# First Line

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People shop for vegetables at an outdoor market in Aleppo, one of Syria's largest cities.


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Woman suffragists in America faced strong opposition, including anti-suffrage organizations such as the National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage.


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Lady Gregory was an Irish playwright and folklorist.


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Alice Paul was an American women's rights leader.


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Anna Howard Shaw was an American leader in the campaign for woman suffrage.


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Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings was an American novelist.


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Lucretia Coffin Mott was a leader of the abolitionist and women's rights movements in the United States.


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Clare Boothe Luce was a noted playwright, who also became known for her activities in American politics and government.


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Carrie Chapman Catt was an American leader of the campaign for woman suffrage.


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Silvio Berlusconi became prime minister of Italy in 2001.


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Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo became president of the Philippines in 2001.


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Traffic in Vietnam's cities fills the streets with many kinds of vehicles.


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Vietnamese refugees flee fighting during the Vietnam War (1957-1975).


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The rice fields of Vietnam provide one of the primary foods of the Vietnamese people.


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The ukulele is a musical instrument that looks somewhat like a small guitar.


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A flugelhorn is a brass musical instrument.


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Timpani are among the largest drums and are generally played in symphony orchestras.


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A drum set consists of a number of drums of different sizes and types, along with cymbals.


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A harpsichord is a musical instrument that looks somewhat like a small piano.


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A triangle is a steel percussion instrument shaped like a triangle and open at one corner.


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The English horn is a woodwind instrument that consists of a wooden tube with a pear-shaped bell at one end.


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The conga drum is popular in Latin-American music.


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A gong is a metal percussion instrument shaped like a circular plate.


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A vibraphone is a percussion instrument that consists of a number of aluminum bars arranged on a frame like the keys of a piano.


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The bass is the largest stringed instrument played with a bow.


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Ruth Bader Ginsburg became an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States in 1993.


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Anthony McLeod Kennedy became an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States in 1988.


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Antonin Scalia became the first American of Italian descent to serve as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.


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David Hackett Souter became an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States in 1990.


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Clarence Thomas became an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States in 1991.


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John Paul Stevens became an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States in 1975.


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Stephen Gerald Breyer became an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States in 1994.


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William Hubbs Rehnquist became chief justice of the United States Supreme Court in 1986.


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Swimming pools are divided into lanes for races, one lane for each swimmer.


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A public aquarium displays fish and other animals in colorful exhibit tanks.


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An aquarium worker can help teach people about the animals that live in the world's lakes, rivers, and oceans.


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Stone relief carvings are the most familiar of all Assyrian artistic works.


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The oldest known printed book is the Diamond Sutra, made in China in A.D. 868.


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Seoul, the capital and largest city of South Korea, serves as the country's cultural, economic, and political center.


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A typical Van Dyck portrait shows a full-length figure posed against a landscape background.


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Canada's Parliament buildings stand on Parliament Hill in the country's capital, Ottawa.


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An art deco dressing table designed by Emil-Jacques Ruhlman in 1925 shows the sleek elegance that was characteristic of the style.


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Sculpture of the Gupta period became the model for much of later Indian art.


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The Rose Center for Earth and Space in New York City is part of the American Museum of Natural History and houses the huge hollow sphere that makes up the Hayden Planetarium.


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An orrery built in about 1780 used a complex system of gears to drive the planets of a model solar system in a way that imitated the revolution of the actual planets around the sun.


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The Niger River serves as a major transportation route in Nigeria.


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The Gottorp Globe, built in the mid-1600's, was a hollow sphere with a bench for viewers.


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An engraving by Albrecht Durer completed in 1520 has a solid three-dimensional appearance.


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Higher education employs many people in the Washington, D.C., area.


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Afghan refugees escape from fighting near Kabul.


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The Folger Shakespeare Library's theater resembles the theaters of William Shakespeare's time.


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Boston's Copley Square blends the modern with the historic.


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Historic Faneuil Hall, like Boston itself, is called the Cradle of Liberty.


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Beacon Hill, with its elegant red-brick homes, has been a fashionable neighborhood in Boston since the late 1700's.


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The Back Bay area, once a marshy section of the Charles River, was created on landfill in the mid-1800's.


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Faneuil Hall Marketplace was developed from the old Quincy, North, and South markets.


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Boston common, the oldest public park in the United States, dates back to the 1600's.


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The Boston "Pops" Orchestra gives free outdoor concerts during July in Hatch Memorial Shell on the Esplanade, a riverbank park.


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Plaza--State of Puebla, a photograph taken by Paul Strand in 1933, portrays the beauty of a simple scene in Mexico.


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Earth spins around its axis once every 24 hours.


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Phil Mickelson of the United States ranks among the leading tournament winners in professional golf.


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Vijay Singh of Fiji ranks among the leading tournament winners in professional golf.


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Macaws are large, long-tailed parrots that live in forested areas of South America, Central America, and Mexico.


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The steenbok is a small antelope that inhabits southern and east-central Africa.


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The sitatunga is an antelope that lives in marshes in central Africa.


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The klipspringer is a small antelope that inhabits rocky places in much of Africa.


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Big brown bears live in Europe, Asia, and North America.


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Shanghai's Pudong area is an economic center of the city and also a world center of banking and finance.


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Megawati Sukarnoputri, right, became president of Indonesia in 2001.


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Musicians usually play bongo drums in Latin-American music.


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A cymbal is a brass percussion instrument shaped like a broad-brimmed hat.


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An inkjet printer sprays droplets of ink at high speed through nozzles onto paper.


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John N. Turner served as prime minister of Canada in 1984.


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Maputo is the capital and largest city of Mozambique.


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Downtown Philadelphia includes a number of high-rise office buildings.


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The vast Sahara covers most of Libya and makes most of the country uninhabitable and unsuitable for agriculture.


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Kim Campbell served as prime minister of Canada in 1993.


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Harry S. Truman served as president of the United States from 1945 to 1953.


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A prayer niche called a mihrab, like the one shown here, is a feature of every mosque.


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Mount Etna is an active volcano on the island of Sicily.


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Lindsay Davenport is an American professional tennis star.


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Jennifer Capriati is a leading American professional tennis player.


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The World Trade Center towers billowed flames and smoke on Sept. 11, 2001, after terrorists crashed hijacked airliners into the two buildings.


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The collapse of a World Trade Center tower on Sept. 11, 2001, sent people fleeing.


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New York City, the largest city in the United States, is a world center of business, culture, and trade.


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United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan acknowledges applause from his staff at the United Nations headquarters in New York after it was announced that Annan and the UN staff were awarded the 2001 Nobel Peace Prize.


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George W. Bush was elected president of the United States in 2000.


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Hamid Karzai assumed power in Afghanistan as cabinet chairman in 2001.


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Pakistan's President Pervez Musharraf, shown here, led a military take-over of Pakistan's government in 1999 and declared himself chief executive.


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Most small U.S. towns get water by drilling wells and pumping up underground water.


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A tunnel-boring machine digs into rock with attachments called disk cutters.


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Most exploratory offshore wells are drilled from jack-up rigs, semisubmersible rigs, or drillships.


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The pancreas produces digestive juice, which flows through the pancreatic duct into the small intestine.


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Saliva is produced chiefly by three pairs of glands: the parotid, the sublingual, and the submandibular.


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The spleen is a spongy organ that filters foreign substances and damaged cells from the blood.


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Tears are produced by the lacrimal glands, one of which lies above each eyeball.


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The crown, or visible part of a molar tooth, includes projections called cusps.


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Tendons connect bones and muscles, thus allowing the muscles to move the bones.


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Nuts grow nearly everywhere in the world.


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Squash is a nutritious vegetable that grows on bushes and vines.


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The langur is a leaf-eating monkey that lives in India and Southeast Asia.


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The lemon is a popular citrus fruit that is raised mainly for its tart juice and fragrant oil.


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Wood lilies have bright, orange-red petals with purple spots.


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Limes are green citrus fruits that grow in clusters.


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Loganberries consist of clusters of tiny fruits called drupelets.


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Loquats are small egg-shaped fruits with a slightly tart flavor.


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The Egyptian lotus, often called a water lily, grows on the surface of rivers and streams.


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Lovebirds are small colorful parrots that live wild in tropical Africa.


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The magpie is a bird related to the crow.


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Mallards are wild ducks found in much of the Northern Hemisphere.


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A male lumpfish has a reddish underside.


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The mantid is an insect with armlike forelegs with sharp hooks used to hold its food.


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The African marigold is a flower cultivated in many gardens.


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The moa is an extinct bird that looked somewhat like an ostrich.


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The moonflower is an attractive climbing vine.


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The mourning dove has grayish-brown feathers.


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The cantaloupe is a popular variety of muskmelon.


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The talking myna can imitate human speech even better than a parrot can.


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The poet's narcissus has a single, wide-open blossom on each stalk.


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The nasturtium is a North American garden plant.


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The nectarine is a fruit that resembles a peach, except that it has a smooth skin.


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The nighthawk often flies in urban areas during the evening, hunting for insects that are attracted by the city lights.


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Northern harriers are birds that help farmers by eating harmful pests.


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Nutmeg is a tropical tree that bears small fruits.


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Okra is a tall plant raised for its sticky green pods, which are used in cooking.


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The oleander is an ornamental flowering shrub.


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The onion is a vegetable with a bulb that can be eaten raw or used in cooking.


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The opium poppy is a plant used to produce opium, a drug that is the source of heroin and several medicines.


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Oranges are popular citrus fruits that contain delicious juice and large amounts of vitamin C. In the United States, more oranges are harvested yearly than any other type of fruit.


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The orchard oriole is a common American species of oriole.


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The osprey is a brown-and-white bird of prey.


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The oystercatcher is a fish that uses its sharp bill to open mollusks.


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Papaya is a tropical fruit that grows on a palmlike tree.


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The gray partridge is a popular game bird in the open farmlands and prairies of Canada and the United States.


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Pea plants are grown chiefly for their seeds, which are also called peas.


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The peach is a tasty fruit that has a hard, pitted stone.


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Pears vary in shape, but they are generally round at the bottom and narrow near the stem.


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The pecan nut has a smooth shell, bottom left.


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The tree peony has large flowers that grow on tall stalks.


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Persimmons are pulpy, edible fruits that grow on persimmon trees.


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The piranha fish has razor-sharp teeth that it uses to attack its prey.


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Shirley poppies grow from seed in flower gardens.


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Pterosaurs were prehistoric flying reptiles.


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Pumpkins have a hard outer shell and coarse, stringy pulp.


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Radishes are plants with crisp, sharp-tasting roots.


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Raspberries are tasty fruits that grow on thorny bushes.


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The raven has black feathers with a purple luster.


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The rhea, a bird that cannot fly, resembles a small ostrich.


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The rhubarb plant has juicy, reddish stalks with a tangy flavor.


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The rice plant grows from 31 to 72 inches (80 to 180 centimeters) tall and has several stems.


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The safflower has large blossoms and thistlelike leaves and stems.


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The spotted sandpiper is a well-known species that lives on seashores throughout the United States and southern Canada.


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The shallot looks and tastes like an onion.


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Spiderlings hatch from eggs inside the egg sac.


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The spring-beauty is a North American wild flower.


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The common stingray is a fish that can inflict a serious wound with the strong, sharp spine on its whiplike tail.


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The black stork has glossy black feathers and a white breast.


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Strawberry plants produce heart-shaped red fruit and tiny white flowers.


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Sugar beets consist of a creamy-white storage root, right, with a crown of large, dark-green leaves, left.


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Sweet potatoes are vegetables that grow underground.


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The tangerine is a popular citrus fruit.


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The tarantula has a hairy body and looks fierce, but its bite is usually no more dangerous than that of other spiders.


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Tomatoes are smooth, round, juicy fruits that grow in almost any soil.


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The tuberose is named for its tube-shaped rootstock, from which slender stems grow.


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A tragopan is a bird that has colorful, handsome markings.


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The flat-bodied turbot is a fish that lives in Europe's North Atlantic coastal waters and has eyes only on one side of its body.


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Common turkeys include the Bronze, shown at top; the Bourbon Red, middle; and the wild North American turkey, bottom.


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Turnips are grown for their edible leaves and roots.


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The turtle dove is a slender bird known for its soft cooing call.


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The bird's-foot violet gets its name from its leaves, which resemble birds' feet.


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The Chinese water chestnut is a grasslike plant that is cultivated in flooded fields.


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Watermelons are popular fruits that have sweet, juicy flesh.


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The yam is a major crop in many tropical countries.


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This drawing of a male water moccasin shows the skeleton and internal organs.


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The pineapple plant has sword-shaped leaves.


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Olives are a small, oval or oblong fruit.


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The horned lark has two tufts of dark feathers that look like horns growing above and behind the bird's eyes.


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The pintail duck is named for the long, pointed middle feathers of its tail.


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Sugar cane grows in the form of stalks, left, which contain a large amount of sugary juice.


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The lammergeier, a large vulture with distinctive light and dark coloring, has a "beard" of black feathers under its bill.


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The lapwing bird has a crest that ends in a pointed peak.


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The mate plant is the source of a South American tea.


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The gaillardia has a disk of dark tubular flowers in the center surrounded by yellow or red ray flowers with long petals.


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The gallbladder is a pouch that stores bile, a digestive juice produced by the liver.


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The galleon helped establish English naval power.


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A Roman galley moved both by oars and by sail.


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The gardenia is a beautiful white flower with smooth, waxy petals.


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Radiation that enters a Geiger counter tube hits the gas atoms there, causing them to become ionized.


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The rose geranium has clusters of fragrant scarlet blossoms.


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The American ginseng plant has tiny flowers and berries.


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A valley glacier moves downslope from a cirque, a bowl-shaped hollow near a mountain peak.


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As a glacier melts, it leaves behind humps of hard bedrock, and rounded hills and narrow ridges of rock debris.


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Glasses have single-focus, bifocal, or trifocal lenses.


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The gloxinia is a popular tropical American plant.


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The blue-gray gnatcatcher is a North American songbird.


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The goatsucker is a bird with gray, brown, and white coloring that serves as effective camouflage.


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The Gobi is a huge desert that stretches across part of southern Mongolia and northern China.


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Wild geese live chiefly in Asia, Europe, and North America.


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Domestic geese are raised on farms, particularly in Europe and Asia.


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Gourds bear attractive fruits of many colors and shapes.


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The common grackle is a bird that lives east of the Rockies.


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The parts of a Bermuda grass plant include two types of creeping stems, stolons and rhizomes.


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The male rose-breasted grosbeak is a songbird with a rose-red patch on its breast.


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The red grouper fish lives along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean.


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The spruce grouse has dull-colored feathers and somewhat resembles domestic fowl.


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Guavas develop from small, white flowers on certain shrubs and trees of the myrtle family.


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The black guillemot is a bird that lives on North Atlantic coasts.


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The guillotine was first proposed as a device for beheading people by Joseph Guillotin, a French doctor, in 1792.


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The guineafowl has dark, spotted feathers and a bony ridge called a casque on the head.


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Gulls of North America include, from top to bottom, the ring-billed gull, the herring gull, and the great black-backed gull.


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Most guided missiles are powered by a rocket engine.


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The bony frame of the head, left, is called the skull.


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The heliotrope produces beautiful, fragrant flowers.


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Hellgrammite is the large black larva of an insect called the dobsonfly.


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The strange-looking hoatzin is a bird that lives in South America.


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The hip joint is a ball-and-socket arrangement that permits a wide range of movement in all directions.


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The honeyeater is a bird that gets its name from its habit of eating nectar from the blossoms of trees and shrubs.


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Hops produce male and female flowers on different plants.


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A jockey's equipment includes a saddle, whip, boots, goggles, a safety helmet, and a jacket and cap.


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The root of the horseradish has a biting taste.


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The horseshoe crab has a shell that resembles a horse's hoof.


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The male house sparrow has a black throat and a black-streaked coat.


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Most hybrid corn results from single-crossing.


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The hyacinth is a spring flower that grows from a bulb.


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The hydrangea is an attractive shrub that produces small flowers that grow in clusters.


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A female ichneumon wasp has an egg-laying organ made up of three long threadlike strands.


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An igloo was often made of blocks of snow that spiraled upward to form a dome, top.


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The green iguana has a crest of scales down the middle of its back.


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Indochina is an area in Southeast Asia that consists of three nations-Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam.


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The intestines make up a major part of the digestive system.


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The South American jabiru has a huge black bill.


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The jack-in-the-pulpit is an American wild flower.


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Jays are related to ravens and crows but usually have more colorful feathers.


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The jerboa looks like a tiny kangaroo, but it is really a rodent.


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The Jerusalem artichoke is related to the sunflower.


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The Warsaw grouper lives in the Atlantic Ocean from Massachusetts to Brazil.


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The jicama plant is grown for its edible, nutritious tubers (underground stems).


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The jonquil has bright yellow flowers and sword-shaped leaves.


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The jugular veins--two on each side of the head and neck--return blood to the heart.


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Jumping beans, left, are actually the seeds of a Mexican shrub.


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A jumping mouse is a rodent that usually moves by hopping.


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The dark-eyed junco is a small bird that lives throughout much of North America.


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The kangaroo rat can leap about on its powerful hind legs like a kangaroo.


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The kea of New Zealand has a powerful, hooked bill.


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The eastern kingbird has white-tipped tail feathers and white underparts.


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The king mackerel is a fish with a sharp, V-shaped tail fin and a bluish back.


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The golden-crowned kinglet songbird is one of two species of kinglets that live in North America.


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The snail kite is a hawk that has broad wings and a long, hooked bill.


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The kiwi is a New Zealand bird that cannot fly.


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The black-legged kittiwake is a gull that lives in the Arctic.


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The kohlrabi plant has an edible, bulb-shaped stem.


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The kookaburra, or laughing jackass, has a large head; a long, heavy bill; and brown, black, or white feathers.


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A marlin is a large game fish related to the swordfish and the sailfish.


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The American merganser is a duck with a straight narrow bill hooked at the tip and notched at the edges.


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The marsh mallow is a plant that grows in meadows and marshy areas.


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The sailfin molly has a large fin along its back and a large tail fin.


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The mouth is adapted for taking in food.


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The common murre is a sea bird that nests in colonies on the rocky coasts of the North Atlantic and North Pacific.


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The red-spotted newt, the most common type of newt in the United States, is a small amphibian with a long tail.


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Plankton consists mostly of small marine organisms that drift with the ocean currents.


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Nekton is made up of fish and other animals that have the ability to swim freely in water without the help of currents.


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Benthos consists of marine organisms that live on the ocean bottom.


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A sport parachute brings a skydiver down very slowly.


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The peach moth damages peaches and other fruits.


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The phalarope is a small swimming and wading bird.


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A single-lens reflex camera, or SLR camera, lets a photographer view subjects directly through the lens.


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Pistachio nuts grow in clusters on pistachio trees.


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This illustration shows some of the chief kinds of plains.


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The three main kinds of plums are European, Japanese, and American.


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Poison ivy has leaves that consist of three leaflets.


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The jolthead porgy is a fish that lives in Atlantic coastal waters.


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Potatoes are one of the most important and nutritious foods.


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A potato plant has leafy stems and pink, purple, or white flowers.


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A cross section of a potato shows several layers of material.


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The Colorado potato beetle deposits its eggs on potato plants.


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The redpoll, a member of the finch family, has a reddish crown.


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Flower heads of the giant protea grow up to 8 inches (20 centimeters) wide.


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The ribs are connected to the backbone, from which they curve downward and forward to form a protective cage around the heart and lungs.


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Cabbage is a vegetable with leaves that grow close together to form a hard, round head.


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The calla has a large white, yellow, or pink leaf often mistaken for the flower.


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Canaries are popular pets because of their lively song.


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A canna plant produces large, showy blossoms.


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Styles of gowns worn by college graduates show whether a person holds a bachelor's, master's, or doctor's degree.


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The crested caracara is a large meat-eating bird.


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A caravel was a type of ship with a two-deck structure at its stern.


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Carnations are tall, hardy flowers with a spicy fragrance.


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Carpal tunnel syndrome is caused by pressure on the median nerve as it passes through the carpal tunnel, a canal formed by bones and ligaments in the wrist.


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The carrot is a popular, nutritious vegetable grown throughout the world.


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Casabas ripen in autumn and have a juicy flesh.


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Cashews grow in bean-shaped shells attached to fruitlike cashew apples.


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The cassowary is a large bird that lives in the forests of Australia, New Guinea, and nearby Pacific islands.


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Castor-oil plants bear spiny fruits that contain the oil-producing beans.


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Catfish usually have two to four pairs of whiskers.


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The cauliflower plant has large leaves that surround the cauliflower head.


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The celery plant consists of stalks that grow directly from the center of the root, right.


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The fruit of the chayote vine ranges from ivory-white to dark green, and grows about 6 inches (15 centimeters) long.


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Cherimoya fruit grows among the leaves of the cherimoya tree.


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The main types of cherries include sweet cherries, left, and sour cherries, right.


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The chuckwalla, one of the largest of American lizards, was at one time used for food by Indians in the Southwest.


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A cicada emerges as an adult insect after shedding its skin.


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The citron is a citrus fruit that resembles a large lemon.


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An American clematis plant has violet blossoms that grow in clusters.


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A weight-driven clock is powered by a weight that is lowered from a drum, shown in green.


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A line-powered digital clock is powered by an alternating electric current.


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Varieties of clover differ chiefly in appearance and in the way they grow.


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An Indian cobra may grow to nearly 6 feet (2 meters) in length.


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A cold frame is a structure that shelters plants outdoors.


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The collarbone, or clavicle, connects the breastbone with the acromion, a hooklike projection of the shoulder blade.


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Plants of the composite family include the common dandelion, the bull thistle, and the Shasta daisy.


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The leaves of conifers may be scalelike or needlelike.


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The coot is a dark gray water bird that resembles a duck.


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The copperhead is a poisonous American snake.


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A South American coral snake grows about 4 feet (1.2 meters) long.


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Flowers of the coreopsis plant look like daisies and grow on slender stems.


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Coriander is an herb that grows in the Mediterranean region.


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A mature corn plant consists of the roots, stalk, leaves, ears, and tassel.


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A mature corn seed has three main parts. (1) The embryo develops into a new plant. (2) The endosperm stores starch and other food energy. (3) The seed coat protects the parts.


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Brown-headed cowbirds range from Canada to Mexico.


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Cranberries grow on evergreen vines in cool regions of North America.


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The crossbill bird uses the crossed ends of its bill to get seeds from fir cones.


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The black-billed cuckoo has a long, slightly curved black beak and red circles around its eyes.


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A cuckoo-shrike is a bird with a notched bill.


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Cucumbers grow on vines that have many coiled growths called tendrils.


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The cumin plant bears clusters of small flowers, left.


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A male great curassow is a large tropical bird with a brightly colored beak.


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The long-billed curlew is a wading bird.


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The daffodil is a yellow narcissus that blooms in the early spring.


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The oxeye daisy is a common plant that has a center of tiny yellow disk flowers surrounded by white petallike ray flowers.


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The lemon day lily, shown, produces beautiful flowers in loose clusters at the top of a tall, leafless stalk.


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A dehumidifier removes moisture from the air.


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The dodo was a bird that had tiny wings that were so small it could not fly.


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A dragonfly has four large wings and can fly swiftly.


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An earthquake-resistant building includes such structures as shear walls, a shear core, and cross-bracing.


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The Easter lily has long, pointed leaves and large, white blossoms.


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The eggplant is a plant that produces large fruit shaped somewhat like an egg.


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Egrets are birds that belong to the heron family.


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The elbow is the joint where the bone of the upper arm--the humerus--and the forearm bones--the radius and the ulna--meet.


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A DC motor's most common source of power is a battery.


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Most AC motors receive power from electrical outlets.


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The emu is a bird that can run swiftly, but it cannot fly.


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Endive is a leafy vegetable often used in salads.


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The human eyes produce tears by means of the lacrimal glands, one of which lies above each eyeball.


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The black-footed ferret is an endangered species.


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A fiddler crab lives along sandy or muddy seacoasts.


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Figs are the fruit of the fig tree, which generally grows in warm climates.


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The firecracker flower has long, slender leaves and a long stem that ends in a cluster of bright flowers.


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The red-shafted flicker has red markings on its head and underwings.


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Forests evolved throughout the various periods of the earth's history.


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The four-o'clock plant has colorful, fragrant flowers.


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The foxglove plant produces richly colored flowers.


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The freesia plant has lovely, fragrant flowers.


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Fritillaries are lilies with bell-shaped flowers.


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Fuchsia flowers resemble dangling earrings.


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Cancer starts to spread when one or more cancer cells break away from the original tumor and enter the circulatory system through a blood or lymph vessel.


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Ages ago, the remains of tiny marine organisms sank to the sea floors and were buried by sediments, left.


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Grapefruit is a large citrus fruit that has a tart flavor and is frequently eaten for breakfast.


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The Chinese hibiscus, shown, makes a colorful garden flower.


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A coaxial cable consists of one or more conductors called coaxials.


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A solution cave, such as the one shown here, is formed in limestone when water dissolves sections of the rock.


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The four main groups of cheese are (1) soft, (2) semisoft, (3) hard, and (4) very hard or grating.


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A column is a vertical support that consists of a shaft and a capital and often rests on a base.


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The human ear extends deep into the skull.


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The outer ear consists of the auricle, the fleshy part of the ear on the side of the head, and the external auditory canal, a passageway that leads to the eardrum.


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The middle ear has three bones--the malleus, incus, and stapes.


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The visible parts of the eyeball are the white sclera and the colored iris.


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The iris has a round opening called the pupil, which regulates the amount of light that enters the eye.


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Gears consist chiefly of an axle and a wheel or disk with slots called teeth.


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The banded gecko is a lizard that lives in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico.


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Precious or semiprecious stones cut or polished for use in jewelry are called gems.


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Gems are cut in different ways, depending on changing fashions and on the type of gem.


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Ligaments and tendons consist of tough, elastic connective tissue.


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Orchestra seating is designed by the conductor to produce a certain blend of sounds.


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The rose of Sharon, a popular ornamental shrub, has large and attractively colored flowers.


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A rye seed spike, left, has long, stiff beards.


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St.-John's-wort has colorful flowers and hardy greenery.


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The red salamander lives in the Eastern United States.


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Spotted salamanders are common in moist woodlands.


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This illustration shows the general appearance of an Elizabethan public theater.


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A great variety of starfish live in the world's oceans.


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Sea lavender, a type of statice, grows wild in salt marshes and deserts worldwide.


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The tailorbird uses its long bill as a needle.


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The Caspian tern has a black crest and gray feathers.


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The tobacco plant lives for only one growing season.


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Beans are the edible pods and seeds of certain low bushes and climbing vines.


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A bird called an Asian babbler, the white-crested laughing thrush, is one of the largest types of babblers.


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A bed bug molts (sheds its outer layer of skin) five times before maturity.


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Beets are grown for their roots and leaves.


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The American bittern is a bird that lives in marshlands.


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Black-eyed Susans have dark centers and orange-yellow petals.


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The blackberry plant produces small black fruits that grow near the stalk.


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The blue crab gets its name from its blue legs.


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Blueberries grow in clusters from the flowers on blueberry shrubs.


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The abdomen is a large body cavity that lies between the thorax (chest) and the pelvic cavity.


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Acerola is the nutritious fruit of a bushy tree that is also called the acerola.


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The development of an acne pimple is illustrated here.


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The helmet flower is an aconite that has purplish flowers.


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An adder commonly known as the European viper, shown, is the only poisonous snake that is found in the United Kingdom.


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The autumn Adonis has bright red flowers.


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The adrenal glands are important hormone-producing organs that lie atop the kidneys.


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The alfalfa plant has many slender stems, which develop from buds on the crown (base).


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The alimentary canal is a tube through which food is taken into the body and digested.


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The almond is the seed of the almond tree and a delicious nut.


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An ornamental amaranth called love-lies-bleeding has a number of long, drooping clusters of crimson flowers.


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An amaryllis plant has a long stem and trumpet-shaped flowers.


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Amazon rain forest covers much of northern South America.


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Amphibians are divided into three main groups: (1) caecilians, (2) salamanders, and (3) frogs and toads.


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The anaconda is the largest snake in the Western Hemisphere.


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The anise plant produces seeds that give food a spicy licorice flavor.


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The ankle joint allows movement of the foot.


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The classes of ants--queens, males, and workers--differ in size.


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There are hundreds of kinds of apples, and they differ in color, flavor, shape, size, and texture.


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The apricot is a golden fruit with a large pit.


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An archerfish hunts insects at the water surface.


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The arm contains three bones--the humerus, the radius, and the ulna.


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The mountain arnica bears heads of golden-yellow flowers from its stem.


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Arthropods form a major division of the animal kingdom.


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The artichoke has prickly leaves and an edible bud.


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The cuckoopint plant is a type of arum that grows in Europe.


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The New England aster is a flower with purple petals.


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Avocados have a yellow-green pulp that surrounds one large seed.


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The American avocet is a wading bird whose long legs and long, curved bill help it feed in shallow-water areas.


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The leg contains large, strong bones, left, which support the weight of the body.


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Azalea flowers have five tapering petals that may be pink, red, white, yellow, or purple.


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About 80 species of birds have died out since the 1600's.


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The urinary bladder stores urine that drains continuously from the kidneys.


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There are two forms of bone, hard compact bone and spongy cancellous bone.


