olympic Games.


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Free settlers were people who traveled to Australia of their own free will after 1793.


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Free State is a province in central South Africa.


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Fremantle (pop. 23,838) is the the chief port of Western Australia.


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Frere, Sir Henry Bartle Edward (1815-1884), a British colonial official, entered the Indian Civil Service in 1834.


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Friese-Greene, William (1855-1921), was an outstanding British inventor of photographic devices.


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Frilled lizard is a lizard of tropical northern Australia that grows to about 3 feet (1 meter) long.


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Fukuoka (pop. 1,237,062) is an important commercial center of the island of Kyushu, in Japan.


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Funnel-web spider is a type of venomous Australian spider whose bite can cause death to human beings.


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Fuseli, Henry (1741-1825), was a Swiss painter and art critic.


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Fynbos is the name given to a large group of South African shrubs.


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Gajah Mada (1300?-1364), a Javanese statesman, was the most outstanding chief minister of the empire of Majapahit, based in eastern Java.


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Galway, James (1939-...), is an Irish musician who has become one of the most famous flutists of his time.


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Gamelan is a traditional Indonesian orchestra, mainly made up of percussion instruments, which are played by striking them.


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Garden Island is the name given to two Australian islands, one in Sydney and one near Perth.


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Garuda, in the Hindu religion, is an eaglelike being who serves as the vakana (mount) and emblem of the god Vishnu.


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Gateshead (pop. 196,500) is an industrial center and metropolitan district in Tyne and Wear, England.


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Gauteng is a province in the northern region of South Africa.


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Gazankulu was one of 10 homelands set up by the South African government under the former policy of enforced racial separation known as apartheid.


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Geoghegan-Quinn, Maire (1950-...), became the Republic of Ireland's first woman Cabinet minister, as minister for the Gaeltacht, in 1979.


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Georges River, in Australia, flows 50 miles (81 kilometers) from the Illawarra Ranges southwest of Sydney to Botany Bay.


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German pinscher is a breed of dog that originated in Germany.


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German spitz, also called the great spitz, is an old breed of dog.


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Gibbons, Grinling (1648-1720), a sculptor and woodcarver, became famous for his delicate work.


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Gibson Desert forms part of the plateau of Western Australia.


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Giftblaar is an extremely poisonous shrub that grows on the high veld (open grassland) of South Africa.


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Giles, Ernest (1835-1897), was an explorer who led four expeditions into the unmapped areas of central and western Australia during the 1870's.


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Gillray, James (1757-1815), was a great British caricaturist.


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Gippsland is a district in eastern Victoria, Australia.


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Gippsland giant earthworm is an extraordinary worm found in the Gippsland area of Victoria, Australia.


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Glamorgan is the leading industrial area in Wales.


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Glasshouse Mountains rise east of the Blackall Range in southeastern Queensland, Australia.


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Glendower, Owen (1359?-1416?), was a Welsh prince who led his country against English domination.


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Gleneagles agreement was a pledge made by leaders of the Commonwealth of Nations in 1977 to discourage sports contact with South Africa.


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Gloucestershire is one of the most beautiful counties in England.


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Goa is the smallest state of the republic of India.


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Goh Chok Tong (1941-...) became prime minister of Singapore in 1990.


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Gold Coast (pop. 157,859) is a city located on the extreme southeast corner of Queensland, Australia.


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Gorgonian is a type of coral with a treelike branching form.


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Goulburn is the name of two rivers in Australia.


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Gould, Shane (1956-...), an Australian swimmer, broke every women's world freestyle record in 1971 and 1972.


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Gower Peninsula is a peninsula that forms part of the county of West Glamorgan, in Wales.


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Gower, John (1325?-1408), an English poet, is remembered for three principal poetic works.


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Grafton, Duke of (1735-1811), Augustus Henry Fitzroy, was prime minister of Britain from 1768 to 1770.


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Grampian Region is an area in northeastern Scotland.


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Grampians are a system of mountain ranges in western Victoria, Australia.


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Great Dividing Range runs along the eastern and southern coasts of Australia.


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Great Sandy Desert occupies part of the desert basin in northern Western Australia.


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Great Trek was the historic journey made into the interior of South Africa by Dutch-speaking farmers.


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Green tree ant is a member of the ant family that lives in tropical Australia.


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Gregory, Augustus (1819-1905), led four major expeditions of exploration in Australia.


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Grevillea is a genus (group) of about 250 trees and shrubs, almost all of which are Australian.


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Grey Range is a line of hills in southwest Queensland and northwest New South Wales, Australia.


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Grey, Sir George (1812-1898), was a British colonial governor.


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Grimaldi, Joseph (1779-1837), was one of the greatest British clowns, and had an important influence on the development of the pantomime.


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Grimsby, Great, is a town that lies near the mouth of the River Humber, about 40 miles (65 kilometers) northeast of the city of Lincoln, England.


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Groundsel, or common groundsel, is a common weed of the daisy family.


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Gujarat is a state in northwestern India, on the border with Pakistan.


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Gulf of Carpentaria, an arm of the Arafura Sea, stretches into northern Australia.


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Gulf Saint Vincent is an inlet of the Indian Ocean that stretches 90 miles (144 kilometers) into South Australia.


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Gwardar, also called western brown snake, is a dangerous snake found in northwestern and central Australia.


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Hacienda is a large farm or country estate in Spanish America.


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Hadrian's Wall was built by the Roman Emperor Hadrian in the A.D. 120's across northern Britain between Solway Firth and the mouth of the River Tyne.


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Halcyon days, according to sea tradition, is the two-week period of calm weather before and after the shortest day of the year, about December 21.


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Hall, Sir Peter (1930-...), an English theatrical director, won fame with his production of contemporary plays, such as Waiting for Godot by Samuel Beckett, The Waltz of the Toreadors by Jean Anouilh, and Camino Real by Tennessee Williams.


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Haman, in the Old Testament, is the villain of the book of Esther.


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Hamersley Range, also known as Karijini, is a mountain range in the northwestern part of Western Australia.


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Hamilton Island is located off the coast of northern Queensland, Australia, in the Cumberland group of islands in the Great Barrier Reef.


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Hampden, John (1594-1643), was a leader of the Parliamentarians in the English Civil War (1642-1646 and 1648).


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Hampshire is a county in southern England.


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Han Wudi (156-87 B.C.), a Chinese ruler, was the fifth emperor of the Han dynasty.


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Hardie, Keir (1856-1915), was a pioneer of the British Labour Party.


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Harley Street is in Westminster, in London, and runs southward from Marylebone Road to Cavendish Square.


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Hawfinch is a large finch, up to 7 inches (18 centimeters) long with a big head and a thick, heavy bill.


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Hawkesbury River is in New South Wales, Australia.


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Hawkweed is a hairy perennial plant with dandelionlike flowers that may be yellow or orange-red.


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Hayam Wuruk (1334?-1389), also known as Rajasanagara, ruled the Javanese state of Majapahit from 1350 to 1389.


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Hayman Island is a popular Australian tourist resort.


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Heard Island is an Australian territory in the far southern Indian Ocean.


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Hijra is the name given to Muhammad's journey from Mecca to Medina in 622.


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Hengest and Horsa, according to Bede and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, were two Jutish leaders invited to England by a local king named Vortigern to help repel invaders from northern Britain.


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Henie, Sonja (1912-1969), was a Norwegian figure skater who won three Olympic titles and transformed the sport into a display of ballet on ice.


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Hereford is a city in the county of Herefordshire, England.


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Hereford and Worcester was a county in the English Midlands, lying just east of the Welsh border.


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Hereward the Wake (1032?-1072?) was a Lincolnshire landowner who became a leader of English resistance to William the Conqueror in 1070.


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Hertfordshire is a county in southern England that is known for its fine scenery, its beautiful old houses, its new towns, and its high-technology and aerospace industries.


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High kings reigned in Ireland from the A.D. 200's to the 1100's.


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Highland games are athletic, piping, and dancing competitions held in Scotland every summer.


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Highland is a region that covers a vast area of northern Scotland.


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Highwayman was a person who robbed travelers during the 1600's and the early 1700's.


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Hill forts are earthworks that are found in many parts of Britain and Ireland.


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Hillery, Patrick (1923-...), was president of the Republic of Ireland from 1976 to 1990.


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Himachal Pradesh is a state in the Himalaya in the far northern part of India.


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Hinkler, Bert (1892-1933), an Australian aviator, made the first solo flight from Britain to Australia in 1928.


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Hluhluwe is a South African game reserve located in KwaZulu-Natal, 175 miles (280 kilometers) north of Durban.


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Hogan, Paul (1940-...), an Australian comedian and actor, gained international attention when his motion picture Crocodile Dundee was released in 1986.


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Hogg, James (1770-1835), was a Scottish poet and novelist.


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Hogweed is a large plant of the cow parsley family.


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Holy Island is the name given to a number of small islands in Britain and Ireland.


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Holyroodhouse, Palace of, is a historic house in Edinburgh, Scotland.


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Honey-buzzard is a European bird of prey.


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Huddersfield is a town in West Yorkshire, England, situated about 16 miles (26 kilometers) southwest of Leeds.


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Huhu beetles, the largest beetles found in New Zealand, are common throughout the country.


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Huia is an extinct bird that used to live in New Zealand.


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Humberside is a geographical region in northeastern England, lying on both sides of the Humber estuary.


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Husseini, Hajj Amin al- (1897-1974), was the grand mufti (Islamic religious head) of Jerusalem.


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Hussites were followers of the Bohemian religious reformer John Hus.


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Idrisi, al-Sharif al- (1100-1166?), an Arab geographer, wrote the masterpiece The Pleasure Excursion of One Who Is Keen to Travel the Regions of the World.


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Imam Bonjol (1772-1864), was an Indonesian Muslim who led a war against the Dutch in Sumatra.


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Irian Jaya is a region of Indonesia that forms the western half of the island of New Guinea.


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Irtysh River is the chief tributary of the River Ob.


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Iskandar Muda (1583?-1636), was the greatest ruler of Aceh, a sultanate on the northern tip of Sumatra, in what is now Indonesia.


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Isle of Youth, called Isla de la Juventud in Spanish, is a Cuban island in the Caribbean Sea, 40 miles (64 kilometers) off the southwest coast of the mainland of Cuba.


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Jack Russell terrier is a breed of dog developed in England.


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Jackfruit is a fast-growing tropical tree with a large, edible fruit.


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Jackson, Glenda (1936-...), a British actress, became a member of the United Kingdom Parliament in 1992.


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Jacobite risings, in 1715 and 1745, were attempts to restore the exiled Stuart family to the throne of England.


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Jahangir (1569-1627) was the fourth Mughal emperor of India.


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Jaipur (pop. 1,514,425) is a city in northwest India, lying about 160 miles (259 kilometers) southwest of New Delhi.


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Amritsar Massacre, also called the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, took place at Amritsar in the Punjab, India, in April 1919.


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Jambu is the Malay name for a tree that bears an edible fruit called a rose apple.


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Jansz, Willem (1570?-?), was a Dutch navigator who is thought to be the first European to see and land on the Australian continent.


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Jarrah is among the world's most valuable hardwood timber trees.


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Jarrow is an industrial town on the south bank of the River Tyne, in northeastern England.


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Jehoiakim (?-598 B.C.?) was king of Judah from about 608 B.C. until his death.


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Jehoshaphat was a ruler of the kingdom of Judah during the first half of the 800's B.C.


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Jehu (?-815 B.C.?) was a king of Israel.


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Jervis Bay is an inlet on the coast of New South Wales, Australia.


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Job's tears is a type of tall grass that grows in tropical climates.


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Jobim, Antonio Carlos (1927-1994), was a Brazilian composer, pianist, and arranger of popular music.


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Johnston, Sir Harry (1858-1927), was a British explorer who played an important part in the foundation of British rule in east-central Africa.


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Johor is the most southern state of Peninsular Malaysia.


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Johor Bahru (pop. 705,432) is a large city in Malaysia.


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Jones, Sir William (1746-1794), was one of the first British scholars to study the ancient Indian language of Sanskrit.


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Jowett, Benjamin (1817-1893), was an outstanding British scholar, teacher, and administrator.


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Kaesong (pop. 345,642), is a commercial and industrial center in southern North Korea.


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Kalgoorlie (pop. 26,079), a town in Western Australia, is the center of Australia's chief gold and nickel fields.


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Kalidasa was a great Indian poet and dramatist.


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Kalimantan is the name generally given to the Indonesian part of Borneo, the third-largest island in the world.


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Kalinga, Conquest of, was a turning point in the life and reign of Emperor Ashoka, the greatest ruler of ancient India.


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Kangaroo Island is the largest island off the coast of South Australia.


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Kangaroo paw is a flowering plant that grows only in Western Australia.


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Karaka is a round-headed tree native to New Zealand and its offshore islands.


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Karnataka is a state on the west coast of southern India.


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Karoo is a semidesert high-lying area in the upland regions of South Africa's Eastern Cape Province.


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Kauri is a magnificent pine tree that grows 82 to 100 feet (25 to 30 meters) high.


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Keating, Paul (1944-...), was prime minister of Australia from 1991 to 1996.


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Kedah is a state in northwest Peninsular Malaysia.


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Kelantan is a state in the northeast of Peninsular Malaysia.


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Kelly, Ned (1855-1880), was the most notorious of Australia's bushrangers (outlaws).


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Keneally, Thomas (1935-...), is an Australia writer best known for his historical fiction, set in different time periods and on different continents, though primarily in Australia.


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Kerala is a small, densely populated state in India.


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Kew Gardens, also called the Royal Botanic Gardens, contain the largest collection of living and preserved plants in the world.


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Khaki is a cotton cloth of a dust-brown color.


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Khalid ibn al-Walid (?-642), an Arab general, was given the name "Sword of God" as a result of his conquest of Syria.


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Khoisan is the name given to the oldest identifiable groups of people to live in southern Africa.


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Kilt is a traditional garment of men from the Highlands of Scotland and from Ireland.


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Kimberleys are a group of ranges and plateaus that occupy a large area in the northwestern region of Australia.


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King George Sound is one of the finest harbors in Australia.


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King Island lies at the western approach to Bass Strait, between Tasmania and the mainland of Australia.


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King Leopold Range, in Western Australia, flanks the Kimberley area and extends almost to Collier Bay in the northern part of the state.


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Kings and queens of Britain. In the past, kings and queens had great power in the United Kingdom.


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Kingsford Smith, Sir Charles (1897-1935), Australia's greatest aviation pioneer, made the first flight across the Pacific Ocean from the United States to Australia.


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Koblenz (pop. 108,733), also spelled Coblenz, is an administrative, trade, and tourist center on the Rhine River in western Germany.


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Kota Kinabalu (pop. 56,000), is a town on the island of Borneo.


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Kowhai is the name of two types of flowering shrubs that are native to New Zealand.


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Krishna Deva Raya (?-1529), was an Indian king who reigned from 1509 to 1529.


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Kuching (pop. 72,555), is the capital and largest town of Sarawak, one of the states of Malaysia.


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Kudarat, Sultan (1600?-1671), a Filipino Muslim leader, fought against Spanish rule in the southern island of Mindanao.


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Kumiss is a fermented beverage made from mare's or camel's milk.


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Kunlun Mountains extend about 2,300 miles (3,700 kilometers) from the Pamir Highland in central Asia to central China.


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Kwajalein is one of the world's largest atolls (rings of coral islands).


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KwaZulu-Natal is one of South Africa's nine provinces.


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Lag ba'omer is a minor Jewish festival that falls on the 18th day of the Hebrew month of Iyar (approximately May).


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Johnson, Eliza McCardle (1810-1876), was the wife of Andrew Johnson, who served as president of the United States from 1865 to 1869.


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Bala Lake is a large lake in northern Wales.


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Lake District is a beautiful region of lakes and mountains in northwestern England.


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Pierce, Jane Appleton (1806-1863), was the wife of Franklin Pierce, who served as president of the United States from 1853 to 1857.


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Lake Garda is the largest lake in Italy.


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Lake George lies in New South Wales, Australia, 20 miles (32 kilometers) northeast of Canberra.


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Lake Hindmarsh is the largest freshwater lake in Victoria, Australia.


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Lake Macquarie is a large coastal lagoon in New South Wales, Australia.


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Lake Manapouri is one of the most beautiful lakes in the South Island of New Zealand.


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Lake Taupo, situated almost in the center of the North Island, is New Zealand's largest lake.


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Lake Te Anau is the largest lake in the South Island of New Zealand.


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Lakshadweep (pop. 51,681) is the smallest union territory of India.


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Lambay Island is a small island in the Irish Sea, northeast of Dublin, Ireland.


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Lampedusa, Giuseppe Tomasi di, (1896-1957), was an author who gained international fame for his only novel, The Leopard.


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Lancashire is a county on the northwestern coast of England.


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Lancaster, Duchy of, is a group of estates belonging to the reigning British monarch, who personally receives its revenues.


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Landseer, Sir Edwin (1802-1873), was a British artist who specialized in painting animals.


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Langenhoven, Cornelis Jacob (1873-1932), was a South African lawyer, author, and poet.


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Lansbury, George (1859-1940), was a British Labour Party politician.


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Laois is a landlocked rural county in the province of Leinster in the Republic of Ireland.


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Larache (pop. 90,400) is a seaport on the northern Atlantic coast of Morocco.


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Larkin, Philip (1922-1985), was an English poet, novelist, and jazz critic.


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Lateran is the common name for the Basilica of St. John Lateran in Rome.


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Launceston (pop. 62,506) is a city in the Australian island state of Tasmania.


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Laurel, Jose Paciano (1891-1959), a lawyer and politician, served as president of the Philippines in the government set up by the Japanese in 1943.


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Le Fanu, Joseph Sheridan (1814-1873), was an Irish writer who became best known for his atmospheric stories about ghosts and the supernatural.


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Lebowa was one of 10 homelands set up by the South African government under the former policy of enforced racial separation known as apartheid.


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Legazpi, Miguel Lopez de (1510?-1572), a Spanish explorer, claimed the islands of the Philippines for Spain in 1566.


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Livorno (pop. 167,512) is a major Italian seaport.


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Leicestershire is a county in central England.


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Leinster is one of the four provinces of Ireland.


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Leitrim is one of the five counties that make up the province of Connacht in the northwest of the Republic of Ireland.


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Li Xiannian (1909?-1992), also spelled Li Hsien-nien, was one of the longest-serving first generation Chinese Communist Party leaders.


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Liffey is the chief river in the east of the Republic of Ireland.


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Light, William (1786?-1839), was the founder and planner of Adelaide, Australia.


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Lincolnshire is a county situated midway along England's eastern seacoast.


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Lindisfarne is a small island located about 3 miles (5 kilometers) off the coast of northern Northumberland, England.


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Liverpool, Earl of (1770-1828), was prime minister of Britain from 1812 to 1827.


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Lord Howe Island is a volcanic island off the eastern coast of Australia, almost 400 miles (650 kilometers) northeast of Sydney.


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Lothian Region was a region of eastern Scotland, south of the Firth of Forth.


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Lotschberg Tunnel is a railroad tunnel that cuts through the Bernese Alps of south-central Switzerland near the Jungfrau.


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Louangphrabang (pop. 44,244) is a city in Laos.


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Louth is the smallest county in Ireland.


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Love-in-the-mist is the name for an attractive flowering plant.


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Lowestoft is a fishing port and seaside resort in Suffolk, on the North Sea coast of England.


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Luddites were workers who attacked textile factories and wrecked machinery in Britain between 1811 and 1816.


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Lundy Island is an island in the Bristol Channel off the north coast of Devon in the United Kingdom.


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Luneburg (pop. 59,645) is a city in the German state of Lower Saxony, in northern Germany.


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Luton (pop. 166,100), is a manufacturing town in the county of Bedfordshire, England.


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Luzon is the largest and most important island of the Philippines.


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Macaulay, Rose (1889-1958), was an English novelist, poet, and travel writer.


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MacBride, Sean (1904-1988), an Irish diplomat, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1974 for working to guarantee human rights through international law.


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MacDonnell Ranges are a belt of rugged mountains in the southern part of Australia's Northern Territory.


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Machete is a large, heavy knife with a blade shaped like a broadsword.


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Mackintosh, Charles Rennie (1868-1928), was an influential Scottish architect and designer.


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MacMillan, Sir Kenneth (1929-1992), ranks among the leading figures in the history of British ballet.


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MacNeice, Louis (1907-1963), was an Irish-born British poet and playwright.


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Magnetic Island lies between the Great Barrier Reef and the coast of Queensland, Australia, about 6 miles (10 kilometers) northeast of Townsville.


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Magpie goose is a long-legged, long-necked black-and-white duck found in northern Australia, New Guinea, and Tasmania.


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Maharashtra is a state on the northern part of India's western coast.


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Mahavira was a teacher of the religion of Jainism.


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Mahfouz, Naguib, (1911-...), an Egyptian writer, became the first author writing in Arabic to win the Nobel Prize for literature.


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Maidenhair fern is an attractive fern with small, delicate leaves and shiny black or purple stalks.


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Majapahit was an empire ruled by Hindu kings of eastern Java.


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Makeba, Miriam (1932-...), is an internationally acclaimed South African singer.


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Malan, Daniel Francois (1874-1959), was prime minister of South Africa from 1948 to 1954.


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Malay Archipelago, also called the East Indian Archipelago or Malaysia, is in a part of the Pacific Ocean that has the largest group of islands in the world.


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Malaysia, Federal Territory of, is one of the regions of the country of Malaysia.


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Mallee fowl is a heavy, fowllike bird that lives in the semidesert areas of inland Australia where mallee scrub grows.


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Manaus (pop. 1,113,676) is a major inland city of Brazil, and the capital of the state of Amazonas.


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Manchineel is a tree that grows on beaches in Florida and in many parts of tropical America and the West Indies.


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Maned wolf is the name of a large, wolflike animal of South America.


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Mangel-wurzel is a variety of beet closely related to sugar beets and red beets.


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Mangrove forest, or mangrove swamp, is an area with a dense growth of mangrove trees.


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Manipur is a hilly state in northeastern India.


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Manley, Michael Norman (1923-1997), served as prime minister of Jamaica from 1972 to 1980 and from 1989 until his resignation in 1992.


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Manna gum is a eucalyptus tree native to Australia.


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Manus Island is the largest island in the Admiralty Group of Papua New Guinea.


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March was an area of land in Wales ruled by nobles in the Middle Ages.


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Maremma sheepdog is a massive, strongly built dog first bred to guard sheep.


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Margate is a popular seaside resort in the county of Kent in southeastern England.


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Markievicz, Countess (1868-1927), was an Irishwoman who played an important part in her country's struggle for independence from the United Kingdom.


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Marram grass has long, narrow, pale-green leaves.


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Marron is one of the world's largest freshwater crayfish.


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Marrow, or vegetable marrow, is a popular plant grown for its fruit.


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Martyr is a person who defends a principle, even though it means sacrificing many things, perhaps even his or her life.


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Mary Celeste, an American sailing ship, was found abandoned in the Atlantic Ocean in 1872.


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Mary Rose was a ship in the navy of King Henry VIII of England that sank near Portsmouth in 1545.


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Masekela, Hugh (1939-...), is an internationally known South African jazz trumpet player.


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Maynooth (pop. 6,027) is a town in Kildare, in the Republic of Ireland.


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Mayon is a volcano on the coast of Albay Gulf in southeastern Luzon, in the Philippines.


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McMahon, Sir William (1908-1988), was prime minister of Australia for almost two years.


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Meath is a county in the province of Leinster in the Republic of Ireland.


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Mecklenburg is a farming region and part of the German state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania.


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Medan (pop. 1,715,670) is the most important city in Sumatra and one of the largest cities in Indonesia.


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Meghalaya is a small state in northern India.


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Melbourne, Viscount (1779-1848), was prime minister of the United Kingdom when Queen Victoria came to the throne in 1837.


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Mendip Hills are a range of hills in northeastern Somerset, England.


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Mercia was one of the great kingdoms of England in the time of the Anglo-Saxons.


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Mermaid Tavern was a famous Elizabethan inn.


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Merseyside is a region in northwestern England.


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Messina, Strait of, is a stretch of water separating the island of Sicily from Italy.


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Metz (pop. 123,920; met. area 193,117) is a French manufacturing center located about 175 miles (280 kilometers) northeast of Paris.


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Mfecane, also known as Difaqane, was a period of upheaval leading to mass migrations among African chiefdoms of southern Africa between 1819 and 1838.


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Middlesbrough (pop. 144,800), is an industrial port in northeastern England.


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Middleton, Thomas (1580-1627), was a leading English playwright of the Elizabethan and Jacobean periods in English drama.


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Miletus was one of the largest cities of ancient Greece.


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Milford Sound, on the west coast of the South Island, New Zealand, is one of the country's best-known tourist attractions.


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Milton Keynes (pop. 172,300), is a town in southern England.


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Mindanao is one of the largest islands of the Philippines.


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Mishima,Yukio, (1925-1970), was a Japanese novelist, playwright, and essayist.


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Mitchell grass is a valuable Australian fodder grass named after the Scottish-born explorer Sir Thomas Mitchell.


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Mitchell, Sir Thomas Livingstone (1792-1855) was an Australian explorer.


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Mizoram is a state in the far northeast of India.


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Mmabatho is the capital of South Africa's North West Province.


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Monaghan is a county in the north of the Republic of Ireland.


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Monstera is the name of about 20 species of large woody vines from tropical America.


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Monte Bello Islands are a group of small coral islands off the northwestern coast of Western Australia.


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Montego Bay (pop. 85,552) is the second-largest city in Jamaica.


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Montrose, Marquess of (1612-1650), James Graham Montrose, was a leading Scottish supporter of the Royalist cause during the English Civil War in the middle and late 1640's.


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Moon rat is the name of five species of insect-eating mammals from China and Southeast Asia.


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Morant, Sir Robert Laurie (1863-1920), an English civil servant, drafted the important 1902 Education Act.


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Moravia, Alberto (1907-1990), was one of the greatest Italian novelists and short-story writers of the 1900's.


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Moray Firth is an inlet on the east coast of northern Scotland.


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Moreton Bay fig is a majestic tree that grows naturally in the rain forests of Queensland and New South Wales, Australia.


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Mortimer was the name of a noble English family prominent in English history from the 1100's to the early 1400's.


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Moshoeshoe (1786?-1870) was an African king who united the Sotho people in southern Africa.


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Mosley, Sir Oswald (1896-1980), formed the British Union of Fascists in the 1930's.


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Mosul, also called Al Mawsil (pop. 748,000), is one of Iraq's largest cities and an important commercial center.


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Mount Apo is the highest peak in the Philippines.


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Mount Egmont is a volcanic mountain near the western coast of the North Island of New Zealand.


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Mount Erebus is the most active volcano on the continent of Antarctica.


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Mount Lofty Ranges are a series of hills extending from Peterborough to Cape Jervis, in South Australia.


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Mount Ossa is the highest peak in the Australian island state of Tasmania.


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Mount Ruapehu is the highest mountain in the North Island of New Zealand.


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Grant, Julia Dent (1826-1902), was the wife of Ulysses S. Grant, who served as president of the United States from 1869 to 1877.


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Mount Wilhelm is the highest peak in Papua New Guinea.