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A fracture heals by forming a mass of new tissue called a callus.


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A bougainvillea is a tropical South American shrub.


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The Brazil nut is the seed of a South American tree.


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Breadfruit plant has a starchy pulp that some people think feels like bread.


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The female breast consists chiefly of fatty tissue.


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The bullfrog is the largest frog in the United States.


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The bushmaster is a large, poisonous viper.


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The great bustard is a game bird that inhabits plains of Europe and Asia.


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Creeping buttercups have stems that spread along the ground and send down roots that grow into new plants.


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The foureye butterflyfish has a large, dark eyespot on each side of its body toward the rear.


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Calendulas are common garden flowers in temperate regions around the world.


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The cocklebur is a species of weed that has spiny, prickly burs.


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The cockscomb is a plant with crested or feathery clusters of red or yellow flowers.


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The codling moth is a small brown and bronze-colored moth.


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The coelacanth is a fish that lives in the western Indian Ocean.


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The colchicum is a poisonous European plant.


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The cuttlefish has a broad head with two large eyes.


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Digestion is the process that breaks food down into simple substances the body can use.


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The tiny dormouse has a pointed nose and a long tail.


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The elecampane plant is a common roadside weed.


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The electric eel can produce an electric discharge.


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An electric ray is a fish with a wide body and a pointed tail.


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An electric switch controls the flow of electric current in a circuit.


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The illustrations below show four eye disorders.


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The fer-de-lance is a large, poisonous snake that lives in tropical regions of North and South America.


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Filberts, or hazelnuts, grow in tight clusters.


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Some saltwater fish live along the coasts of continents.


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Hundreds of kinds of saltwater fish live in the warm, shallow waters around coral reefs.


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Fish of the deep ocean include some of the most unusual and least-known fish in the world.


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Tropical regions of Africa, Asia, and South America have a tremendous variety of freshwater fish.


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Unlike tropical waters, temperate waters become cold during part of the year.


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Fleabane got its name because people once thought the plant could kill fleas.


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Flowering tobacco is grown for its sweet-scented flowers.


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The Acadian flycatcher is a bird that lives in the United States.


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The kidneys remove wastes from the blood, producing urine.


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Most leaves have two main parts: (1) a flat blade and (2) a stemlike petiole.


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The blades of broadleaf plants have three chief types of edges: (1) smooth, (2) toothed, and (3) lobed.


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The leek, a variety of onion, has a slender white bulb at the base of the leaves.


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The lingonberry is related to the cranberry.


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A body louse has crablike legs and hooked claws that it uses to cling to its victim.


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The mamba, a close relative of the cobra, is a poisonous snake that lives in central and southern Africa.


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A manzanita plant has bright red berries and attractive, oval leaves.


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Marijuana is an illegal drug that produces psychological and physical effects.


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Mariposa lilies have lovely, tulip-shaped flowers that vary in color.


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More than 5,000 species of mushrooms grow around the world.


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A male narwhal looks like most other whales, but it has a long, spiral tusk growing forward from its upper jaw.


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The nose is outwardly simple but inwardly complex.


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The ovenbird is a common North American warbler.


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The palate, or roof of the mouth, separates the mouth and nasal cavities.


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The queen parrotfish lives in the western Atlantic.


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Pepper is made from berries of the pepper plant.


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The eastern wood-pewee is a bird that sings throughout the day.


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The pilotfish is a small sea fish that has five or six dark vertical bands.


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The American pipit is a bird that lives in North America and Asia.


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The common ragweed usually grows 1 to 3 feet (30 to 91 centimeters) high.


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Reptiles vary greatly in size, shape, and color.


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The shoulder consists of two bones, the clavicle and scapula, left, and various muscles, right.


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Human skin has three layers of tissue--the epidermis, the dermis, and subcutaneous tissue.


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The nails of the fingers and toes are formed from certain cells of the skin.


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Skin color depends mainly on the amount of brown pigment, called melanin, in the skin.


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Soapberry trees and shrubs bear fruit that has a fleshy or leathery berry containing a soapy substance known as saponin.


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The sole is a fish that has a flat, oval-shaped body with both eyes on one side of the head.


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Major repairs and renovation were carried out for the 1986 centennial of the statue.


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The human stomach is shaped somewhat like the letter J. The cutaway view shows the mucous membrane that lines the organ, and the three muscle layers of the stomach wall.


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The plain titmouse bird has brownish-gray feathers.


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Toadflax has clusters of yellow, tube-shaped flowers.


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The tongue consists of bundles of muscles that run in several directions.


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Tonsils form a continuous ring around the back of the throat.


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The rufous-sided towhee lives mainly on the ground.


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The trap-door spider is harmless to human beings.


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The tree frog uses its sticky foot pads to climb trees.


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The garden verbena produces clusters of blossoms on a slender stem.


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The viper is a poisonous snake with two long, movable fangs.


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In human beings, sounds of the voice are made chiefly by the vocal cords, small bands of tissue that stretch across the larynx.


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There are more than 17,000 species of true wasps.


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The water moccasin is one of several poisonous snakes in North America.


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The wheat plant grows up to 5 feet (1.5 meters) high and turns golden-brown when ripe.


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Indian white-eyes are songbirds that live in southern Asia.


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The wild carrot is also known as Queen Anne's lace because of the plant's lacy clusters of small white or yellowish flowers.


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The American woodcock is a bird with a long bill.


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The wrist includes eight small, irregularly shaped bones located between the ulna and radius, the bones of the forearm, and the metacarpals, the bones of the palm.


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Archery equipment includes accessories that help an archer shoot better and more comfortably.


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The target used in target archery competition in the United States has 10 scoring rings and 5 colored circles.


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The main parts of an arrow are the point, the shaft, and the nock.


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Notching an arrow, a process called nocking, left, is the first step in drawing the bowstring.


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During the Middle Ages, metal armor protected soldiers and their horses from enemy blows in combat.


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People used armor as early as the Stone Age, when layers of animal skin protected the body from blows.


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Many forms of arthritis can disable the joints.


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A bacterial cell may have up to three protective layers.


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The Barbary States in the 1800's, shown in yellow, lay along the Mediterranean coast in North Africa.


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Most lead-acid storage batteries have six cells.


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The shape of a bird's wings relates to the type of flying that the bird does best.


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This drawing shows the main external features of a typical bird, the domestic pigeon.


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A bird's skeleton is both lightweight and strong.


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This view of a female domestic pigeon shows the chief internal organs of the typical bird.


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There are three main kinds of underground mines: (1) shaft mines, (2) slope mines, and (3) drift mines.


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The yellow flower heads of the compass plant look like sunflowers.


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Instruments are grouped in five major classes: (1) stringed instruments, (2) wind instruments, (3) percussion instruments, (4) keyboard instruments, and (5) electronic instruments.


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Diverticulitis is a disease of the colon.


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In surface-supplied diving, a diver wears a waterproof suit and a helmet for protection against water pressure.


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The two chief kinds of elephants, African elephants and Indian elephants, differ in size and body features.


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This view of a female African elephant shows the animal's skeleton and some of its internal organs.


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The Fertile Crescent is a historic region that curves around the Syrian Desert in Asia.


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This drawing of a yellow perch shows the external features most fish have in common.


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The skeletons of most fish consist mainly of (1) a skull, (2) a backbone, (3) ribs, (4) fin rays, and (5) supports for fin rays or fins.


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This view of a yellow perch shows the chief internal organs found in most fish.


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Flax is a plant valued for its seeds and its fibers.


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Flowers vary in the shape, number, and color of their main parts.


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Animal hearts vary in size and complexity.


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Blood consists of a liquid and three kinds of solid particles.


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Icebergs form where chunks of ice break away from a glacier as it flows into the sea.


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The Indus Valley civilization was centered in the river plains of what is now Pakistan and northwestern India.


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The Imperial Valley, an irrigated region in the desert of south-central California, is one of the richest farming areas in the United States.


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The Kalahari Desert stretches across much of Botswana, and parts of Namibia and South Africa.


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Higher organisms have many specialized kinds of cells.


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The liver consists of two main sections--the right lobe and the left lobe--and two small lobes that lie behind the right lobe.


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During the life cycle of a house fly, the egg hatches into a larva, which eats and grows and then forms a pupa.


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The Aztec empire reached the height of its power during the early 1500's, covering much of what is now south-central Mexico.


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The diagram at the left shows the external parts of an optical microscope.


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An antitank mine explodes when run over by a tank or other heavy vehicle.


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The parts of an antitank mine are shown here.


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A garden morning-glory has dark heart-shaped leaves and colorful flowers shaped like a funnel.


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There are more than 100,000 species of moths worldwide.


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The human body has three kinds of muscles: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.


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The human body has more than 600 major muscles.


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The Voyager 2 astronomical observatory was launched in 1977 and flew past Neptune in 1989.


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The Panama Canal shortens sea voyages between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.


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Most crude oil lies in underground formations called traps.


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In directional drilling, an oil well is drilled at an angle rather than straight down.


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The pineal gland is located near the center of the brain in human beings.


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A pirate carried several kinds of weapons, including a pistol, daggers, an ax, and a short, curved sword called a cutlass.


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The pituitary gland is one of the body's chief endocrine (hormone-producing) organs.


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A river may drain water from a huge area.


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All rodents have chisellike upper and lower front teeth called incisors.


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The main parts of a root system appear in this illustration.


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Prop roots grow from a stem and help brace a plant against the wind.


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This diagram shows how latex is obtained from a rubber tree.


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The most popular saddles are the Western saddle, left, and the English saddle, right.


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Shields used by soldiers, noblemen, and warriors varied in size, shape, and design.


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Human beings have four pairs of sinuses.


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The skeleton is a strong, flexible framework that supports the body and protects the internal organs.


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Scuba divers carry tanks of compressed air.


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These illustrations show some of the variations in the body shape of snakes.


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Sempervivum is an example of a succulent plant.


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Various types of swords have played a role in the warfare of many civilizations.


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By the time a child is about 4 years old, most of the permanent teeth have formed within the jaws near the roots of the deciduous teeth.


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These illustrations show how a dentist fills a cavity.


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Malocclusion is the failure of the upper and lower teeth to meet properly when a person bites.


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A crown is a toothlike cap made of metal, porcelain, or plastic, which is cemented onto a damaged tooth.


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Braces consist of a system of metal brackets and wires.


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These illustrations show two kinds of periodontal diseases.


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The thymus is in the upper chest, behind the breastbone.


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A secure sanitary landfill is lined with materials that prevent water from carrying leachates (dissolved substances) from the refuse into underground water supplies.


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The yellowlegs is a shore bird named for its long yellow legs.


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The catclaw acacia grows in the Southwestern United States.


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The adenoids, or pharyngeal tonsils, are in the upper part of the pharynx (throat).


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A "cushion" of air under pressure supports an air cushion vehicle.


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The first military aircraft were balloons used for reconnaissance.


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Through the years, military aircraft have been improved to increase their speed and maneuverability.


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These illustrations show four common kinds of anchors: the stock anchor, the stockless anchor, the mushroom anchor, and the grapnel.


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In a coronary angioplasty, surgeons insert a long tube called a catheter through the patient's groin and guide the catheter to a blocked artery in the heart.


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The flower and fruit of an angiosperm contain the plant's seeds.


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The seafaring Jutes, Angles, and Saxons who invaded England in the mid-400's became known as Anglo-Saxons.


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Several types of antennas may be used to receive radio or television signals.


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The appendix is a narrow tube that extends from the cecum of the large intestine.


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A home aquarium should have an air pump and one or more filters to keep the water clean.


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Like a natural heart, an air-powered artificial heart has two ventricles (chambers).


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A myoelectric artificial arm responds to muscle contractions in the remaining upper arm or shoulder.


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An atom consists of three basic types of particles called protons, neutrons, and electrons.


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Atoms vary greatly in weight, but they are all about the same size.


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Attila's empire stretched from the Danube River on the south to the Baltic Sea on the north, and from the Rhine River on the west to the Caspian Sea on the east.


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Austria-Hungary, established in 1867, consisted of the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary.


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The drive train carries power from the engine to the wheels.


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The steering system guides the front wheels.


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The brake system slows or stops the car.


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Most races are held on oval tracks or road-racing courses.


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Automobile-racing flags signal the start and finish of a race.


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A baby begins to develop as a mass of cells in the wall of the uterus--a hollow organ in the mother's abdomen.


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After a hot-air balloon is inflated, the pilot feeds fuel to the burner and lifts off.


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This diagram shows an internal view of a typical female beetle.


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Birds build an enormous variety of nests, ranging from simple hollows in the ground to elaborate structures suspended from tree branches.


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The bills of birds vary according to what they eat and their feeding methods.


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Most birds have four toes on each foot, and all birds have a claw at the tip of each toe.


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Birds-of-paradise are known for their dazzling and unusual plumage.


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Block and tackle is a machine used to perform such tasks as lifting weights and moving heavy machinery.


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Bombs vary according to the explosive materials they contain and their size and target.


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A strategic bomber like this B-1B can strike distant targets with bombs or missiles.


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Bricks are usually laid horizontally in layers known as courses.


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The building construction of a skyscraper is shown here.


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Buoys help ships steer safely through harbors, rivers, and other bodies of water.


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A butterfly's body has three main parts: (1) the head, (2) the thorax, and (3) the abdomen.


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To move upstream, a vessel enters a lock in which the water level has been lowered to that of the water just downstream.


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Carthage was an ancient city in North Africa.


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Spongy footpads enable a cat to walk quietly.


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These illustrations show some of the special features of a cat's eyes.


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The coats of cats vary in color and pattern, as shown in these illustrations.


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Chickens, like other birds, have wings and feathers.


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Scientists classify ducks into eight separate groups called tribes.


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Most kinds of domestic ducks in the United States developed from wild mallards.


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The propulsion system of an electric train includes the traction motor and the driving wheel.


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An electric train receives power from a catenary (overhead wire) or from an electrified third rail.


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Any seed-bearing structure produced by a flowering plant is a fruit.


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Simple fruits are classified into two main groups, depending on whether their tissue is fleshy or dry.


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A compound fruit consists of a cluster of seed-bearing structures, each of which is a complete fruit.


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There are hundreds of kinds of house plants.


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The diagram on the right shows the parts of a human hair.


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Most roots anchor a plant and absorb water and minerals.


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Most stems support the plant's flowers and leaves.


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The leaves of most plants make food for growth and repair.


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Flowers contain the reproductive parts of flowering plants.


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Many kinds of mosses, shrubs, and wild flowers survive the long, cold winters of the high mountain tundra.


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Towering trees, such as hemlocks, cedars, and Douglas-firs, dominate the temperate coniferous forest on the Olympic Peninsula of Washington.


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Trees grow close together in this African rain forest, and vines climb high on the trees.


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Trees are the chief plants in a temperate deciduous forest.


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Thick growths of shrubs and small trees flourish in the hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters of the chaparral.


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Wild grasses, such as big bluestem and prairie cordgrass, once covered the Great Plains of the United States and Canada.


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Many kinds of cactus plants grow in the desert areas of the American Southwest.


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Many species of plants grow in and around ponds and other bodies of fresh water.


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The Roman Empire grew weaker during the A.D. 300's.


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The swan swims and flies gracefully, though it is one of the largest birds.


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Nearly all the methods of transporting goods or people during prehistoric times depended on the muscles of either human beings or animals.


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Wheeled vehicles and sailing vessels were invented during the 3000's B.C.


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Beginning in the 1400's, Europeans built ships capable of making long ocean voyages.


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The steam engine provided a completely new source of power for transportation during the 1800's.


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By the early 1900's, engine-powered vehicles had revolutionized transportation.


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Most of today's forms of public transportation had taken shape by the 1930's.


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Peptic ulcers are open sores in the digestive system.


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A Viking warrior fought with a sword that had a broad two-edged blade made of iron or steel.


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Ships have been used in battle since ancient times.


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Birds of Australia and the Pacific Islands


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During the 1900's, physicists proposed various models of atomic structure.


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The bigmouth buffalo is a large food fish.


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The body of a caterpillar is made up of 14 segments.


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The grass carp is a hardy fish that eats water plants.


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A person's circulatory system consists chiefly of a pump--the heart--and a network of blood vessels.


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The compound eye of a fruit fly, left, is made up of structures called ommatidia.


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The organs with which the cricket "sings."


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The diaphragm is a large, dome-shaped muscle that plays a major role in respiration.


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A bald eagle, its powerful wings spread wide, returns to its aerie (nest) with food for its hungry young.


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The harpy eagle lives in Central and South American rain forests and feeds on monkeys, sloths, and other animals.


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Steller's sea eagle is one of the largest and most powerful eagles.


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The earthworm's body is made up of segments.


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The eel is a long, thin fish that resembles a snake.


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The elephant's-ear plant gets its name from the leaves, which are shaped like a large ear or shield.


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The fossil record helps scientists learn about the evolution of mammals from reptiles.


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The foot has three sets of bones--the tarsals, or anklebones; metatarsals, or instep bones; and phalanges, or toe bones.


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A frog's internal anatomy resembles that of higher animals in many ways.


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The human body has two kinds of glands--endocrine and exocrine.


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Blood enters the kidney through the renal artery.


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The knee is the joint at which the thighbone meets the large bone of the lower leg, left.


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Although mammals differ greatly in size and shape, they all share a number of physical characteristics.


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Mammals have three basic types of teeth: (1) incisors (front teeth), (2) canines (side teeth), and (3) premolars and molars (cheek teeth).


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Although all mammals have a basic skeleton in common, it is adapted in each species to suit the particular way the animals move.


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A moth's body has three main parts: (1) head, (2) thorax, and (3) abdomen.


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The human nervous system has three main parts: (1) the central nervous system, (2) the peripheral nervous system, and (3) the autonomic nervous system, which consists of sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.


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A hydraulic elevator is lifted and lowered by a ram (piston).


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A gearless traction elevator has steel cables called hoisting ropes that fit around a sheave.


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The reproductive systems of males and females are specifically designed to produce, nourish, and transport the sperm or egg.


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Surface mining includes dredging and furrow mining.


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Soil formation depends on several factors that act together.


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A solar-heated home has large south-facing windows that let in heat from the sun.


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The alewife is a fish that lives in the Great Lakes and along the Atlantic Coast of North America.


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The greater amberjack is the largest species of this fast-swimming game fish.


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The argonaut is an eight-armed animal that lives in warm sea waters.


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Pacific barracuda is a fish that lives along the Pacific Coast of North America.


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The Pacific bonito is a large ocean fish that lives in the Pacific Ocean.


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The yellow bullhead fish, like other bullheads, has several long hornlike growths near its mouth.


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The cane toad has spread rapidly through Australia.


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The creek chub is a fish that may grow to a length of 1 foot (30 centimeters).


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The citrange is a plant that looks and tastes like an orange.


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The Pacific cod lives in the waters of the northern Pacific Ocean and the Bering Sea.


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The white crappie is a popular freshwater game fish and food fish.


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The Johnny darter is a small fish of the perch family.


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The doctorfish lives in tropical parts of the Atlantic Ocean.


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The spiny dogfish is a member of the shark family.


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The European bark beetle is one of the two kinds of beetles that spread Dutch elm fungus disease from tree to tree.


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The flyingfish uses its tail to propel itself from the water into the air, where the fish's large fins aid in flight.


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The forget-me-not plant grows clusters of light-blue flowers.


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The longnose gar is a fish with long and slender jaws.


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A goby is a fish that lives in shallow ocean waters.


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A grayling is a fish that has a slender body with colorful fins.


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The grunion is a small, silvery fish that lives along the coast of southern California and northwestern Mexico.


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One species of American grunt is the pigfish.


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A gymnosperm is a plant that has exposed seeds.


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The gypsy moth is a destructive forest pest.


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A hake is a fish with two fins on its back and a long fin on its underside.


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The halibut is an important food fish that lives in northern waters.


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Pacific herring inhabit the ocean's northern waters.


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The lanternfish has organs along the sides of its head and body that enable the fish to create its own light.


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The leafhopper is an insect that destroys plants by sucking out juices.


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The locust, a type of grasshopper, has a large head, short antennae, and long legs.


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The South American lungfish has an eel-shaped body with threadlike fins.


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The mackerel is a fish with blue-green skin and a forked tail.


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The milk snake is valuable to farmers because it eats the mice that live in and around farm buildings.


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Minnows make up the largest family of freshwater fishes.


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A mole cricket burrows in the ground like a mole.


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A naked mole-rat has wrinkled skin and scattered hair.


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The muskellunge fish is a large North American pike.


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The paca is a large rodent that lives in forests.


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The black pacu is an important food fish in Brazil.


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The American paddlefish has an oarlike snout.


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A paramecium is a tiny one-celled organism.


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The pink bollworm in the caterpillar stage may seriously damage the blossoms and bolls of the cotton plant.


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The puffer becomes twice its normal size and floats on the surface of the water when it inflates its stomach.


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The roach is a small, slow-swimming fish that lives in European lowland rivers and lakes.


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The sable is a rare animal that is native to Siberia.


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A European sardine, or pilchard, grows from 9 to 12 inches (23 to 30 centimeters) long.


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The scorpion has a poisonous sting in its tail.


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The shad is an important North American food fish.


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A shrew is a small animal that resembles a sharp-nosed mouse.


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The northern red snapper is a common fish in the Gulf of Mexico.


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The spot is a sport fish named for the spot on its shoulder.


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The squid is a sea animal that has 10 arms, which are covered with sucking disks used to catch prey.


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A stonefish has a stout body with wartlike skin.


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The stonefly usually lives near brooks or streams.


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The sturgeon is a fish that has rows of bony plates protecting its head and most of its body.


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Some members of the thrush family are the European blackbird, left, the wood thrush, center, and the veery, right.


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The tilefish lives along the coast of New England.


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The triggerfish lives in warm coastal waters.


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The yellowfin tuna provides light meat for canning.


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The turmeric plant is native to southern Asia.


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The yellow-throated vireo is a bird that builds its nest high in the treetops of forests.


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The wahoo is an excellent game and food fish that lives in the warm waters of all oceans.


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The common walkingstick is an insect that resembles a twig.


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Weevils are insect pests that damage crops.


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The wintergreen has white blossoms and red berries.


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There are about 200 species of woodpeckers.


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The California sheepshead fish is a Pacific wrasse.


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A single plant produces many zucchini squash.


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Curling is played in a rectangular area on a level sheet of ice.


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Drainage systems remove excess water from the soil.


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A flood occurs when a river rises above its normal level and overflows its banks.


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Protective equipment helps prevent injuries.


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Every forest has various strata (layers) of plants.


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The Great Plains, shown in yellow, is an important agricultural and mining region of Canada and the United States.


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The Gulf Stream originates in the western Caribbean Sea.


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The Himalaya, the world's highest mountain range, forms a great natural barrier between the Tibetan plateau of China, and India and Nepal.


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A hookworm usually enters the body through the skin.


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Horseshoe pitching is played on a rectangular court that has a stake set in a pitching box at each end.


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The International Date Line runs down the middle of the Pacific Ocean.


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The kouprey is a rare animal found in Southeast Asia.


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Kush, shown in yellow, occupied an area along the Nile River in what is now Sudan.


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These illustrations show some of the major kinds of baleen whales.


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These illustrations show some of the major kinds of toothed whales.


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Some functions of the circulatory system


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The formation of coal involved three main steps. (1) The remains of dead plants turned into a substance called peat. (2) The peat became buried. (3) The buried peat was subjected to great pressure.


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Fog is a mass of tiny water droplets that are suspended in the air at or near the earth's surface.


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A forest develops through a series of changes in the kinds of plants and animals that live in an area.


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Hawaiian honeycreepers live only in Hawaii.


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The right lung consists of three lobes, and the left lung, two.


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A mandrake is a plant with a large, thick root.


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The millipede is a wormlike, many-legged animal.


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The Mormon cricket is very destructive to crops in the Western United States.


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A mullet is a fish with a stout, silvery-blue body.


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The dark green leaves of the mustard plant make an excellent summer vegetable that is high in vitamin content.


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A profile of the Panama Canal shows a ship's course through the waterway.


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After lining the well hole with pipes called casing, the crew lowers an instrument called a perforator into the well.


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A tremendous amount of energy is needed to bring oil to the surface.


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The chain pickerel is a popular fresh-water game fish.


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Recreational vehicles provide living quarters for people who are camping or traveling.


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A tufted floor covering consists of pile yarns called tufts, which are forced through a backing by needles.


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Knots for most Oriental rugs are made in one of two ways.


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The sawfish, a type of ray, has a sharklike body and a long snout.


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The first "ships" included dugouts, log rafts, and boats made of hides stretched over a frame.


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The Phoenicians left no records of how their ships looked.


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The Romans mainly used the same kinds of warships and cargo vessels that the Greeks had used.


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The people of Scandinavia have a long tradition as seafarers.


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By about 1200, shipbuilders of northern Europe had developed the cog--a one-masted ship with a square sail and high castles at the prow and stern.


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Galleons appeared on the seas about the mid-1500's.


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The most famous ships of the 1800's included the packets and clippers.


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Few seagoing sailing ships are used today.


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Each vessel shown here made history in the development of engine-powered ships.


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The common black snakeroot produces a medicinal drug.


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The speckled alder is a shrub that has stalkless flowers called catkins.


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The red ash tree grows in the eastern United States.


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Balsa is so light that large planks of it can easily be carried by a youngster.


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The bayberry shrub grows in coastal areas of eastern North America.


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The bitternut hickory gets its name from the bitter taste of its smooth, round nuts.


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The Great Basin bristlecone pine ranks among the oldest living things.


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The silver buffaloberry produces bright red fruit.


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The cacao tree bears pods on short stems close to the trunk.


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The camphor tree is the source of camphor.


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The cascara sagrada has oval leaves and black, berrylike fruit.


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The main kinds of cedars, scale-leaved and needle-leaved cedars, differ in structure.


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The American chestnut tree has toothed, glossy green leaves.


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The cork oak tree provides most of the world's supply of cork.


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The crab apple tree has large white to deep pink flowers.


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The cycad plant bears its seeds in cones.


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An elder is a tree or shrub of the honeysuckle family.


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The American elm tree has gray bark and oval leaves with saw-toothed edges.


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The eucalyptus is an important commercial tree.


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The California red fir tree grows in the mountains of California and southern Oregon.


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The fringetree is named for its delicate threadlike or fringelike white flower petals that bloom in the early springtime.


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The hazel tree produces light-brown nuts that are good to eat.


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The western hemlock is a valuable timber tree.


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The pignut hickory is one of the most common hickory trees in central and eastern North America.


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The jacaranda is a beautiful flowering tree that grows in tropical and subtropical climates.


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The litchi is an evergreen tree that grows in warm climates.


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The live oak grows in the Southeastern States.


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The black locust is a popular North American shade tree.


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The big-leaf magnolia tree has large flowers and leaves.


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The mangosteen is a tree from Southeast Asia that produces edible, juicy fruit with a yellowish to reddish-purple rind.


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The pawpaw tree is native to North America.


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The peppertree gets its name from its strong-smelling red berries.


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The balsam poplar tree grows in Canada and the Northern United States.


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The sapodilla tree has leathery evergreen leaves.


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The sourwood is a beautiful American tree that bears clusters of small, bell-shaped flowers during the summertime.


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The tamarind has compound leaves and small flowers.


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The teak tree grows in forests of southeastern Asia.


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The tung tree is the source of tung oil.


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Witch hazel has clusters of feathery, golden flowers.


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George H. W. Bush, 41st President of the United States, 1989-1993.


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The Southwestern Plain covers almost the entire western coast of South Korea.


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American General Douglas MacArthur, center, led the Inchon landing, a surprise move that turned the tide of war in the Allies' favor in September 1950.


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The Northern Highlands region includes steep bluffs on Cape Breton Island, in Canada, that slope to the sea.


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News photography was born during the mid-1800's with the work of Mathew Brady of the United States and other photographers.


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Seoul's South Gate dates from the Korean city's founding in the late 1300's.


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A statue of Shakespeare stands in Stratford's Holy Trinity Church, where the playwright is buried.


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Tea pluckers near Kandy, Sri Lanka, pick leaves from mature tea plants.


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Hans Christian Andersen of Denmark enjoyed reading his fairy tales to children.


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Clara Barton founded the American Red Cross in 1881.


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The U.S. battleship Maine arrived in Havana in 1898 to protect Americans during Cuba's fight for freedom from Spain.


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Jefferson Davis became the provisional president of the Confederate States of America on Feb. 18, 1861.


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Geronimo led Indian attacks on troops and settlers in the southwestern States and Mexico during the 1870's and 1880's.


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The layers of dense clouds around Jupiter appear in a photograph of the planet taken by the Voyager 1 space probe.


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A photograph by Dorothea Lange taken in 1936 captures the despair of a migrant family during the Great Depression in the United States.


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Jonas E. Salk, an American doctor, administers an injection during the mass testing of his polio vaccine in 1954.


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A South Asian farmer gets advice from a government farm expert.


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Scenic limestone hills near the city of Guilin in southern China are among the most unusual features of China's vast countryside.


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World-famous Havana cigars rank among Cuba's leading exports.


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Apartment towers in Chicago by architect Mies van der Rohe show the geometric simplicity of his steel and glass designs.


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Samuel F. B. Morse first won recognition as a painter.


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The icy crust of Triton, Neptune's largest satellite, has ridges and valleys that were revealed in photographs taken by the U.S. space probe Voyager 2.


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A residential area in Caracas, Venezuela's capital and largest city, has many high-rise apartment buildings.


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The Llanos consist of gently sloping plains that stretch across central Venezuela.


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The retina has cells called rods and cones, which absorb light rays and change them into electrical signals.


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The garter snake is a graceful, harmless snake of North America and Central America.


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The Labrador Current flows along the eastern shore of Labrador and the island of Newfoundland.


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This cross section shows a typical, simple leaf blade.


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Crisp lettuce is the basic ingredient of most salads.


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The licorice plant has blue flowers and glossy leaves.


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The Frasch method of mining sulfur involves pumping hot water into the deposit through a pipe to melt the sulfur.


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Scientists study chemical compounds to learn how many atoms of each element are in the molecules and how these atoms are joined to each other.


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Different kinds of needles are made for special purposes.


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The nervous system enables us to adjust to changes in our surroundings.


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The system shown in this diagram uses a pressurized water reactor, which heats water under high pressure.


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Ocean currents result from two forces: (1) the action of the wind on surface waters, and (2) the differences in temperature and salt content of surface and deeper waters.


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The Papal States before 1870 were large and important tracts of land in the heart of Italy.


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Pens are used for writing and drawing with ink.


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Most plants grow only at the tips of their roots and stems.


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A cross section of the Great Pyramid in Egypt shows the Grand Gallery, the King's Chamber, the Queen's Chamber, and various passages.


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Particles given off by radioactive atoms


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During the first two months of pregnancy, an embryo develops from a single cell to a recognizably human shape about 1 1/4 inches (3 centimeters) long.


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River dolphins live in warm rivers and lakes of Asia and South America.


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Rope consists of many fibers that have been spun into yarns.


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The San Andreas Fault is a fracture in the earth's crust that extends through much of California.


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Vascular sap moves through a tree in specialized tissues called xylem and phloem.


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A screw is an inclined plane that spirals around a pole.


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A seed consists of an embryo, food storage tissue, and a seed coat.


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The soybean plant stands from 2 to 4 feet (61 to 122 centimeters) high.


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This illustration shows the basic parts of an attack submarine.


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This illustration shows the basic parts of a ballistic missile submarine.


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The white sucker is a fish that has thick lips on the underside of its snout.


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A newly hatched tadpole resembles a small fish.


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This diagram of a U.S. Army M1A1 main battle tank shows the position of the crew members, plus some parts of the vehicle.


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Use a small, soft toothbrush and a toothpaste that contains fluorides.


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A terrarium can be made by placing pebbles, charcoal, and a soil mixture in a transparent container.


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The toadfish lives on the bottom of the ocean.


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A typical transformer consists of two coils of wire wound around the sides of a core of thin iron sheets.


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The type of trap a person uses depends on the kind of animal being trapped and on whether the animal is to be unharmed or killed.


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Most trees in temperate regions grow a layer of wood each year.


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All true trout, also known as black-spotted trout, have dark markings on a light background.


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A triode vacuum tube creates and controls a flow of electrons in a vacuum.


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A videodisc player converts the pictures and sounds recorded on a disc into TV signals.


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The first reference to stringed instruments appears in Persian and Chinese writings from the 800's.


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The wireworm causes great damage to farm crops.


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A missile boat of the U.S. Navy can skim over the water on foils.


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The sound track is photographed on film by a beam of light, shown by the dashed line.


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The projector mechanism projects the film image on a screen and also reproduces the sound.


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The drawing at the left shows the chief parts of a mushroom.


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Mushrooms reproduce by releasing spores.


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Pirate flags commonly featured a skull and crossbones.


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The freshwater angelfish of South America's Amazon River is popular in many home aquariums.


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Perennial baby's-breath is a garden plant.


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Boysenberries are a type of blackberry fruit.


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Campanula is a group of European wild plants.


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Canada thistle is a weed with prickly leaves.


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Candytuft is the name of about 30 species of plants.


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Celandine leaves and buds are often used as ornamental plants.


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Chickpea is a plant that produces edible seeds.


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The harvest mite chigger is a tiny insect.


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Breathing is the process by which the body takes in oxygen from the atmosphere and releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.


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The space probe Voyager 2 was launched on Aug. 20, 1977.


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The Soviet Vostok capsule, left, stood about 16 feet (4.9 meters) high.


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The Soviet Soyuz spacecraft could carry three cosmonauts.


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A telephone handset includes a transmitter or microphone, which produces an electric "copy" of the user's voice, and a receiver, which duplicates the voice of the person on the other end of the line.


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An X-ray telescope reflects X rays off curved mirrors at a slight angle called a grazing incidence.


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Chinese cabbage is a vegetable with wide, thick leaves.


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Cineraria herb plants produce colorful blossoms


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The cocoon of a Cecropia moth is attached to a tree twig.


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Coltsfoot is a wild plant with yellow flowers.


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Double-crested cormorant is a large water bird.


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The daddy longlegs is a North American arachnid.


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Devil's paintbrush is a European flowering plant.


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The Dutchman's-breeches is a small delicate plant.


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Edelweiss is a flower found in the mountains of Europe and Asia.


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The esophagus connects the throat with the stomach.


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Hollyhock is a plant that produces colorful flowers.


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The coral honeysuckle is an ornamental plant.


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Houseleek is a plant with star-shaped flowers.


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The larynx has a framework of cartilage.


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Eastern meadowlark is a common North American bird.


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Clark's nutcracker is a bird common to the western United States.


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Ocotillo is a shrub that looks like a bunch of dry sticks thrust into the sand in dry periods.


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The common plantain is a plant often considered a weed.


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The common sage is an herb used for cooking.


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The salsify root acquires an oyster flavor after a heavy frost, and so the vegetable is often called oyster plant.


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Early saxifrage is a common species of plant in the Northern Hemisphere.


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The sesame plant bears capsules that contain seeds.


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Shamrock is an herb that is the national symbol of Ireland.


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The common slipperwort is a plant with spotted yellow flowers.


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The common greenbrier vine is a type of smilax.


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The Star-of-Bethlehem is a small, hardy plant.


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The ruddy turnstone is a small shore bird.


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Upland sandpiper is a bird that eats insects.


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European wryneck is a species of small bird.


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A rain tree has spreading branches that may extend 100 feet (30 meters) or more across.


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The first seven U.S. astronauts, selected for the Mercury program, were, left to right, Donald K. Slayton, Walter M. Schirra, Jr., L. Gordon Cooper, Jr., M. Scott Carpenter, Virgil I. Grissom, John H. Glenn, Jr., and Alan B. Shepard, Jr.


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Minneapolis is the largest city in Minnesota and an important Midwestern economic center.


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After splashdown, three balloons righted the Apollo 11 spacecraft in the water, and an orange collar helped keep it afloat.


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The first people on the moon were U.S. astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, who took this picture, and Buzz Aldrin, who is pictured next to a seismograph.


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Crafts of the Plains Indians included personal belongings decorated with painted designs.


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Shield covers were often decorated with symbolic designs.


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Mission San Jose was established in San Antonio, Tex., in 1720.


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Helmut Jahn's James R. Thompson Center in downtown Chicago was completed in 1985.


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Some masks have skirts that cover much of the wearer's body.


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An arts and crafts fair in Berea features work by some of Kentucky's finest artists and craftworkers.


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Crafts of the Tropical Forest Indians included feathered headbands made from the plumes of colorful jungle birds.


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The Illinois River valley is a major feeding and resting ground for waterfowl.


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Sheep herding is Greenland's chief agricultural activity.


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Astronaut John H. Glenn, Jr., became the first American to orbit the earth.


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A space shuttle is transported to the launch facility at Cape Canaveral.


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Middle East leaders met with President Carter at Camp David, Md., in 1978 to discuss ways to bring peace to their war-torn region.


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The Hubble Space Telescope was launched into orbit in 1990.


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Aruba is a scenic island in the Caribbean Sea.


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Art nouveau is characterized by long, flowing lines that twist in snakelike fashion.


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Inuit (also called Eskimos) are one of Alaska's native peoples.


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Workers prepare corn on the cob in a processing plant in Le Sueur.


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The Great Nebula in the constellation Orion is a huge cloud of dust and gas that appears as a misty spot in Orion's sword.


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New South Wales lies in southeastern Australia.


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Turner Falls tumbles 77 feet (23 meters) into Honey Creek in the Arbuckle Mountains region of south-central Oklahoma.


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Harvesting oranges that are to be sold as fresh fruit involves clipping the ripe fruit by hand.


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At a packing house oranges that are to be sold as fresh fruit are sorted according to grade and size.


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Dock at North Lake, a fishing village on East Point.


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A crowded ferry takes passengers to Block Island, a popular Rhode Island resort and recreation area.


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A typical painting by Mark Rothko emphasizes rectangles of color.


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The dark side of Saturn's rings was photographed by Voyager 1 as it flew by the side opposite the sun.


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Forest-covered mountains rise in South Carolina's Up Country.


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Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor in South Carolina.


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Falls of the Big Sioux River flow near the city of Sioux Falls, South Dakota.


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Cane Creek Falls, near Pikeville, is in the Appalachian Plateau region of Tennessee.


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Vanuatu consists of 80 islands in the southwest Pacific Ocean.


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A glassmaker demonstrates his craft to a tour group in a factory in Williamstown, Massachusetts.


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Paper mills operate in Wisconsin mainly in the lower Fox River Valley and the upper Wisconsin River Valley.


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Dom Pedro IV Square, popularly known as the Rossio, is a center of activity in Lisbon, Portugal.


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Denver, Colorado's capital and largest city, boasts a spectacular view of the Rocky Mountains, which lie just west of the city.


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Inter-tribal Indian Ceremonial in Gallup, New Mexico


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Ranchers round up cattle on a Wyoming range.


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Crafts of the Caribbean Indians included pottery that had three legs and featured the jaguar and other animals.


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Crafts of the Indians of the Andes included objects shaped from copper, gold, lead, and silver.


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The Massacre of the Innocents, a sculpture by Giovanni Pisano.


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The Battle of the Alamo took place in a mission in San Antonio, Texas.


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Creating and enjoying art rank among humanity's most important activities.


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Traditional Korean music features several types of stringed instruments as well as drums, flutes, and gongs.


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The arts of Middle America are world famous.


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The fish in this group have a skeleton of cartilage.


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These fish have a cartilage skeleton and no jaws.


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The citadel of King Sargon II was built in the Assyrian capital of Khorsabad during the late 700's B.C.


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The Temple of Khons was built in Karnak, Egypt, during the 1100's B.C.


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Three kinds of bees make up a honey bee colony.


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The Reliance Building in Chicago was one of the first modern skyscrapers.


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The machine hall at a Paris exhibition in 1889 was designed by Ferdinand Dutert.


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Steelmakers use a wide variety of shaping and finishing processes.


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Fuel is burned in a hot-water heater to heat water.


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Radiant electric heating uses a cable that produces heat from electricity.


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Steam heating works much like hot-water heating, except that water changes to steam in a boiler.


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Conduction carries heat through an object.


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Convection carries heat by circulating a heated material.


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Radiation carries heat in the form of waves through space.


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These drawings show some of the chief steps involved in assembling an automobile using unitized body construction.


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The U.S. court system has two levels--state and federal.


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The conventional method of mining involves a series of steps, three of which require special machinery.


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Continuous-mining equipment eliminates the series of steps in mining a face.


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Longwall mining differs from the other methods of underground mining in its system of roof support.


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Clouds form when moist air rises and becomes cooler.


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Costumes of Asia and the Pacific Islands


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Early churches were built, in most cases, on the oblong basilica plan or the round or many-sided centralized plan.


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Aegean civilization flourished on the islands and shores of the Aegean Sea between 3000 and 1200 B.C.


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An electrostatic filter, also called an electrostatic precipitator, removes particles of dust and smoke from the air.


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Aircraft take off from and land on the flight deck of a carrier.


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Most of these features are in the mountain ranges that include Italy's border with Austria, France, or Switzerland.


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The various small-arms cartridges differ in the type of projectile they contain.


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Amphibious ships, such as the U.S.S. Tarawa, land troops, weapons, and vehicles for amphibious attacks.


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This drawing shows the nest of a colony of harvester ants.


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Ants develop in four stages: (1) egg, (2) larva, (3) pupa, and (4) adult.


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Drug manufacturers produce millions of tons of antibiotics yearly, and the production process varies among companies.


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A truncated cube is a type of Archimedean solid.


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Islamic architecture has produced many beautiful houses of worship called mosques.


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The Pantheon, built as a temple in Rome about A.D. 126, still stands.


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The Roman Empire under Augustus expanded greatly.


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In 1282, almost all of what is now Austria, outlined in red, formed part of the Holy Roman Empire.


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These drawings show the differences in size and body shape of bears.


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Bearings keep the shafts of machines turning smoothly.


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A worker bee called a scout dances a figure-8 pattern up the honeycomb to show the location of the distant nectar.


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A standard beehive has removable drawerlike supers.


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A beetle goes through four stages of development: (1) egg, (2) larva, (3) pupa, and (4) adult.


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Pool, American snooker, and billiards begin with the balls in certain positions on a table.


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Pleasure boats of all sizes reflect the rapid growth of boating throughout the world.


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This diagram shows the chief steps in binding a hardcover book by machine.


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Each wing has a flat bottom and a curved top.


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A pneumatic caisson uses compressed air to keep water out of an excavation site.


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Plants absorb carbon dioxide exhaled by people and animals, and give off oxygen.


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A furnace heats the air, and a blower forces it through a duct to a register that opens into the room being heated.


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Water is heated in a boiler and pumped through a continuous coil of pipe in the floor of the room being heated.


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A heating system that uses a heat pump operates much like a warm-air system.


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Bullets consist of a metal core that is either fully or partly covered by a metal jacket.


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A stone castle of the Middle Ages had high, strong walls and was protected by a wide moat.


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A cellular telephone system is made up of many adjoining geographic areas called cells.


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Chaldea was a region of ancient Babylonia.


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The queen and king may both move in any direction.


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A clearinghouse is an institution used by banks to settle their debts with one another.


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Most underground mines in the United States use the room-and-pillar system of mining.


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Mining companies remove mineral impurities from coal by a process called cleaning.


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A band of colors called the visible spectrum forms when white light passes through a prism (a specially shaped glass object).


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When light strikes pigments (coloring particles) in paint, the pigments absorb, or subtract, certain wavelengths of light and reflect others.


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The cross is the most familiar symbol of Christianity.


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A crustacean's body has three main parts: head, thorax, and abdomen.


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In decomposition, a substance is broken down into simpler products.


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Spruance class destroyers of the United States Navy are used mainly for antisubmarine warfare.


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According to the receptor theory, drugs produce their effects by attaching to receptor molecules in body cells.


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Diving ducks have long, narrow bills with toothlike edges to hold fish, top.


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Sound waves enter the ear through the external auditory canal.


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The waves in the fluid that fills the ducts of the cochlea, left, push against the basilar membrane.


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This diagram shows a highly simplified ecosystem.


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European and North American eels leave their freshwater streams and breed in the Sargasso Sea.


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An electric power distribution system has power lines to carry current and transformers to change its voltage.


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Enzymes in the digestive system break down food for use in the body.


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In extrusion, a solid material such as metal is shaped by forcing it through the opening in a die.


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Depth perception is the ability to judge distance and to tell the thickness of objects.


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Most animals have organs of some kind that sense light.


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Grain can be stored for months after harvesting if it has been dried to prevent spoilage.


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Fish help keep the number of organisms on the earth in balance.


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These drawings show examples of the four main types of fish scales and the pattern each type forms on the fish's body.


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The lateral line system makes a fish sensitive to vibrations in the water.


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Fishing knots are used for a variety of purposes.


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This illustration shows five of the many ways of rigging a fishing line.


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A Koch snowflake is a fractal that is formed by adding small triangles to the sides of larger triangles.


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Frigates serve as patrol ships and as escorts for amphibious and merchant ships.


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A fuel injection system pumps gasoline to a nozzle, which sprays the fuel into a chamber.


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Two types of fuses that protect electric circuits in the home are the plug fuse, left, and the cartridge fuse, right.


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A home heating furnace is a type of combustion furnace.


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Genghis Khan started his empire from Karakorum in 1206.


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Germany in World War I drove deep into eastern Europe, overwhelming the old-fashioned Russian army.


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After World War II, Germany was divided into zones occupied by the victors--the United States, Great Britain, France, and the Soviet Union.


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Grafting involves joining a scion--a bud or cutting from one plant--to a stock--the root system of another plant.


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In whip grafting, a scion and a stock of about the same diameter are joined.


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In cleft grafting, a cut is made in the top of the stock.


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In bark grafting, the bark of the stock is slit and peeled back.


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The Greek kingdom formed in 1832 covered less than half of present-day Greece.


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A two-degree-of-freedom gyroscope has its rotor and axle mounted on two pivoting rings, called gimbals, that enable the axle to maintain its direction when the gyro's support moves.


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A laser gyroscope provides guidance without using a spinning rotor.


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Hammers are made in many different shapes and sizes to do a variety of jobs.


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The Colt .45 automatic pistol is used primarily for personal defense.


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Coronary bypass surgery enables blood to flow around blockages in coronary arteries.


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The development of the heart-lung machine in the 1950's made open-heart surgery possible.


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Heat energy can be changed into other forms of energy.


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In the mid-1800's, Gregor Mendel, an Austrian botanist and monk, studied traits in pea plants.


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Skates and a stick are part of every hockey player's equipment.


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A horse's foot has a single toe, which is formed by the pastern bones and the pedal bone.


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These illustrations show some of the ancestors of the modern horse.


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Carbon dioxide and oxygen are exchanged in the lungs, which lie close to the heart.


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Hydroponics involves growing plants without soil by one of two chief methods.


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Ice cream consists chiefly of cream, milk, sugar, and water.


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Many languages were spoken on the Plains of the United States.


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Iron is made in a blast furnace by means of chemical reactions among iron ore, coke, limestone, and a blast of heated air.


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Q-BOP is a version of the basic oxygen process.


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In the basic oxygen process, steel is produced by blowing oxygen at high pressure into molten iron and scrap.


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In an open-hearth furnace, the charge is melted by flames from fuel burners.


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Steelmakers cast molten steel into blocks called ingots by pouring it from a ladle into molds made of cast iron, left.


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Isobars on a map connect places that have the same air pressure.


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Isothermal lines on a map connect places that have the same average temperature.


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Kublai Khan ruled the Mongol Empire in the late 1200's.


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Most liquid air is manufactured by the Claude process.


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The bolt of a door lock slides back and forth.


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A rim lock has a bolt enclosed in a frame mounted on the inside surface of the door.


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A key-in-knob lock has a locking mechanism that is part of the doorknob.


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The weather in the Northern Hemisphere is greatly influenced by the movements of air masses.


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These diagrams show steel being made in an electric arc furnace, the most widely used type of electric steelmaking furnace.


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The Yuan (Mongol) dynasty ruled China from 1279 to 1368.


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The cricket pitch is marked by batting and bowling creases.


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A croquet player scores a point by hitting the ball through a wicket with a mallet.


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The Nile River was the lifeblood of ancient Egypt.


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A typical country estate in ancient Egypt had a shallow pool enclosed in a courtyard.


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Steam electric power plants create steam by heating water in a nuclear reactor or in a combustion chamber, where coal, oil, or gas is burned.


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A hydroelectric power plant uses the force of falling water from a reservoir to turn a turbine that drives a generator.


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A bustling market place called the agora was the center of activity in ancient Greek cities.


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Greek cargo ships sailed among the Greek islands and to overseas colonies and foreign lands.


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The Inca ruled a vast, rich empire in South America.


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Inside a diesel-electric locomotive, a diesel engine turns a generator.


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Electrical discharge machining (EDM) produces smooth, accurate holes in metal by means of an electric current.


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High-energy rate forming (HERF) uses an explosive charge to force sheet metal into the contours of a die.


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The Strait of Magellan is located at the southern tip of South America.


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A Maya city called Tikal lies in what is now Guatemala.


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The Republic of Mexico was established in 1824.


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A mirage can be caused by light rays bending when they pass through substances of different densities.


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New France in the early 1700's extended from Labrador to the Gulf of Mexico and included the Mississippi River Valley.


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The New York State Barge Canal System consists of the Erie Canal and three other canals.


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Nitrogen makes up about 78 percent of the earth's atmosphere, but most organisms cannot use nitrogen in its gaseous form.


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An atom consists of a nucleus and one or more electrons.


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The core is the heart of a nuclear reactor.


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A possible design of a thermonuclear warhead is shown here.


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Offset lithography printing is not done directly from a printing plate or from type.


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Crude oil is obtained from oil shale by a process called retorting.


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This diagram shows how wind flows through a pipe organ.


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Paint is made by mixing colored pigment powder in a liquid vehicle that contains one or more resins and a solvent.


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This chart shows the major features of the hand used in reading palms.


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The sex of an adult budgie can usually be told by the color of the cere, the patch of skin just above the beak.


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Parallax causes a nearby star to shift position among more distant stars, when viewed from opposite ends of the earth's orbit.


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Gizzard is an organ in the digestive system.


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Peppermint is a herb of the mint family.


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The phosphorus cycle is slow and irregular because it takes hundreds of millions of years for movements of the earth's crust to return sediments to land.


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A camera is basically a box with a lens at one end and film at the other.


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The pimento bears small berries used to make the spice called allspice, Jamaica pepper, or pimento.


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Plants play an important part in the cycle of nature.


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Many plants reproduce by vegetative propagation.


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Seeds have a variety of features that help them to be scattered to almost every part of the world.


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Polyhedrons are solid figures with four or more flat surfaces called faces.


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Gutenberg's press probably looked like this drawing.


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Types of prisms include right prisms and oblique prisms.


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A two-stage rocket carries a propellant and one or more rocket engines in each stage.


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The basic parts of a model rocket are sold in kits by many hobby stores.


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The American dog tick is one of two types of ticks that transmit Rocky Mountain spotted fever.


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A triumphal procession paraded through the Roman Forum, the chief public square of ancient Rome, when a victorious general returned from war.


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Trained warriors called gladiators battled to the death before huge crowds in ancient Rome.


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Aqueduct construction was one of the peacetime activities of the Roman army.


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Most ruminants have a stomach with four compartments: the rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum.


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Most artificial satellites travel in one of the three types of orbits shown here.


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A scallop is a marine animal that has a hard shell, left.


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A sea urchin is a sea animal covered by long, movable spines.


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Our senses are divided into two main groups.


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Location of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World


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The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, Greece, was one of the largest temples built by the Greeks.


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The statue of Zeus at Olympia, Greece, was probably the most famous statue made by the Greeks.


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The pyramids of Egypt at Giza are the best preserved of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.


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The Lighthouse of Alexandria, Egypt, was the world's first important lighthouse.


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The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, Turkey, was a great marble tomb.


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The Hanging Gardens of Babylon probably were built by King Nebuchadnezzar II after he married a mountain princess.


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The Colossus of Rhodes was built in honor of the sun god Helios.


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Shipping companies fly a private flag, called a house flag, to identify the ships they own or operate.


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Screen prints can be made in several ways.


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Breath-hold divers usually use a face mask and swim fins in addition to a snorkel.


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The Jacobson's organ in snakes is used with the tongue to detect odors.


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Pit organs enable a snake to locate prey by the body heat the animal gives off.


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An elastic loop propels the pole spear and Hawaiian sling.


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A sponge's body has many openings and passages that allow water to flow through the animal.


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Plants, algae, fungi, bacteria, and protozoans form spores that vary in size and shape.


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The various kinds of stems differ in structure.


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To obtain raw sugar from sugar cane, processors first wash and shred the cane.


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More than half of the sulfur used today is recovered from sulfur compounds in oil and natural gas through Claus conversion.


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A table tennis table is divided into halves by a low net.


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Two ways to hold a table tennis racket are shown above.


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In an analog tape recorder, the tape travels from the supply reel to the take-up reel past various stationary heads.


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Recording tape consists of a plastic base coated with metallic particles that are easily magnetized.


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A pork tapeworm has a flat, ribbonlike body.


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An intercontinental call from the United States to the United Kingdom travels through the sky or under the ocean.


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Tents are manufactured in many sizes and styles.


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When the temperature in a room becomes too cold, the bimetallic strip of the thermostat uncoils.


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A manual transmission contains a system of gears controlled by a gearshift.


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Triangles can be classified by their angles or by the relationships of their sides.


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A triangle is a plane figure that has three sides and three angles.


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Most cases of tuberculosis begin with an infection deep in the lung.


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A typical Viking settlement consisted of a small farming community built near a river or fiord (inlet to the sea).


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Wells are used to draw water from the ground.


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At the start of the Civil War, the militia units that largely made up the Union and Confederate armies wore a variety of uniforms.


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Bataan Peninsula is part of Luzon, the largest island of the Philippines.


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A model rocket engine includes the solid fuel, which propels the rocket.


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This illustration shows a typical large house of a wealthy Roman.


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Gas exchange takes place within respiratory units.


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An upland cotton plant produces one to several flowers on each branch.


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A hammerhead shark has a wide, flattened head.


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The San Jose scale is a destructive insect.


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San Jose scales are insects that infest shrubs and trees.


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Transplants can be divided into two chief types: organ transplants and tissue transplants.


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All vertebrates share a basic skeletal pattern of an axial skeleton and an appendicular skeleton.


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The root tip comprises the regions in which cells divide (apical meristem), grow longer (region of elongation), and become specialized (region of maturation).


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Secondary tissues develop in some kinds of roots.


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The ancient Egyptians portrayed many of their gods and goddesses with human bodies and the heads of birds or other animals.


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The inner ear consists of the vestibule, semicircular canals, and cochlea.


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The diagram at the left shows the three types of rows on a chessboard.


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Various types of cables play an important role in everyday life.


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Bark consists of inner bark and outer bark.


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The Qing dynasty, an empire established by the Manchu people of Manchuria, ruled China from 1644 to 1912.


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Making a cased pencil involves several steps.


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Sailing requires skill, knowledge, and experience.


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The American manual alphabet is a form of sign language used by deaf and hearing-impaired people.


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Several kinds of drums are popular seafood.


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The typical car engine burns a mixture of gasoline and air inside closed cylinders.


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There are more than 300,000 species of beetles.


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These drawings show some of the equipment that farmers use to till (work) the soil and to plant crops.


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A heart attack occurs suddenly, but the factors that cause it take years to build up.


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Coats of arms were first displayed on the shields of knights.


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Coats of arms were developed during the 1100's as a way to help a knight's followers recognize him on the battlefield.


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Log-sawing patterns vary, depending on the size of the log.


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The lymphatic system consists of a network of vessels throughout the body.


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Lymph forms from fluid that seeps out of capillaries.


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Trees can be divided into the six main groups illustrated here.


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There are more than 600 species of oaks.


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About 65 species of pines grow naturally in North America.


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These illustrations show the kinds of deciduous and permanent teeth and their positions in the mouth.


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Color television transmission begins with a television camera.


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A color television receiver picks up television signals with its receiving antenna.


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Thousands of kinds of trucks perform specialized work.


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Margaret Mead, an American anthropologist, left, lived among the Samoans in 1925 and 1926 to observe their ways of life.


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Jimmy Carter, 39th President of the United States, 1977-1981.


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The Battle of Gettysburg was fought between Union and Confederate forces at Gettysburg, Pa., in July 1863.


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Charles Dickens, the most famous English writer of his time, enchanted audiences with dramatic readings from his novels.


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Gerald R. Ford, 38th president of the United States, served from 1974 to 1977.


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As a Civil War general, Grant won several major Union victories and became commander of all Union forces in 1864.


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The Threshermen's Reunion and Stampede is a celebration of agricultural heritage.


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Richard M. Nixon, 37th President of the United States, 1969-1974.


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The Civil War (1861-1865) ranks among the most tragic events of United States history.


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Booker T. Washington, a black leader and educator, founded Tuskegee Institute and headed the school from 1881 to 1915.


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Jesse James, according to an old ballad, "killed many a man, and robbed the Glendale train."


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Candles are made in a variety of colors, shapes, and sizes.


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The many varieties of candy differ in shape, texture, and taste.


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Chinese musicians play Western and Chinese instruments.


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A Nativity scene, also called a creche, shows figures of Mary and Joseph praying over the Christ child.


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Church services on Christmas morning are a highlight of the holiday season for millions of Christians.


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A visit with Santa is a Christmas treat for children throughout the world.


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Cinnamon is a spice that is sold in both powdered and stick form.


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An artist uses clay to model an earthenware vase.


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Fossil ferns and a lump of coal were both formed from the remains of plants that died many millions of years ago.


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Farming in arid regions requires special techniques to conserve water.


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Decoupage is the art of decorating furniture with paper cutouts.


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A furnished dollhouse includes beds, chairs, tables, lamps, and such household articles as books, clothes, dishes, and pictures.


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Leather is embossed with a special punch.


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A fish that lived 58 million years ago left its "picture" in this fossil.


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Wholesale produce firms buy large quantities of fruits and vegetables from farmers.


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Mongolian gerbils are lively animals that make excellent pets.


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Daily grooming of a horse's coat and mane helps maintain the animal's health and improves its appearance.


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Cleaning a horse's hoofs is part of the daily care that the animal should receive.


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A Maya chief pricks his tongue to add his blood to a sacrifice being made to the gods.