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Mpumalanga is a province in the northeastern part of South Africa, bordering Mozambique and Swaziland.


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Mulga is the Aboriginal name for a small, gray-green, spreading wattle that grows over vast areas of inland Australia.


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Munster is the largest of Ireland's four provinces.


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Murray cod is Australia's largest freshwater fish.


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Murrumbidgee is the third largest river in Australia's Murray-Darling river system.


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Mzilikazi (1795?-1868) was the founder of the Ndebele nation of present-day Zimbabwe.


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Nagaland is a state in northeastern India.


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Nagpur (pop. 1,661,409) is an Indian city in the state of Maharashtra.


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Namaqualand is a dry area along South Africa's western coast.


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Namib Desert, the oldest desert in the world, lies along southern Africa's west coast, mainly within Namibia.


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Nanak (1469-1539), was the first guru (teacher) of the Indian religious sect known as the Sikhs.


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Naoroji, Dadabhai (1825-1917), was a prominent early leader of the Indian nationalist movement.


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Naracoorte Caves are a series of 60 limestone caves about 240 miles (390 kilometers) southeast of Adelaide, Australia.


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Narasimhavarman I (630?-668?), also known as Mamalla, was king of the Pallava dynasty of southern India.


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Narayan, R. K. (1906-2001), was an Indian novelist and short-story writer who wrote in English. His novels show how the lives of ordinary Indian people reflect the greater concerns of national identity and historical change.


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New National Party (NNP), formerly called the National Party (NP), is a South African political party.


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Sharif, Nawaz (1949-...), was prime minister of Pakistan from 1990 to 1993 and from 1997 to 1999.


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Neath (pop. 65,200) is a town in southern Wales.


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Negeri Sembilan, also spelled Negri Sembilan, is a state in Peninsular Malaysia.


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Nemesis, a minor goddess in Greek mythology, was a personification of the spirit of vengeance.


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Nestorian Christians are members of a religious sect that was prominent in the A.D. 400's.


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Neva River is a link in three waterway systems in Russia.


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New Forest is a wooded district in south Hampshire, England.


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Newcastle, Duke of (1693-1768), was prime minister of Britain during most of the Seven Years' War (1756-1763).


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Nguyen Van Thieu (1923-2001) became president of South Vietnam in 1967, during the Vietnam War.


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Niue is a self-governing island dependency of New Zealand in the South Pacific Ocean.


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Nolan, Sir Sidney (1917-1992), was a distinguished Australian artist who painted many subjects from Australian history.


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Norman, Greg (1955-...), an Australian golfer, is one of the leading professional golfers in the world.


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Northamptonshire is a small county in central England.


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Northern Cape is South Africa's largest province.


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Northern Province is a province in the northernmost part of South Africa.


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Northumberland is the most northerly county of England.


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Northumbria was the most northerly of the early English kingdoms, formed by the union of the kingdoms of Bernicia and Deira.


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Nottinghamshire is a county in central England.


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Nullarbor Plain is a dry limestone plateau in Western Australia and southwestern South Australia.


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Nusantara is a name for the islands that make up Indonesia.


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O'Brien, Edna (1932-...), is an Irish novelist.


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O'Connor, Frank (1903-1966), was the pen name of Michael O'Donovan, an Irish author who gained fame for his short stories about life in Ireland.


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O'Malley, Desmond (1939-...), was the founder and first leader of the Progressive Democrats, a political party in the Republic of Ireland.


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O'Malley, Grace, was an Irish queen of the 1500's.


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O'Neill, Owen Roe (1590?-1649), was an Irish patriot and soldier.


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O'Toole, Peter (1932-...), an Irish-born stage and screen actor, achieved one of his greatest successes as Hamlet in the National Theatre's opening production in 1963.


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Oates, Lawrence Edward Grace (1880-1912), was a British army officer and a member of the British expedition to Antarctica led by Captain Robert Falcon Scott.


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Ocho Rios is a resort of natural beauty in Jamaica.


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Offa's Dyke is an ancient earthwork between England and Wales.


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Offaly is a county in the province of Leinster in the Republic of Ireland.


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Oh, Sadaharu (1940-...), became a famous Japanese baseball player.


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Oireachtas is the national parliament of the Republic of Ireland.


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Okavango, also called Cubango, is a river system in southern Africa.


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Oldham (pop. 211,400) is a town in Greater Manchester, England.


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Omar ibn al-Khattab (586?-644), was the second caliph (leader of the Muslim community) after the death of the Prophet Muhammad in 632.


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Orestes, in Greek mythology, was the son of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra, the rulers of Mycenae, or Argos.


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Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) is an international organization of Muslim countries based in Jidda, Saudi Arabia.


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Orienteering is a sport in which competitors travel on foot from point to point, using maps and compasses.


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Orissa is a state on the northeastern coast of India.


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Oryx is the name of three species of antelope that live in desert regions.


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Oudtshoorn (pop. 33,480) is a tourist resort in the Western Cape province of South Africa.


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Ouse is the name of four major rivers in England.


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Owen, Wilfred (1893-1918), was a British World War I poet.


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Oxfordshire is an agricultural county in England.


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Pacific Rim is a term widely used to describe countries that border the Pacific Ocean.


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Pahang is an eastern state of Peninsular Malaysia.


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Painted lady is the name of two species of butterflies, so named because of their attractive wing patterns.


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Palindrome is a word, sentence, or verse that is spelled the same from right to left as from left to right.


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Panipat, Battles of, took place around Panipat, which is now an Indian town and district in the state of Haryana.


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Paperbark is a large Australasian tree that has loose bark that looks like paper hanging from its trunk and branches.


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Parameswara (?-1414?) was a Sumatran prince who founded the Melakan Sultanate in Malaya.


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Parani, Daing (?-1724), was the most famous leader of the Bugis, a group of people from Sulawesi, Indonesia.


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Parnaiba River rises in the Tabatinga Mountains near the border of the state of Goias, Brazil.


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Paspalum is any of several types of grass that grow naturally in tropical places and temperate America.


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Paston letters are the correspondence of the Paston family, landowners in Norfolk, England, during the 1400's.


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Paterson, Banjo (1864-1941), was the pen name of Andrew Barton Paterson, an Australian poet, lawyer, and grazier.


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Patten, Christopher Francis (1944-...), was the last British governor of Hong Kong.


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Patterson, P. J. (1935-...), became prime minister of Jamaica in March 1992. He took over from Michael Manley, who had resigned for health reasons.


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Peacock, Thomas Love (1785-1866), an English novelist and poet, wrote a number of satirical novels.


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Peak District is a hilly region at the southern end of the Pennine Hills, in England.


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Pearlfish is the name of about 25 species of small, elongated fish found in tropical and warm waters.


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Pearse, Patrick H. (1879-1916), was an Irish writer and nationalist. He was one of the leaders of the Easter Rebellion in 1916.


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Peepul, or bo tree, is a large kind of fig tree native to India and Southeast Asia.


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Pelham, Henry (1695-1754), was Britain's prime minister and chancellor of the exchequer from 1743 until his death.


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Penang, also called Pulau Pinang, is a small state on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia.


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Pentas is any one of a group of about 60 species (kinds) of plants in the madder family.


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Pentland Firth is a narrow sea passage in northern Scotland.


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Penzance is a port and seaside resort in the far west of Cornwall, England.


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Perak is a state in Peninsular Malaysia.


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Perceval, Spencer (1762-1812), was the only British prime minister who met a violent death in office.


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Percy, Sir Henry (1364-1403), called Hotspur, was a powerful English nobleman.


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Pergamum was a great ancient city in western Asia Minor (now Turkey), located where the modern city of Bergama now stands.


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Perlis is the smallest state in Malaysia.


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Pharsalus, Battle of, was fought between the armies of the Roman generals Julius Caesar and Pompey in 48 B.C.


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Phillip, Arthur (1738-1814), was the first governor of New South Wales, Australia.


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Phuket is the largest island in Thailand.


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Pilgrimage is a journey to a shrine or other holy place made for religious purposes.


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Pinkie, Battle of, took place in 1547 when the Duke of Somerset, Protector of England, led an army into Scotland to try to enforce a marriage between Mary, Queen of Scots, and the young Prince Edward (later Edward VI of England).


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Pisa, Council of, met in 1409 in Pisa, Italy, to resolve the Great Schism, a split within the Western Christian church.


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Pitta is the name of about 20 species (kinds) of brightly colored ground birds of the tropics of Africa, Asia, and Australasia.


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Pitti Palace is the largest palace in Florence, Italy.


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Pittosporum is any one of a group of small evergreen shrubs and trees that grow in Australia and New Zealand and parts of Asia and Africa.


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Ploiesti (pop. 252,715) is the center of the Romanian oil industry.


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Plzen (pop. 175,049) is an important city in Bohemia, a region in the Czech Republic.


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Pondicherry (pop. 807,785) is a union territory of southern India.


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Pondweed is a plant that grows in water, especially calm water.


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Pontifex was a member of the board of officials that supervised the religious activities of ancient Rome.


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Pontine Marshes is a swamp area in Italy that covers about 174,860 acres (70,820 hectares) south of Rome, between Cisterna and Terracina.


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Pontus was an ancient area on the south shore of the Black Sea in Asia Minor.


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Popish Plot (1678) was a fictional Roman Catholic conspiracy in England.


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Port Arthur (pop. 150) is a town in Tasmania, Australia, that was once a penal settlement for convicts.


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Portland, Duke of (1738-1809), was twice prime minister of Britain.


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Potteries is the name given to a district of northern Staffordshire, England, devoted to the manufacture of china and earthenware.


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Prambanan is the name given to a group of Hindu temples near Yogyakarta, in central Java, Indonesia.


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Prasad, Rajendra (1884-1963), was a prominent leader of the nationalist struggle in India.


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Pratincole is the name given to 16 species of birds with long pointed wings and a forked tail.


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Press gang was a group of seamen used to obtain conscripts (involuntary recruits) for Britain's Royal Navy until the early 1800's.


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Princes in the Tower were the two young sons of King Edward IV of England.


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Pukeko is a colorful New Zealand bird that lives in swamps, lakesides, and poorly drained farmland.


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Pune (pop. 2,485,014), formerly called Poona, is a city in western India.


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Purple flag flower, also called wild iris, belongs to a group of plants that grow mainly in Australia, but also extend north to the Philippines.


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Purus River is one of the chief tributaries of the Amazon River.


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Pusey, Edward Bouverie (1800-1882), an English theologian, was one of the leaders of the Oxford Movement.


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Pyrenean sheepdog is the smallest of four breeds of French sheepdogs.


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Qaboos bin Said (1940-...), became sultan of Oman in 1970.


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Quandong is a small, slim tree that grows in the dry parts of Australia.


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Quetta (pop. 285,719) is a city in western Pakistan.


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Quirinal Palace was the residence of the kings of Italy from 1871 until 1946.


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Quit India Movement was one of the last organized attempts made by Indian nationalists to expel the British from India.


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Qwaqwa was one of 10 homelands set up by the South African government under the former policy of enforced racial separation known as apartheid.


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Raffles, Sir Thomas Stamford (1781-1826), a British colonial administrator, was the founder of modern Singapore.


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Ragwort is the name of many species of plants with flat-topped clusters of small yellow-rayed flowers.


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Rajaraja I was probably the greatest ruler of the Chola Empire in southeastern India.


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Rajasthan is a state in northwestern India.


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Ramaphosa, Cyril (1952-), a black South African former trade union leader, was secretary general of the African National Congress (ANC) from 1991 to 1996.


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Rambutan is a tree that is native to Southeast Asia and bears bright red, or sometimes yellow, edible fruit.


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Ramos, Fidel Valdez (1928-...), was president of the Philippines from 1992 to 1998.


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Ray, John (1627-1705), a British naturalist, is regarded as the founder of systematic zoology.


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Ray, Satyajit, (1921-1992), was the first internationally famous Indian motion-picture director.


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Raziyah, Sultana (?-1240), an Indian ruler, reigned from 1236 to 1240.


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Redshank is a wading bird of Europe and northern Asia.


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Rhyming slang is a form of code language commonly associated with cockneys in England.


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Rhys, Jean (1894-1979), a Dominican-born author, wrote novels, short stories, and poetry.


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Rice, Tim (1944-...), is a British writer of song lyrics.


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Rifleman is the name of a wren found throughout New Zealand.


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Rimu is the name of several species of tall New Zealand trees.


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Robbe-Grillet, Alain (1922-...), a French writer, literary critic, and film director, laid the groundwork for the New Novelists in French literature.


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Robben Island lies in Table Bay, off the coast of Western Cape, South Africa.


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Rockhampton (pop. 59,418), situated on the Tropic of Capricorn in Australia, is the chief commercial and government center of central Queensland.


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Rockingham, Marquess of (1730-1782), a Whig nobleman, was twice prime minister of Britain.


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Roscommon is a county in the province of Connacht in the western part of the Republic of Ireland.


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Rosebery, Earl of (1847-1929), was prime minister of the United Kingdom in 1894 and 1895.


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Rosella is the name given to several types of Australian parrots.


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Rotherham (pop. 252,000) is a metropolitan area in South Yorkshire, England.


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Rotorua (pop. 53,702) is a district situated on the volcanic plateau of the North Island of New Zealand.


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Round tower is a tall, cylindrical stone structure found in Ireland.


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Rowse, A. L. (1903-1997), an English historian, essayist, and poet, specialized in the Elizabethan period. His most important works include Sir Richard Grenville of the Revenge (1937), Tudor Cornwall (1941), The England of Elizabeth (1950), The Expansion


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Coneflower, also known as rudbeckia, is the name of about 25 species of yellow-flowered plants of North America.


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Rue is a type of herb that grows as a low shrub.


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Ruwenzori Range is a group of mountains that lies just north of the equator in east-central Africa.


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Ryle, Gilbert (1900-1976), a British philosopher, achieved distinction with his book The Concept of Mind (1949).


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Sabah is the second largest state in Malaysia.


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Sabah, Shaykh Jabir al-Ahmad al- (1926-...), became emir (leader) of Kuwait in 1977.


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Saint Eustatius (pop. 1,781), also called Statia or, in Dutch, Sint Eustatius, is an island in the Caribbean Sea.


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Saint George's Channel is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that separates Wales from southern Ireland.


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Saint Helens (pop. 188,300) is a manufacturing center in western England.


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Saint Michael's Mount is a picturesque rocky islet in Mount's Bay, off Cornwall, England.


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Sandringham is a country estate used by the British royal family.


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Sang Nila Utama (?-1347?), a Malay prince, was the founder and first ruler of Singapore.


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Sansevieria is the name of 50 species of fleshy-leafed plants related to agaves.


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Saratov (pop. 909,000) is one of the chief ports on the Volga River in Russia.


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Sarawak is the largest state in Malaysia.


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Sardis, an ancient city near present-day Izmir, Turkey, was the capital of the kingdom of Lydia.


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Sardou, Victorien (1831-1908), was one of the most successful French playwrights of his time.


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Saro-Wiwa, Ken (1941-1995), was a Nigerian writer and environmental activist.


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Sassoon, Siegfried (1886-1967), a British novelist and poet, used experiences in World War I in Memoirs of George Sherston (1937).


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Saxony is a state in east-central Germany.


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Scafell Pike is the highest mountain in England.


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Schelde River is one of the most important commercial waterways of Europe, especially in Belgium.


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Schreiner, Olive (1855-1920), was one of the most distinguished South African writers.


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Scilly, Isles of (pop. 2,900), lie in the Atlantic Ocean off the English coast, about 25 miles (40 kilometers) west of Land's End, Cornwall.


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Scullin, James (1876-1953), a leader of the Labor Party in Australia, was prime minister of Australia from 1929 to 1931.


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Sealing wax is used for sealing letters and documents and for taking the impression of seals.


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Selangor is a state on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia.


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Selkirk, Alexander (1676-1721), was a Scotsman whose experiences as a castaway on a lonely island inspired Daniel Defoe's novel Robinson Crusoe (1719).


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Sellers, Peter (1925-1980), was a popular English film actor known for his versatility in comic roles.


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Semarang (pop. 1,026,671) is the capital and largest city of the Indonesian province of Central Java.


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Shankar, Ravi (1920-...), an Indian musician, became well known throughout the world for his inspired playing of the string Indian instrument called the sitar.


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Sharif, Omar (1932-...), is an Egyptian-born actor who shot to stardom with his performance in the Academy Award-winning film Lawrence of Arabia (1962).


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Sher Shah Suri (1486?-1545) was an Afghan adventurer who ruled northern India in the early 1500's as one of the Suri dynasty.


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Sherwood Forest, in eastern England, is associated with the legendary hero Robin Hood.


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Shingle-backed lizard is an Australian lizard that gets its name from the large pine-cone-shaped scales on the upper surfaces of its body.


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Shivaji Bhonsle (1630-1680), a Hindu prince, founded the Maratha kingdom, in western India.


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Shotoku, Prince (573-621), was a Japanese statesman and religious scholar.


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Shrewsbury, Battle of (1403), ended the revolt that Sir Henry Percy led to dethrone King Henry IV of England.


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Shropshire is an English county in the western Midlands, on the border with Wales.


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Shute, Nevil (1899-1960), was a British writer of best-selling novels of tension and adventure.


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Siena (pop. 56,956) lies in the hills of Tuscany near Florence, Italy.


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Silang, Diego (1730?-1763), a Filipino patriot, became the hero of the people of Ilocos province on the northern Philippine island of Luzon, when he led a revolt against Spanish rule in 1762.


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Silky oak is a fast-growing, attractive tree that grows in dry subtropical forests of New South Wales and Queensland, Australia.


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Sillitoe, Alan (1928-...), is a British author known for his realistic fiction about working-class life in English industrial towns.


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Early childhood education provides planned experiences and activities that meet the special learning needs of children from birth through age 8.


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Slieve Donard is the highest peak in the Mourne Mountains in Down, in Northern Ireland.


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Sligo (pop. 17,302) is the county town of the county of Sligo in western Ireland.


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Sligo is a county in the province of Connacht in the northwest of the Republic of Ireland.


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Sneezewort is a hardy perennial plant that grows in damp fields and along roadsides in Europe, Asia, and North America.


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Snowdon is a mountain in Gwynedd, Wales.


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Snowy is a river in southeastern New South Wales and eastern Victoria, Australia.


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Snowy Mountains are the highest part of the Australian Alps, in southeastern New South Wales and northeastern Victoria.


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Snowy Mountains Scheme is an immense hydroelectric and irrigation project in southeast Australia.


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Solway Firth is an inlet of the Irish Sea on the west coast of Scotland.


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Somerset is a county in southwestern England, bordering on the Bristol Channel.


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Somerset, Duke of (1506?-1552), Edward Seymour, was a brother of Jane Seymour, the third wife of Henry VIII of England.


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Sotho is the name of a group of people who speak similar languages in South Africa, Lesotho, and Botswana.


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South African homelands were areas that the former South African government reserved for certain groups of people to live in.


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South Sea Bubble was a financial crash that shook the British government in the early 1700's.


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Soweto is South Africa's largest urban black community.


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Spanish Town (pop. 110,379) is a city in Jamaica.


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Speke, John Hanning (1827-1864), was a British explorer who explored much of eastern Africa.


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Spence, Sir Basil Urwin (1907-1976), a British architect, is best known for his work on Coventry Cathedral and the University of Sussex in the United Kingdom.


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Spice Islands are a group of Indonesian islands lying near the equator.


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Spider crab is the name of members of a family of crabs that look like spiders.


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Srirangapatnam, Storming of, was the last stage in the fourth and final war fought between the British East India Company and Tipu Sultan.


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Srivijaya was a great Malay empire in southern Sumatra, in Indonesia.


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Staffa is a small, uninhabited island in the Inner Hebrides, Strathclyde Region, Scotland.


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Staghorn is the name of about 20 species of ferns, mainly from moist, tropical regions.


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Statute of Westminster (1931) established the basic legal framework for the Commonwealth of Nations.


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Stead, Christina (1902-1983), is one of the best-known Australian novelists, and is widely regarded as the greatest.


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Stephen, Sir Leslie (1832-1904), was a British biographer, essayist, and editor.


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Stewart Island is the most southerly of the three main islands of New Zealand.


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Strathclyde Region takes up the western part of central Scotland.


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Stubbs, George (1724-1806), a British painter, engraver, and anatomist, won fame for his paintings of horses.


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Sturt, Charles (1795-1869), a British military officer, made several explorations of Australia.


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Suffolk is a county on the eastern coast of England.


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Sugar glider is a small Australian marsupial that can glide up to 164 feet (50 meters) between one tree and another.


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Sumatra is the second largest island of Indonesia, after Kalimantan.


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Sun City is a tourist resort in North West province of South Africa.


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Supremacy, Acts of, were two steps in the development of the church in England away from papal control and toward the establishment of the Church of England.


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Surapati (?-1706), a Balinese soldier, rose from being a slave to the position of a semi-independent ruler in Java in the 1600's.


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Surrey, an English county that lies south of London, has much beautiful scenery and many fine old buildings.


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Sushruta was an Indian doctor and writer who lived in the A.D. 400's.


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Sutlej River is the longest branch of the Indus, the chief river of Pakistan.


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Sutton Hoo is a hill at Sutton, in Suffolk, England, on the east bank of the River Deben, opposite the town of Woodbridge.


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Suzman, Helen (1917-...), became South Africa's best-known woman politician.


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Swagman was a farmworker who walked from job to job in Australia during the 1800's.


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Swedish vallhund, or Vastgotaspets, is a native dog of southern Sweden.


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Sydney Cove is part of Sydney Harbour, in New South Wales, Australia.


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Sydney Harbour, in New South Wales, Australia, is one of the finest natural harbors in the world.


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Sydney Harbour Bridge, in New South Wales, is Australia's most famous bridge, and one of the longest single-span bridges in the world.


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Sydney Opera House is a famous building in Sydney, Australia.


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Hayes, Lucy Webb (1831-1889), was the wife of Rutherford B. Hayes, who served as president of the United States from 1877 to 1881.


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Garfield, Lucretia Rudolph (1832-1918), was the wife of James A. Garfield, who served as president of the United States in 1881.


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Cleveland, Frances Folsom (1864-1947), was the wife of Grover Cleveland, who served as president of the United States from 1885 to 1889 and from 1893 to 1897.


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Harrison, Caroline Scott (1832-1892), was the first wife of Benjamin Harrison, who served as president of the United States from 1889 to 1893.


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McKinley, Ida Saxton (1847-1907), was the wife of William McKinley, who served as president of the United States from 1897 to 1901.


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Roosevelt, Edith Carow (1861-1948), was the second wife of Theodore Roosevelt, who served as president of the United States from 1901 to 1909.


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Taft, Helen Herron (1861-1943), was the wife of William Howard Taft, who served as president of the United States from 1909 to 1913.


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Wilson, Ellen Axson (1860-1914), was the first wife of Woodrow Wilson, who served as president of the United States from 1913 to 1921.


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Harding, Florence Kling (1860-1924), was the wife of Warren G. Harding, who served as president of the United States from 1921 to 1923.


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Coolidge, Grace Goodhue (1879-1957), was the wife of Calvin Coolidge, who served as president of the United States from 1923 to 1929.


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Hoover, Lou Henry (1874-1944), was the wife of Herbert Hoover, who served as president of the United States from 1929 to 1933.


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Truman, Bess (1885-1982), was the wife of Harry S. Truman, who served as president of the United States from 1945 to 1953.


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Eisenhower, Mamie Doud (1896-1979), was the wife of Dwight D. Eisenhower, who served as president of the United States from 1953 to 1961.


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Johnson, Lady Bird (1912-...), was the wife of Lyndon B. Johnson, who served as president of the United States from 1963 to 1969.


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Nixon, Pat (1912-1993), was the wife of Richard M. Nixon, who served as president of the United States from 1969 to 1974.


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Ford, Betty (1918-...), is the wife of Gerald R. Ford, who served as president of the United States from 1974 to 1977.


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Carter, Rosalynn Smith (1927-...), is the wife of Jimmy Carter, who served as president of the United States from 1977 to 1981.


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Reagan, Nancy Davis (1921-...), is the second wife of Ronald Reagan, who served as president of the United States from 1981 to 1989.


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Bush, Barbara Pierce (1925-...), is the wife of George H. W. Bush, who served as president of the United States from 1989 to 1993.


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MacLaine, Shirley (1934-...), is an American motion-picture actress known for her portrayals of lovable eccentrics.


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Tarantino, Quentin (1963-...), is an American motion-picture director and screenwriter who gained an international reputation for his violent and highly personal films.


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Bayliss, Sir William (1860-1924), an English biologist, helped discover hormones.


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Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de, (1707-1788), was a French naturalist whose writings helped advance the study of biology and geology.


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Haller, Albrecht von (1708-1777), a Swiss physician, made important studies of the body's nervous system and muscles.


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Hopkins, Sir Frederick (1861-1947), an English biochemist, helped discover the importance of vitamins in nutrition.


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Kamerlingh Onnes, Heike, (1853-1926), a Dutch physicist, discovered a phenomenon called superconductivity.


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Kirchhoff, Gustav Robert (1824-1887), a German physicist, made important discoveries about elements, electricity, and radiation.


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Kraepelin, Emil (1856-1926), a German psychiatrist, developed an early system for diagnosing and classifying mental illness.


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Mayr, Ernst Walter (1904-...), a German-born American biologist, made influential contributions to the study of evolution.


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Simpson, George Gaylord (1902-1984), was an American paleontologist who helped advance the study of evolution.


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Wegener, Alfred Lothar (1880-1930), a German meteorologist, was the first person to set forth continental drift as a scientific theory.


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Delbruck, Max (1906-1981), a German-born American biologist, shared the 1969 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine with Alfred Hershey and Salvador Luria.


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Dobzhansky, Theodosius, (1900-1975), a Russian-born American biologist, advanced the study of evolution.


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Glashow, Sheldon Lee (1932-...), an American physicist, shared the Nobel Prize for physics in 1979 with Steven Weinberg and Abdus Salam.


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Margulis, Lynn Alexander (1938-...), an American biologist, helped advance the study of the origins of cells.


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Table Mountain is one of South Africa's best known landmarks.


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Tahr is the name of three species of goatlike antelopes.


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Taipan is Australia's largest and most feared venomous snake.


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Takahe is a flightless bird that lives only in New Zealand.


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Tamarisk is a small tree or shrub that grows on salty ground.


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Tambo, Oliver (1917-1993), was a South African political leader.


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Tamil Nadu is a state in southeast India.


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Tange, Kenzo (1913-...), is a Japanese architect.


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Tarquinius Priscus, Lucius (reigned 616-578 B.C.), was the fifth of the legendary seven kings of Rome.


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Tartary was once the name of a vast region in Europe and Asia that was inhabited by tribes of Tatars.


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Tayside Region lies in eastern Scotland.


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Teatree is any one of about 50 kinds of woody shrubs or small trees that grow in Australia and New Zealand.


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Tees is a river in northeastern England.


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Temple Bar was a gateway at the boundary of the City of London.


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Tench is a fish with a heavy body and head, rounded fins, and small scales.


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Terengganu is a state on the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia.


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Teuku Umar (1854-1899) was a chief in Aceh, northern Sumatra, Indonesia.


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Tiger shark gets its name from the characteristic prominent dark bars on its back and sides.