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A firefly flashes its light on and off as a mating signal.


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Steelmakers work with many forms of iron and steel.


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Francis Scott Key wrote the words to the national anthem of the United States.


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Lead, foreground, is refined mainly from galena, a gray metallic ore, background.


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Marble is a rock that occurs in many colors.


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Mercury is a silver-colored liquid at room temperature.


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The metronome is a clocklike device with a pendulum that can be adjusted to make a ticking sound at various speeds.


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Origami is the Japanese art of folding paper into decorative objects.


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A Foucault pendulum shows the rotation of the earth.


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Pewter is an alloy that has a white, metallic color resembling silver.


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Grand pianos are the largest and most expensive pianos.


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Pipes come in a variety of shapes and sizes and are made from such materials as brier, meerschaum, and porcelain.


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Raffia is a fiber made from the leafstalks of certain palm trees.


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Three kinds of model rockets can be built by hobbyists.


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Hybrid tea roses have only a few flowers on each plant.


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A sculptor builds up a figure with small pieces of clay.


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This sculptor uses a hammer and chisel and other special tools to trim the block of marble to the desired shape.


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Welding is a method of creating metal sculptures through the use of such equipment as arc welding tools.


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Trajan's Column, a relief sculpture (detail).


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Tomb of Pope Alexander VII, sculptures by Gian Lorenzo Bernini.


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Mercury, a sculpture by Antoine Coysevox of France, 1700-1702.


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Gravestone sculpture by Zerubbabel Collins.


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Statue of George Washington by Horatio Greenough.


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Actors use sign language in a scene from a play about a deaf baseball player.


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Sulfur is a yellow, nonmetallic element.


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A typical tennis racket has a frame made of 85 per cent fiberglass and 15 per cent graphite.


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A wide variety of textile products--from carpeting, clothing, and towels to fire hoses, typewriter ribbons, and umbrellas--helps meet the needs of people throughout the world.


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A proscenium stage permits the audience to see a play only from the front.


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A theater-in-the-round is an open area with the audience sitting on all four sides.


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Set construction may be handled in the theater's own shop or by an outside studio.


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The set designer uses a scale model to demonstrate to the director how the set will look and work.


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The viola looks like a large violin, and the musician holds and plays it like a violin.


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Foods made with wheat are a major part of the diet for over a third of the world's people.


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New varieties of wheat have enabled many countries to increase grain production.


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Tigers and deer at the Milwaukee County Zoo live in areas that are side-by-side.


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The beagle is a small dog sometimes used in the sport of hunting rabbits.


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The bearded collie is a dog that originated in Scotland.


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The Belgian Malinois is a breed of dog with a face mask of black hair.


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Bank notes issued by hundreds of banks were used as money in the United States during the early and mid-1800's.


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The Bernese mountain dog has long, silky hair.


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Bloodhounds are dogs that follow a scent by sniffing the ground.


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The border terrier is a strong hunting dog.


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The bullmastiff was a breed of dog bred to guard English estates.


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The Japanese bobtail is a cat that has a short, bushy tail.


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The Scottish fold is a breed of cat that has ears that are folded forward.


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The Chesapeake Bay retriever is an excellent hunting dog.


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The chihuahua, like this long-coat variety, is a dog that stands about 5 inches (13 centimeters) high.


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The cocker spaniel is a popular American breed of dog.


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A short-haired collie has a smooth, short coat.


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The curly-coated retriever is a dog named for its dark coat of thick, tight curls.


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A dachshund is a dog with a long body and short legs.


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A mother nurses her puppies until they are about 6 weeks old.


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The English foxhound is used to hunt foxes.


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The giant schnauzer dog has a thick, wiry coat.


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The Ibizan hound is a sleek dog with upright ears.


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The Irish setter has a shaggy, brownish-red coat.


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The slender Italian greyhound has a graceful shape.


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Kuvasz is a breed of large, powerful dog.


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The lakeland terrier dog comes from northern England.


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The Norfolk terrier is an affectionate pet.


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The Norwich terrier originated in England.


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The Rhodesian ridgeback is a powerful hunting dog that originated in southern Africa.


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Powerful rottweiler dogs once guarded Roman herds.


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The St. Bernard is a good watchdog and pet.


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The Scottish deerhound was bred to hunt wild deer.


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The Welsh springer spaniel has a keen sense of smell.


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West Highland white terriers are faithful pets.


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The wirehaired pointing griffon is a hunting dog.


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The team that invented the transistor consisted of the American physicists William Shockley, seated, Walter Brattain, left, and John Bardeen, right.


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One of Lincoln's last portraits, probably taken in February 1865, shows the effect of the Civil War years on the president.


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President Theodore Roosevelt visited the construction site of the Panama Canal in 1906.


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American gunners crawled through a war-torn area of northeastern France in the fall of 1918 during the last assault of World War I. The area lay between the Meuse River and the Argonne Forest.


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Talking to his men, American General Dwight D. Eisenhower, commander of the Normandy invasion, wished paratroopers luck before they dropped behind German lines in France on D-Day.


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Buddhism has had a strong influence on Korean culture.


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Saint Nicholas, accompanied by his servant Swarte Piet (Black Pete) and other attendants, arrives in the Netherlands by boat from Spain.


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The seafaring Jutes, Angles, and Saxons who invaded Britain in the A.D. 400's became known as Anglo-Saxons.


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Isolated villages and rugged landscapes are a common scene in Afghanistan.


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Islam greatly influences almost all aspects of Afghan life.


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An Islamic wedding procession in Egypt leads the bride to the home of the groom.


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Cotton is raised in the Nile River Valley, a fertile farming region in northeastern Africa.


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Forest-covered hills surround a swimming hole in Cheaha Mountain State Park, near Anniston.


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Martin Luther King, Jr., organized a boycott of the Montgomery bus system in 1955.


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A dramatic race to the South Pole began late in 1911.


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The spectacular Iguacu Falls lies on the border between Brazil and Argentina and forms a part of national parks in each country.


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The Andes Mountains run along the western border of Argentina.


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Glen Canyon Dam, on the Colorado River in northern Arizona, was completed in 1964.


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The Dead Sea shore, the lowest place on the earth's surface, lies about 1,310 feet (399 meters) below sea level.


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Joe DiMaggio helped lead the New York Yankees to 9 world championships during his 13-year major league baseball career.


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Ted Williams ranks among the top 10 modern players in both lifetime batting average and home runs.


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Satchel Paige was a star pitcher for Negro teams for about 30 years before major league baseball became integrated.


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Jackie Robinson became the first black player in modern major league baseball.


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Stan Musial, a first baseman and outfielder for the St. Louis Cardinals from 1941 to 1963, won seven National League batting titles.


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Mahogany logs from a Belizean forest are loaded onto a truck for transport to a lumber mill.


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Bamboo huts perched on poles serve as homes for the people of Benin who live in the lagoon areas near the Gulf of Guinea on the west coast of Africa.


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A Bhutanese dzong (fortified monastery) dominates the Paro Valley.


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The way of life in rural Bolivia has changed little over the centuries.


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Botswana is a thinly populated country in southern Africa.


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Brussels, the capital of Belgium, has many buildings hundreds of years old.


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A coffee farm-worker in Burundi picks berries that contain beans from which coffee is made.


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Polar explorer Richard E. Byrd, second from the left, stands at his camp with members of his 1955 expedition to Antarctica.


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The Indians of Canada's Pacific coast are famous for their fine woodcarvings.


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Mindelo, Cape Verde's second largest city, lies on the island of Sao Vicente.


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Chile's Northern Desert region includes one of the world's driest places, the Atacama Desert.


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Ty Cobb was one of the first players elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame.


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Pierre and Marie Curie of France became famous for their research on radioactivity.


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Clarence Darrow, left, opposed William Jennings Bryan, right, during the famous John Scopes trial at Dayton, Tenn., in 1925.


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The city of Djibouti is the capital of the country of Djibouti.


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Panama hats, woven by hand, are a leading product of Ecuador.


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Dian Fossey studied and photographed mountain gorillas in Africa.


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Charles de Gaulle served as president of France from 1958 to 1969.


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The Grand Canyon, in Arizona, is one of the most famous scenic wonders in the United States.


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Bank failures wiped out the savings of millions of people during the Great Depression.


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The attack on Pearl Harbor by Japanese bombers was a key event in U.S. history.


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Bebop revolutionized jazz in the 1940's.


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Louis Armstrong, was probably the most popular jazz artist in history.


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The Jordan River Valley is Jordan's major agricultural region.


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Whiskey brews in vats in a Kentucky distillery.


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Migrant workers and other farm laborers joined the U.S. labor movement during the 1960's.


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A street market stretches along a sidewalk in Bamako, Mali's capital and largest city.


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Valletta, Malta, borders the Mediterranean Sea.


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The Minnesota shoreline stretches along Lake Superior in the northeast part of the state.


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Mount Rushmore, in South Dakota, is a memorial to four great Americans.


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The Mosque of Omar, or Dome of the Rock, in Jerusalem covers the rock from which Muhammad is believed to have ascended to heaven.


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Herero women wear brightly colored clothing.


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The spectacular waterfalls of the Niagara River attract millions of tourists annually.


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Granite mounds rise in Quartz Mountain State Park near Lugert.


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San Juan is Puerto Rico's capital and largest city.


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Reykjavik is the capital and largest city of Iceland.


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Chuck Berry helped define the rebellious spirit of rock 'n' roll in the 1950's.


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An Independence Day festival in Dakar, the capital of Senegal, is marked by the display of the national flag and the playing of kora, stringed instruments made from gourds.


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Lake Titicaca on the border between Bolivia and Peru is the world's highest navigable lake at 12,507 feet (3,812 meters) above sea level.


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Spectacular Angel Falls in eastern Venezuela has a longer drop than any other waterfall in the world.


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Stockholm covers 14 islands and a part of the mainland.


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Prospect Creek, Alaska, recorded the lowest U.S. temperature ever, - 80 degrees F ( - 62 degrees C).


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The coastal plains of western and southwestern Uruguay have the country's richest soil.


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Mount McKinley, in Denali National Park in central Alaska, has the highest summit in North America.


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Albanian peasants meet at a livestock market in a rural area.


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Algiers, the capital and largest city of Algeria, is often called Algiers the White because of its many white buildings.


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A researcher at the South Pole checks data gathered by a telescope.


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Deserts--like the one in Kuwait--cover much of Southwest Asia.


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Central Asia's grassy plains are the home of many livestock herders.


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Roger Bannister was the first person to run a mile in less than four minutes.


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Carved stone gateways lead to a garden near Beijing's Temple of Heaven.


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Bangui, capital city of the Central African Republic, nestles at the foot of a hill on the banks of the Ubangi River.


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Bridge construction and other public-improvement projects help provide better living and economic conditions in rural China.


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Colorful textiles rank among Colombia's leading manufactured goods.


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The Western Dune Coast is an area of sandy beaches and dunes that extends along most of Jutland's western coast.


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The East-Central Hills, covering much of Jutland and the nearby islands, have gently rolling lands and narrow fiords.


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Bananas, one of Ecuador's most important crops, are grown on plantations in the Coastal Lowland.


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Many Egyptian fellahin farm small plots of land in the fertile valley along the Nile River and in the river's low-lying delta.


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Tallinn, the capital of Estonia, has many beautiful churches, castles, and other structures that were built from the 1200's to the 1500's.


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Suva, the capital and largest city of Fiji, is also the nation's chief port and commercial center.


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Albert Schweitzer's hospital and leper colony in Lambarene became famous throughout the world as a haven for the sick.


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Hagatna, Guam's capital, lies on the west coast of the island.


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Wild Bill Hickok, an American frontier scout and peace officer in the West, served as a sheriff and marshal in Kansas.


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Kilimanjaro is Africa's highest mountain.


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Sprawling slums surround many large Latin-American cities.


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Riga, the capital of Latvia, lies on the Western Dvina River (Daugava in Latvian), at the south end of the Gulf of Riga.


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Vilnius, the capital and largest city of Lithuania, lies along the Neris River.


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Skopje, Macedonia's capital, features many small shops along cobblestoned streets in its old town district, shown.


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In southern Madagascar, people often use cattle like these zebus to transport goods and do heavy farm work.


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A Maori woman in traditional dress wears a feather cloak.


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Deserts cover large areas of the Pacific Northwest and Northern Plateau regions of Mexico.


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Majestic Mount Cook, New Zealand's highest mountain, soars 12,316 feet (3,754 meters) on the South Island.


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Sacks of peanuts, ready for shipment to market, are piled in pyramid form by a continuous stream of Nigerian workers.


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The spectacular scenery of the Northwest Territories includes Alexandra Falls on the Hay River south of Great Slave Lake.


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Muslim rituals, such as group prayer meetings, play an important part in the everyday lives of most Pakistanis.


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The heart of Paris includes many beautiful buildings that are hundreds of years old.


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Red Square is the center of activity in Moscow, Russia's capital and largest city.


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A fishing crew brings in sturgeon from the mouth of the Volga River.


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Mogadishu, the capital of Somalia, lies on the country's southern coast.


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The Black Hills of South Dakota is a region of dramatic beauty.


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Mbabane, the administrative capital of Swaziland, lies in the country's western highlands.


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Zebras and gnus roam across Tarangire National Park in northern Tanzania.


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Tunis, the capital and largest city of Tunisia, is the nation's political and cultural center.


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Soviet military power paraded through Red Square in Moscow in annual May Day celebrations.


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Long lines of shoppers, such as those waiting to buy sausage, above, became common in the Soviet Union because of frequent shortages of meat and many other consumer goods.


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Virgin Islanders are citizens of the United States.


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The Allegheny Mountains cut through eastern West Virginia.


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Many Samoan houses have thatched roofs and open sides because of the country's warm, pleasant climate.


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A Xhosa boy herds cattle in the Transkei region of South Africa.


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Rugged mountains cover most of Yugoslavia.


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John Quincy Adams, 6th president of the United States, served from 1825 to 1829.


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The muddy brown Amazon joins the blue-black waters of the Rio Negro in northwestern Brazil.


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As Antarctic glaciers flow into the sea, chunks of ice break off like those shown here.


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The handicrafts industry provides work for many Asians.


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Ludwig van Beethoven, a German composer, wrote some of the world's greatest music.


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Jim Bridger scouted on the Western frontier for the United States government and helped map the historic Oregon Trail.


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The spectacular Rocky Mountains in Mount Assiniboine Provincial Park in British Columbia, Canada.


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"Buffalo Bill" Cody was painted on horseback by Rosa Bonheur, the famous French artist.


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At an outdoor market in Ouagadougou, the capital of Burkina Faso, people buy food and other goods.


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Attractive villages line the Cote d'Azur along the eastern Mediterranean coast of France.


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Nicosia is the capital and largest city of Cyprus.


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Denmark's charm and prosperity are evident in the well-maintained old buildings and fashionable cafes of Copenhagen's Nyhavn Canal.


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The Florida Everglades is a fascinating region of natural beauty.


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Gambian women cultivate a field of rice.


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A market in Conakry offers household items for sale.


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The Sawtooth Mountains rise beyond a ranch near Hailey, creating a picturesque winter scene.


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Shoshone Falls, on the Snake River in Idaho, plunges 212 feet (65 meters).


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A vast cornfield symbolizes the importance of Illinois as a leading agricultural state.


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A federal agent breaks barrels containing alcoholic beverages during the Prohibition Era, which lasted in the United States from 1920 to 1933.


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Cataract Falls tumbles into the Eel River amid the lush, green forests of west-central Indiana.


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Huge oil refineries operate near Hammond.


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Juneau, the capital of Alaska, lies at the foot of steep mountains.


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Kentucky horse farms produce some of the world's finest thoroughbred race horses.


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The Mississippi Delta was formed by silt carried down to the river's mouth.


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The harbor of Funchal, Madeira, makes a picturesque sight with its old fortress.


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James Madison, 4th president of the United States, served from 1809 to 1817.


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Allagash Falls rushes along the Allagash River through a pine forest in northwestern Maine.


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Huge rolls of paper are manufactured in a Maine paper mill.


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The Matterhorn has one of the highest peaks in the Pennine Alps, which lie in Italy and Switzerland.


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Blessing of the fleet at the Biloxi Shrimp Festival in Mississippi.


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The Piney Woods cover most of southeastern Mississippi in the state's East Gulf Coastal Plain region.


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Glacier National Park, located in northwestern Montana, has many steep, rugged peaks such as Grinnell Point.


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Rabat, Morocco's capital, lies on the Atlantic Ocean.


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Pioneer settlers, such as these shown on a farm near Ansley, were often called sodbusters.


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Beautiful autumn colors surround a picturesque pond in Grafton County.


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The International Monetary Conference was held in 1944 at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire.


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A herd of dairy cattle grazes on a pasture in the Appalachian Ridge and Valley Region of northwestern New Jersey.


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Scattered pines grow in a canyon near Los Alamos.


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Taos Pueblo is a Pueblo Indian village in north-central New Mexico.


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St. Louis Cathedral faces Jackson Square in the heart of the French Quarter in New Orleans.


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The Hudson River Valley at Bear Mountain Bridge in eastern New York is one of the state's many scenic areas.


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An oil derrick rises from the Oklahoma plains, symbolizing the importance of petroleum to the state's economy.


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Jesse Owens of the United States was the hero of the 1936 Summer Games.


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A rose garden in Portland attracts flower lovers.


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Rwanda is a country in east-central Africa.


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A farmworker in Togo carries a basket of food on her head.


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Charlotte Amalie on the island of St. Thomas is a harbor city and capital of the American Virgin Islands.


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Yellowstone Lower Falls tumbles 308 feet (94 meters) into the Grand Canyon of Yellowstone National Park.


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Drilling for oil is one of the most important mining activities in Wyoming.


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A salmon catch is unloaded at Annette Island.


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Juan Peron rode in triumph with his second wife, Eva, after being reelected president of Argentina in 1952.


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Surfboat races, such as this one at a beach in Sydney, are a favorite sport in the coastal cities.


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Babe Ruth was baseball's first great home run hitter.


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Richard Bedford Bennett, prime minister of Canada, served from 1930 to 1935.


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Sir Robert L. Border, prime minister of Canada, served from 1911 to 1920.


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Joe Louis, right, was a great heavyweight champion.


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The sertao forms the interior of Brazil's Northeast Region, which bulges into the Atlantic Ocean.


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Calamity Jane was an expert with a horse and rifle in the American West.


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Farmworkers plant lettuce on a California vegetable farm.


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Stephen Decatur, an American naval hero, stands victoriously on the deck of a man-of-war after successfully forcing Algiers to sign a peace treaty.


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John G. Diefenbaker, prime minister of Canada, served from 1957 to 1963.


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Cairo, the capital and largest city in Egypt, is also the largest city on the African continent.


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Outdoor market places called bazaars are found in Egyptian towns and in old sections of the cities.


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Douglas Fairbanks, Sr., was a famous motion-picture actor of the 1920's.


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Franklin served his nation as a statesman, scientist, and public leader.


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Jane Goodall, an English zoologist, uncovered many similarities between human beings and chimpanzees through years of observation.


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Farming communities dot the landscape throughout much of Hungary.


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An irrigation canal carries water through the desert to farms near Yuma, Ariz.


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Italy's majestic countryside includes such winter resorts as Cortina d'Ampezzo in the Alps.


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Dave Brubeck, an American classically trained pianist, led one of the most popular jazz quartets of the 1950's.


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Andrew Johnson, 17th President of the United States, 1865-1869.


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Helen Keller "listened" to others speak by putting her middle finger on the speaker's nose, forefinger on the lips, and thumb on the larynx.


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William Lyon Mackenzie King, prime minister of Canada, served from 1921 to 1926; 1926 to 1930; and 1935 to 1948.


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Middle-class housing in Latin America consists of modern apartment buildings and comfortable single-family homes.


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Sir Wilfrid Laurier, prime minister of Canada, served from 1896 to 1911.


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Workers tap rubber trees and collect latex on plantations.


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Longfellow in 1839 published his first collection of poems, Voices of the Night.


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Longfellow in 1869 posed for this photograph with members of his family in Florence, Italy.


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Alexander Mackenzie was prime minister of Canada from 1873 to 1878.


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Arthur Meighen was prime minister of Canada from 1920 to 1921 and in 1926.


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On the Mongolian plains, wandering nomads live in collapsible tents called ger or yurt.


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Mount St. Helens caused many deaths and enormous damage in southwestern Washington after erupting in 1980.


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Annie Oakley became famous as one of the world's most accurate shots with pistol, rifle, and shotgun.


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The Great Pyramid, built about 4,500 years ago, rises at Giza, near Cairo, Egypt.


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Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 32nd president of the United States, served from 1933 to 1945.


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Victorian-style houses west of downtown San Francisco contrast sharply with the modern skyscrapers in the business district.


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The first successful liquid-propellant rocket was launched in 1926 by Robert H. Goddard, an American scientist.


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Sudan, Africa's largest country in area, is a land of widely differing geography.


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Workers pick cotton in the Gezira area of central Sudan, which lies between the Blue and White Nile rivers.


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Shirley Temple, a child motion-picture star of the 1930's, appeared in several films with dancer Bill Robinson.


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Sir John S. D. Thompson, prime minister of Canada, served from 1892 to 1894.


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Jim Thorpe became one of the first men to be admitted to the National Football Foundation's Hall of Fame in 1951.


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Sir Charles Tupper was prime minister of Canada in 1896.


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Abu Dhabi is the capital of the United Arab Emirates and of the emirate of Abu Dhabi.


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A town meeting enables Vermont citizens to take a direct part in their government.


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Honus Wagner, a shortstop for the Pittsburgh Pirates, was one of the greatest hitters and fielders in baseball history.


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Grand Coulee Dam, the largest concrete dam in the United States, lies on the Columbia River in northeastern Washington.


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The United States Capitol, in Washington, D.C., is the place where Congress makes the nation's laws.


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The White House has served as the home and office of every United States President with the exception of George Washington.


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The Congo River is Congo's main waterway and the fifth longest river in the world.


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Fields of rice--like the one in Indonesia--cover a large part of the Southeast Asian countryside.


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Fort Sumter, in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina, was the site of the first battle of the Civil War.


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Leonardo's self-portrait was drawn when he was about 60 years old.


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Mont Blanc, in the French Alps, is the highest peak in France, rising 15,771 feet (4,807 meters).


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Devils Island, a small isle off the French Guianan coast, was for many years a brutal prison camp for political prisoners of France.


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Galileo's telescopes were larger and more powerful than the telescopes that had been made previously.


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Galileo was a famous Italian astronomer and physicist.


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Unification of East Germany and West Germany took place on Oct. 3, 1990.


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Alexander the Great conquered most of the territory from Egypt to India by 326 B.C.


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Religious customs are strictly observed by many of Iran's Muslims.


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Petroleum accounts for most of the total value of Iran's exports.


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Craftsmen work on brass pots in Baghdad.


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Grapes for wine, such as these being harvested in the region of Tuscany, are grown throughout Italy.


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The people of Kiribati grow most of their own food.


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A small Lesotho village lies in a mountain valley east of the capital, Maseru.


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Oil refineries in Mexico process large amounts of petroleum.


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John Milton wrote his first well-known poems while a student at Cambridge University in England.


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Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, won the 1904 prize in physiology or medicine.


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Sinclair Lewis became the first American to win the Nobel Prize for literature.


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Albert Schweitzer won the 1952 Nobel Peace Prize.


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Norway is known for the scenic beauty of its rugged mountains and its deeply indented coast.


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A Paraguayan lacemaker carefully creates a complicated flower pattern in a piece of nanduti lace.


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Anna Pavlova, Russian ballerina, performed with a lightness and grace that few ballet dancers have ever attained.


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Robert E. Peary won fame as a great Arctic explorer.


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Desiderius Erasmus, a Dutch priest and scholar, became a leading Christian humanist during the Renaissance.


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The Baths of Caracalla in Rome were public baths dating from the A.D. 200's.


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Thomas Newcomen's steam engine drove a pump that removed water from mines.


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Ukrainian Easter eggs, known as pysanky, feature colorful, intricate designs.


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Farmworkers in Uzbekistan pick cotton in a large field.


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Tobacco is Virginia's most valuable crop.


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Horicon Marsh, north of Horicon, is a stopping place for thousands of Canada geese, ducks, and other waterfowl during their spring and fall migrations.


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George Washington Carver was an African American who worked many long hours in his laboratory to improve agricultural methods in the South.


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Judy Garland gained fame as Dorothy in the movie The Wizard of Oz.


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Harry Houdini, one of America's greatest magicians, became world famous for his ability to escape from almost any form of restraint, from chains and handcuffs to federal prison cells.


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Guglielmo Marconi of Italy centered his life around wireless telegraphy.


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Carry Nation holds the weapons that she used in her crusade against alcoholic beverages in the early 1900's.


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Mount Hood, Oregon's highest peak, rises 11,239 feet (3,426 meters) above sea level.


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Loggers in a forest near Westport cut timber for Oregon's forest products industry.


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David ruled the kingdom of Israel about 1000 to 960 B.C.


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Greek coffee houses are popular gathering places.


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The landscape of Sweden includes many swift rivers, thick forests, and snow-capped mountains.


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Montenegro's coastline rises sharply to the mountains at Petrovac, a town on the Adriatic Sea.


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Dar es Salaam, Tanzania's capital and largest city, has modern buildings and large parks.


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Many small villages lie along the southwestern coast of Sweden, just south of the border with Norway.


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Gripsholm Castle near Stockholm houses the Swedish National Portrait Gallery, which contains about 3,000 paintings.


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Sir John J. C. Abbott, prime minister of Canada, served in 1891 and 1892.


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The Great Barrier Reef, the world's largest coral reef, extends about 1,400 miles (2,300 kilometers) along Australia's northeast coast.


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Sir Mackenzie Bowell, prime minister of Canada, served from 1894 to 1896.


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The Interior Plains are the major grain-producing region of Canada.


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Mary Cassatt became famous for her paintings of mothers and children in everyday situations.


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Plans for confederation began to take shape at a meeting of Canadian leaders in Charlottetown, P.E.I., in September 1864.


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The Northwest Mountains region covers much of northwestern Europe.


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The Central Uplands region extends from Portugal to Czechoslovakia.


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Terry Fox, a bone cancer victim, raised about $25 million for cancer research during a run across Canada in 1980.


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The Gish sisters, Lillian, left, and Dorothy, right, starred in the silent film Orphans of the Storm (1922).


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Apple peddlers lined the streets of many large cities during the Great Depression.


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Conquest by Roman armies made Greece a province of the Roman Empire.


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Swinging their bolas, Indians of the South American plains close in on guanaco and rheas.


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Ruins of the Indus Valley civilization have been uncovered at Mohenjo-Daro, Pakistan.


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Andrew Jackson, 7th President of the United States, 1829-1837.


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Cattle drives were common in Kansas during the late 1860's and the 1870's.


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Mass production of tanks took place at this Chrysler Corporation factory in Detroit during World War II.


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Napoleon I posed in his study for French painter Jacques-Louis David in 1812, above.


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Nicholas II, the last czar of Russia, and his family posed for this photograph shortly before the Russian Revolution of 1917.


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Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte by Georges Seurat, 1886.


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American General John J. Pershing led his troops down New York's Fifth Avenue after World War I ended in 1918.


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The Steerage is one of Alfred Stieglitz' best-known photographs.


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Toulouse-Lautrec's works portray night life in the cafes and music halls of the Paris district called Montmartre.


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Camels Hump, near Huntington, rises in the Green Mountains, which run the length of central Vermont.


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Calvin Coolidge, 30th president of the United States, served from 1923 to 1929.


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Joseph Stalin ruled the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.) as dictator from 1929 until 1953.


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The Elements by J. E. H. MacDonald shows a storm forming over Georgian Bay in Ontario.


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A colorful, tree-covered cliff is reflected in a pool of an Ozark stream.


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Bright blue clouds that surround the planet Neptune consist mainly of frozen methane.


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Montezuma Castle National Monument, in central Arizona, includes a five-story cliff-dwelling ruin.


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The planet Mercury was first photographed in detail on March 29, 1974, by the U.S. probe Mariner 10.


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The moon was photographed by the Apollo 11 astronauts during their return trip to the earth.


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The far side of the moon has a rugged surface.


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Saturn is encircled by seven major rings.


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The first U.S. astronaut to walk in space was Edward H. White II on June 3, 1965.


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The churning water at the base of the falls eats away the soft underlying rock layers of the gorge.


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Joe Clark was prime minister of Canada from 1979 to 1980.


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Brian Mulroney was prime minister of Canada from 1984 to 1993.


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In a tournament, knights on horses galloped toward each other and tried to drive their lances through each other's armor.


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The civilization of Kush existed from about 2000 B.C. to about A.D. 350 along the Nile River in what is now Sudan.


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A fisherman on the White River in northern Arkansas displays his catch.


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Rural villages lie throughout the countryside of Bangladesh.


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Logging is an important industry in many regions of Canada.


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Leif Ericson, a Norse explorer, led what is believed to have been the first voyage to the mainland of North America in about A.D. 1000.


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Ranchers round up cattle on a North Dakota farm.


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The Badlands of North Dakota lie in the southwestern part of the state along the Little Missouri River.


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The skeleton of "Lucy," a prehuman ancestor, is one of the most complete australopithecine fossils that scientists have found.


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Charleston is the second largest city in South Carolina and the state's chief port.