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Tiger snake is the name of one of Australia's deadliest snakes.


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Tiki is a Maori neck pendant in the form of a human figure.


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Tipu Sultan (1750-1799), also known as Tipu Sahib, was ruler of the southern Indian state of Mysore from 1782 to 1799.


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Tobermory is a seaside resort on the north coast of the Island of Mull, in Strathclyde Region, Scotland.


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Todd is a river in the Northern Territory, Australia.


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Toddy palm is any one of several palm trees that contain a sugary sap that can be used to make the fermented drink called toddy.


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Tokelau is a group of three coral atolls situated in the South Pacific Ocean about 300 miles (480 kilometers) to the north of the Samoa Islands.


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Tolpuddle martyrs were six farm laborers from the village of Tolpuddle, in Dorset, England.


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Torres Strait Islands are a group of islands in the Torres Strait, governed as part of Queensland, Australia.


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Tourneur, Cyril (1575?-1626), was an English dramatist.


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Towton, Battle of (1461), was a decisive battle of the Wars of the Roses.


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Towy, also spelled Tywi, is a river in South Wales.


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Trevor, William (1928-...), is an Irish novelist and short-story writer known for the subtle humor and irony of his style.


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Tripura is a small, mainly agricultural state in northern India.


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Trossachs is a beautiful wooded gorge in Scotland's Central Region near Ben A'an and Ben Venue.


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Truro (pop. 78,300) is a city in Cornwall, England, known as a tourist center.


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Tubeworm is the name for marine worms that live in tubes.


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Tughluq, Muhammad bin (1290-1351), was the second sultan of the Tughluq dynasty.


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Tully Falls, at the head of the Tully River in north Queensland, Australia, is a steep waterfall.


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Twenty-sixth of July Movement was a Cuban revolutionary group led by Fidel Castro that overthrew the dictator Fulgencio Batista in 1959.


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Tyne is a river in northeastern England.


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Tyne and Wear is a county in northeastern England.


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Tynedale is a local government area in Northumberland, northeastern England, on the border with Scotland.


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Tyrone is the largest of the six counties of Northern Ireland.


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Uffizi Palace, a famous building in Florence, Italy, contains one of the world's finest art collections.


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Ulithi is one of the western Caroline Islands, which lie in the Pacific Ocean.


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Ulm, Charles (1897-1934), an Australian aviator, helped to pioneer flying in Australia.


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Umfolozi is a national park in South Africa.


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Ursulines are members of a Roman Catholic order of women.


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Ustinov, Peter (1921-...), is a popular English actor and author.


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Uttar Pradesh, is a state in northern India.


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Valkyrie was one of the warlike goddess-maidens of Scandinavian mythology.


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Van Diemen, Anthony (1593-1645), was governor general of the Netherlands Indies (now Indonesia) from 1636 to 1645.


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Van Riebeeck, Jan (1619-1677), was the Dutch commander of the first settlement at the Cape of Good Hope in southern Africa.


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Vatican Library is the library of the Roman Catholic Church in Vatican City.


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Veld is a word from the Afrikaans language used to describe natural vegetation in South Africa.


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Verwoerd, Hendrik (1901-1966), was prime minister of South Africa from 1958 to 1966.


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Viburnum is the name of about 150 species of small trees and shrubs of the Northern Hemisphere.


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Vijayanagar Empire was one of the last great kingdoms of India's medieval period.


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Visayan Islands is a group of islands in central Philippines, lying between Luzon and Mindanao.


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Viscacha is the name of four species of South American rodents.


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Wagtail is the name of a group of mainly grassland birds that bob or wag their tail up and down as they walk.


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Waikato River is the longest river in New Zealand.


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Waitomo Caves are limestone caves near Te Kuiti, in the North Island of New Zealand.


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Wakefield, Edward Gibbon (1796-1862), was a British colonial reformer and the pioneer of planned settlement in New Zealand.


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Wali Sanga were nine Muslim saints who introduced Islam into Java, Indonesia, in the 1400's.


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Wallaby is any one of a number of marsupial of Australia and New Guinea that belong to the kangaroo family.


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Wallasey is a residential area and vacation resort on the Wirral Peninsula, Merseyside, England.


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Walsingham, Sir Francis (1530?-1590), an English politician, was secretary of state to Elizabeth I from 1573 until his death.


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Waltzing Matilda is the most famous of Australian songs.


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Warburton, Peter Egerton (1813-1889), an Australian explorer, traveled from Alice Springs to Perth in March 1873.


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Warrumbungle Range is a mountain range about 100 miles (150 kilometers) long that extends northwestward from the Liverpool Range in eastern Australia.


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Warwickshire is a county that lies in the heart of England.


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Watson, Chris (1867-1941), the first Labor prime minister of Australia, held office for four months in 1904.


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Wattle is the name used in Australia for trees and shrubs of the acacia group.


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Waxbill is any one of a group of small, colorful, seed-eating birds found in Africa, Asia and Australia.


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Weald is a region in southern England between the North Downs and the South Downs in Kent, Surrey, and Sussex.


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Wedge-tailed eagle is the fourth largest eagle in the world.


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Weelkes, Thomas (1575?-1623), an English organist and composer, won fame for his madrigals.


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Weever is any one of a small group of marine fish best known for a painful sting.


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Wentworth, William Charles (1790-1872), was an Australian pioneer, statesman, and lawyer.


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Wenzhou, also spelled Wen-chou (pop. 1,650,419), is a busy seaport and a major city in the Zhejiang Province of China.


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Wesker, Arnold (1932-...), is an English playwright best known for dramas based on his own background and socialist convictions.


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Wessex, the kingdom of the West Saxons, was an Anglo-Saxon kingdom in southern England.


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West Bengal is a state in northern India on the western border of Bangladesh.


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West, Morris (1916-1999), an Australian author, gained an international reputation through his more than 20 novels, which have been published in 27 languages.


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Western Cape is a province in the southwest of South Africa.


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Western Isles are a group of islands lying off the western coast of Scotland.


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Westmeath is a landlocked county in the province of Leinster in the Republic of Ireland.


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Westminster, Palace of, is the group of buildings containing the Houses of Parliament, St. Stephen's Hall, and Westminster Hall.


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Westphalia is a former Prussian province of western Germany.


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Wexford is a county in the province of Leinster in the Republic of Ireland.


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Whip scorpion is the name of about 75 species of scorpionlike animals.


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White Australia policy was the popular name for Australia's old immigration policy.


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White Horses are figures of horses that have been cut into the slopes of chalk hills in various regions of Britain.


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White, T. H. (1906-1964), was an English author known for his series of four novels that were published in 1958 in a single volume called The Once and Future King. The novels are an ironic and vivid retelling of the legends of King Arthur.


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Whitehall is a street in Westminster, in London.


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Whiting is a slender-bodied fish, about 28 inches (70 centimeters) long.


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Whitsunday Islands are a group of tropical islands off the northern Queensland coast of Australia, between Proserpine and Mackay.


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Wicklow is a county of the province of Leinster, on the east coast of the Republic of Ireland.


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Wild, Jonathan (1682?-1725), was an English thief who built up a large criminal organization in London.


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Williams, Eric (1911-1981), a West Indian scholar and statesman, was the first prime minister of Trinidad and Tobago.


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Wills, William John (1834-1861), was second-in-command on the ill-fated Australian expedition led by Robert O'Hara Burke in 1860 and 1861.


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Willy wagtail is among the most widespread of Australian birds.


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Wilmington, Earl of (1673?-1743), was the second prime minister of Britain.


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Wilsons Promontory is the southernmost point of the Australian mainland.


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Wiltshire, an inland county in southwestern England, is best known for its rich farmlands and for its many prehistoric remains.


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Witchweed is the name of about 50 species of plants of the figwort family.


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Witwatersrand is South Africa's most important industrial, commercial, and financial urban area.


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Woad is a tall, erect plant of the mustard family, grown as a source of the blue dye indigo.


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Wolds are open tracts of hilly uplands in southern and central England.


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Wombeyan Caves are limestone caves in the southern highlands of New South Wales, Australia.


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Wood swallow is the name of a group of birds from Southeast Asia and Australia.


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Woodlark is a small bird related to the skylark.


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Wookey Hole, in Somerset, England, is a series of limestone caverns in the Mendip Hills near Cheddar.


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Worthing (pop. 94,100) is a seaside resort and residential town in West Sussex, England.


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Woundwort is the name of several species of plants of the mint family.


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Wyndham, John (1903-1969), was the pen name of John Beynon Harris, a British science-fiction writer.


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X-ray fish is a small carnivorous fish that lives in the lower reaches of the Amazon River, including brackish (slightly salty) waters.


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Yarra is a river in southeastern Victoria, Australia.


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Yellowwood is the name of 94 species of evergreen timber trees found mainly in the mountain forests of the Southern Hemisphere.


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Yeomen of the Guard constitute the official bodyguard of the monarch of the United Kingdom.


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Yogyakarta (pop. 427,573) is a city in central Java, in Indonesia.


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Yusof bin Ishak (1910-1970), a Malay leader, became the first local head of state for Singapore.


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Zander, also known as pike-perch, is a long-bodied relative of the perch that lives in lakes and rivers of central and northern Europe.


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Zia-ul-Haq, Mohammed (1924-1988), was a Pakistani general and political leader.


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Perkins, Carl (1932-1998), was one of the first and most influential stars of rock music.


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Aberdeen, Earl of (1784-1860), was prime minister of the United Kingdom when the country entered the Crimean War in 1854.


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Gwynn, Tony (1960-...), is one of the greatest hitters in baseball history.


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Chatterton, Thomas (1752-1770), a brilliant young English poet, wrote a series of poems that he claimed were written in the 1400's by Thomas Rowley, a monk.


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Blanching, in gardening, is a method of eliminating the green color of certain vegetables to improve flavor and texture.


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Carborundum, (chemical formula, SiC), is a trade name for silicon carbide, an abrasive.


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Dome is a curved roof erected on a circular base, much like a bowl turned upside down.


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Hatta, Mohammad (1902-1980), an Indonesian nationalist leader, proclaimed his country's independence in 1945, together with Sukarno, who became Indonesia's first president.


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Gelsemium is a climbing shrub that grows in the Southern United States and Southeast Asia.


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Gonne, Maud (1866-1953), was an Irish nationalist who also won fame for her association with the poet William Butler Yeats, in one of whose plays she acted.


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Madhya Pradesh, is a state in central India.


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ABSCAM was a controversial program of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI> that was designed to fight political corruption in the United States.


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Lanza, Mario (1921-1959), was a popular American singer who became famous for his powerful operatic tenor voice.


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Scythians, were ancient nomads who lived mainly north of the Black Sea in present-day Ukraine and southwestern Russia.


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Nanking Massacre is a name for the brutality committed by Japanese troops against the people of Nanking (Nanjing), China, in 1937, during the Sino-Japanese War.


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Leningrad, Siege of, was a blockade of the city of Leningrad in the Soviet Union by German and Finnish troops during World War II (1939-1945).


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Museveni, Yoweri, (1944-...), became president of Uganda in 1986.


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Cartagena, (pop. 747,390), is a port city in northern Colombia and capital of the Colombian department (province) of Bolivar.


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Fujimori, Alberto, (1938?-...), was president of Peru from 1990 to 2000.


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Iqaluit, (pop. 4,500), is the capital and largest town of the Canadian territory of Nunavut.


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McDonough, Alexa Ann (1944-...), succeeded Audrey McLaughlin as leader of Canada's New Democratic Party (NDP) in October 1995.


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Pinochet Ugarte, Augusto, (1915-...), ruled as the military dictator of Chile from 1973 to 1990.


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Saint Martin, also called Sint Maarten in Dutch, is an island in the Caribbean Sea at the northern end of the Windward Islands.


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Clinical trial is a scientific study in which patients participate to help researchers evaluate a new method for diagnosing, treating, or preventing illness.


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Distance learning is a process in which students learn by using resources that are far away from them, even in another city or country.


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Doctors Without Borders, also known by its French name Medecins sans Frontieres (MSF), is an international relief organization dedicated to providing medical aid to populations who are in danger.


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Pfiesteria, species are harmful aquatic organisms found in coastal regions of the eastern United States.


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Wilmut, Ian (1944-...), is the British scientist who led the team that created Dolly, the sheep whose 1996 birth was hailed throughout the world as a milestone in cloning.


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Abraham, Spencer (1952-...), became the United States secretary of energy in 2001.


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Akaka, Daniel Kahikina (1924-...), a Democrat from Hawaii, has been a member of the United States Senate since 1990.


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Allard, A. Wayne (1943-...), became a member of the United States Senate in 1997. Allard, a Republican, represents Colorado.


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Ashcroft, John David (1942-...), became attorney general of the United States in 2001.


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Baucus, Max Sieben (1941-...), a Democrat from Montana, has been a member of the United States Senate since 1978.


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Bennett, Robert Foster (1933-...), became a member of the United States Senate in 1993.


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Biden, Joseph Robinette, Jr. (1942-...), a Democrat from Delaware, has been a member of the U.S. Senate since 1973. He became chair of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee in 2001.


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Bingaman, Jeff (1943-...), a Democrat from New Mexico, has served in the United States Senate since 1983.


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Bond, Christopher Samuel (1939-...), has been a United States senator since 1987.


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Boxer, Barbara (1940-...), a Democrat from California, has been a member of the United States Senate since 1993.


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Breaux, John Berlinger (1944-...), has been a member of the United States Senate since 1987.


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Brownback, Samuel Dale (1956-...), has been a member of the United States Senate since 1996.


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Bryan, Richard Hudson (1937-...), was a member of the United States Senate from 1989 to 2001.


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Burns, Conrad Ray (1935-...), became a member of the United States Senate in 1989.


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Chafee, John Hubbard (1922-1999), a Republican from Rhode Island, was a member of the United States Senate from 1976 until his death in 1999.


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Cleland, Max (1942-...), a Democrat from Georgia, became a member of the United States Senate in 1997.


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Cochran, William Thad (1937-...), has been a United States senator since 1978.


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Collins, Susan Margaret (1952-...), has been a member of the United States Senate since 1997.


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Conrad, Kent (1948-...), a Democrat from North Dakota, has been a member of the United States Senate since 1987.


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Coverdell, Paul Douglas (1939-2000), a Republican from Georgia, was a United States senator from 1993 until his death in 2000.


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Craig, Larry Edwin (1945-...), has been a member of the United States Senate since 1991.


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DeWine, Michael (1947-...), a Republican from Ohio, has been a member of the United States Senate since 1995.


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Dodd, Christopher John (1944-...), has been a member of the United States Senate since 1981.


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Domenici, Peter Vichi (1932-...), a Republican from New Mexico, has been a member of the United States Senate since 1973.


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Dorgan, Byron Leslie (1942-...), has been a United States senator since 1992.


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Durbin, Richard Joseph (1944-...), a Democrat from Illinois, became a member of the United States Senate in 1997.


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Enzi, Michael Bradley (1944-...), a Republican from Wyoming, has been a member of the United States Senate since 1997.


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Feingold, Russell Dana (1953-...), has been a member of the United States Senate since 1993.


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Frist, William Harrison (1952-...), is a practicing surgeon and a United States senator from Tennessee.


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Gorton, Slade (1928-...), was a member of the United States Senate from 1981 to 2001, except for a two-year gap in 1987 and 1988.


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Graham, Bob (1936-...), has been a member of the United States Senate since 1987.


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Grams, Rodney Dwight (1948-...), was a member of the United States Senate from 1995 to 2001.


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Grassley, Charles Ernest (1933-...), has been a United States senator since 1981.


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Gregg, Judd Alan (1947-...), has been a member of the United States Senate since 1993.


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Hagel, Charles Timothy (1946-...), a Republican from Nebraska, has been a member of the United States Senate since 1997.


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Harkin, Thomas Richard (1939-...), has been a member of the United States Senate since 1985.


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Hatch, Orrin Grant (1934-...), a Republican from Utah, has been a member of the United States Senate since 1977.


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Hollings, Ernest Frederick (1922-...), has been a member of the United States Senate since 1966.


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Hutchinson, Tim (1949-...), a Republican from Arkansas, has been a member of the United States Senate since 1997.


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Hutchison, Kay Bailey (1943-...), has been a member of the United States Senate since 1993.


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Inhofe, James Mountain (1934-...), a Republican from Oklahoma, has been a member of the United States Senate since 1994.


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Inouye, Daniel Ken (1924-...), a Democrat from Hawaii, was the first Asian American to serve in both houses of the United States Congress.


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Jeffords, James Merrill (1934-...), is a United States senator from Vermont.


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Johnson, Timothy Peter (1946-...), has been a member of the United States Senate since 1997.


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Kempthorne, Dirk Arthur (1951-...), became governor of Idaho in 1999.


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Kerrey, Bob (1943-...), was a member of the United States Senate from 1989 to 2001.


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Kerry, John Forbes (1943-...), has been a member of the United States Senate since 1985.


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Kohl, Herbert (1935-...), has been a member of the United States Senate since 1989.


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Kyl, Jon Llewellyn (1942-...), a Republican from Arizona, has served as a United States senator since 1995.


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Landrieu, Mary Loretta (1955-...), has been a member of the United States Senate since 1997.


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Lautenberg, Frank Raleigh (1924-...), was a member of the United States Senate from 1982 to 2001.


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Leahy, Patrick Joseph (1940-...), a Democrat from Vermont, has been a United States senator since 1975.


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Levin, Carl Milton (1934-...), has been a United States senator since 1979.


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Lieberman, Joseph Isadore (1942-...), a senator representing Connecticut, was the Democratic candidate for vice president of the United States in 2000.


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Lugar, Richard Green (1932-...), a Republican from Indiana, has been a United States senator since 1977.


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Mack, Connie, III (1940-...), a Republican from Florida, was a member of the United States Senate from 1989 to 2001.


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McCain, John Sidney, III (1936-...), a Republican from Arizona, has been a member of the United States Senate since 1987.


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McConnell, Mitch (1942-...), has been a United States senator since 1985.


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Mikulski, Barbara Ann (1936-...), a Democrat from Maryland, has been a United States senator since 1987.


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Murkowski, Frank Hughes (1933-...), has been a United States senator since 1981.


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Murray, Patty (1950-...), has been a member of the United States Senate since 1993.


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Nickles, Donald Lee (1948-...), became a member of the United States Senate in 1981.


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Reed, Jack (1949-...), has been a member of the United States Senate since 1997.


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Reid, Harry (1939-...), became a member of the United States Senate in 1987.


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Robb, Charles Spittal (1939-...), a Democrat from Virginia, was a member of the United States Senate from 1989 to 2001.


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Roberts, Pat (1936-...), a Republican from Kansas, has been a member of the United States Senate since 1997.


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Roth, William Victor, Jr. (1921-...), was a member of the United States Senate from 1971 to 2001. Roth, a Republican, represented Delaware.


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Santorum, Richard John (1958-...), a Republican from Pennsylvania, has been a member of the United States Senate since 1995.


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Sarbanes, Paul Spyros (1933-...), has been a member of the United States Senate since 1977.


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Sessions, Jefferson Beauregard, III (1946-...), became a member of the United States Senate in 1997.


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Shelby, Richard Craig (1934-...), has been a United States senator from Alabama since 1987.


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Smith, Gordon Harold (1952-...), has been a member of the United States Senate since 1997.


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Smith, Robert Clinton (1941-...), a Republican from New Hampshire, has been a member of the United States Senate since 1990.


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Snowe, Olympia Jean (1947-...), has been a member of the United States Senate since 1995.


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Specter, Arlen (1930-...), has been a member of the United States Senate since 1981.


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Thomas, Craig Lyle (1933-...), has been a member of the United States Senate since 1995.


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Thompson, Fred Dalton (1942-...), became a United States senator in 1994.


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Torricelli, Robert Guy (1951-...), a Democrat from New Jersey, has been a United States senator since 1997.


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Warner, John William (1927-...), a Republican from Virginia, has been a member of the United States Senate since 1979.


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Wellstone, Paul David (1944-...), has been a United States senator since 1991.


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Wyden, Ronald Lee (1949-...), has been a United States senator since 1996.


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Berlin Airlift was the historic effort by which France, the United Kingdom, and the United States supplied West Berlin entirely by air during a Soviet blockade.


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Sullivan brothers were five American sailors who lost their lives in World War II when their ship was torpedoed on the the morning of Nov. 13, 1942.


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Tokyo Rose was a name used by United States military personnel to describe women who broadcast in English over Japanese radio during World War II (1939-1945).


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Axis Sally (1900-1988) was an American who made propaganda broadcasts for the Nazis during World War II.


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Quirinus, was one of the three principal gods in Roman mythology during the early history of Rome.


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Quorum, is a certain number, or proportion, of members of an organization required by parliamentary law to be present before the group can transact business.


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Starr, Kenneth Winston (1946-...), is an American lawyer and judge who served as an independent counsel investigating President Bill Clinton from 1994 to 1999.


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Whitewater refers to an investigation begun in 1994 into charges of financial misconduct by President Bill Clinton and his wife, Hillary Rodham Clinton.


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Deflation is a decline in the general level of prices in an economy.


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Human Rights Watch is an organization dedicated to promoting and protecting the rights and freedoms of people throughout the world.


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Museum of African American History, in Detroit, is the world's largest institution dedicated to African American culture.


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Tourism is the act of touring or traveling for pleasure.


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Insider trading refers to the buying and selling of stocks using valuable information that is not available to the public.


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Knights of Peter Claver, is a fraternal society whose membership is predominantly African American, Roman Catholic men.


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Foresters, Independent Order of, is a fraternal benefit society that sells life insurance and other financial products to its members.


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Kawabata, Yasunari, (1899-1972), was the first Japanese author to win the Nobel Prize for literature.


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Laxness, Halldor, (1902-1998), became the most significant writer in modern Icelandic literature.


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Reymont, Wladyslaw, (1867-1925), a Polish novelist, won the 1924 Nobel Prize for literature.


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Grau, Shirley Ann (1929-...), is an American novelist and short-story writer known for her fiction set in the southern United States.


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Henley, Beth (1952-...), is an American playwright known for her witty and compassionate comedy dramas about colorful characters in the Deep South.


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Collectibles are objects from popular culture that people consider rare, unusual, or fun to own.


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Burrows, Abe (1910-1985), was a successful American playwright and director on Broadway.


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Simon, Claude, (1913-...), a French novelist, won the 1985 Nobel Prize for literature.


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Sillanpaa, Frans Eemil (1888-1964), was the leading Finnish writer of his time and the first author from Finland to win the Nobel Prize for literature.


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Seifert, Jaroslav, (1901-1986), a Czech poet, won the 1984 Nobel Prize for literature.


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Eucken, Rudolf (1846-1926), a German philosopher, won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1908 though he wrote no works of literature.


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Heyse, Paul von (1830-1914), a German poet, playwright, and fiction writer, won the 1910 Nobel Prize for literature.


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Deledda, Grazia (1871-1936), an Italian author, won the 1926 Nobel Prize for literature.


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Heidenstam, Verner von, (1859-1940), a Swedish poet, won the 1916 Nobel Prize for literature.


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Karlfeldt, Erik Axel (1864-1931), a Swedish poet, won the 1931 Nobel Prize for literature.


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Gjellerup, Karl (1857-1919), a Danish writer, shared the 1917 Nobel Prize for literature with another Danish writer, Henrik Pontoppidan.


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Iditarod, is the world's most famous sled-dog race.


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Johnson, Eyvind, (1900-1976), a Swedish novelist, shared the 1974 Nobel Prize for literature with another Swedish writer, Harry Edmund Martinson.


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Martinson, Harry Edmund (1904-1978), a Swedish novelist and poet, shared the 1974 Nobel Prize for literature with Swedish author Eyvind Johnson.


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Elytis, Odysseus, (1911-1996), a Greek poet, won the 1979 Nobel Prize for literature.


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Milosz, Czeslaw, (1911-...), a Lithuanian-born Polish author, won the 1980 Nobel Prize for literature.


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Canetti, Elias (1905-1994), a Bulgarian-born author, won the 1981 Nobel Prize for literature.


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Cela, Camilo Jose, (1916-2002), a Spanish novelist, won the 1989 Nobel Prize for literature.


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Oe, Kenzaburo (1935-...), a Japanese novelist, won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1994.


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Szymborska, Wislawa, (1923-...), a Polish poet, won the 1996 Nobel Prize for literature.


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Cameron, James (1954-...), is a Canadian-born motion-picture director and screenwriter.


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Banks, Ernie (1931-...), was one of the greatest hitters and most popular players in major league baseball history.


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Berra, Yogi (1925-...), was one of the greatest catchers and most colorful players in baseball history.


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Boudreau, Lou (1917-2001), an American baseball player, was a great shortstop and manager in the American League.


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Brock, Lou (1939-...), was one of the greatest base stealers in major league baseball history.


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Brown, Mordecai (1876-1948), was one of the greatest pitchers in baseball history despite throwing with a pitching hand that had been severely injured in a farm accident.


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Campanella, Roy (1921-1994), was one of the greatest catchers in baseball history.


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Carew, Rod (1945-...), was one of the greatest hitters in baseball history.


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Collins, Eddie (1887-1951), was one of the greatest all-around players in baseball history.


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Cronin, Joe (1906-1984), was one of the greatest hitters in baseball history.


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Dickey, Bill (1907-1993), was one of the greatest catchers in baseball history.


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Drysdale, Don (1936-1993), was one of the National League's leading pitchers during the 1950's and 1960's.


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Evers, Johnny (1881-1947), was an outstanding second baseman for the Chicago Cubs.


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Frisch, Frankie (1898-1973), was one of the greatest all-around players in baseball history.


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Gibson, Bob (1935-...), was one of the most dominating pitchers in baseball history.


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Gomez, Lefty (1908-1989), was one of the greatest pitchers in baseball history.


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Grove, Lefty (1900-1975), was one of the greatest pitchers in baseball history.


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Hartnett, Gabby (1900-1972), was one of the greatest catchers in major league history.


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Hubbell, Carl (1903-1988), was one of the greatest pitchers in baseball history.


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Keeler, Wee Willie (1872-1923), was one of the greatest hitters in the early history of baseball.


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Lajoie, Napoleon (1874-1959), sometimes called Larry, is often considered the finest second baseman ever to play baseball.


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McGraw, John (1873-1934), was one of the greatest managers in baseball history.


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Rickey, Branch (1881-1955), was one of the greatest executives in major league baseball history.


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Seaver, Tom (1944-...), was one of the most dominant baseball pitchers of his time.


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Sisler, George (1893-1973), was one of the greatest hitters in baseball history.


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Tinker, Joe (1880-1948), was one of the leading shortstops in the National League during the early 1900's.


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Veeck, Bill (1914-1986), was one of the most successful and creative owners in baseball history.


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Waner, Paul (1903-1965), was one of the greatest hitters in baseball history.


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Wilson, Hack (1900-1948), was one of the greatest power hitters in baseball history.


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Wynn, Early (1920-1999), became one of the few pitchers in major league history to win 300 games in a career.


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Peterkin, Julia M. (1880-1961), was an American author known for her stories about the Gullahs, a group of African Americans who live along the coast of South Carolina and Georgia. Peterkin gained a national reputation for her realistic and sympathetic po


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Stribling, T. S. (1881-1965), was an American author known for his fiction about the South. His major work is a trilogy of novels about several generations of the Vaiden family of Alabama, who rise from poverty to wealth.


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Flavin, Martin (1883-1967), an American novelist and playwright, won the 1944 Pulitzer Prize for fiction for his novel Journey in the Dark (1943).


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O'Connor, Edwin (1918-1968), was an American author best known for his novels about Irish Roman Catholic life in an Eastern city that resembles Boston.


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Momaday, N. Scott (1934-...), an American author of Kiowa and Cherokee Indian ancestry, won the 1969 Pulitzer Prize for fiction for his first novel, House Made of Dawn (1968). Like Momaday's other writings, the book deals with his Native American heritage


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Kennedy, William (1928-...), an American author, became known for his novels set in his hometown of Albany, New York.


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Lurie, Alison (1926-...), an American author, won the 1985 Pulitzer Prize for fiction for her novel Foreign Affairs (1984).


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Taylor, Peter (1917-1994), an American author, became known for his short stories and novels about upper-class society in Tennessee.


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Smiley, Jane (1949-...), an American novelist and short-story writer, won the 1992 Pulitzer Prize for fiction for her novel A Thousand Acres (1991).


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Proulx, E. Annie (1935-...), an American author, won the 1994 Pulitzer Prize for fiction for her novel The Shipping News (1993). She set the novel in the harsh climate and bleak landscape of Newfoundland.


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Akins, Zoe (1886-1958), was an American playwright and screenwriter.


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Chase, Mary (1907-1981), an American dramatist, is known for a single play, the comedy-fantasy Harvey (1944).


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Gilroy, Frank D. (1925-...), an American playwright, screenwriter, and film director, won the 1965 Pulitzer Prize for drama for The Subject Was Roses (1965). This partly autobiographical family drama portrays the often painful relations among a father and


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Gordone, Charles (1925-1995), became the first African American playwright to win the Pulitzer Prize for drama.


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Bennett, Michael (1943-1987), was a leading American choreographer (creator of dances) and director of Broadway musical comedies.


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Norman, Marsha (1947-...), an American playwright, won the 1983 Pulitzer Prize for drama for 'night, Mother (1982).


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Kushner, Tony (1956-...), an American playwright, created a sensation with his long drama Angels in America: A Gay Fantasia on American Themes (1992).


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Vogel, Paula (1951-...), an American playwright, won the 1998 Pulitzer Prize for drama for How I Learned to Drive (1997).


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Widdemer, Margaret (1884-1978), an American author, received a special Pulitzer Prize for poetry in 1919 for her collection Old Road to Paradise (1918).


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Viereck, Peter (1916-...), an American poet and historian, won the 1949 Pulitzer Prize for poetry.


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Kunitz, Stanley (1905-...), an American poet, was appointed poet laureate of the United States in 2000.


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Kumin, Maxine (1925-...), an American author, won the 1973 Pulitzer Prize for poetry for her collection Up Country: Poems of New England (1972).


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Howard, Richard (1929-...), an American poet and translator, won the 1970 Pulitzer Prize for poetry for Untitled Subjects (1969).


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Wright, James (1927-1980), was a leading American poet whose work explored varieties of social isolation, despair, and death.


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Nemerov, Howard (1920-1991), was a leading American poet, critic, and novelist.


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Van Duyn, Mona (1921-...), an American poet, won the 1991 Pulitzer Prize for poetry for Near Changes (1990).


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Kinnell, Galway (1927-...), an American poet, won the 1983 Pulitzer Prize for poetry for his Selected Poems (1982).


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Kizer, Carolyn (1925-...), an American poet, won the 1985 Pulitzer Prize for poetry for her collection Yin (1984).


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Toch, Ernst, (1887-1964), an Austrian-born composer, won the 1956 Pulitzer Prize for music for his Symphony No. 3 (1955).


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Druckman, Jacob (1928-1996), an American composer, won the 1972 Pulitzer Prize for music for his orchestral composition Windows (1972).


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Rorem, Ned (1923-...), an American composer and author, won the 1976 Pulitzer Prize for music for his orchestral suite Air Music.


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Bolcom, William (1938-...), an American composer and pianist, won the 1988 Pulitzer Prize for music for his 12 New Etudes for Piano.


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Powell, Mel (1923-1998), was an American composer, pianist, and music educator.


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Schuller, Gunther (1925-...), an American composer, conductor, and music scholar, won the 1994 Pulitzer Prize for music for an orchestral work called Of Reminiscences and Reflections.


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Walker, Madam C. J. (1867-1919), is generally regarded as the first African American woman to become a millionaire. She operated a successful cosmetics company, the Madam C. J. Walker Manufacturing Co., during the early 1900's.


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Ellet, Charles, Jr. (1810-1862), an American civil engineer, built what is generally recognized as the first important suspension bridge in the United States. The bridge, completed in 1842, spanned the Schuylkill River near Philadelphia.


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Apple Computer, Inc., is an important manufacturer of personal computers. The company also develops and publishes computer software.


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Jobs, Steve (1955-...), is the cofounder and chief executive officer of Apple Computer, Inc.


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Alfonso X (1221-1284) was king of Castile and Leon (now part of Spain) from 1252 to 1284.


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Basil I (812?-886) was Byzantine (East Roman) emperor from 867 to 886.


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Basil II (958?-1025) was Byzantine (East Roman) emperor from 976 until his death.


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Casimir III (1310-1370), known as Casimir the Great, was king of Poland from 1333 to 1370.


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Christina (1626-1689) was queen of Sweden from 1632 until she abdicated (gave up the throne) in 1654.


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Ferdinand I (1503-1564) was Holy Roman emperor from 1558 to 1564.


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Godunov, Boris (1551?-1605), was czar of Russia from 1598 to 1605.


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Joseph II (1741-1790) was an emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, which was a German-based empire in western and central Europe.


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Kosovo, Battle of, was fought in June 1389 in southern Serbia.


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Leopold II (1835-1909) was king of Belgium from 1865 until his death.


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Stephen I (975?-1038) was Hungary's first king.


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Wladyslaw II Jagiello, (1351?-1434), united Poland and Lithuania under his rule.


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Harald Bluetooth (910?-987?) was the first Christian king of Denmark.


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Sweyn, Forkbeard (?-1014), was the king of Denmark from about 987 to 1014.


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Iglesias, Julio (1943-...), is one of the world's most popular singers.


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Dos Santos, Jose Eduardo, (1942-...), became president of Angola in 1979.


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Savimbi, Jonas Malheiro (1934-2002), was the leader of the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA).


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Kabila, Laurent Desire, (1939-2001), was president of Congo (Kinshasa) from 1997 until his death in 2001.


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Nujoma, Sam (1929-...), led Namibia's struggle to become an independent nation.


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Pol Pot (1925?-1998), a Cambodian Communist politician and leader of the Khmer Rouge movement, was prime minister of Cambodia from 1976 to 1979.


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Hun Sen (1951-...) is the prime minister of Cambodia.


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Narayanan, Kocheril Raman (1920-...), was elected president of India in 1997.


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Megawati Sukarnoputri, (1947-...), became the president of Indonesia in 2001.


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Rais, Mohammad Amien, (1944-...), was elected speaker of Indonesia's People's Consultative Assembly, the country's highest government body, in 1999.


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Arzu Irigoyen, Alvaro Enrique, (1946-...), was president of Guatemala from 1996 to 2000.


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Estrada, Joseph Ejercito, (1937-...), served as president of the Philippines from 1998 to 2001.


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Chulalongkorn, (1853-1910), was king of Siam (now Thailand) from 1868 to 1910.


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Khama, Sir Seretse, (1921-1980), led Botswana to independence in 1966 and served as the country's first president.


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Mongkut, (1804-1868), reigned as king of Siam (now Thailand) from 1851 to 1868.


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Asian long-horned beetle is a destructive insect native to China, Japan, and Korea.


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Zhu Rongji, (1928-...), became premier of China in 1998.


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Intel Corporation is the world's largest manufacturer of semiconductor chips.


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Dell, Michael (1965-...), is the founder, chairman, and chief executive officer of Dell Computer Corporation.


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Ellison, Lawrence (1944-...), is cofounder, chairman, and chief executive officer of Oracle Corporation.


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Ballmer, Steve (1956-...), is the president and chief executive officer of Microsoft Corporation.


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Case, Steve (1958-...), is the chairman and chief executive officer of America Online, Inc. (AOL), the world's largest on-line service.


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McNealy, Scott (1954-...), is the president, chairman, and chief executive officer of Sun Microsystems, Inc.


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Kim Dae Jung, (1924-...), became president of South Korea in 1998.


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Rayleigh, Lord (1842-1919), an English physicist, made many important discoveries in a wide variety of fields.


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Lenard, Philipp Eduard Anton von (1862-1947), a Hungarian-born German physicist, studied the properties of streams of electrons called cathode rays.


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Lippmann, Gabriel (1845-1921), a French physicist, discovered a method of taking color photographs with ordinary black-and-white film.


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Wien, Wilhelm, (1864-1928), a German physicist, made important discoveries on the heat radiated by what he called a black body--an object that entirely absorbs all radiations.


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Dalen, Nils Gustaf (1869-1937), a Swedish inventor and engineer, won the 1912 Nobel Prize for physics for inventing automatic gas regulators.


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Barkla, Charles Glover (1877-1944), an English physicist, carried out important research into X rays and demonstrated that when a beam of X rays is shone onto a material, X rays come back from that material.


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Guillaume, Charles Edouard, (1861-1938), a Swiss physicist, specialized in improving the accuracy of measurement.


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Perrin, Jean Baptiste, (1870-1942), a French physicist, was awarded the 1926 Nobel Prize for physics for studying the discontinuous structure of matter and for measuring the sizes of atoms.


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Compton, Arthur Holly (1892-1962), an American physicist, achieved great success, acclaim, and influence in the field of X rays.


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Rabi, Isidor Isaac (1898-1988), an Austrian-born American physicist, was awarded the 1944 Nobel Prize for physics for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei.


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Blackett, Patrick Maynard Stuart (1897-1974), an English physicist, made important discoveries in cosmic radiation.


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Zernike, Frits (1888-1966), a Dutch physicist, made important discoveries in optics, the branch of physics concerned with light and vision.


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Cherenkov, Pavel Alekseyevich (1904-1990), a Russian physicist, was awarded the 1958 Nobel Prize for physics for discovering and interpreting what has come to be known as the Cherenkov effect in the study of high-energy particles.


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Segre, Emilio Gino (1905-1989), an Italian-born American physicist, was a leader of the team of scientists that demonstrated the existence of the antiproton, a tiny subatomic particle.


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Hofstadter, Robert (1915-1990), an American physicist, was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics in 1961 for his studies of nucleons, the particles that make up the nuclei of atoms.


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Bragg, Sir William Lawrence (1890-1971), a British physicist, used X rays to discover the atomic structure of crystals and large molecules.


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Braun, Karl Ferdinand (1850-1918), a German physicist, made important contributions to the early technology of radio.


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Richardson, Sir Owen Willans (1879-1959), won the Nobel Prize for physics in 1928 for his studies of thermionic emission.


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Hess, Victor Franz (1883-1964), an Austrian-born physicist, won the 1936 Nobel Prize for physics for his discovery of cosmic radiation, radioactivity that arrives on earth from outside the atmosphere.


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Thomson, Sir George Paget (1892-1975), a British physicist, won the 1937 Nobel Prize for physics, along with the American physicist Clinton J. Davidson.


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Kusch, Polykarp (1911-1993), a German-born American physicist, made the first precise measurement of the magnetic properties of the electron, the negatively charged particle that forms the outer parts of all atoms.


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Kastler, Alfred (1902-1984), a French scientist, was awarded the Nobel Prize for physics in 1966 for developing techniques to investigate the energy levels of atoms.


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Cooper, Leon Neil (1930-...), an American theoretical physicist, contributed to the development of the theory of superconductivity (the loss of all electrical resistance by some materials when cooled below a certain temperature).


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Neel, Louis-Eugene-Felix (1904-2000), a French physicist, made important discoveries in the field of magnetism.


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Schrieffer, John Robert (1931-...), an American scientist, shared the 1972 Nobel Prize for physics with fellow-Americans John Bardeen and Leon Cooper for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity.


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Giaever, Ivar (1929-...), a Norwegian-born American physicist, shared the 1973 Nobel Prize for physics with Leo Esaki of Japan and Brian Josephson of the United Kingdom.


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Esaki, Leo (1925-...), is a Japanese solid-state physicist, specializing in superconductivity and a phenomenon known as electron tunneling (see Superconductivity).


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Ryle, Sir Martin (1918-1984), was the British Astronomer Royal from 1972 to 1982.


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Josephson, Brian David (1940-...), a British physicist, did important research on electromagnetic phenomena in materials at low temperatures.


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Hewish, Antony (1924-...), a British astronomer and astrophysicist, won the 1974 Nobel Prize for physics, together with British astrophysicist Sir Martin Ryle, for his discovery of pulsars.


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Rainwater, James (1917-1986), an American physicist, did important research and theoretical work on the structure of the atomic nucleus.


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Mottelson, Ben Roy (1926-...), an American-born Danish physicist, studied the structure of the atomic nucleus and showed that nuclei are not perfectly spherical, as had been previously believed.


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Richter, Burton (1931-...), an American physicist, was the joint winner, with American physicist Samuel Chao Chung Ting, of the Nobel Prize for physics in 1976.


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Ting, Samuel Chao Chung (1936-...), an American-born Chinese scientist, was awarded the Nobel Prize for physics in 1976.


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Anderson, Philip Warren (1923-...), an American theoretical physicist, studied the physical properties of solid and liquid materials.


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Van Vleck, John Hasbrouck (1899-1980), an American physicist, did important theoretical and practical work that helped the development of electronics.


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Mott, Sir Nevill (1905-1996), a British physicist, was awarded the 1977 Nobel Prize for physics for his work in explaining the properties of both magnetic materials and amorphous materials-that is, materials such as glass, whose atoms are not arranged in


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Penzias, Arno Allan (1933-...), a German-born American astrophysicist, discovered and studied cosmic microwave background radiation.


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Wilson, Robert Woodrow (1936-...), is an American radio astronomer.


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Weinberg, Steven (1933-...), an American physicist, helped develop a theory that unified two of the fundamental forces that are thought to govern the universe--the weak nuclear force and the force of electromagnetism.


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Salam, Abdus (1926-1996), a Pakistani physicist, was the first Pakistani to win a Nobel Prize.


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Cronin, James Watson (1931-...), an American nuclear physicist, shared the 1980 Nobel Prize for physics with fellow American Val Fitch (see Fitch, Val Logsdon).


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Fitch, Val Logsdon (1923-...), an American nuclear physicist, shared the 1980 Nobel Prize for physics with fellow American James W. Cronin for their research on subatomic particles.


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Bloembergen, Nicolaas (1920-...), a Dutch-born American physicist, achieved acclaim for his investigations of phenomena that can only be detected with lasers, and for his explorations of how electromagnetic radiation interacts with matter.


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Schawlow, Arthur Leonard (1921-1999), an American physicist, helped develop the laser.


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Siegbahn, Kai Manne Borje (1918-...), a Swedish physicist, received half of the 1981 Nobel Prize for physics for his contribution to the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy.


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Bohr, Aage Niels, (1922-...), a Danish physicist, shared the 1975 Nobel Prize for physics with James Rainwater of the United States and Ben Mottelson of Denmark for their work on the structure of the atomic nucleus.


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Wilson, Kenneth Geddes (1936-...), an American physicist, was awarded the 1982 Nobel Prize for physics for his method of analyzing the behavior of matter when it changes form--for example, from water to steam.


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Fowler, William Alfred (1911-1995), an American nuclear astrophysicist, developed a theory of the evolution and death of stars.


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Rubbia, Carlo (1934-...), an Italian physicist, led a team of scientists who discovered the subatomic particles (units of matter smaller than an atom) known as the W particle and the Z particle.


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Van der Meer, Simon (1925-...), a Dutch physical engineer, who, along with Italian physicist Carlo Rubbia, discovered the W particle and the Z particle.


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Von Klitzing, Klaus (1943-...), a German physicist, carried out research into the behavior of electric currents in semiconducting materials in magnetic fields (regions where magnetic forces can be felt) at low temperatures.


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Ruska, Ernst (1906-1988), a German electrical engineer, invented the electron microscope.


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Binnig, Gerd Karl (1947-...), a German physicist, helped to invent the scanning tunneling microscope (STM).


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Rohrer, Heinrich (1933-...), a Swiss physicist, worked on the scanning tunneling microscope (STM), the first microsope that was able to form images of individual atoms.


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Bednorz, Johannes Georg (1950-...), a German physicist, became known for his work on superconductivity (the ability of certain metals, alloys, and ceramics to conduct electric current without resistance when they are cooled below a certain temperature).


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Muller, Karl Alexander (1927-...), is a Swiss physicist known for his work on superconductivity, a phenomenon in which some metals, alloys, and ceramics conduct electrical current without resistance when extremely cold.


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Lederman, Leon Max (1922-...), is an American specialist in high energy physics, who made a career of studying the reactions of subatomic particles.


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Schwartz, Melvin (1932-...), is an American physicist who studied the reactions of subatomic particles.


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Steinberger, Jack (1921-...), is a German-born American physicist who made a career of studying the reactions of subatomic particles.


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Dehmelt, Hans Georg (1922-...), is a German-born American physicist who developed ways of trapping electrons, ions, and atoms for scientific study.


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Paul, Wolfgang (1913-1993), a German physicist, was known for his work on molecular beam physics, mass spectrometry, and high energy electron physics.


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Ramsey, Norman Foster (1915-...), is an American physicist who did important research into the electrical and magnetic properties of atoms and molecules.


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Friedman, Jerome Isaac (1930-...), an American physicist, did important research into some of the basic particles that form atoms.


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Kendall, Henry Way (1926-1999), an American physicist, worked with Jerome Friedman of the United States and Richard Taylor of Canada in experiments that proved the existence of subatomic particles called quarks.


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Taylor, Richard Edward (1929-...), a Canadian physicist, shared the 1990 Nobel Prize for physics with his American colleagues Henry Kendall and Jerome Friedman for their work that confirmed the existence of subatomic particles called quarks.


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Gennes, Pierre-Gilles de, (1932-...), a French theoretical physicist, improved the understanding of the behavior of substances consisting of large molecules.


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Charpak, Georges (1924-...), a Polish-born French physicist, won the 1992 Nobel Prize for physics for the invention of a device that detects subatomic particles, units of matter smaller than an atom, in particle accelerators, devices that hurl such partic


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Hulse, Russell Alan (1950-...), an American physicist, discovered the first binary pulsar, a pair of collapsed stars, each emitting huge amounts of energy, orbiting each other.


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Taylor, Joseph Hooton, Jr. (1941-...), an American physicist, discovered the first binary pulsar, a collapsed star emitting huge amounts of energy, orbiting another similar object. His subsequent studies led to a verification of German-born physicist Albe


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Shull, Clifford Glenwood (1915-2001), an American physicist, made important contributions to the development of neutron-scattering techniques for studies of matter.


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Brockhouse, Bertram Neville (1918-...), is a Canadian pioneer of neutron spectroscopy, a technique in which materials are bombarded with the subatomic particles called neutrons in order to determine a material's structure.


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Perl, Martin Lewis (1927-...), an American physicist, discovered a subatomic particle called the tau lepton, the first known example of the lepton family of particles.


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Reines, Frederick (1918-1998), an American physicist, discovered a fundamental particle called the neutrino.


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Lee, David Morris (1931-...), is an American physicist who specializes in ultralow temperature physics at Cornell University.


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Richardson, Robert Coleman (1937-...), is an American professor who specializes in ultra-low temperature physics.


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Osheroff, Douglas Dean (1945-...), is an American physicist who specializes in ultralow temperature physics.


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Chu, Steven (1948-...), an American physicist, contributed to the technique of trapping atoms-slowing them down until they are almost stationary, so that they can be studied without being disturbed by the constant battering of other atoms.


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Cohen-Tannoudji, Claude (1933-...), a French physicist, contributed to the technique of trapping atoms--slowing them down until they are almost stationary, so that they can be studied without being disturbed by the constant battering of other atoms.


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Phillips, William Daniel (1948-...), an American physicist, shared the 1997 Nobel Prize for physics with fellow American Steven Chu and a French physicist, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, who did separate work in the same area (see Chu, Steven; Cohen-Tannoudji, C


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Finsen, Niels Ryberg (1860-1904), a Danish doctor and scientist, was the founder of phototherapy (the treatment of disease by the influence of light).


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Ramon y Cajal, Santiago, (1852-1934), was a Spanish medical researcher who added greatly to knowledge of the nervous system.


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Kossel, Albrecht, (1853-1927), a German biochemist, won the 1910 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine for his contributions to cell chemistry.


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Richet, Charles Robert, (1850-1935), a French physiologist, was awarded the 1913 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine for his studies into anaphylaxis.


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Barany, Robert (1876-1936), an Austrian physiologist and ear specialist, was awarded the 1914 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine.


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Bordet, Jules-Jean-Baptiste-Vincent (1870-1961), was a Belgian bacteriologist and expert on serology (the analysis of serum, the clear fluid in the blood).


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Krogh, Schack August Steenberg (1874-1949), a Danish physiologist (scientist who studies how living things function), made important discoveries about the way that capillaries (small blood vessels) react when the body is doing muscular work.


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Hill, Sir Archibald Vivian (1886-1977), was an English biologist who studied how muscles contract during movement and exercise.


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Meyerhof, Otto Fritz (1884-1951), a German-born biochemist, shared the 1922 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine with the English physiologist Sir Archibald Hill.


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Wagner-Jauregg, Julius (1857-1940), also known as Julius Wagner von Jauregg, was an Austrian psychiatrist and neurologist.


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Nicolle, Charles Jules Henri (1866-1936), a French bacteriologist, won the 1928 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine for his work on the disease of typhus.


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Eijkman, Christiaan, (1858-1930), a Dutch physician and pathologist, discovered a vitamin that cures neuritis (inflamation of the nerves).


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Warburg, Otto Heinrich (1883-1970), a German biochemist, received the Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine in 1931.


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Adrian, Edgar Douglas (1889-1977), a British physiologist, made significant discoveries about neurons (nerve cells) and their functions.


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Murphy, William Parry (1892-1987), an American physician, helped develop the first successful treatment for a disease called pernicious anemia.


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Whipple, George Hoyt (1878-1976), was an American physician and medical researcher who discovered the relationship between diet and the formation of red blood cells.


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Dale, Sir Henry Hallett (1875-1968), an English physiologist and pharmacologist (researcher into drugs), made important discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses.


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Loewi, Otto (1873-1961), a German-born American doctor and pharmacologist, shared the 1936 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine with British scientist Sir Henry Dale for their discoveries on the chemical transmission of nerve impulses.


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Heymans, Corneille, Jean-Francois (1892-1968), a Belgian physiologist (scientist who studies how living things function), was awarded the Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine in 1938, for his discoveries concerning the regulation of respiration.


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Dam, Henrik (1895-1976), was a Danish biochemist who discovered important links between nutrition and blood clotting.


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Erlanger, Joseph (1874-1965), an American physiologist, carried out important studies that helped identify the functions of different fibers in the same nerve.


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Gasser, Herbert Spencer (1888-1963), an American physiologist, carried out research that helped identify the functions of different fibers in the same nerve.


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Cori, Carl Ferdinand (1896-1984), was an American biochemist who made important discoveries about how foods are used and stored in the body.


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Cori, Gerty Theresa (1896-1957), was the first American woman to win the Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine.


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Houssay, Bernardo Alberto (1887-1971), was an Argentine medical researcher who added greatly to scientific understanding of the pituitary gland.


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Hess, Walter Richard Rudolf (1881-1973), a Swiss physiologist (scientist who studies how living things function), made important discoveries about how parts of the brain control and coordinate the working of body organs.


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Cournand, Andre Frederic, (1895-1988), a French-born American physiologist, was awarded the 1956 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine for his research into the interior of the heart and its workings, and pathological changes in circulatory systems.


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Richards, Dickinson Woodruff (1895-1973), was an American physician who refined the technique of cardiac catheterization, an important diagnostic procedure.


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Bovet, Daniel (1907-1992), a Swiss-born Italian pharmacologist, discovered the first antihistamine (drug that relieves the effects of allergic reactions), and developed many similar chemical formulas that provided the basis for modern antihistamines.


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Ochoa, Severo, (1905-1993), a Spanish-born American scientist, suceeded in producing a nucleic acid by artificial means.


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Eccles, Sir John Carew, is an Australian medical researcher who made important discoveries about the transmission of nerve impulses.


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Hodgkin, Sir Alan Lloyd (1914-1998), was an English medical researcher who provided a detailed explanation of the transmission of nerve impulses.


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Huxley, Andrew Fielding (1917-...), is an English medical researcher who provided a detailed explanation of the transmission of nerve impulses.


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Huggins, Charles Brenton (1901-1997), was a Canadian-born American surgeon who discovered the role played by hormones in the growth of certain forms of cancer.


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Granit, Ragnar Arthur (1900-1991), was a Finnish-born Swedish researcher who studied the physiology (structure and function) of the eye.


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Hartline, Haldan Keffer (1903-1983), an American physiologist (scientist who studies how living things function), made important discoveries about the structure of the eye and the working of the retina, the light sensitive part of the eye.


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Holley, Robert William (1922-1993), an American biochemist, shared the 1968 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine with the American biochemist Marshall Warren Nirenberg and the Indian-born chemist Har Gobind Khorana.


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Khorana, Har Gobind, (1922-...), an Indian-born American biochemist, contributed to the interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis.


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Nirenberg, Marshall Warren (1927-...), an American biochemist, explained how genes determine the function of cells.


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Hershey, Alfred Day (1908-1997), an American biologist, shared the 1969 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine with Max Delbruck and Salvador Luria for their work on bacteriophages (viruses that attack bacteria).


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Luria, Salvador Edward (1912-1991), an Italian-born American biologist, shared the 1969 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine with German-born American biophysicist Max Delbruck and American biologist Alfred Hershey for their work with bacteriophages (vi


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Axelrod, Julius (1912-...), an American biochemist, shared the 1970 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine with Bernard Katz from the United Kingdom and Ulf Svante von Euler from Sweden.


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Katz, Sir Bernard (1911-...), a German-born British physiologist, discovered the role played by certain chemicals called neurotransmitters in the transmission of nerve impulses.


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Euler, Ulf Svante von (1905-1983), was a Swedish pharmacologist who studied the chemistry of the nervous system.


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Sutherland, Earl Wilbur, Jr. (1915-1974), was an American pharmacologist, biochemist, and physiologist. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine in 1971 for his discovery of the ways hormones act and the discovery of a molecule called 3,5


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Edelman, Gerald Maurice (1929-...), an American physiologist, shared the Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine in 1972 with physiologist Rodney Porter of the United Kingdom.


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Porter, Rodney Robert (1917-1985), was an English biochemist who helped determine the exact chemical structure of antibodies.


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De Duve, Christian Rene (1917-...), an English-born Belgian biochemist, shared the 1974 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine with American biologists Albert Claude and George E. Palade.


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Claude, Albert, (1898-1983), a Belgian and American biologist, won the 1974 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine for his pioneer work on the biology of living cells.