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Advancing settlers fought the Indians for control of the Great Plains after the end of the Civil War in 1865.


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Jean Chretien became Prime Minister of Canada in 1993.


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Picturesque fishing villages stand on the coasts of Scotland.


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Sheep shearing is an important activity in many Highland communities in Scotland.


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A primary color signal is produced by a charge-coupled device, left, or a camera tube, right.Each translates the light image that strikes its surface into an identical pattern of electric charges.


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The picture tube screen, a part of which is shown here, has more than 300,000 colored phosphors arranged in groups of three on its surface.


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Aksum, shown in yellow, occupied lands that are now Eritrea, northern Ethiopia, and parts of Sudan and Djibouti.


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The earliest fossils and other remains of prehistoric people have been found in Africa, Asia, and Europe.


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The Ruhr is a region in western Germany.


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An electric bell rings when a current flows through its electromagnet.


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Kite designs range from simple, roughly triangular flat kites to more complex, multisided box kites.


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Symbols are signs that stand for an idea or an object.


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The state flag, adopted in 1895, bears a crimson cross on a white field.


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This illustration shows the state bird, state flower, and state tree of Alabama.


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The state flag, adopted in 1927, was designed by a 13-year-old schoolboy.


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This illustration shows the state bird, state flower, and state tree of Alaska.


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The provincial flag, adopted in 1968, bears the shield from the coat of arms.


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This illustration shows the provincial seal and floral emblem of Alberta.


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On the state flag, adopted in 1917, red and yellow rays represent the setting sun.


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This illustration shows the state bird, state flower, and state tree of Arizona.


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On the state flag, adopted in 1924, the diamond-shaped design represents Arkansas as a major diamond-producing state.


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This illustration shows the state bird, state flower, and state tree of Arkansas.


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The provincial flag, adopted in 1960, has a design similar to that of the shield in the coat of arms.


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This illustration shows the provincial seal and floral emblem of British Columbia.


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The state flag, adopted in 1911, shows a grizzly bear and a single red star.


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This illustration shows the state bird, state flower, and state tree of California.


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On the state flag, adopted in 1911, the red C stands for Colorado, which is Spanish for colored red.


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This illustration shows the state bird, state flower, and state tree of Colorado.


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On the state flag, adopted in 1897, the three grapevines on the shield symbolize the colony brought from Europe and transplanted in the wilderness.


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This illustration shows the state bird, state flower, and state tree of Connecticut.


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The state flag first appeared in its present form in 1913.


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This illustration shows the state bird, state flower, and state tree of Delaware.


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The state flag, adopted in 1899, bears the state seal.


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This illustration shows the state bird, state flower, and state tree of Florida.


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The state flag, adopted in 2001, displays one side of the state seal surrounded by 13 stars representing the original 13 states.


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This illustration shows the state bird, state flower, and state tree of Georgia.


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Both the state flag and the state seal were adopted in 1959.


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This illustration shows the state bird, state flower, and state tree of Hawaii.


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The state flag, first adopted in 1907, bears the state seal.


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This illustration shows the state bird, state flower, and state tree of Idaho.


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The state flag, first adopted in 1915, bears the state seal.


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This illustration shows the state bird, state flower, and state tree of Illinois.


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The state flag, adopted in 1917, has a torch that stands for liberty and enlightenment.


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This illustration shows the state bird, state flower, and state tree of Indiana.


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The state banner, adopted in 1921, bears a reproduction of the eagle from the state seal carrying a streamer with the state motto.


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This illustration shows the state bird, state flower, and state tree of Iowa.


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The state flag was adopted in 1927 and modified in 1963.


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This illustration shows the state bird, state flower, and state tree of Kansas.


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The state flag, first adopted in 1918, bears the state seal.


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This illustration shows the state bird, state flower, and state tree of Kentucky.


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The state flag was adopted in 1912, and the state seal was adopted in 1902.


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This illustration shows the state bird, state flower, and state tree of Louisiana.


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The state flag, adopted in 1909, bears the state seal.


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This illustration shows the state bird, state flower, and state tree of Maine.


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The provincial flag, adopted in 1966, bears the British Union Flag and a shield.


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This illustration shows the provincial seal and floral emblem of Manitoba.


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The state flag, adopted in 1904, bears the coats of arms of two families related to Lord Baltimore-the Calverts and the Crosslands.


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This illustration shows the state bird, state flower, and state tree of Maryland.


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The state flag, adopted in 1971, bears a shield with the figure of an Indian.


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This illustration shows the state bird, state flower, and state tree of Massachusetts.


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The state flag, adopted in 1911, bears a version of the state seal.


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This illustration shows the state bird, state flower, and state tree of Michigan.


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The state flag, adopted in 1983, bears a version of the state seal.


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This illustration shows the state bird, state flower, and state tree of Minnesota.


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This illustration shows the state bird, state flower, and state tree of Mississippi.


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The state flag, adopted in 1913, has stripes of red, white, and blue that symbolize loyalty to the Union as well as valor, purity, vigilance, and justice.


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This illustration shows the state bird, state floral emblem, and state tree of Missouri.


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The state flag, adopted in 1905, displays an adaptation of the state seal within a field of blue.


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This illustration shows the state bird, state flower, and state tree of Montana.


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The state flag, adopted in 1925, bears the state seal.


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This illustration shows the state bird, state flower, and state tree of Nebraska.


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The state flag, adopted in 1929, bears a silver star.


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This illustration shows the state bird, state flower, and state tree of Nevada.


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The provincial flag, adopted in 1965, is based on the provincial coat of arms.


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This illustration shows the provincial seal and floral emblem of New Brunswick.


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This illustration shows the state bird, state flower, and state tree of New Hampshire.


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The state flag, adopted in 1896, bears a version of the state seal.


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This illustration shows the state bird, state flower, and state tree of New Jersey.


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On the state flag, adopted in 1925, the ancient sun symbol of the Zia Pueblo Indians appears in crimson on a gold field.


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This illustration shows the state bird, state flower, and state tree of New Mexico.


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The New York coat of arms appears on both the state flag and the state seal.


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This illustration shows the state bird, state flower, and state tree of New York.


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The provincial flag was adopted in 1980.


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This illustration shows the provincial seal and floral emblem of Newfoundland and Labrador.


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The state flag, adopted in 1885, displays two dates.


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This illustration shows the state bird, state flower, and state tree of North Carolina.


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The state flag, adopted in 1911, bears a modified version of the coat of arms of the United States.


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This illustration shows the state bird, state flower, and state tree of North Dakota.


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The territorial flag, which bears most of the coat of arms, was adopted in 1969.


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The provincial flag, first authorized by a royal grant in 1625, bears the cross of St. Andrew and the arms of Scotland.


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This illustration shows the provincial seal and floral emblem of Nova Scotia.


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This illustration shows the state bird, state flower, and state tree of Ohio.


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The state flag, adopted in 1925, displays an Osage warrior's shield decorated with eagle feathers.


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This illustration shows the state bird, state flower, and state tree of Oklahoma.


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The provincial flag, adopted in 1965, bears the British Union Flag and the shield of Ontario.


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This illustration shows the provincial seal and floral emblem of Ontario.


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This illustration shows the state bird, state flower, and state tree of Oregon.


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The state flag, adopted in 1907, bears the state coat of arms, which is supported by two horses.


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This illustration shows the state bird, state flower, and state tree of Pennsylvania.


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The provincial flag, adopted in 1964, bears an adaptation of the coat of arms.


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This illustration shows the provincial seal and floral emblem of Prince Edward Island.


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Puerto Rico's flag was designed about 1895 and was officially adopted in 1952.


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The provincial flag was adopted in 1948.


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This illustration shows the provincial seal and floral emblem of Quebec.


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On the state flag, adopted in 1897, 13 stars represent the original 13 colonies.


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This illustration shows the state bird, state flower, and state tree of Rhode Island.


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The provincial flag, adopted in 1969, bears the shield from the coat of arms and the provincial floral emblem, the prairie lily.


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This illustration shows the provincial seal and floral emblem of Saskatchewan.


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The state flag, adopted in 1861, bears a palmetto tree and a crescent.


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This illustration shows the state bird, state flower, and state tree of South Carolina.


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The state flag, adopted in 1992, bears the state seal.


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This illustration shows the state bird, state flower, and state tree of South Dakota.


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The state flag, adopted in 1905, has three stars representing East, Middle, and West Tennessee.


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This illustration shows the state bird, state flower, and state tree of Tennessee.


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The state flag, known as the Lone Star Flag, was adopted in 1839.


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This illustration shows the state bird, state flower, and state tree of Texas.


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The state flag, adopted in 1913, bears the state seal.


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This illustration shows the state bird, state flower, and state tree of Utah.


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The state flag, adopted in 1923, bears the Vermont coat of arms.


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This illustration shows the state bird, state flower, and state tree of Vermont.


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The territorial flag was adopted in 1917.


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The state flag, adopted in 1931, bears the front of the state seal.


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This illustration shows the state bird, state flower, and state tree of Virginia.


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The state flag, first adopted in 1923, bears the state seal.


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This illustration shows the state bird, state flower, and state tree of Washington.


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The state flag, adopted in 1929, bears the state coat of arms.


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This illustration shows the state bird, state flower, and state tree of West Virginia.


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The Wisconsin coat of arms appears on both the state flag and the state seal.


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This illustration shows the state bird, state flower, and state tree of Wisconsin.


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The state flag, adopted in 1917, shows the seal on a buffalo to represent the branding of livestock.


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This illustration shows the state bird, state flower, and state tree of Wyoming.


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On the coat of arms, the cross of St. George represents English explorers of the Yukon.


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Caliber (bullet diameter) is given in decimal fractions of an inch or in millimeters (mm).


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Separate loading ammunition consists of separate sections for the projectile, the primer, and a propelling charge, upper figure.


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A hollow-charge warhead is hollow in front with an explosive charge in the back.


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The pink flamingo, shown, is one of the most commonly cultivated anthuriums.


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The eastern bluebird has deep blue feathers.


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The cannon-ball tree is a South American tree with pink or reddish flowers.


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A climbing perch can move and breathe out of water.


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When the ignition switch is turned on, low-voltage currents flow from the battery to ignition coils.


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The eastern phoebe is a small North American bird that has brownish-gray feathers.


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The bird called the hooded pitohui is the most poisonous pitohui.


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The semipalmated plover nests along shorelines in Alaska and Canada.


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The eastern quoll is a small, spotted mammal that lives in forests in the southeastern part of mainland Australia and on the island of Tasmania.


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Casual and dress shoes are made for most everyday occasions.


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Sport shoes are designed to enhance athletic performance.


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Smooth cordgrass is a common species of spartina.


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A spotted owl is dark brown with white blotches.


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The white shark may attack human beings.


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Afghanistan's flag has green, white, and black stripes, and the nation's coat of arms in gold.


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On the flag of Albania, a two-headed black eagle appears on a red field.


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Algeria's flag and coat of arms display a star and crescent, symbols of Islam, partly against a background of green, a traditional Islamic color.


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The national flag of Andorra, used by the people, has blue, yellow, and red vertical stripes.


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The top half of the Angola flag is red, and the bottom half is black.


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The flag of Antigua and Barbuda is divided into three triangular areas.


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The state flag of Argentina, adopted in 1818, and the coat of arms bear a sun, which represents Argentina's freedom from Spain.


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Armenia's flag has three horizontal stripes.


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Australia's flag has a British Union flag, five stars that represent the constellation Southern Cross, and a large star for the country's states and territories.


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Austria's flag has stripes of red, white, and red.


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The flag's three horizontal stripes are light blue, red, and green.


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On the flag of the Bahamas, a black triangle represents the Bahamian people.


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On the flag of Bahrain, a red field covers about three-fourths of the flag and adjoins the jagged edge of a vertical white stripe.


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The Bangladesh flag was officially adopted in 1972.


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On the flag of Barbados, the two outer stripes are blue (for the sea and sky) and the center stripe is orange (for the sand of the beaches).


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The flag of Belarus has a wide red horizontal stripe above a narrower green stripe.


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Belgium's flag was first used during the revolt against Austrian rule in 1789.


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On the Belize flag, a wide horizontal blue stripe is bordered by narrow horizontal red stripes at the top and bottom.


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A green vertical stripe is on the left side of the flag of Benin.


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The square flag of Bhutan is divided diagonally into yellow and orange halves.


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Bolivia's state flag, used only by the government, was adopted in 1888.


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The flag of Bosnia-Herzegovina has two unequal vertical stripes of blue separated by a yellow triangle.


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On the Botswana flag, three horizontal bands (blue, black, and blue) are divided by two white bands.


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The Brazilian flag bears the motto Order and Progress.


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Brunei's flag is yellow, with a black stripe and a white stripe running from the top left corner to the bottom right corner.


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Symbols of Bulgaria include a flag that bears the national colors-white, green, and red.


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The Burkina Faso flag has two equal horizontal stripes of red and green.


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The official flag of Myanmar's government was adopted in 1974.


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On the Burundi flag, white bands extend to the corners from a white circle in the center.


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Cambodia's flag has horizontal stripes of blue, red, and blue.


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The flag of Cameroon has green, red, and yellow vertical stripes, with a yellow star in the center of the red stripe.


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The flag of Canada features a red, 11-pointed maple leaf, a national symbol of the country.


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The flag of Cape Verde has five horizontal stripes of blue, white, red, white, and blue.


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On the Central African Republic's flag, horizontal blue, white, green, and yellow stripes are divided at the center by a red vertical stripe.


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The flag of Chad has vertical blue, yellow, and red stripes.


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The white star on Chile's flag stands for progress and honor.


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Colombia's flag, adopted in 1861, has a yellow stripe for the golden New World, a red stripe for the blood shed for independence, and a blue stripe for the Atlantic Ocean.


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A green field covers the flag of Comoros.


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The flag of Congo (Brazzaville) has a large green triangle is in the upper left corner, and a large red triangle in the lower right corner.


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Costa Rica's state flag, used by the government, was adopted in 1848.


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Croatia's flag has horizontal stripes of red, white, and blue.


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Cuba's flag was officially adopted in 1902, shortly after Cuba became a republic.


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The flag is white with a map of Cyprus in copper-yellow (for copper) in the center above two green crossed olive branches (for peace).


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The flag of the Czech Republic was adopted in 1993.


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The Danish flag was probably first used in the 1200's, after King Valdemar II led a military crusade to Estonia.


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The flag of Djibouti has a blue horizontal stripe at the top, a green horizontal stripe at the bottom, and a red star on a white triangle near the staff.


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Dominica's flag is green, with a cross of yellow, black, and white stripes dividing it into quarters.


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A white cross divides the Dominican Republic's national flag, flown by the people, into alternately red and blue quarters.


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The state flag of Ecuador, used by the government, bears the coat of arms.


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Symbols of Egypt include the flag, left, and the coat of arms, right.


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The flag of Equatorial Guinea has green, white, and red horizontal stripes, and a blue triangle at the staff.


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Eritrea's flag has a red triangle across the middle, bearing a yellow wreath and olive branch; a green triangle at the top; and a light blue triangle at the bottom.


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Estonia's flag has three horizontal stripes.


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The national flag of Ethiopia, flown by the people, consists of three horizontal stripes-green, yellow, and red (top to bottom).


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On Fiji's flag, the British Union Jack appears in the upper left on a light blue field.


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Finland's national flag was adopted in 1920.


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Gabon's flag has three horizontal stripes of green, yellow, and blue.


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The flag of Gambia has three horizontal bands (red, blue, and green) divided by two narrow white bands.


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The flag of the country of Georgia has a red field.


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The German flag has stripes of black, red, and gold-colors that have been associated with German unity since the 1800's.


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The flag of Ghana has horizontal red, yellow, and green stripes with a black star symbolizing African freedom in the center.


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The Greek flag has a white cross symbolizing the Greek Orthodox religion.


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Grenada's flag has a red border around a central section that is divided into four triangles alternating green and yellow.


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The flag of Guatemala was adopted in 1871.


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The flag of Guinea has three vertical stripes: red (for the spirit of sacrifice), gold (for sun and wealth), and green (for the forests).


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The Guinea-Bissau flag has a black star centered on a red vertical stripe to the left of two horizontal stripes.


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The flag of Guyana is green (representing agriculture and forests) with a red triangle (zeal in nation building) and a golden yellow arrowhead (minerals).


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The dark blue top half of the national flag, flown by the people, stands for the blacks of Haiti; the red bottom half represents its mulattoes.


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The flag of Honduras was adopted in 1866.


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Hungary's flag has horizontal stripes of red, white, and green, the traditional national colors.


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On Iceland's flag, a red cross appears inside a white cross on a blue field.


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Indonesia's flag was adopted on Independence Day, Aug. 17, 1945.


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Iran's flag and coat of arms were adopted by the Islamic government in 1980.


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Israel's flag shows the Star of David, an ancient Jewish symbol.


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The Cote d'Ivoire flag has vertical stripes of orange, white, and green.


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Jamaica's flag includes a gold diagonal cross with black triangular side panels, and green triangular panels at top and bottom.


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Japan's flag, adopted in 1854, is a red sun on a white background.


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The flag of Kazakhstan is blue, with a yellow sun and eagle in the center and a yellow stripe of national ornamentation at the left.


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Kenya's flag and coat of arms were adopted in 1963.


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The flag and coat of arms of North Korea have a red star that represents Communism.


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South Korea's flag and coat of arms feature a red and blue circle.


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On the Kuwait flag, horizontal green, white, and red stripes join a black, vertical stripe at the flagstaff.


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The flag of Kyrgyzstan has a red field with a yellow sun in its center.


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The flag of Laos has a red horizontal stripe at the top and the bottom, and a blue horizontal stripe in the center.


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The Latvian flag dates back to the 1200's, when it served as a banner in battle for one of the original Latvian tribes.


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The flag of Lebanon has three horizontal stripes-red, white, and red.


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The flag of Lesotho has diagonal stripes of white, blue, and green.


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The flag of Liberia has six red and five white horizontal stripes that represent the 11 signers of the Liberian Declaration of Independence.


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Liechtenstein's flag has two horizontal stripes, the upper one blue (for the sky), the lower one red (for the glow of evening fires).


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Lithuania's flag has three horizontal stripes.


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The flag of Luxembourg has horizontal red, white, and blue stripes (top to bottom).


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The flag of Macedonia is red and has a yellow disk with eight yellow rays from the center.


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The flag of Madagascar has a white vertical stripe appears at the left, with a red horizontal stripe over a green one at the right.


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The flag of Malawi has black, red, and green horizontal stripes, with a red rising sun on the black stripe.


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The flag of Maldives has a white crescent on a dark green rectangle with a red border.


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The flag of Mali has vertical stripes of green, gold, and red.


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A replica of the George Cross, a British medal awarded to Malta for bravery in World War II, appears on a white and red field.


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The flag of the Marshall Islands is dark blue.


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The flag of Mauritania is green and has a yellow star and crescent in the center.


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The flag of Mauritius has four horizontal stripes of red, blue, yellow, and green (top to bottom).


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Mexico's flag, adopted in 1821, features a version of the country's coat of arms.


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The flag of the Federated States of Micronesia.


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Moldova's flag has three vertical stripes of blue, yellow and red with the Moldova coat of arms on the center stripe.


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The flag of Monaco has two horizontal stripes, red and white.


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The flag of Mongolia has vertical stripes of red, blue, and red, with gold symbols on the left stripe.


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Morocco's national flag was officially adopted in 1915.


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The flag of Mozambique has three broad, horizontal stripes of green, black, and yellow separated by narrow white bands.


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The flag of Namibia has a large blue triangle in the upper left corner, and a large green triangle in the lower right corner.


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The flag of Nauru has a blue field bisected by a single yellow stripe.


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The flag has two crimson triangles trimmed in blue, one above the other.


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New Zealand's flag, officially adopted in 1902, features the British Union Flag and the constellation Southern Cross.


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Nicaragua's flag was adopted in 1908 from that of the United Provinces of Central America.


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Niger's flag has horizontal stripes of orange, white, and green.


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The Norwegian flag was first approved for use by merchant ships in 1821.


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The flag of Oman has a vertical red stripe and three horizontal stripes of white, red, and green.


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Pakistan's flag has a star and crescent, traditional symbols of Islam.


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The flag of Papua New Guinea is divided diagonally from upper left to lower right.


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Paraguay's flag has the coat of arms on the front, left, and the Treasury seal on the back.


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Peru's state flag, used by the government, was adopted in 1825.


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The Philippine flag and coat of arms feature blue for noble ideals, red for courage, and white for peace.


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Poland's national flag, flown by the people, left, has red and white stripes.


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Portugal's flag has a band of green, which stands for hope; and of red, which symbolizes the blood of the country's heroes.


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The left third of Qatar's flag is white with a vertical series of points on the right side.


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Romania's flag has stripes of blue, yellow, and red.


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The Russian flag has stripes of white, blue, and red.


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The flag of Rwanda has three vertical stripes of red, yellow, and green, with a large black R in the center.


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The flag of St. Kitts and Nevis has a black diagonal stripe with yellow borders separating a green triangle at the top left from a red triangle at the bottom right.


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The flag of St. Vincent and the Grenadines is divided into three sections, blue, yellow, and green.


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The flag of San Marino has a blue and a white horizontal stripe.


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The flag of Sao Tome and Principe has green horizontal stripes (for forests and the sea) at the top and bottom; a yellow horizontal stripe (for soil) in the center; and a red triangle (for the struggle for freedom) near the staff.


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The flag of Saudi Arabia was adopted in 1973.


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The flag of Senegal has green, yellow, and red vertical stripes.


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The flag of Sierra Leone has three horizontal stripes-green, white, and blue.


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The flag of Singapore has two horizontal stripes, red on top (for equality and brotherhood) and white below (for purity and virtue).


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The flag of Slovakia has horizontal stripes of white, blue, and red.


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The flag of Slovenia has horizontal stripes of white, blue, and red.


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The flag of Solomon Islands is divided diagonally into two triangles of blue and green, with a yellow stripe running between them.


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The light blue flag of Somalia has a large white star in the center.


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South Africa's flag, adopted in 1994, represents the country's peoples coming together in unity.


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Spain's state flag, used by the government, was adopted in 1981.


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A yellow lion on a crimson field is a symbol of precolonial Sri Lanka.


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The flag of Sudan has three horizontal stripes of red, white, and black, with a green triangle symbolizing Islam.


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The flag of Suriname has five horizontal stripes of green, white, red, white, and green.


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The flag of Swaziland has five horizontal stripes.


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The Swedish flag, first used in the mid-1400's, was made official in 1663.


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The Swiss flag was used in an earlier form in 1240 by the region of Schwyz.


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Syria's flag, which was adopted in 1980, bears traditional Arab colors.


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The flag of Tajikistan has horizontal stripes of reddish orange, white, and green.


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The flag of Togo has five horizontal stripes, three green and two yellow, with a white star on a red square in the upper left corner.


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The flag of Tonga has a red field and a white canton.


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On the flag of Trinidad and Tobago, a black stripe, bordered by white stripes, runs across a red field from the upper left to the lower right corner.


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The flag of Tunisia has a large white circle on a red field.


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The flag of Turkmenistan has three unequal vertical stripes of green, maroon, and green.


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On Uganda's flag, a white-crested crane is centered on horizontal stripes of black (for Africa), yellow (sunshine), and red (brotherhood).


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The flag of United Arab Emirates has a vertical red stripe and horizontal stripes of green, white, and black.


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United Kingdom's flag is known as the British Union Flag or the Union Jack.


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Symbols of the United States include the American flag and the Great Seal.


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Uruguay's flag and coat of arms were adopted in 1830.


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The flag of Uzbekistan has three broad horizontal bands-light blue, white, and light green (top to bottom)-separated by thin red lines.


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Vanuatu's flag is divided into three sections, of black, maroon and green, with yellow and black stripes running between them.


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The official state flag of the Vatican is divided into two equal vertical stripes of white and yellow.


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Venezuela's state flag, used by the government, was adopted in 1954.


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Vietnam's flag and coat of arms feature a star that stands for Communism.


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The flag of Samoa has a red field with a blue canton in the upper left-hand corner.


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The flag of Yemen has red, white, and black horizontal stripes.


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Symbols of Yugoslavia include a flag adopted in 1992 and a coat of arms adopted in 1993.


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The flag of Congo (Kinshasa), adopted in 1997, returned to the design of the nation's flag from 1960 to 1963.


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The flag of Zambia has an orange eagle in the upper right corner over three vertical stripes of red (for freedom), black (for the people), and orange (for mineral wealth) on a field of green (for natural resources).


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The flag of Zimbabwe has seven horizontal stripes of green, yellow, red, black, red, yellow, and green.


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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart excelled in almost every kind of musical composition, including operas, symphonies, church music, chamber music, and works for solo instruments.


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Joseph Haydn, an Austrian composer, wrote chamber music, operas, and church music, but is probably best known for his symphonies.


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Frederic Chopin, a Polish composer, was a master of piano composition, wrote more than 200 works for solo piano, including sonatas, ballads, etudes, and waltzes.


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Johannes Brahms, a German composer, is famous for his four symphonies, piano music, instrumental chamber music, orchestral music, concertos, songs, and choral works.


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Hector Berlioz of France was known for his inventive orchestra compositions, including symphonies, operas, and other large works.


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Peter Ilich Tchaikovsky was the first Russian composer whose works were regularly performed by orchestras in western Europe.


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Franz Schubert, an Austrian composer, wrote many types of music, including symphonies, chamber music, solo piano works, and songs.


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Giuseppe Verdi of Italy composed some of the most popular operas of all time.


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The ratio that appears below each flag represents the relation between the hoist (vertical width) and the fly (horizontal length).


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The baroque period lasted from about 1600 to 1750.


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Music of the classical period emphasized balance, clarity, and formal beauty.


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The romantic era lasted from about 1820 to 1900.


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A mercury barometer, left, works on the same principle as a device described in 1644 by its inventor, the Italian physicist Evangelista Torricelli, right.


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An aneroid barometer has a vacuum chamber that expands or contracts with changes in air pressure.


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A carbon-zinc cell consists of a zinc container filled with substances that react chemically to produce an electric current.


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A 9-volt battery has six individual dry cells.


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In a fire-tube boiler, hot gases flow through tubes that are surrounded by water.


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In a water-tube boiler, hot gases flow over tubes filled with water.


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The harbor porpoise, also called the common porpoise, has a dark gray to black back and a pale gray or white belly.


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A transaxle delivers engine power to shafts that turn the wheels of an automobile.


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A radioactive decay series is the process by which a radioactive atom releases radiation and changes into different forms of the same element or into other elements.


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The humoral immune response begins with the detection of an antigen by a B lymphocyte.


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The cell-mediated immune response involves T lymphocytes, which originate in bone marrow but mature in the thymus.


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Almost all professional and many amateur rinks are laid out like the one shown here.


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Offside plays rank among the most common hockey violations.


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A meshed-tooth zipper has two rows of teeth that are joined or separated by a slide.


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An atom becomes an ion when it gains or loses an electron and so acquires an electric charge.


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Metals, such as copper wire, are good conductors because they have a large number of free electrons.


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An electric circuit is a path that electric current can follow between a device, such as a light bulb, and an energy source, such as a battery.


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Mechanical brakes are commonly used on bicycles.


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Videotape recorders record video signals in helical (diagonal) tracks on the tape.


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Nuclear fusion releases large amounts of radiation.


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Nuclear fission releases several types of radiation, including neutrons, alpha and beta particles, gamma rays, and X rays.


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The accordion is played by stretching and compressing the bellows while the fingers press various keys and buttons.


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An alligator's body is suited for life on land and in water.


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A group of impalas bounds across a grassland in Kenya.


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The nine-banded armadillo is an animal with a protective shell of nine narrow bands of bony plates that slide upon one another.


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An Audubon painting of pileated woodpeckers shows the realistic, colorful style of the artist and naturalist.


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Female baboons take loving care of their young.


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American badgers are animals that live in family groups during the spring and summer, when the adults raise their young.


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The bagpipe is an instrument that consists of a leather bag fitted with five wooden pipes.


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The balalaika is plucked with the fingers or a pick called a plectrum.


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The banjo is a stringed musical instrument played with the fingers or with a pick called a plectrum.


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The bassoon is a woodwind instrument used primarily in orchestras.


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The sight of a flying bat frightens many people unnecessarily.


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After cutting down a tree, a beaver moves it to a nearby pond.


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Rosa Parks was arrested in 1955 when she refused to give up her seat on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama, to accommodate a white person.


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The boa constrictor can swallow animals bigger than its head because the bones of its jaws can spread far apart.


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The American buffalo cares for its young until the calf is about 3 years old.


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The bugle is a wind instrument made of brass or copper.


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The organ-pipe cactus has stems that resemble the pipes of an organ.


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The cardinal is a popular songbird of North America.


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The cheetah hunts by prowling quietly through grass until it nears its prey.


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The chipmunk uses pouches in its cheeks to carry nuts and seeds to its burrow.


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The clarinet is a popular woodwind instrument.


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The coyote is an animal that lives in most areas of the United States, Canada, and Mexico and in some parts of Central America.


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A crocodile's body is long, low and cigar-shaped.


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The American crow is a bird found in most parts of North America.


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A Great Dane makes a good guard dog and family pet.


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Labrador retriever is a popular hunting dog.


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The English springer spaniel is a hunting dog.


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The greyhound is one of the fastest breed of dogs.


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Afghan hound is a long-haired hunting dog known for its speed.


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Flamingos are birds that live in marshy areas in many parts of the world.


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The lesser flamingo is a species of flamingo that lives in the Great Rift Valley of Kenya and Tanzania in Africa.


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The flute is a woodwind instrument popular in bands and orchestras.


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The gray fox is the only member of the dog family that frequently climbs trees.


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The French horn is a metal tube coiled into a circular shape.


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The gibbon is the smallest member of the ape family.


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The Gila monster is a poisonous lizard found in deserts of the Southwest.


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Giraffes live in small groups on African grasslands.


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Two bony "horns" grow from a giraffe's skull.


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The glockenspiel produces a clear, bell-like sound.


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Grapes are grown in many parts of the world.


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A massive grizzly bear rises up on its hind legs.


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An acoustical guitar produces sounds when a musician plucks or strums its six strings.


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An electric guitar produces sounds by electronic amplification.


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A golden hamster is light reddish-brown with white underparts.


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The harp is a large stringed instrument.


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A river hippopotamus has a stout, barrel-shaped body; short legs; and a huge head.


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The spotted hyena has massive, powerful jaws and strong teeth that can crack even large bones.


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A joey (young kangaroo) spends the first several months of its life inside its mother's pouch.


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A female koala carries her joey (young) on her back.


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The Australian frilled lizard is a reptile that frightens enemies away by opening its mouth with a hiss and unfolding the large frill that encircles its head.


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The llama has thick hair and a long neck and looks somewhat like a small camel.


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The lute is an ancient stringed instrument.


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The mandolin has been popular for hundreds of years, particularly among southern Europeans and Latin Americans.


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Moose live in northern regions that have dense forests and many lakes and swamps.


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The oboe is a high-pitched woodwind instrument.


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Pipe organs may have several thousand pipes.


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The ostrich is the world's largest bird.


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The North American otter lives in burrows along the banks of rivers and feeds primarily on fish and crayfish.


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A red panda weighs only from 6 to 12 pounds (2.7 to 5.4 kilograms).


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A male peacock can spread the feathers on its back into a beautiful fan.


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Brown pelicans inhabit coastal areas of North and South America.


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Adult penguins provide food and warmth for their young.


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The piccolo is the smallest of the woodwind instruments.


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Pigeons are common in most large cities.


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The platypus has a broad, flat tail and webbed feet that aid in swimming.


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The hardy polar bear lives along the frozen shores and in the icy waters of the Arctic Ocean.


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The North American porcupine is protected by yellowish-white quills.


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The Indian python grows to about 20 feet (6 meters) in length.


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A young cottontail sits motionless to escape hunters, but hops away quickly if they come near.


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A raccoon has a "mask" of black hair around its eyes.


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Rats are small, furry mammals that have plagued human beings for centuries.


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A recorder has a whistle mouthpiece and holes that the musician covers and uncovers to play different notes.


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The reindeer lives in Arctic regions of Europe, Asia, and North America.


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The white rhinoceros is the largest kind of rhinoceros.


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An American robin tends her newly hatched young, shown.


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The saxophone is a woodwind instrument made of brass.


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A sea otter swims mostly on its back, paddling with its flipper-shaped hind feet.


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The world's largest tree, according to volume of wood, is the General Sherman Tree, shown, in Sequoia National Park in California.


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Sheep provide clothing and food for people.


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The sitar is used primarily to play classical music of northern India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh.


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The striped skunk sprays an enemy only after giving a warning by growling and stamping its front feet.


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The snow leopard has pale hair with brown spots.


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Common tree squirrels of North America include the American red squirrel, shown here eating fruit.


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The tiger's stripes helps conceal the animal in its natural surroundings.


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The striped toad of South America, like most species of toads, has dry, warty skin.


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The trombone is an important brass instrument in both popular and classical music.


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The trumpet is a popular brass instrument with a brilliant tone.


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The upright tuba is used in the brass section of symphony orchestras.


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The walrus has long tusks that it uses mainly for defense.


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The xylophone is a percussion instrument.


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Zebras live in eastern and southern Africa.


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George Frideric Handel of Germany is best known for his dramatic vocal compositions called oratorios.


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This map shows the 13 British colonies that became the United States.


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The city flag shows French fleurs-de-lis, British lions, and American stars and stripes to represent the three nations that have controlled Detroit.


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The chairs shown here rank among the furniture masterpieces of the 1900's.


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The bamboo is a type of giant grass that grows in groves.


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Christopher Columbus is an explorer who has been depicted by many artists over the years.


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Some breeds of dogs have unusual characteristics.


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The artist draws a picture by cutting through an acid-resistant coating on a metal plate, left.


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The pine-tree shilling was a colonial silver coin.


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Reproduction in ferns involves two forms of the fern plant.


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Johnson's wife and his oldest daughter shared the duties of hostess at White House functions during his presidency.


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Rembrandt's self-portraits form a vivid record of his life.


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The artist cuts a design into a metal plate, left, with a sharp tool called a burin.


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A British one-pound coin has a picture of Queen Elizabeth II on the front and a symbol of the United Kingdom on the back.


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Two propaganda versions of Adolf Hitler show the German dictator from opposite viewpoints.


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Marsupials are born at an extremely immature stage of development.


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As many as 20,000 species of orchids grow in most parts of the world.


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Blowing glass without the use of molds involves several steps.


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The red, white, and blue in the flag of Dallas, left, represent the United States and Texas, which use these colors in their flags.


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The flag, left, and the seal, right, feature the phoenix and the dates 1847 and 1865.


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Both the city's flag, left, and its seal, right, feature the phoenix, the mythical bird for which the city is named.


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Hardening of various plant, animal, and mineral materials results in sedimentary rock.


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Metamorphic rock forms when any kind of rock undergoes changes as a result of intense heat and pressure.


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The flag's blue bars represent the North Saskatchewan River and the sky.


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The red, white, and blue in the flag of Memphis represent the United States and Tennessee, both of which use those colors in their flags.


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The city flag, adopted in 1954, has a large gear to represent manufacturing.


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The city flag and the coat of arms of Montreal include the national flowers of France (fleur-de-lis), England (rose), Scotland (thistle), and Ireland (shamrock).


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The Arctic landscape changes dramatically with the seasons.


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The city's flag was adopted on Sept. 4, 1931, the 150th anniversary of the founding of Los Angeles.


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The coconut, fruit of the coconut palm, is one of the largest of all seeds.


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The flag of San Diego includes the city seal and the date 1542, when the explorer Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo sailed into San Diego Bay.


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Stonehenge was probably used as a tribal gathering place and a religious center by ancient inhabitants of England.


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Egyptian mummies show how these ancient peoples cared for their dead.


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Computerized tomography (CT) aids in detecting brain tumors and other abnormalities.


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Dinosaurs lived during the Mesozoic Era, which is divided into three periods-the Triassic (248 million to 213 million years ago), the Jurassic (213 million to 145 million years ago), and the Cretaceous (145 million to 65 million years ago).


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The breeds of working dogs registered by the American Kennel Club serve people in various ways.


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Sporting dogs registered by the American Kennel Club consist of breeds of pointers, setters, retrievers, and spaniels.


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The American Kennel Club registers various breeds of hounds.


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There are a number of breeds of terriers recognized by the American Kennel Club.


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Toy dogs consist of small breeds kept as pets.


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Nonsporting dogs consist of breeds kept chiefly as pets.


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There are 15 breeds of herding dogs recognized by the American Kennel Club.


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The Great Trek into the interior of South Africa started in the east of the Cape Colony.


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Wings have various shapes, depending on the planes for which they are designed.


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The fin and rudder, which make up the vertical surfaces of the tail, may be at a right angle to the fuselage or swept-back.


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Some planes have a tail-wheel landing gear--1 wheel under the tail and 1 under each side of the fuselage or wing.


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Propeller designs vary according to the type of plane.


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A propeller blade resembles a plane wing.


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A feathering propeller has blades that can be turned on edge if the engine fails.


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Propeller blades have a front surface curved like the upper surface of an airplane wing.


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A jet engine takes in air at low velocity (speed).


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Some of the earth's most marvelous living things, including the ones shown in these photographs, are endangered species.


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Rescue trucks carry tools for unusual rescues.


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An engine truck is used to spray water on a fire.


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An aerial ladder truck is used to spray water on a fire.


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Pluto is so far from Earth that even powerful telescopes reveal little detail of its surface.


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The vehicles shown here helped the United States and the Soviet Union achieve milestones in the exploration of space.


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Several nations now build rockets that launch artificial satellites and space probes.


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European Union, in 1995, had 15 members.


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The Great Barrier Reef stretches along the eastern coast of Queensland, Australia.


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The British colonial empire spanned two eras.


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The Kuroshio is a current that flows north from the Philippine Sea to the coast of Japan.


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Many boomerangs are made of wood, such as the Australian ones shown here.


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Aborigines arrived in Australia about 65,000 years ago.


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Anzac forces landed on the Gallipoli Peninsula in Turkey during World War I (1914-1918).


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The Arab world has both a political and a linguistic (language-related) definition.


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The Aztec empire had its capital at Tenochtitlan, which stood on the site of present-day Mexico City.


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The land of the Maya included parts of present-day Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador, and all of Belize.


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The Panama Canal cuts through the Isthmus of Panama.


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Ancient Rome began to expand during the 300's B.C. and by 275 B.C. ruled much of Italy.


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The Suez Canal shortens sea voyages between the Atlantic and Indian oceans.


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Here are two types of spider feet: the foot of a garden spider, left, and the last leg segment of the comb-footed common house spider, right.


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The Mauryan Empire, which lasted from about 324 B.C. to 185 B.C., united almost all India for the first time.


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The Gupta Empire extended across northern India from about A.D. 320 to about 500.


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The Mughal Empire was established by central Asian Muslims in 1526.


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The British East India Company controlled much of India by the early 1800's.


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Independent India was founded on Aug. 15, 1947, the day after the northeast and northwest became Pakistan.


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In the 1948 war, Israel gained much territory in addition to the area that had been given to it by the United Nations (UN) Partition Plan of 1947.


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The 1967 war resulted in Israel's occupation of Egypt's Sinai Peninsula and Syria's Golan Heights, and of the West Bank and Gaza Strip.


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Israel withdrew from the Sinai Peninsula in three stages--in 1975, 1979, and 1982.


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The Silk Road was a group of trade routes between China and Europe that flourished from the 100's B.C. to the A.D. 1500's.


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The Ganges River basin in northern India is an area of over 347,000 square miles (900,000 square kilometers), much of it a flat, fertile, and densely populated agricultural plain.


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The Indus River, in Pakistan, is the source of one of the largest irrigation systems in the world.


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The Rhine River flows from the Alps to the North Sea.


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In the most recent ice age, which ended about 11,500 years ago, ice sheets covered vast areas in the Northern Hemisphere.


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The largest rain forests occur in tropical parts of the Americas, Asia, and Africa.


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The Ring of Fire is a zone of volcanic and earthquake activity located mostly along the rim of the Pacific Ocean.


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Bay of Bengal is the northern portion of the Indian Ocean.


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Bay of Biscay lies on the western coast of Europe.


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The Bering Sea is part of the North Pacific Ocean.


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Bohemia, a region in the western part of the Czech Republic, includes Prague, the capital.


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East Anglia is a mainly farming region to the north of London and on the east coast of England.


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The English Channel separates England and France.


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Lake Baikal, in Siberia, is the deepest lake in the world.


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Moravia, which is a region in the eastern part of the Czech Republic, has industrial cities, rich mineral deposits, and fertile farmland.


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The Sahara stretches across northern Africa from the Atlantic Ocean to the Red Sea, and from the Atlas Mountains to the Sahel region.


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Thessaly is a region in north-central Greece.


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The Tyrol is a region in Europe that includes part of western Austria and northern Italy.


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Gravitational lensing occurs when the gravitational force of a massive galaxy apparently acts as a lens, bending light rays sent out by an object on the other side of the galaxy.


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The old theory of Ptolemy put Earth at the center of the universe.


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Astronomers can learn about a star's motion by comparing the spectral lines in its visible light with those in a spectrum produced in a laboratory.


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When light enters a camera, it causes chemical changes on the surface of the film.


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The city flag and coat of arms of Pittsburgh include the crest of the Chatham family, of which William Pitt was the first earl.


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Rain forest life includes an astonishing variety of colorful animals and plants.


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From the 900's to 1171, the Fatimid rulers ruled an empire that covered North Africa and much of the Middle East.


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Under Muhammad Ali's strong leadership, Egypt began a shortlived era of military conquest.


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Yugoslavia became a federal state with six republics in 1946.


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A basketball court is a rectangle divided into halves by a division line.


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A backboard and basket hang over each end of a basketball court.


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This illustration shows 3 ways to be out in cricket-LBW (leg before wicket), stumped, and bowled.


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This illustration shows two ways to be out in cricket-run out and caught.


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Soccer players must control the ball without using their hands.


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Flags may have many shapes, including oblong, square, and tapering.


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Many governments have flags for various purposes.


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Storm warning flags fly at shore stations to warn boats of hazardous wind and sea conditions.


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The earliest flags, or standards, consisted of symbols attached to poles.


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A Shiite Muslim flag, left, shows the sword of Ali, the first leader of the Shiah division of Islam.


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This illustration shows the official flags of the President and Vice President of the United States.


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This illustration shows the official flags of the executive departments of the United States government.


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This illustration shows the official flags of five branches of the United States armed forces.


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This illustration shows the official flags of some important world organizations.


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Coin collectors prize coins that are rare or have some interesting feature.


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A Spanish doubloon has a profile of King Charles IV of Spain on one side.


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On one side are the words "Republique Francaise" ("French Republic"), left.


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The U.S. half dollar pictures President John F. Kennedy.


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The 100-lira Italian coin is shown here.


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The British penny honors Queen Elizabeth II on its front and has a royal crown and an iron gate with chains on the back.


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The artist draws on a lithographic stone with a greasy crayon.


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A flashlight shines as electric current is carried from the batteries to the light bulb through metal strips and a spring.


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New York City's flag was adopted in 1915.


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Level loop rugs and carpets have a smooth, tight texture.


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Multilevel loop rugs and carpets have an uneven texture.


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Plush rugs and carpets are soft and have a luxurious appearance.


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Each yarn of a saxony rug or carpet stands erect and is clearly distinguishable.


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The yarns of a frieze rug or carpet are tightly twisted, and they curl when inserted into the surface.


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Cut and loop rugs and carpets have yarns that vary in height.


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A refracting telescope has a large lens that concentrates light from a star or another heavenly object at a point called the focus.


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A Newtonian reflecting telescope has a large, bowl-shaped primary mirror that reflects starlight to a small, flat mirror.


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A refracting-reflecting telescope has a large lens and a large, spherical mirror with a hole in the middle.


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This diagram of a softball field shows the approximate positions of the players in men's and women's slow-pitch softball.


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This diagram shows the home-plate area of a softball field.


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Northern Ireland's flag and coat of arms have a six-pointed star and the ancient Ulster symbol of a red hand.


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This illustration shows skipper butterflies from North America, Europe, and Australia.


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This illustration shows blue, copper, and hairstreak butterflies from North America, Europe, Africa, and Australia.


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This illustration shows brush-footed butterflies from North America, Europe, and South America


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This illustration shows sulfur and white butterflies from North America, Europe, and Australia.


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This illustration shows metalmark butterflies from North America and South America.


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This illustration shows satyr and wood nymph butterflies from North America, Europe, and Australia.


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This illustration shows milkweed butterflies from North America, South America, and Australia.


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This illustration shows snout butterflies from North America and Australia.


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Meridians of longitude are lines drawn from north to south on maps and globes to indicate distances and locate points.


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The territorial flag and the coat of arms of Nunavut bear representations of an inuksuk-that is, a traditional Inuit stone monument-and the North Star.


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This illustration shows trees from Europe, Australia, and Africa.


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This illustration shows trees from Australia and Europe.


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This illustration shows trees from Europe, New Zealand, and Australia.


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This illustration shows trees from Europe and Australia.


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This illustration shows trees from New Zealand, Europe, and Australia.


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Indo-European is the most widespread language family today.


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When in Canada, the queen uses a special personal standard flag.


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Every ballet movement and pose begins with the feet in one of five positions.


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Osteoporosis is a condition in which bones become fragile.


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The peseta is the monetary unit of Spain.


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The drachma is the monetary unit of Greece.


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The red type on this map indicates the groups from which most slaves were taken.


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This map shows the state-by-state distribution of the U.S. Asian population according to the 2000 census.


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This map shows how the population of the United States changed from 1990 to 2000.


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This map locates the final important battles and campaigns of the Civil War.


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The Confederate victory at Chancellorsville was won by Lee with Jackson's help.


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Before the start of the Civil War in 1861, the United States consisted of 19 free states, 15 slave states, and several territories.


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The Battle of Gettysburg started with Union armies taking up defensive positions south of Gettysburg.


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The Dust Bowl, an area of the Great Plains, was formed by severe dust storms of the 1930's.


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During the 1700's and 1800's, European expeditions explored the regions of the great rivers of Africa-the Congo, Niger, Nile, and Zambezi.


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European knowledge of the world greatly expanded during the 1400's and 1500's, as shown by the yellow and blue areas on this map.


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This map shows the routes of some ancient and medieval expeditions, beginning with the Egyptian exploration of the 1400's B.C.-one of the first ever recorded.


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The European exploration of Australia began with sea voyages that reached the area during the 1600's and 1700's.


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The exploration of North America by Europeans in the 1600's and 1700's revealed the continent's shape and much of the interior.


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Exploration of the frigid polar regions began during the 1700's.


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The French and Indian War led to the end of France's colonial empire in North America.


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This map shows the state-by-state distribution of the U.S. Hispanic population according to the 2000 census.


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This map shows the federally managed Indian reservations in the United States.


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The Indian Territory in 1906 lay east of the Oklahoma Territory.


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By the mid-1800's, the government had moved the Indians from the region east of the Mississippi River.


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This map shows where the American Indians of the Andes cultural area lived.


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This map shows where the American Indians of the Arctic cultural area lived.


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This map shows where the American Indians of the California cultural area lived.


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This map shows where the American Indians of the Caribbean cultural area lived.


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This map shows where the American Indians of the Great Basin cultural area lived.


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Most Indians hunted and fished for their food or gathered wild seeds, nuts, and roots.


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The Indians of North and South America formed hundreds of tribes with many different ways of life.


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This map shows where the American Indians of the South American Marginal Regions cultural area lived.


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This map shows where the American Indians of the Middle American cultural area lived.


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This map shows where the American Indians of the Northeast cultural area lived.


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This map shows where the American Indians of the Northwest coast cultural area lived.


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This map shows where the American Indians of the Plains cultural area lived.


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This map shows where the American Indians of the Plateau cultural area lived.


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This map shows where the American Indians of the Southeast cultural area lived.


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This map shows where the American Indians of the Southwest cultural area lived.


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This map shows where the American Indians of the Subarctic cultural area lived.


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This map shows where the American Indians of the tropical forest cultural area lived.


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The Inuit have lived in the Arctic for thousands of years.


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The armistice line between North Korea and South Korea was established by the armistice of July 27, 1953.


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This map shows the farthest extent of the North Korean invasion-to the Pusan Perimeter in September 1950.


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The Lewis and Clark expedition left a camp near St. Louis in 1804, journeyed up the Missouri River, and crossed the Rocky Mountains.


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This map shows the site of the Inchon landing by the United Nations (UN) forces.


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This map shows the extent of the retreat by the United Nations (UN) forces after China entered the war in October 1950.


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This map shows the territory held by the Allied and Communist forces when they signed an armistice agreement on July 27, 1953.


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The Louisiana Purchase doubled the area of the United States.


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This map shows the states that were formed from the Louisiana Purchase.


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Campaigns of the Mexican War took place chiefly in Mexico, California, and Texas.


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The Mexican Cession was the land Mexico ceded (gave up) to the United States in the Mexican War.


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One of the principal routes to the West used by the pioneers, the National Road was more than 500 miles (800 kilometers) long.


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The Oregon Trail was the chief route to the Northwest in the mid-1800's.


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The allied ground attack included three major movements.


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The Persian Gulf War was fought mainly by air and land forces in Iraq, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia and by naval forces in the Persian Gulf.


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Trails of the pioneers during the two big westward migrations are shown on this map.


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Plymouth Colony was founded in 1620 by Pilgrims who sailed from England aboard the Mayflower.


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British strategy at first called for crushing the American Revolution in the North.


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In Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York, Washington and the redcoats fought a seesaw campaign.


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Clashes at Lexington and Concord opened the Revolutionary War in America.


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The borders of the United States were set by the Treaty of Paris, which ended the Revolutionary War.


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The chief battles of the Spanish-American War took place around Santiago de Cuba.


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The Vietnam War was fought mainly in North and South Vietnam from 1957 to 1975.


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The War of 1812 was fought mainly in the northern United States and southern Canada.


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By 1790, the East Coast had been largely settled, and Americans had pushed beyond the Appalachians.


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By 1840, pioneers had settled most of the land east of the Mississippi.


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By 1890, settlements had spread throughout the Great Plains and Far West, though large areas were thinly populated.


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World War I led to changes in many borders.


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The Eastern Front swung back and forth until Russia agreed to stop fighting late in 1917.


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The fighting in World War I spread from Western Europe to the Middle East.


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Italy entered the war against Austria-Hungary in May 1915.


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Fighting began in August 1914, when Germany invaded Belgium and France.


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Germany staged three assaults from March to June of 1918.


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Germany's powerful war machine brought much of Europe under Axis control during the early stages of the war.


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The Allies attacked the Axis in Europe after defeating it in northern Africa in May 1943.


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The Normandy invasion on June 6, 1944, brought Allied forces ashore on five beaches, shown with their code names.


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After Japan attacked Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941, its forces rapidly advanced across Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific Ocean.


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From 1943 to August 1945, the Allies worked their way across the Pacific toward Japan.


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Germany, Italy, Japan, and their Axis partners fought the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, the United States, and the other Allies in World War II.


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Many highly organized states existed in Africa long before the European colonial period.


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In 1776, Spain created a colony, the Viceroyalty of La Plata, made up of what are now Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, and part of Bolivia, Brazil, and Chile.


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In 1816, the provinces that now form much of Argentina declared independence from Spain.


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In 1860, Argentina took its present name.


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This map locates the Asian cradles of civilization-areas where important early civilizations developed during ancient times.


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This map shows the locations and extent of some of the most important empires of Asia during the 300's and 200's B.C.


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This map shows the locations and extent of some of the most important empires of Asia during the 100's to 300's A.D.


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This map shows the locations of some of the major empires in Asia during the A.D. 700's.


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This map shows the location of the Mongol Empire in the A.D. 1200's.


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This map shows the locations of some of the major empires in Asia from the A.D. 1500's to the 1700's.


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More than 30 Asian nations have become independent since World War II ended in 1945.


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This map shows in yellow the area controlled by the Benin Kingdom, which flourished in the Niger Delta from the mid-1400's to the mid-1600's.


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Berlin was divided into American, British, French, and Soviet sectors (districts) after World War II ended in 1945.


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During the A.D. 500's, the Byzantine Empire grew in size.


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A new period of growth took place from A.D. 867 to 1057, under Emperor Basil I and his descendants.


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The last Byzantine rulers faced advancing Serbs in the Balkans and the Ottoman Turks in Asia Minor.


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In 1949, Newfoundland (now Newfoundland and Labrador) became the 10th province of Canada.


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This map shows the growth of Charlemagne's empire.


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Czechoslovakia was a country in central Europe that existed from 1918 until 1992.


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This map shows ancient Egypt during three periods, known as the Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, and New Kingdom.


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This map shows the empire of Alexander the Great at its height in 323 B.C.


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This map shows the Roman Empire at its height in A.D. 117.


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This map shows the Byzantine Empire at its height in the A.D. 500's.


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This map shows Charlemagne's empire at its height in A.D. 800.


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This map shows the Holy Roman and Ottoman empires at their height.


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This map shows Napoleon's empire at its height in 1812.


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This map shows Europe about 1923, after the treaties that ended World War I had taken effect.


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This map shows Europe in 1914, before World War I. By that time, most of the Balkan nations had gained independence from the Ottoman Empire.


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French West Africa, shown in yellow, was a federation of eight territories in western Africa until 1958.


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This map shows the location of the Ghana Empire, in yellow, as it existed about 1050.


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Greek civilization arose along the shores of the Aegean and Ionian seas.


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The Holy Roman Empire in 1250 extended from the North Sea to the Mediterranean Sea.


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The Japanese empire in 1942 reached its greatest extent.


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Japan expanded its territory in the late 1800's and early 1900's as a result of three wars: the first Chinese-Japanese war (1894-1895), the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905), and World War I (1914-1918).


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Jesus' life centered in Judea and Galilee.


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The homeland of the Kurds is shown here in yellow.


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This map shows the Mali Empire, in yellow, at the height of its power in 1337.


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This map shows the major biomes of the world.


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This map shows what the world's climate is like.


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Deserts cover about a fifth of the earth's land surface.


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The east-to-west winds and currents weaken-or even reverse, as shown here-when an El Nino is present.


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When no El Nino is present, the warmest waters in the Pacific Ocean are in the west, and rainfall is heavy there.


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Fallout from an April 1986 accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in eastern Europe covered large parts of Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia.


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Hurricanes, typhoons, and tropical cyclones form in warm tropical seas, then move to higher latitudes.


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Geographic grids are networks of imaginary lines on maps that help people find and describe locations.


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Cartographers classify the Mercator projection as a conformal projection.


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Cartographers classify the Mollweide projection as an equal area projection, also called an equivalent projection.


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The Robinson projection is an example of a compromise projection.


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An inventory map shows the exact location of specific features.


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A thematic map, such as this population density map, shows the distribution pattern for a particular feature.


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A general reference map helps people find and identify many different features.


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A road map helps people find their way from one place to another.


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This map locates the mountains listed in the table Some famous mountains.


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The earth has a rigid outer shell broken up into large slabs of rock called tectonic plates.


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Average annual precipitation varies greatly throughout the world.


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The main cause of ocean tides is the action of tide-generating forces created by the gravitational attraction between the earth and the sun.


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Tornadoes most often hit the midwestern and southern United States.


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Maps like the one above appear in many daily newspapers and are based on government weather service reports.


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Alexander's empire extended from Greece to India, with Babylon as its capital.


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This map traces Vasco Nunez de Balboa's journeys in the Caribbean.


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Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec, the first permanent settlement in New France.


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On Aug. 3, 1492, Columbus sailed from Spain in search of a route to the Indies across the Atlantic Ocean.


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Columbus made four voyages westward between 1492 and 1504.


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James Cook's explorations included three voyages to the Pacific Ocean.


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This map shows the explorations of Francisco Vasquez de Coronado in the American Southwest.


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Hernando Cortes sailed from Cuba to Mexico in 1519 and conquered the Aztec Indians there in 1521.


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This map shows where the First and Third crusades started and the routes the crusaders followed to the Holy Land.


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Vasco Da Gama sailed from Portugal to India in 1497 and 1498.


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This map shows the route Drake followed on his voyage around the world.


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Amelia Earhart originally planned to fly around the world from east to west, starting in Oakland, California.


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The explorations of Sieur de La Salle through North America strengthened France's hopes for a great empire in the New World.


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This map traces Magellan's search for a western passage to the Spice Islands.


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Jacques Marquette was one of the first Europeans to explore the upper Mississippi River and nearby areas.


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Marco Polo's father and uncle traveled from Venice to Asia in the mid-1200's.


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Juan Ponce de Leon in 1513 led the first European expedition to what is now Florida.


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Amerigo Vespucci made three known voyages to America, the first one in 1499.


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The Vikings sailed from Scandinavia in three main directions from the A.D. 700's to the 1000's.


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The Alps are the largest mountain system in Europe.


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The Andes Mountains stretch along the west coast of South America.


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The Appalachian system extends about 1,500 miles (2,400 kilometers) across eastern North America, between central Alabama and the Gaspe Peninsula in Canada.


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Central America is the long, narrow bridge of land that connects North and South America.


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Eastern Cape is bordered by Northern Cape and Western Cape to the west, and by the Indian Ocean to the east.


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Free State is one of South Africa's nine provinces.


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Gauteng is the smallest of nine provinces in South Africa.


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KwaZulu-Natal is a province on the eastern coast of South Africa.


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Mpumalanga province is a landlocked region in eastern South Africa.


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Niagara Falls lies on the United States-Canadian border.


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South Africa's North West province borders on Botswana to the north.


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Northern Cape, in northwestern South Africa, is the nation's largest province in area.


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Northern Province is one of South Africa's nine provinces.


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This map shows the major railroad passenger routes in North America.


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The Rio Grande forms most of the United States border with Mexico.


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The Rocky Mountains extend more than 3,000 miles (4,800 kilometers) across the western part of North America, from northern Alaska to northern New Mexico.


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The St. Lawrence Seaway lies in Canada and the United States.


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The Statue of Liberty National Monument includes the statue on Liberty Island and the Ellis Island immigration station.


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The Trans-Canada Highway, shown as a red line, runs from Victoria in British Columbia to St. John's on the island of Newfoundland.


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The geographic center of the United States has moved westward as the country added new territory.


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This map shows the location of the seven regions of the continental United States that are discussed in this section.