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Palade, George Emil (1912-...), a Romanian-born American biologist, won the 1974 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine.


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Baltimore, David (1938-...), an American virologist (an expert who deals with viruses and viral diseases), carried out research into how certain viruses affect the genes of cancer cells.


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Dulbecco, Renato, (1914-...), an Italian-born American virologist, shared the 1975 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine with David Baltimore and Howard Temin of the United States (see Baltimore, David; Temin, Howard Martin).


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Temin, Howard Martin (1934-1994), an American molecular biologist, did important research on how some viruses affect cancer cells.


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Blumberg, Baruch Samuel (1925-...), an American research physician and biochemist, shared the 1976 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine with fellow American scientist D. Carleton Gajdusek.


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Gajdusek, Daniel Carleton (1923-...), an American doctor and medical researcher, shared the 1976 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine with Baruch S. Blumberg.


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Guillemin, Roger Charles Louis (1924-...), a French-born American physiologist, shared the 1977 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine with the American scientists Andrew Schally and Rosalyn Yalow for their research into hormones.


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Schally, Andrew Victor (1926-...), a Polish-born American biochemist, was awarded the 1977 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine.


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Yalow, Rosalyn Sussman (1921-...), an American medical physicist, shared the 1977 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine with American scientists Roger Guillemin and Andrew Schally .


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Arber, Werner (1929-...), a Swiss microbiologist, shared the 1978 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine with the American scientists Daniel Nathans and Hamilton Smith for their discoveries in molecular genetics.


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Nathans, Daniel (1928-1999), an American microbiologist, was awarded the 1978 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine for discoveries in molecular genetics.


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Smith, Hamilton Othanel (1931-...), an American microbiologist, won the 1978 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine.


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Cormack, Allan MacLeod (1924-1998), a South African-born American physicist, contributed to the development of the computerized tomographic (CT) scanner.


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Hounsfield, Sir Godfrey (1919-...), a British electrical engineer, contributed to the development of the computed tomographic (CT) scanner.


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Benacerraf, Baruj (1920-...), a Venezuelan-born American immunologist, shared the 1980 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine with fellow American George D. Snell and Jean Dausset from France.


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Snell, George Davis (1903-1996), was an American geneticist who discovered the genes responsible for the rejection of tissue transplants.


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Dausset, Jean Baptiste Gabriel Joachim, (1916-...), a French hematologist (blood specialist) and immunologist (immune system specialist), made important discoveries about how the body's immune system is genetically regulated.


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Sperry, Roger Wolcott (1913-1994), an American neurologist, shared the 1981 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine with Canadian-born scientist David H. Hubel and Torsten N. Wiesel from Sweden.


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Hubel, David Hunter (1926-...), a Canadian-born American neurobiologist and neurophysiologist, shared the 1981 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine with American scientist Roger W. Sperry and Torsten Wiesel from Sweden, for their research on the organiz


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Wiesel, Torsten Nils (1924-...), a Swedish neurobiologist, won the 1981 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine for his discoveries about the way that the brain processes information from the eyes.


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Bergstrom, Sune Karl (1916-...), a Swedish biochemist, shared the 1982 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine with fellow Swede Bengt Samuelsson, and John Vane from the United Kingdom.


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Samuelsson, Bengt Ingemar (1934-...), is a Swedish biochemist who made significant discoveries concerning prostaglandins and other related substances.


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Vane, John Robert (1927-...), an English biochemist and pharmacologist, made important discoveries regarding prostaglandins and related substances.


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Jerne, Niels Kaj (1911-1994), was a Danish and British medical researcher who developed new insights into the human immune system.


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Kohler, Georges Jean Franz (1946-1995), was a German biochemist who helped produce the first monoclonal antibodies.


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Milstein, Cesar (1927-2002), was an Argentine and British scientist who helped produce the first monoclonal antibodies.


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Brown, Michael Stuart (1941-...), is an American physician and medical researcher who made important discoveries about a fatty substance called cholesterol.


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Goldstein, Joseph Leonard (1940-...), is an American physician and medical researcher who made important discoveries about a fatty substance called cholesterol.


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Cohen, Stanley (1922-...), is an American biochemist who did important research on cell growth.


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Levi-Montalcini, Rita (1909-...), is an Italian and American biologist who did important research on cell growth.


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Tonegawa, Susumu (1939-...), is a Japanese biologist who won the 1987 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for his research on the genetics of the immune system.


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Hitchings, George Herbert (1905-1998), was an American biochemist who helped create the first anticancer drug.


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Black, Sir James (1924-...), is a Scottish pharmacologist (drug researcher) who discovered two important groups of drugs, one used to treat heart disease and the other to relieve digestive ulcers.


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Bishop, J. Michael (1936-...), is an American physician and cancer researcher who revolutionized scientists' understanding of how cancer develops. Bishop and his colleague Harold E. Varmus discovered that normal growth-regulating genes could undergo chang


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Varmus, Harold Eliot (1939-...), is an American physician and cancer researcher who revolutionized scientists' understanding of how cancer develops.


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Murray, Joseph Edward (1919-...), is an American surgeon who performed the first successful human organ transplant.


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Thomas, E. Donnall (1920-...), is an American physician who performed the first human bone-marrow transplant. Bone marrow is a soft, blood-forming tissue that fills the cavities of many bones.


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Neher, Erwin (1944-...), is a German research scientist who developed a new technique for studying the electrical activity of living cells.


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Sakmann, Bert (1942-...), is a German physician who helped develop a new technique for studying the electrical activity of living cells.


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Fischer, Edmond Henri (1920-...), is an American biochemist who, with his colleague Edwin G. Krebs, made important discoveries about how cell proteins regulate muscle contractions.


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Krebs, Edwin Gerhard (1918-...), is an American physician who, with American biochemist Edmond H. Fischer, made important discoveries about how cell proteins regulate muscle contractions.


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Roberts, Richard John (1943-...), is a British biologist who made important discoveries about how the hereditary material DNA is organized in genes.


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Sharp, Phillip Allen (1944-...), is an American biologist who made important discoveries about how the hereditary material DNA is organized in genes.


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Gilman, Alfred Goodman (1941-...), is an American physician and scientific researcher who made important discoveries about how living cells communicate with each other and respond to outside influences.


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Rodbell, Martin (1925-1998), was an American biochemist who discovered proteins that control how living cells communicate with each other and how they respond to external influences.


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Lewis, Edward B. (1918-...), is an American biologist whose studies of fruit flies deepened scientists' understanding of the development of all animal embryos, including those of human beings. He shared the 1995 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine with


First Line:
Wieschaus, Eric Francis (1947.. .), is an American biologist whose research helped explain how genes control the earliest development of embryos.


First Line:
Nusslein-Volhard, Christiane (1942-...), is a German biologist who made important discoveries about how genes control the early development of embryos.


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Doherty, Peter Charles (1940-...), an Australian experimental immunologist (scientist who studies the body's defenses against disease), discovered how the body's immune system recognizes cells that have been infected by viruses.


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Zinkernagel, Rolf Martin (1944-...), a Swiss immunologist, made important discoveries concerning the function of the human immune system.


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Prusiner, Stanley Ben (1942-...), is an American physician and medical researcher who discovered a previously unsuspected infectious particle called the prion pronounced PREE on.


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Moissan, Henri, (1852-1907), a French chemist, was awarded the 1906 Nobel Prize for chemistry for isolating the gas fluorine and for developing the electric furnace.


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Buchner, Eduard (1860-1917), a German chemist, was awarded the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1907 for his researches into the biochemistry of fermentation.


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Sabatier, Paul (1854-1941), was a French organic chemist who received the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1912 for discovering that nickel is a good hydrogenation catalyst.


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Werner, Alfred (1866-1919), a French-born Swiss chemist, was awarded the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1913.


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Richards, Theodore William (1868-1928), an American chemist, won the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1914 for determining the atomic weights of many elements.


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Willstatter, Richard Martin (1872-1942), a German chemist, carried out research into the structure of pigments in plants and, in 1905, began his research into chlorophyll, the green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy.


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Haber, Fritz (1868-1934), was a German physical chemist.


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Nernst, Walther Hermann (1864-1941), a German physical chemist, made important contributions to the study of the thermodynamics of chemical reactions.


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Kwasniewski, Aleksander (1954-...), was elected president of Poland in 1995.


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Pregl, Fritz (1869-1930), an Austrian chemist, was awarded the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1923.


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Windaus, Adolf Otto (1876-1959), a German organic chemist, was awarded the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1928 for his research into sterols (complex, solid, unsaturated alcohols) and their connection with vitamins, particularly vitamin D.


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Harden, Sir Arthur (1865-1940), a British biochemist, was awarded the 1929 Nobel Prize for chemistry for his research into sugar fermentation and enzymes (see Enzyme; Fermentation).


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Euler-Chelpin, Hans Karl August Simon von (1873-1964), a German-born Swedish biochemist, carried out research into enzymes (substances that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms without themselves being changed) and the alcoholic fermentation of


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Joliot-Curie, Frederic, (1900-1958), was a French physical chemist who, together with his wife Irene, synthesized new radioactive atoms.


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Ahtisaari, Martti (1937-...), served as president of Finland from 1994 to 2000.


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Butenandt, Adolf Friedrich Johann (1903-1995), was a German scientist known for his investigations of sex hormones.


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Alder, Kurt (1902-1958), a German chemist, shared the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1950 with Otto Diels for developing a method of synthesizing organic compounds of the diene group.


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McMillan, Edwin Mattison (1907-1991), an American nuclear physicist, discovered the element neptunium.


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Du Vigneaud, Vincent (1901-1978), was an American biochemist who won the 1955 Nobel Prize for chemistry for his work on biologically important compounds containing sulfur.


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Todd, Alexander (1907-1997), also known as Lord Todd, was a British biochemist, who contributed to the understanding of the protein composition of cells.


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Natta, Giulio, (1903-1979), an Italian chemist, made important contributions to the understanding of polymers (chemical compounds made up of a string of simple molecules).


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Ziegler, Karl (1898-1973), a German scientist, improved methods of producing plastics that resulted in many of the materials that revolutionized life in the 1900's.


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Eigen, Manfred (1927-...), a German chemist, shared the 1967 Nobel Prize for chemistry with British scientists Ronald Norrish and George Porter for developing techniques to study rapid chemical reactions.


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Norrish, Ronald George Wreyford (1897-1978), a British chemist, helped to develop techniques for measuring rapid chemical reactions.


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Porter, Sir George (1920-...), an English physical chemist, shared the 1967 Nobel Prize for chemistry with Manfred Eigen of Germany and Ronald Norrish of the United Kingdom.


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Onsager, Lars (1903-1976), a Norwegian-born American chemical physicist, was awarded the 1968 Nobel Prize for chemistry for his work in the field of science known as thermodynamics--the study of various forms of energy, such as heat and work.


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Barton, Sir Derek (1918-1998), an English chemist, shared the 1969 Nobel Prize for chemistry with the Norwegian scientist Odd Hassel.


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Hassel, Odd (1897-1981), a Norwegian chemist, shared the 1969 Nobel Prize for chemistry with Derek Barton of the United Kingdom for studies relating chemical reactions with the three-dimensional shape of molecules (see Barton, Sir Derek).


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Leloir, Luis Federico, (1906-1987), a French-born Argentine biochemist, discovered some chemical compounds that affect the storage of chemical energy in living things.


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Anfinsen, Christian Boehmer (1916-1995), an American biochemist, shared the 1972 Nobel Prize for chemistry with fellow American scientists Stanford Moore and William H. Stein.


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Moore, Stanford (1913-1982), an American biochemist, carried out pioneering research into the structure and chemistry of proteins.


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Stein, William Howard (1911-1980), an American biochemist, shared the 1972 Nobel Prize for chemistry with American scientists Christian B. Anfinsen and Stanford Moore, for their contribution to the chemistry of proteins (see Anfinsen, Christian Boehmer; M


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Wilkinson, Sir Geoffrey (1921-1996), an English chemist, did important work on organometallic compounds (substances that consist of organic compounds and metal atoms).


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Fischer, Ernst Otto (1918-...), a German organic chemist, carried out research into synthetic compounds of organic substances and metals.


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Flory, Paul John (1910-1985), an American physical chemist, was awarded the 1974 Nobel Prize for chemistry.


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Cornforth, Sir John (1917-...), an Australian chemist, shared the 1975 Nobel Prize for chemistry with the Swiss scientist Vladimir Prelog.


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Prelog, Vladimir, (1906-1998), was a Bosnian-born Swiss chemist who specialized in stereochemistry (the study of the spatial arrangement of atoms in molecules).


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Lipscomb, William Nunn, Jr. (1919-...), an American inorganic chemist, made important studies on the structure and bonding mechanisms of boranes, complex compounds of boron and hydrogen. For this work, Lipscomb was awarded the 1976 Nobel Prize for chemist


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Prigogine, Ilya (1917-...), a Russian-born Belgian theoretical chemist, was awarded the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1977 for his contributions to a scientific field called nonequilibrium thermodynamics.


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Mitchell, Peter Dennis (1920-1992), was a British chemist who proposed a theory of how energy is transported and stored in the living cell.


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Brown, Herbert Charles (1912-...), an American chemist, shared the 1979 Nobel Prize for chemistry with the German scientist Georg Wittig.


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Wittig, Georg, (1897-1987), a German chemist, shared the 1979 Nobel Prize for chemistry with Herbert C. Brown of the United States (see Brown, Herbert Charles).


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Berg, Paul (1926-...), an American biochemist and molecular biologist, shared the 1980 Nobel Prize for chemistry with fellow American Walter Gilbert and Frederick Sanger from the United Kingdom.


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Gilbert, Walter (1932-...), an American molecular biologist, shared the 1980 Nobel Prize for chemistry with Frederick Sanger of the United Kingdom (UK) for their contribution to the determination of base sequences in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA. See DNA


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Fukui, Kenichi, (1918-1998), a Japanese theoretical and experimental chemist, developed theories of how atoms join together in chemical reactions.


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Hoffmann, Roald, (1937-...), a Polish-born American chemist, used theories of physics to explain chemical reactions and chemical compounds.


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Klug, Sir Aaron (1926-...),a Lithuanian-born British scientist, made important advances in electron microscopy, the technique of using electrons rather than light waves to produce magnified images (see Electron microscope).


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Taube, Henry (1915-...), a Canadian-born American scientist, won the 1983 Nobel Prize for chemistry for discovering important features of the behavior of atoms and molecules in chemical reactions.


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Merrifield, Robert Bruce (1921-...), an American biochemist, won the 1984 Nobel Prize for chemistry for his method of producing chains of protein molecules called polypeptides.


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Hauptman, Herbert Aaron (1917-...), an American theoretical chemist, shared the 1985 Nobel Prize for chemistry with his co-worker Jerome Karle (see Karle, Jerome).


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Karle, Jerome (1918-...), an American chemist, won the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1985 for his work in X-ray crystallography, a technique for discovering the structure of a crystalline material by scattering X rays from it.


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Herschbach, Dudley Robert (1932-...), an American scientist, was awarded the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1986.


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Lee, Yuan Tseh (1936-...), a Chinese-born American scientist, shared the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1986 with fellow American Dudley Herschbach, and John Polanyi of Canada (see Herschbach, Dudley Robert; Polanyi, John Charles).


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Polanyi, John Charles (1929-...), a German-born Canadian physical chemist, advanced the study of chemical reactions by means of the infrared radiation (heat) that they emit.


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Lehn, Jean-Marie, (1939-...), a French chemist, shared the 1987 Nobel Prize for chemistry with American scientists Donald Cram and Charles Pedersen.


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Cram, Donald James (1919-2001), an American chemist, pioneered the building of artificial molecules.


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Pedersen, Charles John (1904-1989), an American chemist, shared the 1987 Nobel Prize for chemistry with Donald J. Cram of the United States and Jean-Marie Lehn of France.


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Deisenhofer, Johann (1943-...), a German biophysicist, with his colleagues Robert Huber and Hartmut Michel, painstakingly worked out the positions of over 10,000 atoms making up a complex molecule.


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Huber, Robert (1937-...), a German biochemist, headed a team that analyzed the structure of an important giant molecule.


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Michel, Hartmut, (1948-...), a German biochemist, made an important advance in the study of giant molecules involved in living processes.


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Altman, Sidney (1939-...), a Canadian-born American molecular biologist, discovered important properties of a complex molecule called ribonucleic acid (RNA).


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Cech,  Thomas Robert (1947-...), an American biochemist, researched into the chemical properties of ribonucleic acid (RNA).


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Corey, Elias James (1928-...), an American chemist, won the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1990 for his achievements in systematizing the way chemists build the complicated molecules of life in the laboratory.


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Ernst, Richard Robert (1933-...), a Swiss physical chemist, made great advances in the technique of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) for mapping out the structure of molecules, identifying the presence of chemical substances, and tracking the course of ch


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Marcus, Rudolph Arthur (1923-...), a Canadian-born theoretical chemist, now a U.S. citizen, studied the ways in which electrons (negatively charged particles that make up the outer layers of atoms) are transferred between one atom and another in chemical


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Mullis, Kary Banks (1944-...), an American biochemist, created the technique of DNA amplification--copying minute quantities of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the genetic material of life, billions of times over.


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Smith, Michael (1932-2000), a British-born Canadian biochemist, invented a method of producing altered versions of genes precisely and rapidly, helping to make genetic engineering feasible.


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Olah, George Andrew (1927-...), a Hungarian-born American chemist, won the 1994 Nobel Prize for chemistry.


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Molina, Mario Jose, (1943-...), a Mexican-born American chemist, contributed to the discovery that artificial substances called chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's) damage the protective ozone layer in the earth's upper atmosphere (see Chlorofluorocarbon).


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Rowland, Frank Sherwood (1927-...), an American chemist, helped to alert the scientific community to the threat to the ozone layer posed by chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's), the artificial substances that were widely used in spray-cans and refrigerators.


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Crutzen, Paul Josef (1933-...), a Dutch chemist, discovered that certain compounds of nitrogen and oxygen break down ozone.


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Smalley, Richard Errett (1943-...), an American physical chemist, was one of the team who founded a new branch of chemistry when they discovered fullerenes, which are forms of carbon in which large numbers of atoms link together in the form of closed cage


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Curl, Robert Floyd, Jr. (1933-...), an American physical chemist, discovered a new form of the element carbon called fullerene in 1985. Curl shared the 1996 Nobel Prize for chemistry with his co-workers in the discovery, Richard E. Smalley of the United S


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Kroto, Sir Harold (1939-...), a British chemist, shared in the discovery of fullerenes, a new form of the element carbon in which large numbers of carbon atoms bind together into spheres or tubes.


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Skou, Jens Christian, (1918-...), a Danish physiologist, won half the 1997 Nobel Prize for chemistry for his pioneering work on an enzyme (a substance that speeds up chemical reactions in living cells) involved in the process of energy conversion in livin


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Boyer, Paul Delos (1918-...), an American biochemist, did pioneering work on the process of energy production in living cells.


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Walker, John Ernest (1941-...), a British biochemist, shared half the 1997 Nobel Prize for chemistry with Paul Boyer of the United States for their pioneering work on the process of energy production in living cells (see Boyer, Paul Delos).


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Hicks, Sir John (1904-1989), was a British economist and taxation expert who won the 1972 Nobel Prize for economic science.


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Kantorovich, Leonid Vitaliyevich, (1912-1986), was a Russian mathematician and economist.


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Koopmans, Tjalling Charles (1910-1985), a Dutch-born American economist, shared the 1975 Nobel Prize for economic sciences with Russian Leonid Kantorovich for work on how economic resources should be distributed and used.


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Meade, James Edward (1907-1995), a British economist, was awarded the 1977 Nobel Prize for economics for his studies in international trade and finance.


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Ohlin, Bertil Gotthard (1899-1979), was a Swedish economist and political leader best known for his study of trade between nations.


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Schultz, Theodore William (1902-1998), an American economist, claimed that investing in human beings was the only solution to the problem of poverty.


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Tobin, James (1918-2002), an American economist, did important research into financial markets and how they work.


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Stigler, George Joseph (1911-1991), an American economist, contributed to the study of the economics of information--an important area for understanding how economic markets behave.


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Debreu, Gerard, (1921-...), a French-born American economist, developed a mathematical model that showed the importance of prices in producing equilibrium (balance) in an economy.


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Stone, Sir Richard (1913-1991), a British economist, was awarded the Nobel Prize for economics in 1984 for developing methods to measure national and international economies.


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Modigliani, Franco (1918-...), an Italian-born American economist, pioneered theories on personal savings and financial markets.


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Buchanan, James McGill (1919-...), an American economist, carried out studies concentrating on the noneconomic forces that affect government policy.


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Allais, Maurice (1911-...), a French economist, developed theories of economic markets and the efficient use of resources that could be applied to public bodies.


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Haavelmo, Trygve, (1911-...), a Norwegian economist, undertook pioneering work in developing statistical techniques for economic forecasting.


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Markowitz, Harry Max (1927-...), an American economist, was awarded the Nobel Prize for economics in 1990, together with American economists Merton Miller and William Sharpe, for work on theories of financial economics.


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Miller, Merton Howard (1923-2000), an American economist, was one of the leading figures in the area of corporate finance.


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Sharpe, William Forsyth (1934-...), an American economist, formulated an important theory called the capital asset pricing model (CAPM).


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Coase, Ronald Harry (1910-...), a British-born American economist, developed theories on the law of property rights and business transactions and how these laws affect society.


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Becker, Gary Stanley (1930-...), an American economist, extended microeconomic theory to the study of marriage, criminal activity, and similar areas of human behavior.


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Fogel, Robert William (1926-...), is an American economist, who developed a new area of research, econometric history.


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North, Douglass Cecil (1920-...), an American economist, applied modern economic and statistical methods to economic history.


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Nash, John Forbes, Jr. (1928-...), an American mathematician, developed game theory-a method of studying decision-making situations in which the choices of different groups influence each other. Nash established its principles on a mathematical basis know


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Harsanyi, John Charles (1920-2000), a Hungarian-born American economist, made important contributions to the development of game theory.


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Selten, Reinhard (1930-...), a German economist, helped develop the game theory,--a branch of mathematics that studies decision-making between rival groups of interests (see Game theory).


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Lucas, Robert Emerson, Jr. (1937-...), an American economist, originated the rational expectations theory, claiming that people anticipate government economic policies and alter their actions to make those policies ineffective. His work in the 1970's chal


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Vickrey, William Spencer (1914-1996), an American economist, shared the 1996 Nobel Prize for economics with James Mirrlees of the United Kingdom for their work on how economic decisions are made when there is a lack of information (see Mirrlees, James Ale


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Mirrlees, James Alexander (1936-...), a British economist, made a major contribution to economics with the theory of incentives.


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Merton, Robert Cox (1944-...), an American economist, was awarded the Nobel Prize for economics in 1997, together with American economist Myron Scholes, for work on a new method of valuing investments in financial markets (see Scholes, Myron Samuel).


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Scholes, Myron Samuel (1941-...), a Canadian-born economist now a U.S. citizen, was awarded the Nobel Prize for economics in 1997.


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Alexander Nevsky (1220?-1263) was a Russian prince and military leader.


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Ignarro, Louis Joseph (1941-...), an American scientist, found that a gas called nitric oxide is a signal molecule that relaxes the smooth muscles that line blood vessels.


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Furchgott, Robert Francis (1916-...), is an American scientist who discovered new properties of the gas nitric oxide.


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Murad, Ferid (1936-...), is an American physician who performed basic research on nitric oxide, a gas produced by many types of body cells.


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Passy, Frederic (1822-1912), a French economist and pacifist, was awarded the 1901 Nobel Peace Prize for founding a French peace organization.


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Ducommun, Elie (1833-1906), a Swiss journalist, lecturer, business executive, and editor, was awarded the Nobel Prize for peace in 1902 for his work as honorary secretary of the International Peace Bureau.


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Gobat, Charles Albert (1843-1914), a Swiss politician, writer, administrator and philanthropist was the administrator of the Inter-Parliamentary Union.


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Suttner, Baroness Bertha von, (1843-1914), was an Austrian novelist who is said to have influenced Alfred Nobel in his creation of the Nobel Prize for peace.


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Moneta, Ernesto Teodoro, (1833-1918), an Italian journalist and peace activist, was awarded half of the 1907 Nobel Prize for peace for his work promoting world peace.


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Renault, Louis, (1843-1918), was a French jurist (expert in law), university professor, educator, and pacifist.


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Arnoldson, Klas Pontus (1844-1916), a Swedish journalist and politician, was a dedicated pacifist and antimilitarist who campaigned strongly for Scandinavian unity.


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Bajer, Fredrik (1837-1922), a Danish pacifist, helped to found the International Peace Bureau (IPB) in Berlin in 1891 and served as its president from its foundation until 1907 (see International Peace Bureau (IPB)).


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Beernaert, Auguste Marie Francois (1829-1912), a Belgian politician and pacifist, won the 1909 Nobel Prize for peace for his work on the Permanent Court of Arbitration The court was established in 1899 to handle legal disputes between nations.


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Asser, Tobias Michael Carel (1838-1913), a Dutch jurist and professor of law, specialized in international law.


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Fried, Alfred Hermann (1864-1921), an Austrian journalist, publisher, and pacifist, won the Nobel Prize for peace in 1911 for his writings on peace as editor of the journal Die Friedenswarte (Peace Watch).


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La Fontaine, Henri (1854-1943), was a Belgian international lawyer.


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Bourgeois, Leon Victor-Auguste (1851-1925), a French politician and statesman, was awarded the Nobel Prize for peace in 1920 for his work as president of the Council of the League of Nations.


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Branting, Karl Hjalmar, (1860-1925), a leading Swedish socialist and pacifist, was awarded the Nobel Prize for peace in 1921 for promoting social reform in Sweden and for his activities in the League of Nations, an international association that promoted


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Lange, Christian Lous (1869-1938), a Norwegian pacifist, was awarded the Nobel Prize for peace in 1921 for his contribution as secretary-general of the Inter-Parliamentary Union, an organization working for international peace and cooperation (see Inter-P


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Chamberlain, Sir Austen (1863-1937), was a leading statesman in the United Kingdom who won the Nobel Prize for peace in 1925.


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Briand, Aristide, (1862-1932), was a French statesman who worked toward achieving peace in Europe.


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Stresemann, Gustav, (1878-1929), was a German statesman who served as chancellor and foreign minister of the Weimar Republic, the German republic established in 1919 (see Germany).


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Buisson, Ferdinand-Edouard, (1841-1932), was a French educator who won the 1927 Nobel Peace Prize for his support of human rights.


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Quidde, Ludwig, (1858-1941), a German historian and politician was one of the leading pacifists of his day.


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Cecil, Edgar Algernon Robert Gascoyne (1864-1958), Viscount Cecil of Chelwood, was a British lawyer and politician.


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Cassin, Rene-Samuel (1887-1976), a French jurist and humanitarian, was awarded the 1968 Nobel Prize for peace for his work in promoting the legal recognition of human rights.


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Le Duc Tho (1911-1990), a top-ranking Vietnamese Communist Party official and representative of what was then the government of North Vietnam, became the first Asian and the first member of a Communist government to receive a Nobel Prize for peace.