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This map shows the interstate highway system that spreads out across the United States.


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Western Cape is a province in southwestern South Africa.


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The Yucatan Peninsula divides the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea.


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This map shows where animals of the desert live.


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This map shows where animals of the grasslands live.


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Repeated round-trip migrations are made by the European white stork.


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This map shows where animals of the mountains live.


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This map shows where animals of the polar regions live.


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This map shows where animals of the temperate forests live.


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This map shows where animals of the tropical forests live.


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The British yellow wagtail nests in England and winters in Africa.


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The sharp-tailed sandpiper breeds in Siberia.


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Deer live on every continent except Antarctica and rank among the most widespread large mammals in the world.


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This map shows where the major European languages are spoken.


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About 60 percent of all the Indonesian people live on the island of Java, though Java accounts for only about 7 percent of the country's total area.


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The colors on the map represent the chief language families of the Western Hemisphere.


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This map shows the locations of the national parks of the United States, which form part of the country's National Park System.


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This map shows the economic uses of land in the Netherlands.


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The Dutch have "created" land for centuries by pumping out the water that covered it.


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Radar is vital to the defense of the United States and Canada.


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The yellow areas of this map show where squirrels are found.


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This map shows Switzerland's largest population centers.


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The United States and Canada each have six standard time zones.


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The world's time zones start at the prime meridian and divide the world into 24 time zones.


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This map shows how the world's population is distributed.


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This map shows the Western Hemisphere's major agricultural areas and some of the chief kinds of crops and livestock they produce.


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This map shows the most important bauxite-mining areas of the world.


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The United States produces about two-fifths of the world's grain corn supply.


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Cotton grows in many regions of the world.


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This map shows the world's major commercial fishing areas.


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This map shows the Western Hemisphere's major natural gas producing areas on land and offshore.


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This map shows the Western Hemisphere's major steelmaking centers and iron ore deposits.


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This map locates the Western Hemisphere's major deposits of crude oil, oil sands, and oil shale.


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China and India produce more than half of the world's rice.


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Soybeans are grown in few areas of the world.


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Uranium is found on most of the continents.


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This map locates wheat-producing areas of the world


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The New England Confederation was formed in 1643 by four New England colonies.


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The Ottoman Empire started as a small state around Bursa in Anatolia (now Turkey).


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During the 1600's, the Ottoman Empire was the world's largest empire.


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The empire declined in the 1700's and 1800's and collapsed during World War I (1914-1918).


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This map shows the Achaemenid Empire at its peak about 500 B.C., during the reign of Darius I. Persis, later called Persia, was the center of an empire that stretched west to the central Mediterranean Sea, east to northwestern India (now Pakistan), and fr


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Portugal's empire in the mid-1500's, at the height of the nation's power, included colonies in many parts of the world.


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Renaissance Italy consisted of about 250 states, most of which were ruled by a city.


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This map shows the increase in territory that took place in Russia between 1462 and 1914.


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This map shows in yellow the Songhai Empire at the height of its power.


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Sweden fought a series of wars from the late 1500's to the late 1600's to gain control of lands surrounding the Baltic Sea.


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In 1291, three Swiss cantons (states) allied to form the Swiss Confederation, shown at the center of this map.


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The U.S.S.R. covered more than half of Europe and nearly two-fifths of Asia.


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The underground railroad was a network of escape routes used by American slaves during the mid-1800's.


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This map shows the early states of Indochina.


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This map shows French Indochina, which included Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam.


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Between 300 and 1500, new civilizations appeared in Africa and the Americas.


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European colonial empires had spread over much of the world by the late 1800's.


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The earliest civilizations arose in four river valleys in Asia and Africa between about 3500 B.C. and the 1700's B.C.


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Powerful empires emerged as civilization advanced and spread between 1200 B.C. and A.D. 500.


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The wealth of nations can be compared on the basis of each country's gross domestic product (GDP).


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The Chicxulub Basin in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula formed when an asteroid hit the earth about 65 million years ago.


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By 1911, the map of Australia looked much as it looks today.


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The Electoral College for the 2000 United States presidential election gave 271 votes to George W. Bush and 266 votes to Al Gore.


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This map locates important early battles and campaigns of the Civil War that took place in Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Virginia.


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This map locates important early battles and campaigns of the Civil War that took place in the West.


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This map shows how much of the world's lands (yellow) and seas (blue) were known to Europeans by the A.D. 1300's.


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The June 6, 1944, invasion plan called for a large force of American, British, and Canadian troops to land in Normandy at five beaches.


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Spring tides occur when the sun, the moon, and the earth are aligned.


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Most automobiles have a hydraulic braking system, which uses the pressure of a special fluid to apply the brakes.


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Cells differ in shape, size, and function, but all cells have many structures in common.


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The colors on the map represent the chief language families of the Eastern Hemisphere.


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This map shows the Eastern Hemisphere's major agricultural areas and some of the chief kinds of crops and livestock they produce.


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This map shows the Eastern Hemisphere's major natural gas producing areas on land and offshore.


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This map shows the Eastern Hemisphere's major steelmaking centers and iron ore deposits.


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This map locates the Eastern Hemisphere's major deposits of crude oil, oil sands, and oil shale.


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Two new territories were organized during Adams' presidency-the Mississippi Territory in 1798 and the Indiana Territory in 1800.


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Three new states-Minnesota, Oregon, and Kansas-joined the Union during Buchanan's Administration.


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There were 38 states throughout Cleveland's first term.


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California became the 31st state in 1850.


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Colorado became a state in 1876, making a total of 38 states in the Union.


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Six states-North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Washington, Idaho, and Wyoming-joined the Union during Harrison's term.


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Two new states-Arkansas in 1836 and Michigan in 1837-joined the Union during Jackson's presidency, making a total of 26.


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The United States doubled its area in 1803 with the Louisiana Purchase.


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Nebraska became the 37th state of the Union in 1867.


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West Virginia and Nevada joined the Union during Lincoln's first term.


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Two new states-Louisiana in 1812 and Indiana in 1816-joined the United States during Madison's presidency, making a total of 19 states in the Union.


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Five states joined the Union during Monroe's term.


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The Gadsden Purchase from Mexico in 1853 added new territory to the United States.


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Western acquisitions during Polk's presidency extended the U.S. border to the Pacific Ocean.


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Oklahoma became a state in 1907, bringing the number of states in the Union to 46.


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New Mexico and Arizona joined the Union during Taft's term.


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Florida became the 27th state on March 3, 1845, President Tyler's last full day in office.


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Only 11 states made up the United States when Washington became the new nation's first president in 1789.


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By 2000, an estimated 36 million people throughout the world had HIV or AIDS. The highest rates of infection were in central and southern Africa, where public health and education programs lacked resources to combat the epidemic.


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This map shows the routes of major expeditions in the Antarctic region.


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Seven countries claim areas in Antarctica.


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Boston in 1775 occupied a peninsula between the Charles River and the Boston Harbor.


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Earth scientists believe that the positions of Earth's land masses are continually shifting.


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Scientists theorize that the continents were formed by the breakup of two great land masses: (1) Laurasia to the north, and (2) Gondwanaland to the south.


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Scientists believe that Laurasia and Gondwanaland were formed by the breakup of a single giant land mass called Pangaea, right.


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This map shows possible positions of land masses about 360 million years ago.


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Earth's crust is broken into many large slabs called tectonic plates.


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Surface elevations shown on this map were measured by the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA), a device on the Mars Global Surveyor space probe.


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This map of the eastern half of Mars shows surface elevations.


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This map of the western half of Mars shows surface elevations.


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The Nationalists quickly captured about a third of Spain.


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This map shows the state-by-state distribution of the U.S. African American population according to the 2000 census.


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The yellow areas in this map show the parts of the world where tigers are found.


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Girl Scouts earn badges by learning skills in various fields.


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Gullies in a crater wall, left, may have been created when underground water flowed out of the wall.


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Sunspots develop as a result of a distortion of the sun's magnetic field.


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Huge loops of gas form in the sun's corona when magnetic field lines break through the solar surface.


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This map shows where Afghanistan's major ethnic groups live throughout the country.


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The Sacagawea dollar, first minted in 2000, honors the Shoshone woman who assisted the Lewis and Clark expedition.


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Commemorative stamps honor important events.


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Coins and bills of the euro, the common European currency, went into circulation on Jan. 1, 2002.


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Average January temperatures in Australia


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Average yearly precipitation in Australia


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Average January temperatures in North America


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Average July temperatures in North America


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Average yearly precipitation in North America


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Agriculture and fishing in North America


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Mining and manufacturing in North America


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Average January temperatures in South America


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Average July temperatures in South America


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Average yearly precipitation in South America


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Agriculture and fishing in South America


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Mining and manufacturing in South America


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Average January temperatures in South Africa


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Average July temperatures in South Africa


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Average yearly precipitation in South Africa


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Population density in the United Kingdom


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Average January temperatures in the United Kingdom


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Average July temperatures in the United Kingdom


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Average yearly precipitation in the United Kingdom


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Average January temperatures in the United States


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Average July temperatures in the United States


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Average yearly precipitation in the United States


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Los Angeles: City and points of interest


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San Antonio: City and points of interest


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San Francisco: City and points of interest


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Washington, D.C.: City and points of interest


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Mining and manufacturing in South Africa


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Average yearly precipitation in Malaysia


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Average yearly precipitation in the Philippines


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Indianapolis: City and points of interest


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Jacksonville: City and points of interest


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Kansas City: City and points of interest


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Minneapolis: City and points of interest


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Average January temperatures in Arkansas


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Average yearly precipitation in Arkansas


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Average January temperatures in British Columbia


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Average July temperatures in British Columbia


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Average yearly precipitation in British Columbia


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Average January temperatures in California


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Average yearly precipitation in California


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Average January temperatures in Colorado


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Average yearly precipitation in Colorado


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Average January temperatures in Connecticut


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Average July temperatures in Connecticut


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Average yearly precipitation in Connecticut


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Average January temperatures in Delaware


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Average yearly precipitation in Delaware


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Average January temperatures in Illinois


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Average yearly precipitation in Illinois


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Average January temperatures in Kentucky


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Average yearly precipitation in Kentucky


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Average January temperatures in Louisiana


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Average yearly precipitation in Louisiana


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Average January temperatures in Manitoba


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Average yearly precipitation in Manitoba


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Average January temperatures in Maryland


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Average yearly precipitation in Maryland


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Average January temperatures in Massachusetts


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Average July temperatures in Massachusetts


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Average yearly precipitation in Massachusetts


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Average January temperatures in Michigan


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Average yearly precipitation in Michigan


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Average January temperatures in Minnesota


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Average yearly precipitation in Minnesota


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Average January temperatures in Mississippi


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Average July temperatures in Mississippi


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Average yearly precipitation in Mississippi


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Average January temperatures in Missouri


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Average yearly precipitation in Missouri


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Average January temperatures in Nebraska


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Average yearly precipitation in Nebraska


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Average January temperatures in New Brunswick


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Average July temperatures in New Brunswick


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Average yearly precipitation in New Brunswick


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Average January temperatures in New Hampshire


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Average July temperatures in New Hampshire


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Average yearly precipitation in New Hampshire


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Average January temperatures in New Jersey


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Average yearly precipitation in New Jersey


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Average January temperatures in New Mexico


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Average yearly precipitation in New Mexico


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Average January temperatures in New York


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Average yearly precipitation in New York


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Average January temperatures in Newfoundland and Labrador


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Average July temperatures in Newfoundland and Labrador


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Average yearly precipitation in Newfoundland and Labrador


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Average January temperatures in North Carolina


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Average July temperatures in North Carolina


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Average yearly precipitation in North Carolina


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Average January temperatures in North Dakota


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Average July temperatures in North Dakota


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Average yearly precipitation in North Dakota


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Average January temperatures in Nova Scotia


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Average July temperatures in Nova Scotia


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Average yearly precipitation in Nova Scotia


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Average January temperatures in Oklahoma


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Average yearly precipitation in Oklahoma


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Average January temperatures in Pennsylvania


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Average July temperatures in Pennsylvania


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Average yearly precipitation in Pennsylvania


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Average January temperatures on Prince Edward Island


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Average July temperatures on Prince Edward Island


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Average yearly precipitation on Prince Edward Island


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Average January temperatures in Rhode Island


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Average July temperatures in Rhode Island


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Average yearly precipitation in Rhode Island


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Average January temperatures in Saskatchewan


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Average July temperatures in Saskatchewan


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Average yearly precipitation in Saskatchewan


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Average January temperatures in South Carolina


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Average July temperatures in South Carolina


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Average yearly precipitation in South Carolina


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Average January temperatures in South Dakota


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Average July temperatures in South Dakota


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Average yearly precipitation in South Dakota


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Average January temperatures in Tennessee


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Average yearly precipitation in Tennessee


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Average January temperatures in Virginia


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Average yearly precipitation in Virginia


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Average January temperatures in Washington


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Average yearly precipitation in Washington


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Average January temperatures in West Virginia


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Average July temperatures in West Virginia


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Average yearly precipitation in West Virginia


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Average January temperatures in Wisconsin


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Average yearly precipitation in Wisconsin


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The city of Hamilton, on the shore of Lake Ontario, is the center of Canada's steel industry.


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North America, and all the other continents seem to stay in the same locations year after year.


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The engines of most cars operate on a four-stroke cycle.


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A two-stroke cycle engine is used where low cost is important, such as in a power lawn mower.


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The phenomenon called the Doppler effect changes the pitch of sound waves when the source of the sound is moving relative to the listener.


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When a bird flies, its wings make two kinds of movements.


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Grand medieval castles were designed to be inaccessible to outsiders.


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A United States space shuttle orbiter carries objects into space in its huge cargo bay.


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Vertebrates must digest and absorb nutrients.


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In order to produce honey, bees must gather a sweet liquid called nectar from flowers.


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A canal connects two bodies of water that may have different water levels.


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Compact discs, often called CD's, are round, flat plastic discs on which information is stored as a pattern of tiny pits and flat spaces.


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Five kinds of eclipses occur: a partial eclipse of the sun, an annular eclipse of the sun, a total eclipse of the sun, a total eclipse of the moon, and a partial eclipse of the moon.


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An electric motor is a machine that uses electric energy to produce motion.


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A person with normal vision sees objects at all distances in good focus.


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People breathe the influenza virus into their lungs, where it enters the cells that line the air passages.


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Every 29-1/2 days, the moon goes through several phases, or appearances as seen from Earth.


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The process used by the ancient Egyptians for preserving or mummifying bodies involved several steps and, according to ancient texts, took 70 days.


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Photosynthesis is a food-making process in green plants.


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The outer layer of your teeth--the enamel--is the hardest substance in your body.


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Tornadoes are the most violent windstorms on the earth.


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A submarine has a sleek, cigar-shaped body that enables it to move swiftly underwater.


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A telephone handset contains a transmitter and a receiver.


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Unlike ordinary phones--which connect to the network by wire--a cellular telephone connects with the network by radio waves.


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A spider spins its web out of silk that comes from its silk glands.


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This spider is called an orb-web spider.


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As your heart beats, it pumps blood through your blood vessels in a pressure wave called a pulse.


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Most scientists believe that birds descended from certain kinds of small, meat-eating dinosaurs.


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The ear is designed to collect sound waves traveling through the air.


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Fossils are the remains or the marks of formerly living things.


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Most frogs mate and produce their babies in water.


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In a microwave oven, an electronic vacuum tube called a magnetron produces short radio waves called microwaves.


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Unlike land animals, almost all fish breathe, or get their oxygen, from water.


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The Internet is a vast network that allows computers around the world to communicate and share information.


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Malaria is an infection with one-celled protozoans called Plasmodia.


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A roller coaster uses gravity and momentum to propel a string of cars called a train around a track that takes its riders up and down hills, around curves, and through loops.


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A snowflake consists of masses of tiny bits of ice.


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Most mammals give birth to relatively well-developed offspring.


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70 million years ago, during a period in the earth's history called the Mesozoic Era, or Age of Reptiles, the dominant animals on the earth were dinosaurs.


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The volcano is one of the most powerful forces in nature.


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There are reasons why dogs chase their tails, dig, eat grass, and pant.


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The Hubble Space Telescope is an orbiting observatory that was launched in 1990.


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After escalating U.S. involvement in Vietnam through the 1960's, President Richard M. Nixon announced in 1969 that the U.S. would begin withdrawing its forces from the war ravaged country.


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The Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., was the main leader of the civil rights movement in the United States during the 1950's and 1960's.


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The crash of the stock market in October 1929 signaled the beginning of the Great Depression, the worst economic crisis of the 20th century.


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NASA began the space shuttle project in 1972.


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Apollo 11 was the first space mission to land a human being on the moon.


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Thomas Edison was one of the greatest inventors and industrial leaders in history.


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Before the Berlin Wall was built in 1961, as many as 1,000 people a day emigrated from East Germany to escape Communist rule and seek a better standard of living in the West.


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After four years of work, including thousands of glider flights, Orville and Wilbur Wright built their first airplane, called the Flyer.


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Henry Ford was the leading manufacturer of American automobiles in the early 1900's.


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The size and speed of computers have changed dramatically since the development of one of the earliest general-purpose electronic digital computers-ENIAC. Built in 1946, the massive computer could perform about 5,000 additions and 1,000 multiplications pe


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Classical ballet technique is based on a position of the legs called the turnout.


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In the floor exercise, the gymnast must perform a continuous series of movements that require flexibility, balance, and strength.


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On the pommel horse, the gymnast must support his weight entirely with his hands while performing a series of swinging maneuvers.


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On the ring exercise, the gymnast must try to keep the rings motionless while he executes a number of difficult maneuvers with his body.


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The men's vault uses the same equipment as the women's vault.


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The gymnast performs swings, handstands, and other movements on the parallel bars.


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On the horizontal bar, the gymnast must perform acrobatic moves without coming to a stop.


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The women's vault uses the same equipment as the men's vault.


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The uneven parallel bars event requires the gymnast to execute difficult maneuvers on both bars while in constant motion.


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On the balance beam, the gymnast tries to use the entire length of the beam.


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In the floor exercise, the gymnast demonstrates her skills in acrobatics, tumbling, and dancing.


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Rhythmic gymnasts are judged on the grace and difficulty of various maneuvers performed with equipment such as a ribbon, clubs, or hoop.


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Adolf Hitler began his rise to political power in Germany in l9l9, the year after World War I ended.


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Abraham Lincoln was president of the United States from 1861 to 1865.


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Franklin Delano Roosevelt was elected President of the United States four times: in 1932, 1936, 1940, and 1944.


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Theodore Roosevelt served as President of the United States from 1901 to 1909.


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Many legends exist about George Washington, the first president of the United States of America.


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The Great Barrier Reef is the largest group of coral reefs in the world, and one of Australia's most popular tourist attractions.


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Pearl Harbor is a sheltered harbor on the Hawaiian island of Oahu.


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Animals of the deserts have developed special bodies and ways of life that enable them to survive in extreme heat.


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Grasslands include the prairies of North America, the pampas of South America, the plains of Europe, the steppes of Asia, and the savannas of Africa.


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Mountains support a variety of animal life.


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From the smallest creatures in the world to the largest, animals of all sorts live in the vast oceans.


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Animals that live in polar regions must withstand extremely cold temperatures.


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Temperate forests have warm summers and cold winters.


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Tropical forests stay warm all year and receive abundant rainfall.


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Bicycle riders should follow certain safety rules.


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Japan is a land of great natural beauty.


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Eleanor Roosevelt was born in New York City in 1884.


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The Venus de Milo is one of the world's most famous works of art.


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A totem pole is a large log, carved and painted, which the head of a Native American clan or family erects in front of their house.


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The Burghers of Calais was the first public monument created by the famous French sculptor Auguste Rodin.


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Designed by the famous artist, Pablo Picasso, this steel sculpture stands 50 feet high and weighs 162 tons.


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Shiva is one of the three gods of the Hindu trinity.


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This famous ancient sculpture was discovered in 1863, when a French archaeologist found the statue on the Greek island of Samothrace.


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George Segal is an American sculptor who creates life-sized plaster figures, in poses taken from everyday experiences.


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An aurora is a natural display of light that can brighten the night sky.


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Bats usually spend the daylight hours roosting in an upside-down position.


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A male caribou has large, broad antlers.


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Elephants live in families that consist of three to four related adult females and their offspring.


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When flowers bloom, they often reveal beautiful shapes and gorgeous colors.


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A gibbon lives in the tops of trees and rarely comes to the ground.


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A giraffe can escape enemies by galloping away.


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These playful arctic ground squirrels wrestle with each other at the opening of their burrow.


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Jack rabbits live in the deserts and prairies of North America.


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Male lions help keep their family group, called their pride, safe from intruders---while female lions do most of the hunting for the pride.


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An octopus uses its eight long arms to move along the sea bottom.


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Ostriches can run up to 40 miles (64 kilometers) per hour on their long, powerful legs.


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Seals are excellent divers and swimmers.


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The backstroke, also known as the back crawl, is performed as you lie on your back.


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In the breaststroke, you begin with your face in the water.


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The butterfly is a hard stroke to learn.


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In the front crawl, one hand reaches forward above the water while the other pulls beneath the water.


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A humpback whale is highly acrobatic and can leap out of the water.


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Zebras protect themselves from enemies by living in herds.


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The Valley of the Kings is a rocky, narrow gorge, which was used as a cemetery by the pharaohs--or kings--of ancient Egypt between 1550 and 1100 B.C.


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Cairo is the capital of Egypt and the largest city, in terms of population, in Africa.


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The Piazza Navona has been called the most picturesque square in Rome and one of the liveliest.


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Leaf-cutter ants cut pieces of leaves from trees, shrubs, and other plants.


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A jellyfish swims by expanding its body like an opening umbrella, then pulling it together rapidly.


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A kangaroo hops by moving both of its powerful hind legs together.


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In springboard diving, the diver uses the spring from a flexible board to gain the height necessary to perform a dive.


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The marlin can make spectacular leaps with its strong body.


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The Great Sphinx is the largest and oldest representation of a sphinx from ancient Egypt.


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There are 10 pyramids at Giza, including three of the largest and best preserved of all Egyptian pyramids.


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Processing aluminum cans begins at the recycling center, where clean, dry aluminum cans are either compacted into bales, or shredded into popcorn-sized pieces of metal that are blown into a trailer.


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The process of recycling paper begins in a huge vat called a hydropulper, which operates much the same way as a kitchen blender.


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Thunderstorms are the most common type of storms.


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An example of a violent winter storm is a blizzard, a cold, blinding snowstorm.


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Hurricanes are large whirling storms that form over the warm waters near the equator.


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Alligators hatch from hard-shelled eggs that the female lays in a nest of grass.


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A continental glacier, a huge mass of ice, slides slowly to the sea due to its tremendous weight.


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Big brown bears, the world's largest meat-eating land animals, include the Alaskan brown bear and the grizzly bear of western North America.


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A cow carries her calf in her body for nine months before giving birth.


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New cells are formed by cell division, in which one cell splits to become two cells.


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The cheetah is a large, long-legged cat of Africa's grassy plains.


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The glistening moisture that appears on blades of grass on clear nights is known as dew.


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Dolphins' powerful tail fins and streamlined bodies enable them to move through the water quickly and easily.


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A dust storm is a strong, turbulent wind that carries fine particles of earth for long distances.


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As a general in the United States Army, Dwight David Eisenhower led the Allied forces to victory in World War II in 1945.


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In fly fishing, the angler casts the line so that the lure, known as a fly, lightly touches the top of the water.


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Geese migrate in the fall and spring, sometimes flying more than 1,000 miles, or 1,600 kilometers.


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While some geysers only bubble in puddles near the ground, others erupt in sensational fountains of water and steam.


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Most guitars, including electric guitars, are made of light wood.


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Hippopotamuses are good swimmers and can stay under water for up to six minutes.


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Hummingbirds' wings beat up to 70 times per second, enabling the birds to dart forward, backward, upward, and downward with remarkable speed.


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A huge chunk of ice breaks away from a continental glacier and falls into the ocean, becoming an iceberg.


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Fiery, molten rock, or lava, may reach a temperature as high as 12 times that of boiling water.


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Mars is the only planet whose surface can be seen in detail from the earth.


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Sea otters live in the North Pacific Ocean near the shores of western North America and Siberia.


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The owl's large, round eyes and saucer-shaped ruff of feathers make the bird easy to recognize.


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The pelican is a large bird that lives near water.


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Penguins nest in enormous colonies, called rookeries, that may contain up to a million birds.


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Wild sheep are believed to have originated in the lofty plateaus and mountains of central Asia.


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The popular sport of alpine skiing involves such skills as the carved parallel turn, in which the skier shifts his or her weight to turn both skis together.


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Steelmaking primarily involves the removal of impurities from iron and scrap metal and the addition of desired materials.


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The Tacoma Narrows Bridge, spanning Puget Sound, was the third longest suspension bridge when it was dedicated in 1940.


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The Venus's-flytrap is a carnivorous, or meat-eating, plant.


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Some volcanic eruptions occur on volcanic islands.


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Amelia Earhart was celebrated as a national hero when she became the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean in 1932.


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Soccer, the world's most popular sport, has attracted little continuous interest in the United States, despite electrifying performances from players like Alexi Lalas, number 22 on the U.S. National Team.


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The Green Bay Packers, behind superstars Brett Favre, Desmond Howard and Reggie White, defeated the New England Patriots 35 to 21 in Super Bowl thirty one.


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Steeplechasing requires great stamina from racehorses.


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The third test match in the 1997 series between England and Australia was played at Old Trafford in Manchester, England.


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The Statue of Liberty, a symbol of freedom and opportunity for immigrants, stands on Liberty Island in New York Harbor.


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The Cathedral of Notre Dame is a masterpiece of Gothic architecture and one of the most famous buildings in Europe.


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Dinosaurs still excite curiosity, though they died out millions of years ago.


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The Mount of Olives is a hill just east of Jerusalem where Jesus Christ spent some of His last time on Earth.


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The Tower Bridge crosses the River Thames in the East End of London.


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The National Aviation Museum in Ottawa, Canada, has dozens of authentic aircraft from the early days of flying.


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The National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C., has exhibits that trace the history of aviation and space flight.


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Alcatraz was a famous federal prison on Alcatraz Island in San Francisco Bay.


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The Arc de Triomphe (Arch of Triumph) is a huge stone arch at the western end of the Champs Elysees in Paris.


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The Georgia State Capitol in Atlanta has a dome covered with gold that was mined in Dahlonega, Georgia.


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Professional baseball teams play on a field called a diamond in a large stadium.


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The locker room is an important place for professional basketball players.


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The Brooklyn Bridge spans the East River, connecting the boroughs of Brooklyn and Manhattan in New York City.


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The United States Capitol in Washington, D.C., is the building where Congress meets to make the nation's laws.


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A full-rigged merchant ship was designed to carry heavy loads of cargo across the ocean.


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The Colosseum is a huge, half-ruined amphitheater in downtown Rome that dates from A.D. 80.


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In a trail drive, cowboys moved large herds of cattle great distances from Western ranches to a railroad station for shipment to Eastern markets.


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Death Valley is a desert basin in eastern California that ranks as the driest and lowest place in the United States.


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Zion National Park in Utah is known for its colorful canyons and unusual formations of red and orange rock.


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The Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology in Drumheller, Alberta, features one of the world's largest collections of dinosaur fossils.


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The Eiffel Tower is known throughout the world as a symbol of Paris.


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Locker room of the Jaguars of Jacksonville, Florida.


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The Forum in Rome was the center of government of the Roman Empire.


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The spectacular Golden Gate Bridge spans a channel at the entrance of San Francisco Bay.


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The massive concrete walls of the Hoover Dam hold back the Colorado River near Las Vegas, Nevada.


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Manger Square, the heart of the West Bank town of Bethlehem, is the location of the Church of Nativity-one of the holiest places in Christianity.


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The Citadel, an ancient stone fortress, was built during the reign of King Herod the Great in the last century before the birth of Christ.


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The Marine Corps War Memorial in Arlington, Virginia, honors all marines who have died in action since 1775, the year the Marine Corps was founded.


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Beautiful parks, such as Ueno Park in Tokyo, reflect the Japanese love of nature.


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The Zojoji Temple in Tokyo, built in 1393, served as the official temple of the Tokugawa clan, which ruled Japan from 1603 to 1867.


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A street called the Via Dolorosa (Way of Sorrows) in Jerusalem is believed to be the route over which Jesus Christ carried His cross to Calvary.


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Mount Scopus is one of several peaks that surround Jerusalem.


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The Old City, which lies on the site of ancient Jerusalem, is surrounded by a massive stone walls almost 40 feet (12 meters) high.


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The Church of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem stands on the site said to be Calvary, the place where Jesus Christ was crucified.


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The Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem is one of the holiest Muslim shrines.


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Michael Jordan's high-scoring play attracts sell-out crowds at the United Center, the home of his team, the Chicago Bulls.


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An eternal flame marks the grave site of President John F. Kennedy and his wife, Jacqueline, in Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia.


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The Korean War Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C., honors Americans who served in the Korean War (1950-1953).


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The famous Liberty Bell was rung in 1776 to announce the adoption of the Declaration of Independence.


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A huge statue of Abraham Lincoln by the famous sculptor Daniel Chester French dominates the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C.


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St. James's Park in London attracts strollers with its tree-lined walking paths and ornamental ponds.