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Corrigan, Mairead, (1944-...), a secretary from Belfast, Northern Ireland, was a cofounder in 1976, with Betty Williams and Ciaran McKeown, of the Northern Ireland Peace Movement, later called the Peace People, or Community of the Peace People.


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Williams, Betty (1943-...), an office worker from Belfast, Northern Ireland, was a cofounder in 1976, with Mairead Corrigan and Ciaran McKeown, of the Northern Ireland Peace Movement, later called the Peace People or Community of Peace People. .


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Perez Esquivel, Adolfo (1931-...) an Argentine architect and sculptor, was awarded the 1980 Nobel Prize for peace for promoting the cause of human rights in Latin America.


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Garcia Robles, Alfonso (1911-1991), a Mexican diplomat, won the Nobel Prize for peace in 1982 for his patient and tireless work in connection with nuclear disarmament.


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Rotblat, Joseph (1908-...), a Polish-born British medical physicist, became famous for his strong opposition to nuclear weapons.


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Belo, Carlos Felipe Ximenes (1948-...), a Roman Catholic bishop from East Timor, in southeast Asia, won the 1996 Nobel Prize for peace for his efforts to bring peace to his homeland.


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Ramos-Horta, Jose (1949-...), an East Timorese politician and diplomat, shared the 1996 Nobel Prize for peace with Bishop Carlos Felipe Ximenes Belo for their efforts in promoting the cause of the people of East Timor.


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Williams, Jody (1950-...), an American peace activist, was awarded the 1997 Nobel Prize for peace for her work as coordinator of the International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL).


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Hume, John (1937-...), a Northern Ireland politician, played a leading role in the Northern Ireland peace process of the 1990's.


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Millennium bug is a term that refers to a problem that caused some computers to malfunction starting at midnight on Jan. 1, 2000.


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Goncz, Arpad, (1922-...), became president of Hungary in 1990.


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Amis, Martin (1949-...), is a British novelist and essayist, and son of the author Kingsley Amis.


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Arthur's Pass is a route across the Southern Alps in the South Island of New Zealand.


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Balsam is the name of several spicy-smelling resins obtained from certain evergreen trees and a number of other plants.


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Bann is the name of two rivers in Northern Ireland.


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Bedford (pop. 71,635) is a town in the southeast midlands of England.


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Blackwater is the name of several rivers in Ireland and the United Kingdom.


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Blenheim (pop. 23,637), is the chief town of the region of Marlborough, in the northeastern corner of the South Island of New Zealand.


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Boyne is one of the chief rivers in the province of Leinster in the Republic of Ireland.


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Bradford (pop. 449,100) is an industrial city in northern England.


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Britannia is the Latin name for Britain, the main part of what is now the United Kingdom.


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Burgh was an administrative area in Scotland.


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Carey, William Walter (1761-1834), an English religious leader, was one of the first Baptist missionaries and a founder of the Baptist Missionary Society.


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Chichester (pop. 100,300), is a cathedral city in West Sussex, England.


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Clare is a county on the west coast of the Republic of Ireland, in the province of Munster.


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Cnidus was an ancient Greek city located on the southwest coast of present-day Turkey.


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Commons are tracts of open land that people may use in common.


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Dalmatia, a region of Croatia, is a long, narrow strip of land extending over 200 miles (320 kilometers) along the eastern shore of the Adriatic Sea.


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Cornwall is the most southwesterly county in England.


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Dee is the name of five rivers in either Britain or Ireland.


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Devon, a county in the southwest of England, has scenery of great beauty and variety.


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Douglas (pop. 20,368) is the capital of the Isle of Man in Britain.


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Dumbarton is an industrial town in southwestern Scotland.


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Dunbar, a sailing ship, was wrecked against the rocks on the outer South Head of Sydney Harbour in Australia, on Aug. 20, 1857.


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Earl is the oldest title of nobility in the British peerage.


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Ell was a measure of length taken from the forearm.


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Ely is a city in the county of Cambridgeshire, England.


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Evesham, Battle of (1265), was fought between Simon de Montfort and Prince Edward, son of King Henry III of England.


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Fatima (605?-633), was the daughter of the Prophet Muhammad, the founder of Islam, and the wife of Ali.


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Fatima (pop. 4,921), is a town in west-central Portugal and the site of a famous religious shrine.


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Forbes (pop. 10,392), is a town on the Lachlan River in New South Wales, Australia.


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Fowler, Francis George (1870-1918), was a British lexicographer (dictionary maker) and writer.


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Fowler, Henry Watson (1858-1933), was a British lexicographer (dictionary maker) and writer.


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Gladstone (pop. 24,205) is a city on the north-central coast of Queensland, Australia.


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Gobind Singh (1666-1708) was an Indian spiritual leader.


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Grenville, George (1712-1770), was a British prime minister.


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Grenville, William (1759-1834), was a British prime minister.


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Guinness, Sir Benjamin Lee (1798-1868), was an Irish brewer and philanthropist.


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Guinness, Edward Cecil (1847-1927), Earl of Iveagh, third son of the famous Irish brewer Sir Benjamin Guinness, was a noted philanthropist.


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Hampton Court is a royal palace on the bank of the River Thames in southwest London, opposite Kingston upon Thames.


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Hastings (pop. 80,200) is a seaside resort and local government district in East Sussex, England.


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Hastings (pop. 57,748) is a city on the eastern coast of the North Island of New Zealand.


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Hedge is a continuous strip of shrubs or small trees planted close together to make a boundary.


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Hesse, officially Hessen, became a state of the German Federal Republic (West Germany) in 1949.


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Holi is a Hindu festival that takes place in late February or March.


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Jacquard is the name of an elaborate weave found in table damask, bedspreads, and brocades.


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Java is the most heavily populated and important island of Indonesia.


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Johnson, Richard (1753-1827), was the first clergyman in Australia.


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Kent is the county in southeastern England known as the garden of England because of its beautiful countryside.


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Kerry is a coastal county in the southwestern part of the Republic of Ireland.


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Kiel (pop. 245,567), is a major seaport city in northern Germany.


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Kirk is the word for church in Scots and in some dialects of northern England.


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Laird is the Scottish equivalent of the English word lord.


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Lama is a priest of the Buddhist religion in Tibet or Mongolia.


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Leaven is a substance that causes fermentation of dough in bread making.


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Llandudno (pop. 14,576) is a town and seaside resort in northern Wales.


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Lund (pop. 94,234) is a city in southern Sweden, 12 miles (20 kilometers) northwest of Malmo.


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Maha Bodhi Society, is a society that was formed to encourage and promote Buddhism and Buddhist studies in India--the religion's birthplace--and other countries.


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Mahamaya, also known as Maya, is the mother of Gautama Buddha and the wife of Raja Suddhodhana.


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Mansfield (pop. 98,800) is a town and local government area at the center of the north Nottinghamshire coal field in England.


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Mayo is the third largest county in area in the Republic of Ireland.


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Mead is an alcoholic drink made from honey.


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Mistral is a swift, dry, cold northerly wind that blows down from the western Alps and the plateau of southern France and out over the Mediterranean Sea.


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Mons (pop. 94,425) is city in western Belgium.


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Mull is an attractive, hilly island off the western coast of Scotland.


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Nix was the name of a water sprite in German folklore.


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North West is one of South Africa's nine provinces.


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Norwich (pop. 122,300) is a city, a local government district, and the administrative center of Norfolk, England.


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Pagan is a volcanic island in the Pacific Ocean.


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Pavlova is a meringue dessert topped with whipped cream.


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Pella is a small town in northern Greece, lying almost 24 miles (39 kilometers) northwest of Thessaloniki (Salonika).


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Phon is a unit of the level of loudness of sound as perceived by a listener.


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Phosphor is a substance that absorbs certain types of energy and gives off part of that energy as visible light.


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Polish is a preparation that may be used on wood, metal, and other surfaces to produce a glossy finish.


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Pomerania was a former Prussian province in an area that is now divided between Germany and Poland.


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Poole (pop. 130,900), is a port on the south coast of England in the county of Dorset.


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Quagga was a species (kind) of zebra that lived in South Africa.


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Quebec Conferences were two strategic conferences that took place in the Canadian city of Quebec during World War II (1939-1945).


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Queen Alexandra Range is a mountain range in Victoria Land, part of Ross dependency, Antarctica.


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Queen Maud Mountains are a range of rugged mountains in Antarctica.


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Raksha-Bandhan is a Hindu festival that takes place wherever Hindu communities live, especially in northern India.


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Rattle is an instrument consisting of loosely connected objects arranged so that they collide with each other and make a noise when the instrument is shaken.


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Roc was a mythical bird of enormous size, known from the stories in the Arabian Nights.


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Russell (pop. 1,500), in the Bay of Islands in the North Island of New Zealand, is the oldest European settlement in New Zealand.


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Sale (pop. 13,853) is a city in the Gippsland district of Victoria, Australia.


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Serge is a fabric usually made from wool, rayon, cotton, or silk.


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Siren is a device used to sound warning signals.


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Skye, Isle of, is a scenic island off the western coast of Scotland.


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Spa is a town situated on the site of a natural spring or well.


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Staffordshire is the Midlands county of England that includes the great industrial area around Stoke-on-Trent called the Potteries.


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Strath is a Scottish word for a wide valley.


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Sussex is a large county on the southeastern coast of England.


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Tatting is a form of lacemaking involving only the use of the fingers, a pointed shuttle, and thread.


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Tay is the longest river in Scotland, flowing 120 miles (190 kilometers) from its source to the North Sea.


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Tui is the name of one of New Zealand's finest songbirds.


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Uniform is a style of clothing that identifies people as members of a group or as workers in a particular field.


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Vaal River is one of South Africa's major rivers.


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Vegemite is a concentrated yeast extract that has become a popular food product in Australia.


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Wells is an ancient cathedral city and market town in the county of Somerset, England.


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Winch is a crank that is used to give rotary motion to a machine.


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Yorkshire is a large geographical area in northeastern England.


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Tarquinius Superbus, Lucius (reigned 534-510 B.C.), was the last of the seven legendary kings of Rome.


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Harlem Globetrotters are an internationally famous professional basketball team known for their trick shots, fancy dribbling, and comedy routines before and during games.


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Gypsophila is a plant that has masses of tiny starlike flowers.


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Kikuyu grass is an African species of grass that is named after the Kikuyu region of Kenya.


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Kildare is a county in the province of Leinster in the Republic of Ireland.


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Kilkenny is a county in the province of Leinster in the Republic of Ireland.


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Lofoten Islands include several large islands and many islets off the northwest coast of Norway.


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Longford is a county in the province of Leinster in the Republic of Ireland.


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Mafikeng (pop. 6,500) is a town of historic importance in North West province, South Africa.


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Bayh, Evan (1955-...), a Democrat from Indiana, has been a United States senator since 1999.


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Bunning, Jim (1931-...), a former professional baseball player, became a member of the United States Senate in 1999.


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Crapo, Michael Dean (1951-...), became a member of the United States Senate in 1999.


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Edwards, John (1953-...), a Democrat from North Carolina, was elected to the United States Senate in 1998.


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Fitzgerald, Peter Gosselin (1960-...), has been a member of the United States Senate since 1999.


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Lincoln, Blanche Lambert (1960-...), was elected to the United States Senate in 1998 and took office in 1999.


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Schumer, Charles Ellis (1950-...), has been a member of the United States Senate since 1999.


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Voinovich, George Victor (1936-...), became a member of the United States Senate in 1999.


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Harrison, John (1693-1776), an English clockmaker, developed a number of scientific instruments.


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Fo, Dario (1926-...), an Italian playwright and actor, won the 1997 Nobel Prize for literature.


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Jospin, Lionel Robert, (1937-...), became prime minister of France in 1997.


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Sen, Amartya Kumar (1933-...), an Indian economist, challenged the accepted idea that the main reason for famines was shortages of food.


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Llywelyn ap Iorwerth, (1173?-1240), also known as Llywelyn the Great, was a Welsh prince.


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Llywelyn ap Gruffydd, (1228?-1282), ruled as Prince of Wales from 1258 until his death.


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Stuart, James Francis Edward (1688-1766), was the prince whose birth triggered the Glorious Revolution of 1688 in England.


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Stuart, Charles Edward (1720-1788), also known as Bonnie Prince Charlie, led an unsuccessful rebellion in Scotland and northern England in 1745 and 1746.


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Watts, J. C., Jr. (1957-...), a Republican from Oklahoma, has been a member of the United States House of Representatives since 1995. In 1999, he was named chairman of the House Republican Conference.


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Kevorkian, Jack (1928-...), an American physician, is a leading supporter of the right to physician-assisted death.


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International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) is the world's largest manufacturer of information systems and equipment.


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Pampas grass is the name of about 20 species of grasses that form large clumps with tall silvery, flowering plumes.


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Sea wasp is a dangerous stinging jellyfish with a strong, box-shaped body 2 to 6 inches (5 to 15 centimeters) in diameter.


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South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is an organization of nations that includes Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.


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Weka is a large bird that lives only in New Zealand.


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Echegaray y Eizaguirre, Jose (1832-1916), was the first important modern Spanish dramatist.


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Flynn, Errol (1909-1959), was an Australian-born motion-picture star who became famous for his roles as a handsome and dashing hero in adventure films.


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Saramago, Jose (1922-...), became the first author writing in Portuguese to win the Nobel Prize for literature.


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International Peace Bureau (IPB), an international peace federation, is one of the oldest and most extensive peace organizations in the world.


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United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), is an organization within the United Nations (UN) that deals with the plight of refugees on a global basis.


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Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs is an influential movement promoting world peace.


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Pople, John Anthony (1925-...), a British theoretical chemist, pioneered the use of computers for predicting the behavior of molecules in chemical reactions.


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International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War is a worldwide federation of organizations dedicated to safeguarding health by preventing war.


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Institute of International Law (ILL) is a private, unofficial association devoted to the study and development of international law.


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International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBLM) is an organization dedicated to stopping the use of antipersonnel land mines (APLs) by the military forces of all nations.


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Friends Service Council (FSC) was the standing committee based in the United Kingdom (UK) and in Ireland that, until 1978, supervised the international work of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) Together with its sister organization, the American


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Kohn, Walter (1923-...), an Austrian-born American physicist, made an important contribution to the applications of theoretical studies of molecules and chemical reactions.


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Laughlin, Robert B. (1950-...), an American theoretical physicist, shared the 1998 Nobel Prize for physics with Horst L. Stormer of Germany and Daniel C. Tsui of the United States for their discovery of a new form of fluid called a quantum fluid. It was L


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Stormer, Horst Ludwig (1949-...), a German experimental physicist, shared the 1998 Nobel Prize for physics with American physicists Daniel Tsui and Robert Laughlin for work leading to the development of new theoretical concepts of significance in many bra


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Tsui, Daniel Chee (1939-...), a Chinese-born American physicist, shared the 1998 Nobel Prize for physics with Robert Laughlin of the United States and Horst Stormer of Germany for their discovery of a new form of matter in which it seemed that electrons--


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Allen, Paul (1953-...), helped found the Microsoft Corporation, one of the world's largest developers of computer software.


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McAleese, Mary (1951-...), was elected president of Ireland in 1997.


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Fat substitute is a substance used in foods in place of fats and oils.


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Euro, is the basic monetary unit of 12 of the 15 members of the European Union.


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Deadwood (pop. 1,380) is a city in west-central South Dakota, in the Black Hills region.


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DeLay, Thomas Dale (1947-...), a Texas Republican, has been a member of the United States House of Representatives since 1985.


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Graceland, in Memphis, Tennessee, is the former home of rock music star Elvis Presley, who died there in 1977.


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Martin Luther King, Jr., National Historic Site, in Atlanta, Georgia, includes the birthplace, church, and burial place of the noted civil rights leader. King was born in Atlanta in 1929 and buried there in 1968 after he was shot and killed by an assassin


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Meteor Crater, also known as Barringer Crater, is a huge circular depression in the earth in north-central Arizona.


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San Diego Zoo is a California zoo known for its beautiful landscape and its open enclosures for animals.


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Seneca Falls, New York (pop. 9,347), was the site of the first women's rights convention in the United States.


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Amana Colonies are seven neighboring villages in east-central Iowa that formed a communal society from the mid-1800's until the early 1900's.


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Archer, Bill (1928-...), a Texas Republican, was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1971 to 2001.


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Barr, Bob (1948-...), is a Republican representing Georgia in the United States House of Representatives.


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Goree, is an African island off the coast of Dakar, Senegal, that played a key role in the Atlantic slave trade.


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Yamoussoukro, (pop. 106,786), is the official capital of Cote d'Ivoire.


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Bauer, Gary Lee (1946-...), a conservative activist, was a candidate for the Republican presidential nomination in 2000.


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Bennett, William John (1943-...), is an educator, administrator, and author.


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Basseterre, (pop. 14,725), is the capital of the Caribbean nation of St. Kitts and Nevis.


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Koror, (pop. 12,000), is the capital of Palau, an island nation in the western Pacific Ocean.


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Majuro, (pop. 28,000), is the capital of the Marshall Islands, a nation in the western Pacific Ocean.


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Nuku'alofa, (pop. 40,000), is the capital of Tonga, an island kingdom in the South Pacific Ocean.


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Palikir is the capital of the Federated States of Micronesia, an island nation in the North Pacific Ocean.


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Port-Vila, (pop. 33,700), is the capital of Vanuatu, an island nation in the South Pacific Ocean.


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Saint John's (pop. 36,000) is the capital, largest city, and commercial center of the Caribbean nation of Antigua and Barbuda.


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Conyers, John James, Jr. (1929-...), a Michigan Democrat, has been a member of the United States House of Representatives since 1965. Conyers helped found the Congressional Black Caucus, an organization of African American senators and representatives.


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Falwell, Jerry (1933-...), an American clergyman, has become a spokesperson for conservative views.


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Flipper, Henry Ossian (1856-1940), was the first African American to graduate from the United States Military Academy at West Point.


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Frank, Barney (1940-...), a Massachusetts Democrat, became a member of the United States House of Representatives in 1981.


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Graham, Lindsey (1955-...), has been a member of the United States House of Representatives since 1995.


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Gutierrez, Luis Vincente, (1953-...), became a member of the United States House of Representatives in 1993.


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Hyde, Henry John (1924-...), an Illinois Republican, became a member of the United States House of Representatives in 1975.


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Jackson, Jesse Louis, Jr. (1965-...), an Illinois Democrat, has been a member of the United States House of Representatives since 1995. He serves on the House Appropriations Committee and is a spokesman for urban causes.


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McCollum, Bill (1944-...), was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1981 to 2001.


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Mink, Patsy Takemoto (1927-...), a Hawaii Democrat, is a member of the United States House of Representatives.


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Nauvoo, (pop. 1,063), is a small, historic community along the Mississippi River in western Illinois.


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Rangel, Charles Bernard (1930-...), a New York Democrat, became a member of the United States House of Representatives in 1971.


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Robertson, Pat (1930-...), is a United States religious, political, and business leader.


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Waters, Maxine (1938-...), a California Democrat, became a member of the United States House of Representatives in 1991.


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Meditation is the act of thinking deeply and at length.


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DaimlerChrysler AG, is one of the largest manufacturers of automobiles in the world.


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National Public Radio (NPR) is a public radio system in the United States.


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Petronas Towers, in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, are the tallest buildings in the world.


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Independent counsel is a specially appointed official who investigates or prosecutes another individual when the regular prosecutor may be biased or have a conflict of interest in the case.


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Managed care plans are health insurance plans that allow the insurer to influence the type of care provided to patients.


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Largent, Steve (1954-...), an Oklahoma Republican, has been a member of the United States House of Representatives since 1994.


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Andorra la Vella, (pop. 21,630), is the capital and largest town of Andorra.


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Astana, (pop. 300,000), is the capital of Kazakhstan.


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Great Irish Famine of 1845-1850 killed about 1 million Irish people and caused millions more to leave Ireland.


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Highland Clearances were a series of evictions in the Scottish Highlands from the late 1700's to the mid-1800's.


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William, Prince (1982-...), is a grandchild of Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom.


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Adamkus, Valdas, (1926-...), was elected president of Lithuania in 1998.


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Bloody Sunday is a name given to many different violent confrontations between protesters and government forces, all of which took place on Sundays.


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Chavchavadze, Ilia, (1837-1907), was an important political reformer and writer in the nation of Georgia.


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Harald V (1937-...) is the king of Norway, a constitutional monarchy.


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Lukashenko, Aleksandr, (1954-...), became president of Belarus in 1994.


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Margaret (1353-1412) ruled Denmark, Norway, and Sweden from the late 1300's until her death.


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Wangchuck, Jigme Singye, (1955-...), is the fourth king of Bhutan and the fourth in the Wangchuck line of rulers.


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Antiviral drug is the term for a group of chemical compounds used to treat diseases caused by viruses.


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Apgar, Virginia (1909-1974), was an American physician who developed a system for evaluating the physical condition of a baby immediately after birth.


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Breath testing is the analysis of a sample of air from the lungs to determine the concentration of certain chemical substances in the body.


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Dietary supplement is any product taken in addition to a normal balanced diet that is not a food or a drug.


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Listeria, are a kind of bacteria that can cause food poisoning in human beings.


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Mammography is the use of X rays to create images of the inside of the breast.


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Tickling is a type of light touching that produces a tingling sensation, which often results in laughter, smiling, and involuntary twitching.


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Caldicott, Helen Mary (1938-...), is an Australian-born physician, writer, and activist known for her efforts to ban nuclear weapons and nuclear power.


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Koop, C. Everett (1916-...), an American physician, served as surgeon general of the United States under President Ronald Reagan from 1981 to 1989. Often called "America's Family Doctor," Koop became one of the most recognizable and trusted public figures


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Ovarian cancer is uncontrolled multiplication of cells of the ovaries, a pair of female sex organs that store and release eggs.


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Brokaw, Tom (1940-...), is a well-known United States newscaster.


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Jennings, Peter (1938-...), is a well-known Canadian-born television newscaster.


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Kente, cloth is a ceremonial cloth made by the Ashanti people of Ghana and the Ewe people of Ghana and Togo.


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Public Radio International (PRI) is a public radio network in the United States.


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Bonobo, also called pygmy chimpanzee, is an African ape closely related to the chimpanzee.


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Echinacea, is the name of several species of plants with colorful flowers on slender stems.


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Sandgrouse is the name of a group of birds from Africa, Asia, and parts of Europe.


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Academy Awards are presented annually for outstanding achievements in filmmaking.


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Baseball Hall of Fame honors individuals who have made significant contributions to baseball.


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Basketball Hall of Fame honors individuals who have made important and meaningful contributions to the sport of basketball.


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Castaneda, Carlos (1931?-1998), an American anthropologist, gained fame for a series of books about his apprenticeship with a sorcerer of the Yaqui Indians named Don Juan Matus.


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Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum honors individuals who have made significant contributions to country music.


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Emmy Awards are presented each year for excellence in television performance and production the previous year in the United States.


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Grammy Awards are presented annually in the United States to honor excellence in the recording arts and sciences.


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Hockey Hall of Fame honors individuals who have made significant contributions to the sport of ice hockey.


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National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum displays artworks and exhibits that celebrate the history of the American West.


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Pro Football Hall of Fame honors players and other individuals who made significant contributions to professional football in the United States.


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Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum in Cleveland is the only museum that celebrates the living legacy of rock and roll.


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Safire, William (1929-...), is a popular American journalist and novelist.


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Tony Awards are presented annually for distinguished achievements the previous season in the Broadway theater in New York City.


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Andromeda Galaxy, is the spiral galaxy that is closest to our home galaxy, the Milky Way.


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Higgs boson is a subatomic particle-yet undiscovered-thought to be the source of the mass of all other particles that have mass.


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Canadian Space Agency is a government organization that coordinates Canada's space program.


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Chang-Diaz, Franklin (1950-...), a United States astronaut, became the first Hispanic American to travel in space.


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Compton Gamma Ray Observatory was an artificial satellite used to study gamma rays from space.


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Erdos, Paul (1913-1996), was a Hungarian mathematician who ranked as one of the greatest mathematicians of the 1900's.


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Indian Space Research Organisation is a government organization that oversees much of India's space program.


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Ochoa, Ellen (1958-...), a United States astronaut, became the first Hispanic American woman to travel in space.


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Onizuka, Ellison Shoji (1946-1986), was the first Asian American in space and one of the seven United States astronauts killed in the 1986 Challenger disaster.


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Russian Academy of Sciences is the leading center of research in the natural, technical, and social sciences in Russia.


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Russian Aviation and Space Agency is a Russian government agency that is responsible for space research and exploration.


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Space Infrared Telescope Facility is an orbiting observatory scheduled for launch in 2002.


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Star cluster is a large group of stars held together by their gravitational attraction to one another.


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Tsukuba Science City, is a center for scientific and technological research and education in Japan.


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Very Large Telescope is one of the world's largest and most powerful telescopes.


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Weil, Andre (1906-1998), was a French mathematician who ranks as one of the most influential mathematicians of the 1900's.


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Biological Weapons Convention is an international treaty designed to prevent the production and use of biological agents to spread disease among people.


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Chemical Weapons Convention is an international agreement to ban the production and use of chemical weapons.


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European Economic and Monetary Union is the final step in the process of creating a single economic market among member nations of the European Union (EU).


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House of Commons is one of the two houses of the Parliaments of the United Kingdom and Canada.


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Anders, William Alison (1933-...), served as a United States astronaut from 1963 to 1969.


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Bean, Alan LaVern (1932-...), a United States astronaut, piloted the lunar module Intrepid on the Apollo 12 mission.


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Cernan, Eugene Andrew (1934-...), a United States astronaut, commanded the Apollo 17 mission in December 1972.


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Duke, Charles Moss, Jr. (1935-...), a United States astronaut, was the lunar module pilot on the Apollo 16 mission, from April 16 to April 27, 1972. Duke and astronaut John W. Young spent more than 71 hours on the moon.


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Evans, Ronald Ellwin (1933-1990), a United States astronaut, piloted the command module on the Apollo 17 mission.


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Gordon, Richard Francis, Jr. (1929-...), was a United States astronaut from 1963 to 1971. He was a crewman on the Apollo 12 space mission in November 1969.


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Stafford, Thomas Patten (1930-...), a United States astronaut, flew on the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project of 1975.


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American Stock Exchange, also called the Amex, is one of the largest stock exchanges in the United States.


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AmeriCorps is a national service organization that aims to strengthen United States communities.


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Banks, Dennis (1937-...), is an American Indian leader who became known for his sometimes controversial efforts to protect the rights of Native Americans.


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Code talkers were small groups of American Indians who served in the United States armed forces in World War I (1914-1918) and World War II (1939-1945).


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Davis, Angela Yvonne (1944-...), is an African American political activist, author, and educator.


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Diez y Seis de Septiembre is a national holiday in Mexico.


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Electronic funds transfer, often abbreviated EFT, is a system for moving money from one account to another without the use of checks.


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Financial Times Stock Exchange Index is a number that represents overall gains and losses of stocks traded on the London stock market.


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Hang Seng Index (HSI) is a number that measures the rise and fall of stock prices on the Hong Kong stock market.


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Left- and right-handedness refers to how most people consistently use the same hand for tasks requiring skill when they can use only one hand at a time.


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Means, Russell (1939-...), became a controversial leader of the American Indian Movement (AIM).


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Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund (MALDEF) is an organization that protects and promotes the basic rights of Hispanic Americans.


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Mothers Against Drunk Driving is a nonprofit organization in the United States that works to prevent drunken driving and underage drinking.


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Nasdaq, is the oldest electronic stock market in the world.


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National Council of La Raza is an organization that aims to improve life opportunities for Hispanic Americans.


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Negotiation is the discussion and arrangement of terms between people attempting to reach a mutually satisfactory agreement.


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New York Stock Exchange is the oldest and largest stock exchange in the United States.


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Nikkei Index, is a number that measures overall gains and losses on the Japanese stock market.


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Packard Foundation, one of the world's largest foundations, donates money to private, nonprofit organizations in the United States and other countries.


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P.E.N., International, is a worldwide organization of writers that promotes freedom of expression. It speaks for writers who have been harassed, imprisoned, or murdered because of their work.


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Stock Exchange of Hong Kong, abbreviated SEHK, is one of the largest stock exchanges in Asia.


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Singapore Exchange is one of the largest stock markets in Asia.


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Tokyo Stock Exchange is the largest stock exchange in Japan and one of the top exchanges in Asia.


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Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) is a body of laws governing buying and selling in the United States.


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Walras, Leon, (1834-1910), was a French economist who became one of the first scholars to use mathematics to analyze economic problems.


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Adelphi University is a private institution of higher education in Garden City, New York.


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Akron, University of, is a public, coeducational state university in Akron, Ohio.


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Alcorn State University is a public institution of learning in Lorman, Mississippi.


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Alfred University is a private, independent institution of higher learning in Alfred, New York.


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American University is a private, independent institution of higher learning in Washington, D.C. The university was chartered in 1893 by an act of the United States Congress.


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Amherst College is a private liberal arts college in Amherst, Massachusetts.


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Andrews University is a private, Christian institution of higher learning in Berrien Springs, Michigan.


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Antioch University is a private institution of higher learning known for its innovative educational programs.


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Austin Peay, State University is a publicly assisted institution of higher learning in Clarksville, Tennessee.


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Ball State University is a public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Muncie, Indiana.


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Bank Street College of Education is a private, independent institution of higher learning in New York City.


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Bard College is a private, independent institution of higher learning in Annandale-on-Hudson, New York.


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Barnard College is a private, independent liberal arts college for women in New York City.


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Bates College is a private liberal arts college in Lewiston, Maine.


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Baylor University in Waco, Texas, is the largest Baptist university in the world and the oldest university in Texas.


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Bennington College is a private, independent, liberal arts college in Bennington, Vermont.


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Biola University is a private, Christian university in La Mirada, California, near Los Angeles.


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Boston College is one of the oldest Roman Catholic universities in the United States.


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Boston University is the third largest private university in the United States.


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Bowdoin College, is a private, independent liberal arts college in Brunswick, Maine.


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Bowling Green State University is a state institution of higher learning in Bowling Green, Ohio.


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Bradley University is a private, independent coeducational institution in Peoria, Illinois.


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Brandeis University is a private, independent institution of higher learning in Waltham, Massachusetts.


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Bryn Mawr College is a private liberal arts institution for women in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania.


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Bucknell University is a private educational institution in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania.


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Canisius College is a private, independent institution of higher education in Buffalo, New York.


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Carleton College is a privately supported liberal arts college in Northfield, Minnesota.


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Carnegie Mellon University is a private, coeducational research institution in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.


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Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland is the largest private research university in Ohio.


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Catholic University of America is a private, Roman Catholic institution of higher learning in Washington, D.C. It is affiliated with the Roman Catholic Church.


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Central Florida, University of, is a public, state-supported institution of higher learning in Orlando, Florida.


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Cincinnati, University of, is a state university in Cincinnati, Ohio.


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Citadel, The, is a public military college in Charleston, South Carolina.


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Claremont Graduate University is a private, independent graduate university in Claremont, California, near Los Angeles.


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Claremont McKenna College is a private, independent liberal arts college in Claremont, California, near Los Angeles.


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Clark Atlanta University is a private, primarily African American institution of higher learning in Atlanta, Georgia.


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Clark University is an institution of higher education in Worcester, Massachusetts.


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Clarkson University is a private, independent institution of higher education in Potsdam, New York.


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Clemson University is a public, land-grant institution of higher learning in Clemson, South Carolina.


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Cleveland State University is an institution of higher learning in Cleveland.


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Colby College is a private, independent liberal arts college in Waterville, Maine.


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Colgate University is a private, independent institution of higher education in Hamilton, New York.


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Colorado College is a private liberal arts and sciences college in Colorado Springs, Colorado.


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Colorado School of Mines is a public, state-supported institution of higher learning in Golden, Colorado.


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Colorado State University is a public, state-supported institution of higher learning in Fort Collins, Colorado.


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Connecticut College is a private liberal arts college in New London, Connecticut.


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Cranbrook Academy of Art, in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, is the only school in the United States devoted to graduate study in art, architecture, and design.


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Creighton University is a private, Roman Catholic institution of higher learning in Omaha, Nebraska.


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Davidson College is an independent, liberal arts college in Davidson, North Carolina.


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Denver, University of, is a private institution of higher learning in Denver, Colorado.


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DePaul University in Chicago is the largest Roman Catholic university in the United States.


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Detroit Mercy, University of, is a private, Roman Catholic institution of higher learning in Detroit.


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Drexel University is a private educational institution in Philadelphia.


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Duquesne, University is a Roman Catholic coeducational institution in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.


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East Tennessee State University is a public, state-supported institution of higher learning in Johnson City, Tennessee.


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Fairleigh Dickinson University is a nonsectarian, independent institution of higher learning with two main campuses in northern New Jersey.


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Florida Atlantic University is a public, state-supported institution of higher learning in Boca Raton, Florida.


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Florida Institute of Technology is an independent, scientific, and technological university located in Melbourne, Florida.


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Florida International University is a public, state-supported institution of higher learning in Miami, Florida.


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Fordham, University is a private, independent institution of higher education in New York City.


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Franklin and Marshall College is a private, coeducational liberal arts school in Lancaster, Pennsylvania.


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George Mason University is an institution of higher education in northern Virginia.


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George Washington University is a private, independent institution of higher education in Washington, D.C. The United States Congress originally chartered the university as Columbian College in the District of Columbia.


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Georgia State University is a public, state-supported institution of higher learning in Atlanta, Georgia.


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Gonzaga University is a private, Roman Catholic institution of higher learning in Spokane, Washington.


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Grambling State University is a public, state-supported institution of higher learning in Grambling, Louisiana.


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Grinnell College is a private, independent liberal arts college in Grinnell, Iowa.


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Hamilton College is a private, independent liberal arts college in Clinton, New York.


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Haverford College is a private, liberal arts school in Haverford, Pennsylvania.


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Hofstra University is a private, independent institution of higher learning in Hempstead, New York.


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Holy Cross, College of the, is a four-year liberal arts college in Worcester, Massachusetts, and the oldest Roman Catholic college in New England.


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Houston, University of, is a public, state-supported institution of higher learning in Houston.


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Illinois Institute of Technology, often called IIT, is a private institution of higher education in Chicago.


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Illinois State University is a public institution of higher learning in Normal, Illinois.


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Indiana University of Pennsylvania is a public institution of higher education in Indiana, Pennsylvania.


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Kansas State University is a public, state-supported institution of higher learning in Manhattan, Kansas.


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Kent State University is a state institution of higher learning with a main campus in Kent, Ohio, and seven regional campuses throughout northeastern Ohio.


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Kenyon College is a liberal arts college in Gambier, Ohio, and the oldest private institution of higher education in the state.


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Knox College is a private liberal arts college in Galesburg, Illinois.


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Lafayette College is a private liberal arts and engineering college in Easton, Pennsylvania.


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La Verne, University of, is a private university in La Verne, California, near Los Angeles.


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Lehigh University is a coeducational private institution of higher learning in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.


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Loma Linda University is a health sciences university in Loma Linda, California, owned and operated by the Seventh-day Adventist Church.


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Louisiana Tech University is a public, state-supported institution of higher learning in Ruston, Louisiana.


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Louisville, University of, is a public, state-supported institution of higher learning in Louisville, Kentucky.


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Loyola University Chicago is an institution of higher learning in that city.


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Macalester College is a privately supported, nondenominational liberal arts college in St. Paul, Minnesota.


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Memphis, University of, is a public, state-supported institution of higher learning in Memphis.


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Miami University is a public institution of higher learning in Oxford, Ohio.


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Miami, University of, is a private, independent institution of higher learning in Coral Gables, Florida, a suburb of Miami.


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Michigan Technological University is a public, state-supported institution of higher learning in Houghton, Michigan.


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Middle Tennessee State University is a publicly supported institution of higher learning in Murfreesboro, Tennessee.


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Middlebury College is a private, independent liberal arts college in Middlebury, Vermont.


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Mount Holyoke College in South Hadley, Massachusetts, is the oldest institution for the higher education of women in the United States.


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Murray State University is a public, state-supported institution of higher learning in Murray, Kentucky.


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New England Conservatory of Music in Boston is one of the foremost music schools in the United States.


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New Jersey Institute of Technology is a public, state-supported university in Newark, New Jersey.


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New Orleans, University of, is a public, state-supported institution of higher learning in New Orleans.


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New School University is a private, independent institution of higher learning in New York City.


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North Carolina State University is a public, state-supported institution of higher learning in Raleigh, North Carolina.


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North Texas, University of, is a public, state-supported institution of higher learning in Denton, Texas.


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Northeastern University is a private institution of higher learning in Boston.


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Northern Arizona University is a public, state-supported institution of higher learning in Flagstaff, Arizona.


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Northern Colorado, University of, is a public, state-supported institution of higher learning in Greeley, Colorado.


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Northern Illinois University is a public institution of higher learning in DeKalb, Illinois.


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Nova Southeastern University is a private, independent institution of higher learning in Fort Lauderdale, Florida.


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Occidental College is a private, liberal arts college in Los Angeles.


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Old Dominion University is a state-assisted institution of higher learning in Norfolk, Virginia.


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Otis College of Art and Design is a private, fine arts college in Los Angeles.


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Pace University is a private, independent institution of higher learning in New York state.


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Pacific, University of the, is a private institution of higher learning with its main campus in Stockton, California.


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Pittsburgh, University of, is a state-affiliated university system in Pennsylvania.


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Polytechnic University is a private, independent institution of higher learning in New York state.


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Pomona College is a private, independent liberal arts college in Claremont, California.


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Portland State University is a public, state-supported institution of higher learning in Portland, Oregon.


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Pratt Institute is a private, independent institution of higher learning in the Brooklyn section of New York City.


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Puerto Rico, University of, is the public system of higher education in Puerto Rico, a commonwealth of the United States.


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Randolph-Macon College is a private, liberal arts college in Ashland, Virginia.


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Randolph-Macon Woman's College is a private, liberal arts college for women in Lynchburg, Virginia.


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Reed College is a private, nonsectarian liberal arts and sciences college in Portland, Oregon.


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Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute is a private, independent institution of higher learning in Troy, New York.


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Rhode Island School of Design is a private, independent institution of higher learning in Providence, Rhode Island.


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Rice University is a private, independent institution of higher learning in Houston.


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Rochester, University of, is a private, independent institution of higher learning in Rochester, New York.


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Rockefeller University is a private, independent institution of higher learning in New York City.


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Saint John's College is a private, independent liberal arts college in Annapolis, Maryland.


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Saint John's University is a private, independent institution of higher learning in Jamaica, New York.


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Saint Louis University is a private, Roman Catholic, Jesuit institution of higher learning in St. Louis, Missouri.


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Samford University is a private, independent institution of higher learning in Birmingham, Alabama.


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San Diego State University is one of the largest public universities in California.


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San Diego, University of, is a private, Roman Catholic institution of higher learning in California.


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San Francisco, University of, is a private, Roman Catholic institution of higher learning in California.


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Sarah Lawrence College is a private, independent college in Bronxville, New York.


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Art Institute of Chicago, School of the, is an independent school of art and design in Chicago.


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Scripps College is a private, liberal arts college for women in Claremont, California.


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Seton Hall University is a private, Roman Catholic institution of higher learning in South Orange, New Jersey, near New York City.


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Siena College is a private, Roman Catholic liberal arts college in Loudonville, New York.


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Skidmore College is a private, independent institution of higher learning in Saratoga Springs, New York.


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South Florida, University of, is a public, state-supported institution of higher learning in Tampa, Florida.


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South, University of the, is a private, coeducational institution of higher education operated by the Episcopal Church.


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Southern Illinois University is a public institution of higher learning made up of two schools in Illinois-one in Carbondale, the other in Edwardsville.


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Southern Mississippi, University of, is a public, state-supported institution of higher learning in Hattiesburg, Mississippi.


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Southwest Missouri State University is a public, state-supported institution of higher learning in Springfield, Missouri.


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Southwestern Louisiana, University of, is a public, state-supported institution of higher learning in Lafayette, Louisiana.


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Spelman College is a private, independent liberal arts college for women in Atlanta, Georgia.


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Stevens Institute of Technology is a private, independent university in Hoboken, New Jersey.


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Swarthmore College is a private school of liberal arts and engineering in Swarthmore, Pennsylvania.


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Syracuse University is a private, coeducational, independent institution of higher learning in Syracuse, New York.


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Temple University is a public institution of higher learning in Philadelphia.


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Tennessee State University is a public, state-supported institution of higher learning in Nashville.


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Texas Southern University is a public, state-supported institution of higher learning in Houston.


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Texas Tech University is a public, state-supported institution of higher learning in Lubbock, Texas.


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Texas Woman's University is a public, state-supported institution of higher learning in Denton, Texas.


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Toledo, University of, is a state institution of higher learning in Toledo, Ohio.


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Trinity College is a private, independent liberal arts college in Hartford, Connecticut.


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Tufts University is a private institution of higher learning with its main campus in the towns of Medford and Somerville, Massachusetts.


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Tulsa, University of, is a private institution of higher learning in Tulsa, Oklahoma.


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Union College is a private, independent institution of higher learning in Schenectady, New York.


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Union Institute is an institution of higher education in the United States.


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United States International University is a private university in San Diego, California.


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Utah State University is a public, state-supported institution of higher learning in Logan, Utah.


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Valparaiso University is a private institution of higher learning in Valparaiso, Indiana.


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Villanova University is a Roman Catholic institution of higher learning in Villanova, Pennsylvania.


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Virginia Commonwealth University is a public, state-supported institution of higher learning in Richmond, Virginia.


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Virginia Military Institute in Lexington, Virginia, is the oldest state-supported military college in the United States.


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Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, often called Virginia Tech, is a state-supported institution of higher learning in Blacksburg, Virginia.


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Wake Forest University is a private institution of higher education in Winston-Salem, North Carolina.


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Washington and Lee University is an institution of higher education in Lexington, Virginia.


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Washington University in St. Louis is a private, independent institution of higher learning in St. Louis, Missouri. The university was founded in 1853 as Eliot Seminary.


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Wayne State University is a public, state-supported institution of higher learning in Detroit.


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Wesleyan University is a private, independent institution of higher learning in Middletown, Connecticut.


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Western Michigan University is a public, state-supported institution of higher learning in Kalamazoo, Michigan.


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Wheaton College is a private, liberal arts college in Norton, Massachusetts.


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Whitman College is a private, independent, liberal arts and sciences college in Walla Walla, Washington.


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Wichita State University is a public, state-supported institution of higher learning in Wichita, Kansas.


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Williams College is a private, liberal arts college in Williamstown, Massachusetts.


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Worcester Polytechnic Institute in Worcester, Massachusetts, ranks as one of the leading engineering and science universities in the United States.


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Wright State University is an institution of higher learning in Fairborn, a suburb of Dayton, Ohio.


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Adams, John Coolidge (1947-...), is a popular American composer and orchestra conductor.


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Coretta Scott King Awards honor African American authors and illustrators of outstanding books portraying the black experience for young readers.


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DePaola, Tomie, (1934-...), is an American children's book illustrator and author.


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Feng shui, is the ancient Chinese art of placement.


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Heschel, Abraham Joshua (1907-1972), was an influential Jewish philosopher and scholar.


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Pinsky, Robert (1940-...), is a noted American poet, critic, and translator.


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Reich, Steve (1936-...), is an American composer who was a leader of the Minimalist style in the 1960's and 1970's.


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Liposuction, also called lipoplasty, is a kind of surgery to remove unwanted body fat and improve or enhance body shape.


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Cellulite, is a term used to describe lumpy, dimpled fat deposits beneath the skin.


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Cobb, Jewel Isadora Plummer (1924-...), is an African American biologist known for her research and her work to promote science education.


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Taylor, Lucy Beaman Hobbs (1833-1910), was the first American woman to earn a degree in dentistry.


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Wright, Jane Cooke (1919-...), is an African American physician and educator known for her research on chemotherapy, the use of drugs to treat cancer.


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Collins, Francis (1950-...), is an American physician and geneticist who is directing research to identify and map the location of all the genes that make up the human genome (the complete set of genes in a cell).


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Venter, J. Craig (1946-...), is an American biochemist and businessman conducting important research on the human genome, the entire set of chemical instructions that control heredity in a human being. In 1999, Venter's company, called Celera Genomics Cor


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Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty is an international agreement prohibiting all tests of nuclear weapons.


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DAX is an index that tracks the rise and fall of major stock prices on the German stock market.


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Nansen International Office for Refugees was an international relief agency in the 1930's that helped people who had been forced to flee from their homelands.


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Silverstein, Shel (1932-1999), was a popular American author and illustrator of poetry for children.


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Wellesley College is a private liberal arts college for women in Wellesley, Massachusetts.


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Hasek, Dominik (1965-...), ranks among the greatest goalies in hockey history.


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Chandra X-ray Observatory is an artificial satellite equipped with an X-ray telescope and two cameras.


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Lowchen, is a small, lively breed of dog.


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Havanese, is a small, lively breed of dog.


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Anatolian shepherd is a breed of large, rugged working dog.


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Buscaglia, Leo (1924-1998), was a popular American author, educator, and lecturer best known for his optimistic messages about love.


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DNA fingerprinting, also called DNA typing or DNA analysis, is a technique used to help identify individuals in criminal and other cases through the analysis of genetic material.


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Stem cell is a cell that has the ability to develop into any of the different cell types that make up the tissues and organs of the body.


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Abacha, Sani (1943-1998), a Nigerian Army general, seized the presidency of Nigeria in a military coup in 1993 and ruled the country as head of a military dictatorship until 1998.


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Abbe, Cleveland (1838-1916), an American meteorologist, was a pioneer of weather forecasting as a public service.


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Abbe, Ernst (1840-1905), was a German physicist and lens maker.


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Abbotsbury is a village in the county of Dorset, England, famous for its swannery (place where swans are bred).


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Abduction from the Seraglio, The, is a romantic opera in three acts by the Austrian composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (see Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus).


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Abdurahman, Abdullah, (1872?-1940), was the main political leader of the Coloured (mixed race) people in South Africa from 1905 until his death.


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Abe Kobo (1924-1993), a Japanese author, wrote short stories and plays, but was best known for his strange, futuristic, and allegorical novels, such as The Woman in the Dunes (1962).


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Abel, John Jacob (1857-1938), was an American biochemist who made several important discoveries about the chemicals produced by the human body.


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Aberdeenshire (pop. 223,630) is a United Kingdom local government area in Scotland.


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Abubakar, Abdulsalami (1942-...), a Nigerian Army general, was president of Nigeria from June 1998 until February 1999.


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Aga Khan is the title of the imam (spiritual leader) of the Nizari Ismaili Shiites, a small group of Shiite Muslims who broke away from the larger group of Shiites in the 700's.


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Akhmatova, Anna (1889-1966), one of the most important woman poets in Russian literature, was noted for her skill with words and her distinctive ability to describe the emotions experienced by all human beings.


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Alexandra Feodorovna (1872-1918), was a German princess who became the wife of Nicholas II, the last czar of Russia.


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Allende, Isabel (1942-...), is one of the leading novelists and journalists in Chile.


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Almagro, Diego de (1475-1538), was one of the Spanish conquerors who helped to explore and conquer Peru in South America in the 1500's.


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Alternating current (AC) is electric current that regularly reverses its direction of flow.


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Anastasia, Grand Duchess (1901-1918), was the youngest daughter of Czar Nicholas II of Russia.


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Alice, Princess Andrew of Greece (1885-1969), was the wife of Prince Andrew of Greece and the mother of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, husband of Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom.


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Basso profondo is a type of heavy, deep male singing voice encountered in opera.


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Bathurst Island lies in the Timor Sea about 45 miles (72 kilometers) northwest of Darwin.


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Beaufort, Sir Francis (1774-1857), was a British admiral and hydrographer-a scientist who charts the seas and lakes, measures their depth, and studies their tides and currents.


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Bel canto is singing characterized by full, rich, broad, and flexible tone.


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Ben Lomond is the name of three mountains, one in Scotland and two in Australia.


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Berberova, Nina (1901-1993), was a Russian writer who gained recognition late in her life.


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Berwickshire is a rich farming area in the southeastern corner of Scotland.


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Betatron is a machine for accelerating electrons to high speeds.


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Bhangra is a lively, rhythmic form of dance music that originated in the state of Punjab in India and in the Pakistani province of Punjab.


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Bigge, John Thomas (1780-1843), was appointed commissioner to inquire into the affairs of New South Wales, Australia, in 1819.


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Binswanger, Ludwig (1881-1966), a Swiss psychiatrist, was one of the founders of existential psychotherapy, a form of psychoanalysis that applies the principles of the philosophy of existentialism to psychotherapy.


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Birkenhead, Lord (1872-1930), was a British lawyer and Conservative politician.


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Blackburn, James (1803-1854), an English-born Australian engineer and architect, became famous for his Gothic design for churches.


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Blackmore, Maurice (1906-1977), was an Australian pioneer of alternative medicine and a manufacturer of vitamin and mineral pills and natural herbal remedies.


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Blyth Valley (pop. 78,000), a local government district in Northumberland, England, includes the industrial port of Blyth.


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Boas, Isaac (1878-1955), was a scientist who helped pioneer the papermaking industry in Australia.


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Boheme, La, is the name of a tragic opera in four acts by the Italian composer Giacomo Puccini (see Puccini, Giacomo).


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Bolyai, Janos (1802-1860), a Hungarian mathematician, was one of the founders of the theory of non-Euclidean geometry.


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Boothroyd, Betty (1929-...), served as speaker of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom from 1992 until her retirement in 2000.


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Border Country is the name used to describe the area lying on each side of the border between England and Scotland.


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Boston (pop. 52,600) is a local government district in Lincolnshire, on the east coast of England, which is centered on the town of Boston.


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Brabham, Sir John (1926-...), an Australian motor-racing driver, won the Drivers' World Championship in 1959, 1960, and 1966.


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Bradfield, John Job Crew (1876-1943), was an Australian engineer.


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Brickhill, Paul (1916-1991), an Australian author, wrote The Dam Busters (1951), which was later made into a movie.


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Bucharest, Treaty of (1913), was the peace agreement ending the Second Balkan War.


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Buena Vista, Battle of, was one of the principal battles fought in the Mexican War (1846-1848) between the United States and Mexico.


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Bulge, Battle of the, took place in the Ardennes Forest in Belgium and Luxembourg in December 1944, during the late stages of World War II.


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Burgess, Guy (1911-1963), was a British journalist and diplomat who spied for the Soviet Union.


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Burnham, Forbes (1923-1985), a Guyanese political leader, served as the first prime minister of the independent state of Guyana from 1966 to 1980.


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Calmette, Albert (1863-1933), was a French bacteriologist who developed a vaccine against tuberculosis with his colleague Camille Guerin.


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Canzoniere, is the greatest work of the Italian poet Petrarch (1304-1374).


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Carmen is a tragic opera in four acts by the French composer Georges Bizet to a libretto (text) in French by Ludovic Halevy and Henri Meilhac.


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Carolingian, Empire was a Frankish empire that united most of western Europe under one ruler in the late 700's.


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Carotene is an orange-red pigment found in such plants as carrots, spinach, broccoli, and sweet potatoes.


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Carving is the art of cutting figures, ornaments, or decorative objects by hand from such materials as stone, marble, wood, ivory, bone, and shell.


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Cauthen, Steve (1960-...), an American jockey, became one of the greatest riders in horse racing history.


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Cheddar is a village in the Mendip Hills in Somerset, England.


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Clackmannanshire (pop. 48,660) is a local government area in Scotland.


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Condom is a thin rubber or plastic sheath that may be worn over a man's penis during sexual intercourse.


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Consul, The, is an opera in three acts by the Italian-born American composer Gian Carlo Menotti, written to his own libretto (text).


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Coroner is an official who investigates any unnatural or sudden death of which the cause is unknown.


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Cumbernauld and Kilsyth (pop. 61,042) is a local government district in Strathclyde Region, Scotland.


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Yorkshire Dales are beautiful valleys chiefly in North Yorkshire, England.


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Daventry (pop. 61,600) is a historic town in Northamptonshire, England.


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Djukanovic, Milo (1962-...), became president of the republic of Montenegro in January 1998.


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Eleusinian Mysteries were ancient Greek religious rituals performed annually at Eleusis, near Athens.


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Emblem is a symbol of an idea or of things for which a person, country, or organization stands.


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Erwartung, is a tragic opera in one act by the Austrian composer Arnold Schoenberg (see Schoenberg, Arnold).


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Evangeline is a long narrative poem by the American poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.


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Fassbinder, Rainer Werner (1946-1982), a German motion-picture director, author, and actor, became known for his politically left-wing movies.


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Favenc, Ernest (1846-1908), was a British-born Australian explorer and author.


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Federation of Australia dates from 1901, when the six Australian colonies became states of the Commonwealth of Australia.


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Feld, Bernard (1919-1993), was an American physicist who helped develop the first atomic bomb.


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Fly River is the largest river in Papua New Guinea.


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Fourier, Joseph Baron (1768-1830), a French mathematician, studied the theory of heat conduction and developed a technique for describing the transfer of heat in purely mathematical terms.


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Freischutz, Der, is an opera in three acts by the German composer Carl Maria von Weber (see Weber, Carl Maria von).


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From the House of the Dead is an opera in three acts by the Czech composer Leos Janacek (see Janacek, Leos).


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Galois, Evariste, (1811-1832), a French mathematician, was one of the originators of a branch of abstract algebra known as group theory.


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Gisborne (pop. 45,780) is a city in northern New Zealand, on the eastern coast of the North Island.


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Glanville, Ranulf de (?-1190), wrote one of the earliest commentaries on medieval law.


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Godel, Kurt (1906-1978), an Austrian-born American mathematician, proved a famous rule of mathematics.


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Godley, John Robert (1814-1861), was an English colonial administrator who helped to establish the English settlement at Canterbury, one of the original provinces of New Zealand.


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Golden Cockerel, The, is an opera in three acts by the Russian composer Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov (see Rimsky-Korsakov, Nikolai).


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Goldsmith, Edward (1928-...), is a French-born English author and environmentalist.


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Goroka (pop. 18,797) is the administrative and commercial center of the eastern highlands province of Papua New Guinea.


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Gosford (pop. 144,840) is a city on the coast of New South Wales, Australia.


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Grand opera is a term used to describe opera in its most spectacular and theatrical form.


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Grappelli, Stephane, (1908-1997), a French jazz violinist, was one of the greatest jazz instrumentalists of the 1900's.


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Griffith, Sir Samuel Walker (1845-1920), was premier of Queensland, Australia, twice between 1883 and 1893.


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Guillem, Sylvie (1965-...), a French dancer, is one of the most famous ballerinas in the world.


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Gutierrez Alea, Tomas (1928-1996), was a leading Cuban filmmaker and one of the founders of modern Cuban cinema.


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Gyrostabilizer is a large gyroscope that reduces the rolling of a ship at sea and makes travel more comfortable.


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Hamengku Buwono IX (1912-1988) was sultan of Yogyakarta, Java, from 1939 to 1988.


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Hay Point is an Australian port about 10 miles (16 kilometers) south of Mackay in Queensland.


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Hebe is the name of about 75 species of evergreen flowering shrubs of the Southern Hemisphere.


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Herzog, Werner (1942-...), is a German motion-picture director, actor, screenwriter, and producer.


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Hindenburg was the name of a German airship (lighter-than-air aircraft) best known for a disaster that ended regular passenger service on airships.


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Hugh of Lincoln, Saint (1135?-1200), a French-born English clergyman, was bishop of Lincoln from 1186 until his death.


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Incidental music is music composed to accompany a play, a film, or a television program.


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Indurain, Miguel (1964-...), a Spanish cyclist, became the first person to win the Tour de France bicycle race five times in succession.


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Ismaili, Muslims are a worldwide religious community belonging to the Shiite branch of Islam (see Islam).


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Jonny spielt auf is an opera in 11 scenes by the German composer Ernst Krenek to his own libretto (text).


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Jorgensen, Jorgen (1780-1841), was a Danish adventurer who settled in Sydney in 1801.


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Joyce, William (1906-1946), made propaganda radio broadcasts from Germany during World War II (1939-1945).


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Karnak, Temple of, was a temple built in honor of the Egyptian god Amon-Re.


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Kennedy, Edmund (1818-1848), was an Australian explorer.


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King Movement was an attempt by the Maori people of New Zealand to unite under a single elected king in order to tackle the issue of land sale and settlement.


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Kiriyenko, Sergei Vladilenovich (1962-...), served as prime minister of Russia from March to August of 1998.


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Klein, Melanie (1882-1960), was an Austrian-born psychoanalyst who pioneered in the psychoanalysis of children.


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Krone is a standard coin of Denmark and Norway.


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Lobachevsky, Nikolai (1792-1856), a Russian mathematician, created a theory of non-Euclidean geometry.


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Machel, Graca (1945-...), a Mozambican advocate for children's rights, became world famous for her crusading work to help the women and children of Mozambique whose lives were ruined by the violent struggle for democracy there.


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Madama Butterfly is a tragic opera in three acts by the Italian composer Giacomo Puccini (see Puccini, Giacomo).


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Magic Flute, The, is a fairy-tale opera in two acts by the Austrian composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (see Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus).


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Maidstone (pop. 133,200) is a local government district in central Kent, England.


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Makropulos Affair, The, is an opera in three acts by the Czech composer Leos Janacek (see Janacek, Leos).


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Manon Lescaut, is an opera in four acts by the Italian composer Giacomo Puccini.


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Marriage of Figaro, The, is a comic opera in four acts by the Austrian composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.


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Martinu, Bohuslav, (1890-1959), was a Czech composer whose works combined influences from both the Czech and French musical traditions.


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Mastersingers of Nuremberg, The, is a comic opera in three acts by the German composer Richard Wagner to his own libretto (text).


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Mayakovsky, Vladimir, (1893-1930), was a Russian poet and propagandist.


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Medium, The, is an opera in two acts by the Italian-born American composer Gian Carlo Menotti, who also wrote the libretto (text).


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Meinhof, Ulrike (1934-1976), was a German terrorist and coleader with Andreas Baader of a 1970's anarchist guerrilla organization called the Red Army Faction.


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Nucleic acid is a complex molecule found in all cells.


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Parramatta (pop. 130,783) is one of Sydney's largest suburbs and the geographic and population center of the Sydney metropolitan area.


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Pericles is the name of a five-act play by the great English playwright William Shakespeare.


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Pilgrimages are journeys to shrines or other holy places made for religious purposes.


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Pole, Reginald (1500-1558), a Roman Catholic cardinal, became archbishop of Canterbury in 1556.


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Premadasa, Ranasinghe (1924-1993), served 10 years as prime minister of Sri Lanka and 5 years as its president.


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Pus is a yellow-white liquid that the body produces during infection.


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Rainbow Warrior is the name of a vessel owned by Greenpeace, an international environmental organization, for use in antinuclear protest voyages.


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Reed, Carol (1906-1976), was an important English motion-picture director.


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Reich, Wilhelm (1897-1957), was an Austrian psychoanalyst.


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Robinson, Ray (1926-...), was prime minister of Trinidad and Tobago from 1986 until 1991.


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Singer, Israel Joshua (1893-1944), was a Polish-born American journalist and novelist who wrote in Yiddish.


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Stauffenberg, Claus von, (1907-1944), was a German soldier who tried unsuccessfully to assassinate the German dictator Adolf Hitler.


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Suede, is a soft leather that has a nap on one side.


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Syntax is a description of the way words are put together to make sentences.


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Tabarly, Eric (1931-1998), a French yachtsman, gained international fame during his sailing career.


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Tan, Amy (1952-...), an American writer, won fame for her novels dealing with the lives and concerns of Asian women in America.


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Telephone, The, is an opera in one act by the Italian-born American composer Gian Carlo Menotti to his own libretto (text).


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Threepenny Opera, The, is an opera in a prologue and three acts by the German composer Kurt Weill (see Weill, Kurt).


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Wozzeck is a tragic opera by the Austrian composer Alban Berg (see Berg, Alban).


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Kennedy, John Fitzgerald, Jr. (1960-1999), was the son of John F. Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States, and his wife, Jacqueline. Kennedy's activities were widely reported throughout his life.


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Tour de France is a men's bicycle race that ranks among the most popular sporting events in the world.


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Chisanbop, is a registered trademark for a method of calculation based on the use of the fingers.


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SETI Institute is a research organization that is trying to determine whether life has developed anywhere other than Earth.


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Olav I Tryggvason, (968?-1000?), was a Viking leader who became king of Norway in 995.


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Olav II (995?-1030) ruled Norway from 1015 to 1028.


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Buchanan, Patrick Joseph (1938-...), is a columnist, broadcaster, and former presidential adviser known for his conservative political views.


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Ventura, Jesse (1951-...), became governor of Minnesota in 1999.


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Forbes, Steve (1947-...), is a newspaper and magazine publisher.


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Summers, Lawrence Henry (1954-...), was United States secretary of the treasury from 1999 to 2001.


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Andrew Johnson National Historic Site, in Greeneville in northeastern Tennessee, includes two homes, the tailor shop, and the burial place of the 17th president of the United States.


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Abad Santos, Jose (1886-1942), was a Filipino lawyer who served as chief justice and secretary of state of the Philippines.


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Wellcome Trust is one of the world's largest foundations.


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Abueva, Napoleon (1930-...), is a Filipino sculptor noted for his innovative style and varied use of materials.


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Agnelli, Giovanni (1921-...), is an Italian industrialist and socialite.


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Allies are people, groups, or nations united for some special purpose, and are usually associated with each other through a treaty or agreement.


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Aquino, Melchora, (1812-1919), was a Filipino patriot who, despite her advanced age, actively supported Philippine efforts to win independence from Spain.


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Avellana, Lamberto (1915-1991), was a Filipino motion picture director who brought international recognition to cinema in the Philippines.


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Baden-Powell, Agnes (1858-1945), founded the Girl Guide movement in the United Kingdom with her brother, Robert.


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Bambatha (1865-1906) was a Zulu chieftain who, in 1906, led the last Zulu rebellion against white settlers in the Natal region of South Africa.


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Berserker, or berserk, was a member of a group of Viking warriors who were noted for their strength and courage.


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Blumentritt, Ferdinand (1853-1913), was an Austrian teacher, scholar, and promoter of Philippine independence.


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Cymbeline is a five-act play by the English dramatist William Shakespeare.


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De Jesus, Jose (1894-1932), was a Filipino poet.


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De Leon, Felipe (1912-1992), a Filipino composer, became known for his musical compositions celebrating the Philippine nation and character.


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De los Reyes, Isabelo (1864-1938), was a journalist who campaigned for Philippine independence from Spain and the United States.


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Del Pilar, Gregorio (1875-1899), was a Filipino military leader during the Philippines' struggle for independence in the late 1800's.


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Duke of Normandy is a traditional title for the monarch of the United Kingdom.


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Gomburza is the collective name given to three Filipino priests-Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora-who struggled in the mid-1800's for independence of the Filipino Catholic Church from Spanish control.


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Goquingco, Leonor (1917-...), was a Filipina choreographer (creator of dances) who became famous for her daring and innovative use of folk dance traditions to create a modern, theatrical dance style.


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Guerrero, Leon (1853-1935), was a Filipino pharmacist and botanist who earned the title "Father of Philippine Botany" in 1935.


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Jacinto, Emilio, (1875-1899), was a Filipino revolutionist and adviser to Andres Bonifacio, founder and leader of the Katipunan, a secret revolutionist army fighting for Philippine independence.


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Jennings, Paul (1943-...), an English-born Australian author of books for children, is one of the most successful writers of his generation.


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Kasilag, Lucrecia (1918-...), is a Filipina composer known as the "Grand Lady of Philippine Music."


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Locsin, Leandro (1928-1994), was a Filipino architect, philanthropist, and patron of the arts.


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Macbeth is a five-act tragedy by the English dramatist William Shakespeare.


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Madan, Jamshedji Framji (1856-1923), also spelled Jamsedjee Framjee, ran one of the earliest Indian motion-picture studios and distribution chains.


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Mansabdari system was a system of ranking government officials in the Mughal Empire, which ruled India in the 1500's and 1600's.


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Peter Grimes is an opera by the English composer, Benjamin Britten.


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Recitative is a style of singing in an opera or oratorio that reflects natural speech or dialogue (see Opera; Oratorio).


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Roddick, Anita (1942-...), a British business executive, founded the Body Shop International chain of retail outlets.


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Rogers, Sir Richard (1933-...), is an English architect who won an international reputation for his building designs in cities throughout the world.


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Russian Revolution of 1917, also called the Soviet Revolution, was a rebellion of the Russian people against the rule of the Russian czar (emperor), Nicholas II.


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Ryder, Sue (1923-2000), a British humanitarian and charitable benefactor, became well known for her work in helping people with illnesses and disabilities.


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Santos, Lope (1879-1963), was one of the most influential members of the Philippine literature movement of the 1900's.


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Somme, Battle of the, was one of the longest and costliest campaigns of World War I (1914-1918).


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Troilus and Cressida is a five-act play by the English dramatist William Shakespeare.


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Twelfth Night is a five-act romantic comedy by the English dramatist William Shakespeare.


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Winnicott, Donald Woods (1896-1971), was a British psychoanalyst and specialist in child development.


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Gates Foundation is the largest charitable foundation in the world.


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American Gothic is one of the most famous paintings in American art.


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Armory Show was a famous art exhibition in 1913 that introduced many new trends in art to the American public as well as to American artists and critics.


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Ballets Russes, was the most important ballet company of the early 1900's.


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Batman is a famous comic book hero who dedicates himself to fighting crime in a costume that features a black bat mask and a flowing cape.


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Blondie is a popular comic strip created by American cartoonist Chic Young in 1930.


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Brady Bunch, The, was a popular weekly television comedy that ran from 1969 to 1974.


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Brave New World is a famous satirical science-fiction novel by the English author Aldous Huxley.


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Carlton, Steve (1944-...), was one of the most dominating major league baseball pitchers of the 1970's and early 1980's.


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Carter Family was the most important group in the early history of country music in the United States.


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Casablanca was one of the most popular motion pictures in American film history.


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Catch-22 is a famous war novel by the American author Joseph Heller, published in 1961.


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Catcher in the Rye, The, is a famous novel by the American author J. D. Salinger.


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Cats became one of the most popular musical comedies in theater history.


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Citizen Kane is an American motion picture that has often been voted the greatest film ever made.


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Death of a Salesman is a powerful tragedy by the American dramatist Arthur Miller.


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Demoiselles d'Avignon, Les, is a painting by the Spanish-born artist Pablo Picasso that became a landmark in the history of art.


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Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a famous short novel by the Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson.


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Durocher, Leo (1905-1991), was one of the most colorful players and managers in baseball history.


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Fancy Free was a one-act ballet that launched the careers of composer Leonard Bernstein and choreographer Jerome Robbins in musical theater.


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Fantasticks, The, holds the record as the longest-running show in American theater history.


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Gehringer, Charley (1903-1993), ranks among the greatest second basemen in baseball history.


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Godfather, The, is a best-selling novel by American author Mario Puzo.


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Gone with the Wind is a famous historical novel about the American Civil War by Margaret Mitchell, a Georgia journalist and writer.


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Grapes of Wrath, The, is a famous novel by American author John Steinbeck that describes the hardships farm families faced during the Great Depression of the 1930's.


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Guernica, is a famous painting by Spanish-born artist Pablo Picasso that ranks among the greatest social protest pictures in the history of art.


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Haring, Keith (1958-1990), an American painter and sculptor, gained international recognition for his graffiti art.


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Hermitage is a famous art museum that stands in the center of St. Petersburg, Russia.


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Huckleberry Finn, Adventures of, is a novel by Mark Twain that ranks among the greatest works in American literature.


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Invisible Man is a classic of African American fiction by Ralph Ellison.


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Kaline, Al (1934-...), ranks among the greatest all-around players in baseball history.


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King Kong is one of the most famous monster motion pictures in film history.


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Last Supper, The, is a famous painting by the Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci.


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Leaves of Grass is a collection of poems by American poet Walt Whitman that is considered one of the world's major literary works.


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Miserables, Les, is a famous historical novel by the French author Victor Hugo.


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Long Day's Journey into Night is an autobiographical play by the American dramatist Eugene O'Neill.


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Look Back in Anger is a 1956 play by John Osborne that is credited with revolutionizing modern English drama.


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Lord of the Flies is a novel by the English author William Golding.


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Madame Bovary is a novel by French author Gustave Flaubert and one of the masterpieces of French literature.


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Marichal, Juan (1937-...), was one of the most dominating baseball pitchers of the 1960's.


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Masterpiece Theatre is a popular television show that presents multipart adaptations of literary classics as well as original dramas.


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McCovey, Willie (1938-...), ranks among the greatest sluggers in baseball history.


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Mingus, Charles (1922-1979), was one of the most important figures in jazz history.


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Moby-Dick is a whaling adventure that ranks as one of the greatest novels in American literature.


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Mona Lisa is probably the most famous portrait in art history.


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Monty Python's Flying Circus was a British satirical television program originally broadcast from 1969 to 1974.


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MTV is a music video network that operates 24 hours a day on cable television.


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Muppets are a combination of marionettes and foam-rubber hand puppets that became famous on television and in motion pictures.


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Native Son is a novel by Richard Wright that ranks among the classics of African American literature.


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1984 is a famous novel of social criticism written by the English author George Orwell and published in 1949.


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On the Road is a novel by Jack Kerouac that became a classic of Beat movement writing in the United States.


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Peanuts is perhaps the most popular comic strip in history.


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Phantom of the Opera, The, is a horror novel by the French author Gaston Leroux.


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Pynchon, Thomas (1937-...), is a leading American novelist noted for his dense style that makes extreme demands on the reader.


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Rainey, Ma (1886-1939), was one of the great blues singers of the early 1900's.


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Reese, Pee Wee (1918-1999), was the star shortstop on the Brooklyn (later Los Angeles) Dodgers team that won seven National League pennants from 1941 to 1956.


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Remembrance of Things Past is a seven-part novel by the French author Marcel Proust that ranks among the classics of French fiction.


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Roach, Max (1924-...), ranks among the most important drummers in jazz history.


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Robinson, Brooks (1937-...), was one of the greatest third basemen in baseball history.


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Royal Shakespeare Company is an English theater organization dedicated to presenting the plays of William Shakespeare and other playwrights of his time, modern classical dramas, and new works.


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Saturday Night Live is a popular late-night variety program on television.


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Schmidt, Mike (1949-...), ranks among the greatest third basemen in baseball history.


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Sesame Street is an internationally popular children's television variety program.


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Show Boat is a landmark in the history of American musical theater.


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Star Wars became one of the most popular and profitable films in motion-picture history.


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Three Stooges, The, were a popular motion-picture comedy team famous for their slapstick, violent humor.


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Tom Sawyer, The Adventures of, is a humorous novel by American author Mark Twain that has become a classic of children's literature.


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Ulysses is perhaps the most influential novel of the 1900's.


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Waiting for Godot is an influential and controversial play written by Irish-born author Samuel Beckett.


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War and Peace is an epic novel by the Russian author Leo Tolstoy.


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War of the Worlds, The, is a famous novel by the English author H. G. Wells.


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Winnie-the-Pooh is a toy stuffed bear who is the title character in two books by English author A. A. Milne that have become classics of children's literature.


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Wizard of Oz, The, is one of the most popular and beloved films in American motion-picture history.


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Wuthering Heights ranks among the masterpieces of romantic fiction in English literature.


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Yastrzemski, Carl (1939-...), was the last major league baseball player to win the triple crown of batting.


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Youmans, Vincent (1898-1946), was a major American composer of musical comedies.


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Putin, Vladimir Vladimirovich, (1952-...), is the president of Russia.


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Potter, Harry, is the boy hero of a spectacularly popular series of fantasy novels for children.


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Williams, Serena (1981-...), is a dominant player in women's professional tennis.


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Williams, Venus (1980-...), is an African American professional tennis star.


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Clarkson, Adrienne (1939-...), became governor general of Canada in 1999.


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Abilene Christian University is a private institution of higher learning in Abilene, Texas.


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Adams State College is a state institution of higher learning in Alamosa, Colorado.


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Agnes Scott College is a women's liberal arts college in Decatur, Georgia, affiliated with the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.).


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Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical University is a public institution of higher education in Normal, Alabama.


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Alabama State University is a public institution of higher learning in Montgomery, Alabama.


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Alaska Pacific University is a private liberal arts university in Anchorage, Alaska.


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Albany State University is a four-year institution of higher learning in Albany, Georgia.


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Amber University is a private university in the Dallas suburb of Garland, Texas.


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American International College is a private, coeducational college in Springfield, Massachusetts.


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Angelo State University is a public institution of higher learning in San Angelo, Texas.


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Anna Maria College is a Roman Catholic liberal arts college in Paxton, Massachusetts.


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Appalachian State University is a public university in Boone, North Carolina.


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Arkansas State University is a public institution of higher learning in Jonesboro, Arkansas.


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Arkansas Tech University is a public university in Russellville, Arkansas.


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Armstrong Atlantic State University is a public institution of higher learning in Savannah, Georgia.


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Assumption College is a Roman Catholic liberal arts and sciences college in Worcester, Massachusetts.


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Athabasca University in Athabasca, Alberta, is Canada's leading institution offering distance education-that is, providing learning opportunities to students regardless of their geographical location.


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Augusta State University is a public institution of higher education in Augusta, Georgia.


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Aurora University is a private, independent university with its main campus in the Chicago suburb of Aurora, Illinois.


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Avila College is a Roman Catholic liberal arts college in Kansas City, Missouri.


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Azusa Pacific University is an Evangelical institution of higher education in Azusa, California, near Los Angeles.


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Baldwin-Wallace College is a private, coeducational, independent institution of higher learning in Berea, Ohio, near Cleveland.


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Baltimore, University of, is a public, state-supported institution of higher learning in Baltimore.


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Barry University is a private, independent institution of higher learning in Miami Shores, Florida.


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Arcadia University is a private, independent institution of higher learning in Glenside, Pennsylvania, a suburb of Philadelphia.


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Bellarmine University, is a private, independent institution of higher learning in Louisville, Kentucky.


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Beloit College is a private, independent institution of higher learning in Beloit, Wisconsin.


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Berea College is a private, independent, liberal arts college in Berea, Kentucky.


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Boise, State University is a public, state-supported institution of higher learning in Boise, Idaho.


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Bowie State University, is a private, independent institution of higher learning in Bowie, Maryland.


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Brenau University is a private, independent institution of higher learning in Georgia.


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Bridgeport, University of, is a private, independent institution of higher learning in Connecticut.


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Bridgewater State College is a public, state-supported institution of higher learning in Bridgewater, Massachusetts.


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Brock University is a public institution of higher learning in St. Catharines, Ontario.


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Butler University is a private, independent institution of higher learning in Indianapolis, Indiana.


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California Lutheran University is a private institution of higher learning in Thousand Oaks, California.


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Campbell University is a private institution of higher learning in Buies Creek, North Carolina.


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Cardinal Stritch University is a private institution of higher learning in Milwaukee.


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Centenary College of Louisiana is a private institution of higher learning in Shreveport, Louisiana.


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Oakland University is a public, state-assisted university in Rochester, Michigan, near Detroit.


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Oklahoma City University is a private university affiliated with the United Methodist church.


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Olivet Nazarene University is a private, church-affiliated university in Bourbonnais, Illinois.


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Oral Roberts University is a private, coeducational university in Tulsa, Oklahoma.


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Our Lady of the Lake University is a private, Roman Catholic, coeducational university in San Antonio.


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South Alabama, University of, is a public, state-supported institution of higher learning in Mobile, Alabama.


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Folkman, Judah (1933-...), an American physician, is conducting important research on new treatments for cancer.


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Sullivan, Ed (1902-1974), was an American journalist who hosted "The Ed Sullivan Show," one of the most popular and longest running programs in television history.


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Amos 'n' Andy was probably the most popular radio program in American broadcasting history.


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60 Minutes is a popular television news magazine and one of the longest-running programs in television history.


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Groening, Matt (1954-...), an American cartoonist, is the creator of the popular animated television series "The Simpsons."


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Dagestan, also spelled Daghestan, is a republic of Russia on the west shore of the Caspian Sea.


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Ryder Cup is awarded to the winner of a competition between two teams of professional male golfers.


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Binchy, Maeve (1940-...), is an Irish journalist, novelist, and short-story writer.


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Blake, Quentin (1932-...), is an English artist, illustrator, author, and teacher who is known for his writings and illustrations for children.


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Boyd, Robin (1919-1971), was an Australian architect and writer.


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Bradford, Andrew (1686-1742), was an American printer and newspaper publisher who established the first newspaper in Pennsylvania.


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Chambers, Robert (1802-1871), was a Scottish writer and publisher.


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Chambers, William (1800-1883), was a Scottish publisher and architectural preservationist.


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Children's laureate is a title awarded every two years in the United Kingdom to an outstanding children's author or illustrator.


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Duffy, Carol Ann (1955-...), is a British poet and playwright whose writings include moving love poems and commentary on the contemporary, multicultural society of the United Kingdom.


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Great Expectations is a novel written by the English author Charles Dickens that follows the life of an orphan, Pip.


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Hard Times is a novel by the English author Charles Dickens that criticizes the philosophy of Utilitarianism (the belief that all ideas, actions, and institutions should be judged by how useful they are).


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Howrah Bridge is a major bridge in northeastern India that carries road traffic and trams (streetcars) over the Hooghly River at Calcutta.


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Kumbh Mela, or Kumbha Mela, is a Hindu religious festival.


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Little Dorrit is a novel written by the English author Charles Dickens.


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Martin Chuzzlewit is a novel written by the English author Charles Dickens.


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Mosley, Diana (1910-...), is a British writer and political activist known for her right-wing political views and her friendship with Adolf Hitler.


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Mitford, Unity (1914-1948), a member of the British aristocratic Mitford family, was known for her right-wing views and her support of the German Nazi Party.


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Mystery of Edwin Drood, The, is an unfinished novel by the English author Charles Dickens that tells of a broken engagement and a mysterious disappearance.


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Nicholas Nickleby is a novel written by the English author Charles Dickens.


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Old Curiosity Shop, The, is a novel written by the English author Charles Dickens that contains a famous death scene of the character Little Nell.


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Oliver Twist is a novel written by the English author Charles Dickens that tells the story of a mistreated orphan.


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Our Mutual Friend is a novel written by the English author Charles Dickens that satirizes greed and attacks the false values of the newly rich.


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Pickwick Papers, The, is a novel by the English author Charles Dickens that describes the adventures of four mismatched characters.


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Super Bowl is the championship game in the National Football League (NFL).


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Eisenhower National Historic Site, in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, includes the farm once owned by Dwight D. Eisenhower and his wife, Mamie.


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Mubarak, Suzanne (1942-...), is a leading Egyptian supporter of women's and children's rights and children's literacy.


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DVD is a round, flat platter on which motion pictures, computer programs, or other information is stored in the form of digital (numeric) code.


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Hicks, Beatrice Alice (1919-1979), was a prominent American woman engineer.


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Markham, Beryl (1902-1986), was the first woman pilot to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean from east to west.


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Polycarbonate is any of a group of extremely tough polyester plastics.


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Tuskegee Airmen were a group of African Americans who served in the Army Air Corps during World War II (1939-1945).


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Giuliani, Rudolph William (1944-...), served as mayor of New York City from 1994 to 2001.


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Birth of a Nation, The, was the first American motion-picture epic.


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Breathless is a French motion picture that established Jean-Luc Godard as one of the most important directors of his time.


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Dr. Strangelove is one of the most famous dark comedies in motion-picture history.


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Fantasia is a motion picture produced by Walt Disney that blends classical music and live action with cartoons.


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42nd Street ranks among the most popular and influential musicals in American motion-picture history.


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Great Train Robbery, The, was a 1903 landmark in the history of motion pictures.


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Oslo accords are Middle East peace agreements between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO).


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Wye River Memorandum is a Middle East peace agreement between the Israelis and the Palestinians that was negotiated at the Wye Plantation in Wye, Maryland.


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High Noon is a classic American motion-picture Western.


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It's a Wonderful Life is one of the most popular and beloved motion pictures ever made in Hollywood.


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Lavender Hill Mob, The, was one of the finest of the British motion pictures that became known as "Ealing comedies," from the name of the studio where they were made.


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Maltese Falcon, The, ranks among the greatest detective films in motion-picture history.


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Modern Times is a classic American motion-picture comedy starring Charlie Chaplin.


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North by Northwest ranks among the most popular and highly praised of all the suspense motion pictures directed by Alfred Hitchcock.


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On the Waterfront is a powerful and realistic motion-picture drama about a longshoreman fighting a corrupt labor union.


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Pinocchio is a popular animated motion picture created by the Walt Disney studio.


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Psycho is one of the most famous thrillers in motion-picture history.


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Raging Bull is a powerful motion picture directed by American filmmaker Martin Scorsese and based on the life of American boxer Jake LaMotta.


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Scarface was one of the greatest gangster films ever made.


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Seven Samurai ranks among the greatest adventure stories in motion-picture history.


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Seventh Seal, The, ranks among the motion-picture masterpieces directed by the Swedish filmmaker Ingmar Bergman.


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Singin' in the Rain is often called the greatest musical in motion-picture history.