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Trafalgar Square is one of London's best-known squares.


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Piccadilly Circus forms the center of London's largest entertainment area.


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St. Paul's Cathedral in London is a masterpiece of English baroque architecture.


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Whitehall is a wide thoroughfare in London lined with the chief government offices of the United Kingdom, including the Ministry of Defence.


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The Louvre in Paris is one of the world's greatest art museums.


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The ruins of Palenque, an ancient Mayan city in the Mexican state of Chiapas, are dominated by the 75-foot- (23-meter-) high Temple of Inscriptions, built as a tomb by the Mayan king Pacal.


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A typical mosque has a spacious sanctuary designed to hold an entire community of worshippers.


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Mount Fuji, overlooking Yamanaka Lake, is a lovely volcanic peak on the island of Honshu in Japan.


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Mount Rushmore National Memorial consists of huge portraits of four American presidents--George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln.


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Central Park's natural scenery, which includes a lake and wooded areas, provides New Yorkers with an alternative to the sights and sounds of Manhattan.


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The broad Seine River flows under more than 30 bridges in Paris and curves through the city for about 8 miles (13 kilometers).


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The charming sights of Paris include the city's many sidewalk cafes and the open spaces or squares called "places" in French.


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The Parisian love of the arts is evident even in the Paris subway, called the Metro.


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The Moulin Rouge (Red Windmill) is a famous nightclub in the Montmartre district of Paris.


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The Champs Elysees (Elysian Fields) is the most famous avenue in Paris.


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The transparent walls of the Georges Pompidou National Center of Art and Culture in Paris leave the building's beams and ducts visible from the outside.


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The tomb of Emperor Napoleon I lies in Paris beneath the golden dome of the Eglise du Dome (Church of the Dome).


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The gleaming white domes of the Basilique du Sacre Coeur (Basilica of the Sacred Heart) stand atop Montmartre, the highest hill in Paris.


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The enchanting world of puppets is filled with colorful figures of every description, including animals and fairy-tale characters.


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The Pyramids of Giza stand on the west bank of the Nile River near Cairo, Egypt.


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A modern recording studio consists of a gallery, where the musicians play, and a control room, where the sound engineers record the music.


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The giant sequoia, one of the largest and oldest living things, grows only on the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada mountains of central California.


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People have used rockets for space travel since 1961.


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The Rocky Mountains form the continental divide, the high ground that separates streams that flow into the Pacific Ocean from those that flow into the Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico, and Arctic Ocean.


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Auguste Rodin's brooding figure called The Thinker (1889) is probably the French sculptor's most famous work.


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The huge, elaborate Monument of Victor Emmanuel II in Rome honors the first king of a united Italy.


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The Palace of Fine Arts in San Francisco was built as an exhibition hall for a world's fair called the Panama-Pacific International Exposition in 1915.


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California sea lions sun themselves on floating docks at Pier 39, a restaurant and shopping complex on the San Francisco waterfront.


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The California Palace of the Legion of Honor is an art museum in San Francisco noted for its collection of works by the French sculptor Auguste Rodin.


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San Francisco's cable cars have no engines.


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The Little Greenbrier schoolhouse, in the Great Smoky Mountains near Gatlinburg, Tennessee, was built in 1882 and has been preserved as a historical site.


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The World of Coca-Cola in Atlanta, Georgia, is a visitors' center and museum devoted to the history of the Coca-Cola Company, a leading soft drink maker.


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The Astronauts Memorial at Kennedy Space Center, near Cape Canaveral, Florida, was dedicated in 1991 as a memorial to the astronauts who have lost their lives while serving in the space program.


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Stone Mountain is a granite dome near Atlanta, Georgia, that serves as a monument to the South's brave struggle in the American Civil War (1861-1865).


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Stonehenge lies on the Salisbury Plain in southwestern England.


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The Supreme Court Building in Washington, D.C., is where the Supreme Court of the United States meets.


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The great American architect Frank Lloyd Wright designed the house called Fallingwater to perch dramatically over a waterfall.


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Saint Mark's Square is a favorite meeting place for tourists and residents.


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Venice, founded in A.D. 452, was built on about 120 islands in the Adriatic Sea.


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The Rialto Bridge crosses the Grand Canal, Venice's main canal, in the heart of the city.


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The Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C., honors the Americans who served in the Vietnam War.


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The Western Wall, also called the Wailing Wall, in Jerusalem, was all that remained of the ancient Second Temple of the Jews after the Roman general Titus destroyed it in A.D. 70.


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Westminster Abbey is a beautiful church in London.


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Vineyards in California, such as this one in the Napa Valley, produce about 90 percent of the wine made in the United States.


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After they are harvested, grapes for wine are transported directly from the vineyard to the winery for processing.


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The ancient city of Petra in what is now Jordan was often called the rose-red city because of its red stone buildings and the red cliffs that surrounded them.


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The study of ancient Inca skulls, such as these stored in a museum in Peru, have revealed that Inca surgeons successfully performed a surgical procedure called trephining.


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The Philadelphia Museum of Art exhibits an outstanding collection of medieval and Renaissance arms and armor.


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The U.S.S. Bowfin, a retired World War II submarine, sits on permanent display at the U.S.S. Bowfin Submarine Museum & Park near the Pearl Harbor Naval Base on the Hawaiian island of Oahu.


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A reconstruction of a typical room in an Anasazi pueblo (multi-level building) is in Anasazi Indian Village State Park, in Boulder, Utah.


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Congress Hall, located in the chief historic district of Philadelphia, was the home of the Congress of the United States from 1790 to 1800, when Philadelphia was the nation's capital.


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A hospital emergency department provides care for accident victims and people who have become ill suddenly.


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Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., was the site of the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln by actor John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865.


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The Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg is Russia's largest art museum.


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The Winter Palace, now part of the Hermitage Museum, sits off Palace Square in the heart of St. Petersburg.


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The Jefferson Memorial in Washington, D.C., honors Thomas Jefferson, the author of the Declaration of Independence and the third President of the United States.


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Cathedral Square lies in the historic center of the Kremlin, an elevated fortress in Moscow.


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The spectacular waterfalls of the Niagara River, among the great natural wonders of North America, attract about 10 million visitors each year.


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An operating room contains all the equipment and supplies needed for surgery, such as scalpels, gauze bandages, and machines for delivering oxygen and anesthetic gases to the patient.


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An exact replica of the Oval Office during the Administration of President Jimmy Carter, the 39th President of the United States, is part of the museum at the Jimmy Carter Library in Atlanta, in Carter's home state of Georgia.


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The Great Palace at Pavlovsk near St. Petersburg was one of the most notable of the czars' residences.


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The Plaza de Espana in Seville lies in the beautifully landscaped Parque Maria Luisa, the city's largest park.


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The magnificent Catherine Palace is the grandest of the buildings at the town of Pushkin, formerly known as Tsarkoye Selo, south of St. Petersburg.


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The Capilla Real (Royal Chapel) in the Cathedral of Seville offers a dazzling display of exquisitely wrought gold and intricate stonework.


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The flight deck of the space shuttle occupies the uppermost compartment of the cabin.


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Arches National Park in Utah contains about 2,000 sandstone arches created by ancient geologic forces.


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Machu Picchu in the Andes Mountains of Peru is one of the most mysterious of all ancient Inca sites.


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The wooden frame of a house supports the building the way the skeleton supports our body.


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Warwick Castle near Birmingham ranks as one of England's finest medieval castles and popular tourist attractions.


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Ancient ruins rise above rice paddies above the lush countryside outside Hoi An, an ancient seaport about 20 miles (30 kilometers) southeast of Da Nang, Vietnam.


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This bubble view shows a mock-up of the International Space Station, which is currently being built and is scheduled to become operational in 2004.


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"Moonlight Sonata" is the popular name of Ludwig van Beethoven's Sonata No. 14 for piano.


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Waltz in D flat, Op. 64, No. 1: "Minute"


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Lohengrin -- The Wedding March (Bridal Song)


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Una voce poco fa from The Barber of Seville


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Un bel di from Madama Butterfly by Puccini


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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart wrote a famous overture to his opera "The Magic Flute" that is often performed as a separate concert work.


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Giuseppe Verdi's "La Traviata" is a tragic love story.


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Giuseppe Verdi's tragic opera "Il Trovatore" includes the famous "Anvil Chorus" sung by a band of Gypsies in their mountain camp.


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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's Symphony No. 41 (1788) is nicknamed the Jupiter symphony, though scholars do not know why or when the nickname was added.


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Ludwig van Beethoven's Symphony No. 3 is nicknamed the Eroica symphony.


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Ludwig van Beethoven's Symphony No. 9 is his last symphony.


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Peter Ilich Tchaikovsky's Symphony No. 6 is nicknamed the Pathetique, which was intended to mean "emotional" or "passionate" rather than "pathetic."


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British composer Sir Edward Elgar was famous for writing large-scale orchestral music.


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Henry Purcell (1659?-1695), an English composer of the Baroque period, was admired for his original harmonies and his skilful use of the English language in choral works.


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Leonard Cheshire was a leading British bomber pilot during World War II.


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Howard Carter, an English archaeologist, specialized in excavating ancient Egyptian tombs.


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Howard Carter made his most important discovery, the tomb of the Egyptian Pharaoh Tutankhamen, in 1922.


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Guglielmo Marconi was an Italian inventor famous for his role in developing wireless telegraphy, or radio.


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Emmeline Goulden Pankhurst and her daughter Christabel led the fight for women's voting rights in Britain.


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Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937) was a New Zealand-born physicist who, in 1911, established the nuclear model of the atom.


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Gustav Holst was an English composer and teacher.


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Male frogs of most species use their voices to call females during the mating season.


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The familiar buzzing of a bee is the sound of the rapid vibrations of its wings.


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In ancient times, the wolf's eerie howl was frequently heard throughout the Northern Hemisphere.


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The "lub dub" sound of the heartbeat is caused by the closing of the heart valves.


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The spinning of one or two powerful, whirling rotors keeps a helicopter aloft.


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The lowing, or mooing, of cattle often breaks the silence of the countryside.


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Johann Sebastian Bach's "Christmas Oratorio" was composed in 1734.


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"The Art of Fugue" was Johann Sebastian Bach's last work and was left unfinished at his death in 1750.


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"The Well-Tempered Clavier" is the name Johann Sebastian Bach gave to 48 preludes and fugues for keyboard that he wrote in 1722 and 1744.


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Johann Sebastian Bach composed his six "Brandenburg Concertos" for various combinations of instruments.


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Johann Sebastian Bach wrote four suites for orchestra.


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Ludwig van Beethoven completed his famous "Fifth Symphony" in 1808 and conducted its premiere in Vienna, Austria.


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"Fidelio" is the only opera composed by Ludwig van Beethoven.


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Ludwig van Beethoven's "Waldstein" sonata for piano was completed in 1804 and dedicated to the composer's patron, Count Ferdinand Waldstein.


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"Benvenuto Cellini" was the first opera composed by Hector Berlioz.


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Hector Berlioz based his comic opera "Beatrice and Benedict" on William Shakespeare's comedy "Much Ado About Nothing."


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Alexander Borodin based his nationalistic opera "Prince Igor" on a medieval Russian epic.


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Johannes Brahms completed the second of his four symphonies in 1877.


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Frederic Chopin's Ballade No. 1, composed in the early 1830's, is the first of four dramatic and poetic works he wrote in this form.


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Frederic Chopin composed the vigorous Scherzo No. 2 in 1837, one of four works he wrote in this form.


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Frederic Chopin wrote many mazurkas, which are traditional Polish country dances.


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Frederic Chopin's famous "Minute Waltz" for solo piano was completed about 1847, near the end of the composer's life.


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Claude Debussy's "La Mer" ("The Sea") consists of three symphonic sketches reflecting the composer's impressions of the sea.


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Claude Debussy composed a piano piece in three movements called "Estampes" ("Engravings") in 1903.


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Leo Delibes was a leading French composer of music for the stage.


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Leo Delibes composed the light opera Lakme (1883), the most popular of the several operas and operettas he wrote for the French stage.


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Antonin Dvorak's famous symphony "From the New World" included themes that reflect the spirit of both African American and Slavic folk music.


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Antonin Dvorak wrote several operas, the best known being his late composition "Rusalka," completed in 1900.


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Cesar Franck's most popular work is his Symphony in D minor (1889), his only symphony.


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Charles Gounod based his opera "Faust" (1859) on the philosophical drama by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.


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Edvard Grieg wrote "Wedding Day at Troldhaugen" for piano in 1896, and the piece was later revised for orchestra.


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Edvard Grieg wrote "Morning" in 1876 as part of the music he composed for Henrik Ibsen's philosophical drama "Peer Gynt."


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George Frideric Handel's dramatic oratorio "Saul" (1739) tells the Biblical story of the conflict between King Saul and David.


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George Frideric Handel's "Water Music" is one of his most popular instrumental compositions.


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Joseph Haydn wrote more than 100 symphonies, including the popular Symphony No. 94, nicknamed the "Surprise" symphony.


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Joseph Haydn's Symphony No. 103 (1795) is one of 12 symphonies by Haydn collectively known as the "London symphonies." They were all first performed in London.


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Ruggiero Leoncavallo is remembered for a single work, the violent tragic opera "Pagliacci" (1892), a story of love and jealousy set among a group of traveling players.


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Franz Liszt composed a symphonic poem called "Les Preludes" ("The Preludes").


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Gustav Mahler completed nine large scale symphonies, beginning with Symphony No. 1, composed from 1880 to 1884 and frequently revised.


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Gustav Mahler's Symphony No. 6, first performed in 1906, explores the theme of the Hero's tragic destiny.


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Felix Mendelssohn wrote his famous "Wedding March" when he was 34.


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Felix Mendelssohn's "Hebrides" overture (1832) was inspired by a tour of the Hebrides islands off the Scottish coast.


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Felix Mendelssohn's Violin Concerto (1845) ranks among the most popular compositions in the violin repertoire.


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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's "The Marriage of Figaro" ranks among the greatest comic works in the opera repertoire.


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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart completed 41 symphonies.


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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart began his "Requiem" ("Mass for the Dead") during the last year of his life and died before completing it.


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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's comic opera "Cosi Fan Tutte" ranks among his greatest works.


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"Orpheus in the Underworld" (1858) was Jacques Offenbach's first success as a composer of light opera.


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Jacques Offenbach's light opera "La Vie Parisienne" (1866) provided the music for a famous ballet called "Gaite Parisienne" (1938).


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Nicolai Rimsky-Korsakov's popular orchestral composition "Spanish Capriccio" (1887) is often known by the title "Capriccio Espagnol."


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Nicolai Rimsky-Korsakov's "Russian Easter Overture" (1888) is based on melodies from Russian Orthodox Church music.


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Nicolai Rimsky-Korsakov's opera "The Golden Cockerel" is based on a poem by the Russian writer Alexander Pushkin.


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Gioacchino Rossini's last opera, "William Tell" (1829), is best known for its familiar overture.


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Gioacchino Rossini wrote one of the most popular of all comic operas, "The Barber of Seville" (1816), which includes a famous overture.


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Domenico Scarlatti's Sonata in C major for harpsichord was one of more than 550 keyboard sonatas he composed while working in the royal court in Portugal and Spain.


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Franz Schubert's Symphony in C major (1825), sometimes called the "Great," is often considered the composer's finest orchestral work.


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Franz Schubert's Piano quintet in A major (1819) is called the "Trout" because the fourth of its five movements contains variations of his 1817 song, called "The Trout."


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Robert Schumann wrote many important compositions for the piano, including his Concerto in A minor (1845).


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Robert Schumann's "Kinderscenen" ("Scenes from Childhood," 1838) is a suite of 13 pieces for piano.


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Bedrich Smetana's nationalistic opera "The Bartered Bride" (1866) begins with one of the most familiar overtures in classical music.


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Bedrich Smetana wrote a cycle of six symphonic poems called "My Fatherland" (1879).


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Johann Strauss Jr.'s "Die Fledermaus" ("The Bat," 1874) is the most popular of the composer's many operettas.


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Johann Strauss, Jr.'s "On the Beautiful, Blue Danube" (1867) is one of the composer's most famous concert waltzes.


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Johann Strauss, Jr.'s "The Emperor Waltz" (1888) was composed in honor of Austrian emperor Francis Joseph.


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Thomas Tallis's "Spem in alium" is a 40-part motet for eight choirs of five voices each.


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Peter Ilych Tchaikovsky's popular "1812 Overture" (1880) was composed to commemorate the retreat of Napoleon I and his army from Moscow.


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Peter Ilych Tchaikovsky wrote seven symphonies, six of them numbered.


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Peter Ilych Tchaikovsky's "Italian Capriccio" (1880) is one of the composer's most popular nonsymphonic orchestral works.


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Peter Ilych Tchaikovsky wrote three popular scores for ballets, beginning with the romantic "Swan Lake" (1877).


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Peter Ilych Tchaikovsky's ballet "The Sleeping Beauty" (1890) is based on a fairy tale.


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Peter Ilych Tchaikovsky's ballet "The Nutcracker" has been popular with children as well as adults and is often performed during the Christmas season.


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Giuseppe Verdi's tragic opera "Rigoletto" (1851) is a powerful story of deceit and murder.


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Giuseppe Verdi's early opera "Nabucco" (1842) was a call for Italian nationalism.


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Giuseppe Verdi's "Requiem Mass" is a concert work first performed in 1874 in honor of Italian author Alessandro Manzoni, who had died the year before.


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Antonio Vivaldi's "The Four Seasons" (1725) consists of four violin concertos, each representing a different season of the year.


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"The Valkyrie" (1870) is the second opera in Richard Wagner's cycle "The Ring of the Nibelung," based on Germanic folklore.


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"The Twilight of the Gods" (1876) is the final work in Richard Wagner's four-opera cycle "The Ring of the Nibelung."


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Richard Wagner's opera "The Flying Dutchman" (1843) tells the story of a mysterious ship doomed to sail the seas forever.


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Carl Maria von Weber's romantic opera "Oberon" (1826) is based on a medieval poem.


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Carl Maria von Weber's piano composition "Invitation to the Dance" (1826) is intended to evoke a ballroom scene.


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Land der Berge, Land am Strome (Land of Mountain


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Cancion Nacionale de Chile (National Song of Chile


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Kong Christian stod ved hojen mast (King Christian


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Der er et yndigt land (There Is a Lovely Land)


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Maamme (in Finnish) or Vart Land (in Swedish)


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Isten aldd meg a magyart (God Bless the Hungarians


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Soroude Jomhuri-ye Eslami-ye Iran (Anthem of the I


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Al-Salam Al-Jumhuri (Salute to the Republic)


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Ry Tanindrazanay Malala O (Our Beloved Country)


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Bugd Nayramdah mongol ard ulsyn toriin duulal


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Wilhelmus van Nassouwe (William of Nassau)


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Ja, vi elsker dette landet (Yes, We Love This Land


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Jeszcze Polska nie Zginela (Poland Has Not Yet Per


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Onore a te, onore, o antica repubblica (Honor to Y


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Homat El Diyar (Guardians of the Homeland)


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Chung Hwa Min Kuo Kuo Ke (Chinese National Anthem)


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Mungo Ibariki Africa (God the Almighty Bless Africa)


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Gloria al Bravo Pueblo (Glory to the Brave People)


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Folk music plays a central role in the cultural life of Afghanistan.


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In Argentina, the tango is a familiar form of popular music.


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"Waltzing Matilda" is one of the most familiar folk songs from Australia.


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This authentic Aborigine folk song from Australia is performed on a long bamboo wind instrument called a "didgeridoo."


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This folk march from Austria is traditionally played by a brass band at a procession or pageant.


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This Austrian folk song is performed by an authentic Schrammel ensemble made up of violins, guitar, and accordion.


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This folk song from Bahrain mixes the traditional and the modern over typical Bahraini rhythm.


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This folk song from Belgium in waltz time is performed with typical Belgian folk instrumentation, including accordion, glockenspiel, clarinet, guitar, and bass.


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"Klokke Roeland," a folk song from Belgium, mixes march and polka rhythms.


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This vivid folk dance from Bolivia originated in La Paz, the country's largest city.


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This folk song from Brazil is played at the carnival in the state of Pernambuco.


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This folk song from Brazil is played by street musicians at carnival time.


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This rhythmic folk dance comes from Bulgaria and neighboring Macedonia.


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Folk musicians from Burma perform music from an old Burmese drama.


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Musicians from Cambodia perform a lively folk composition.


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A traditional chant from Cameroon is accompanied by percussion instruments.


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The "cueca" is the national dance of Chile.


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This ancient ceremonial music from China was performed for the entrance of the emperor.


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Traditional music from China was performed at the royal court during the festival of the New Year.


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This happy rhythmic folk song comes from the ranch cowhands called "llaneros" who work on the plains of Colombia.


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This traditional wedding song originated on the island of Rarotonga in the Cook Islands in the South Pacific Ocean.


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This traditional romantic love theme comes from Croatia.


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The "guajira" is a cheerful dance found in a variety of forms in Cuba.


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A large brass band from the Czech Republic plays a popular ballroom dance of the 1800's called a "galop."


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"In Denmark Was I Born" is a popular national song of Denmark with hymnlike string music.


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A traditional waltz used as a folk dance comes from Denmark.


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This slow lament featuring a traditional flute comes from the region around the Chimborazo volcano in the Andes Highland of Ecuador.


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This lively rhythm song from Egypt featuring a saxophone is performed in a style widely used in the Arab world.


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This North Country folk dance from England features a fiddle and an ancient small Celtic harp known as a "clarsach."


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This catchy jig from England is performed on guitar, penny whistle, and percussion instruments.


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This war chant from Fiji was performed by the seashore.


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This folk dance from Finland is performed on an ancient zitherlike instrument called a "kantele."


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Traditional folk music from Finland is performed by an ensemble featuring violins and a small type of reed organ called a "harmonium."


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Pawnee Indians of the United States perform a traditional chant with drum accompaniment.


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This Cajun fiddle tune comes from southwestern Louisiana.


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This popular waltz from France is played by street musicians in Paris and features an accordion, guitar, bass, and drums.


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Folk music from Brittany in northwestern France is performed on bagpipes, drums, and an ancient woodwind instrument called a "bombard."


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Romantic folk music from Germany is performed on a zither, a stringed folk instrument that originated in southern Germany and northwestern Austria.


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A brass band plays a carnival waltz from Germany.


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A brass band plays "Holzacker Baum," a well-known march from the Bavaria region of Germany.


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People from Ghana chant a song of celebration with percussion accompaniment.


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This Greek folk dance originated on the island of Crete.


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The cheerful "Glare pu Petas" is a popular tune in Greece.


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"The Queen's Aloha" is a popular traditional song in Hawaii.


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This romantic folk tune from Hungary is played on a violin, cello, and a large dulcimer called a "cimbalom" especially used to play Hungarian Gypsy music.


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The "czardas" is a popular national dance of Hungary that has a vigorous Gypsy flavor.


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A folk song from India is performed in an Indian melodic style called a "raga." The musicians play such instruments as the flute, the sitar, and a cylindrical drum called a "dholak."


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Musicians in India perform a joyful harvest dance on such traditional instruments as the sitar, a harp called a "morsang," and a small hand drum called a "tabla."


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This ceremonial folk song from Indonesia originated on the island of Bali and describes a Balinese procession.


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This expressive air from Ireland is played by Irish pipes.


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This lively reel from Ireland is performed on the fiddle and a drum called a "bodhran."


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This lament from Ireland is played on the "Uilleann pipes," which produce a haunting sound like a bagpipe.


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A small band of strings, reeds, and percussion plays a lively modern song from Israel.


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An ensemble plays a brisk folk dance from Israel.


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These musicians play a cheerful Italian march from Rome.


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A mandolin orchestra from Italy plays a folk song that originated in Naples.


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A steel band plays a reggae song from Jamaica.


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A lively traditional dance from Japan is performed during autumn festivals.


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This slow folk song from Japan is performed on a stringed instrument called a "koto" and a bamboo flute.


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Folk music from Kenya is performed on a stringed instrument called an "oud" that resembles a lute.


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An emotional folk song from Korea is performed on a long 12-stringed zither called a "kayakum."


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A percussion ensemble from Korea performs a farmer's dance that is typical of Korean ethnic music.


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A cheerful modern song from Kuwait features a guitar.


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A folk dance from Laos describes fishing crews working on the Khong River.


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An ensemble from Malaysia performs music from a trance dance from the southern part of the country.


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A modern song from Mali mixes the flavor of Western jazz with a traditional background.


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An ensemble from Morocco plays a dynamic folk melody.


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Musicians from Mozambique play folk music on flutes, guitars, and marimbas.


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Musicians from the Netherlands play a street dance in polka rhythm.


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A street dance of the early 1900's from the Netherlands is performed on an accordion-type instrument called a "bandonion."


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The Maori people of New Zealand chant a folk song that includes the words "stand tall and proud like the Kahihatea (Redwood) tree."


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The Wodaabe people of Niger perform a folk song with female voices and rhythmic clapping.


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A traditional chant from Nigeria is performed with flute and percussion accompaniment.


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A fiddle orchestra from Norway plays a folk dance.


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Musicians from Norway play a folk dance on the Norwegian harp and the willow flute.


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Musicians from Paraguay perform Indian folk music on the harp and guitars.


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This romantic folk tune comes from the city of Ayacucho in Peru.


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A mazurka, a traditional country dance from Poland, is performed by an ensemble featuring violins and an accordion.


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An orchestra from Poland plays a lively dance from the Krakow district called a "krakowiak."


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A "fado" is a type of popular song and dance from Portugal that has guitar accompaniment.


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A "chula" is a song and a dance from northern Portugal.


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The modern popular music of Qatar is typical of music throughout the Arabian Peninsula.


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Musicians play a popular wedding dance from Romania.


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A balalaika ensemble plays "Kalinka," a popular folk song from Russia.


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A Cossack choir from Russia sings the wordless "Song of the Volga Boatmen," one of the most famous of all Russian folk songs.


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A traditional song from Samoa is a romantic instrumental piece with vocal background that compares the beautiful Samoan women to a flower.


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A modern Bedouin song from Saudi Arabia features a double reed instrument called a "zorna."


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A stirring traditional march from Scotland is played by a bagpipe band.


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A small instrumental ensemble with vocal background from Senegal plays rhythmic ethnic music with a Western jazz flavor.


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A lively folk dance from Serbia originated in the western Serbian city of Sabac.


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Traditional music from South Africa played by the Zulu and Xhosa peoples.


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A Spanish folk dance called "tientos" dates back to ancient times.


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The "fandango" is a lively Spanish folk dance that may have originated in South America.


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A waltz from Sweden is performed by a fiddle orchestra.


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A traditional dance from Sweden is performed on the double-row accordion.


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A female yodel polka from Switzerland is performed with accordion ensemble.


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A musician plays a solo on an alphorn from Switzerland with the sound of warbling birds.


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A modern arrangement of a traditional song from Syria features a trombone-like instrument called a "bazooka."


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Drummers from Tahiti perform authentic traditional drum patterns.


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Musicians play cheerful traditional music from Thailand using folk instruments.


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A traditional calm and romantic song from Thailand uses mood-setting percussion.


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A dance of the caravan leaders comes from Tibet.


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Calypso is a popular type of music in Trinidad and Tobago.


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Musicians perform authentic belly dance music from Turkey.


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Musicians perform vivid folk dance music from Turkey that expresses the joy of living.


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Folk music from Uganda is performed on a Ugandan marimba called an "akadinda."


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Musicians perform a folk song from Vietnam that portrays Vietnamese village life.


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A brass band from Wales plays an up-tempo galop.


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A dance is inspired by folk rituals in the West Indies.


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Folk music from the Zanda people of Congo (Kinshasa) is performed on tuned cowbells.


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Drums, flutes, and guitars perform traditional music portraying herd migration in Zimbabwe.


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The first blues recordings, made during the 1920's, often featured such instruments as guitars and harmonicas.


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The Renaissance choral piece "Omnes de Saba," written in the 1500's by Franco-Flemish composer Orlando di Lasso, uses a musical technique called "imitative counterpoint." In this technique, voices follow one another and repeat the same melody with slight


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"Greensleeves" is one of the most famous English melodies from the Renaissance.


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War is often a theme of nationalistic music.


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Atonal music, developed in the early 1900's, has no feeling of key.


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In aleatory music, performers rather than composers provide the specific pitches and rhythms of a piece.


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In electronic music, the composer uses synthesizers and other electronic equipment to create a wide variety of sounds.


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Minimalist music uses repeated musical patterns with simple harmonies and occasional variation.


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Baroque music flourished from about 1600 to 1750.


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Composers of the baroque era developed a new musical form called the concerto grosso, which featured solo instruments with string accompaniment.


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Baroque composers began writing sonatas and other works for solo instruments.


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German composer Ludwig van Beethoven wrote some of the most powerful music of the classical period.


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The classical era of music emphasized balance, wit, and refinement.


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Though most medieval music was written for the church, people of the later Middle Ages commonly used music for secular (nonreligious) purposes.


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Gregorian chant was the most important type of "plain song," which was vocal music for church services, during the Middle Ages.


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Renaissance composers, like medieval composers, wrote most of their works for the church.


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Romantic era composers often used elements of folk music in their work.


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Many composers of the romantic era worked to expand the expressive capabilities of various instruments.


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Peter Ilich Tchaikovsky ranked as the most popular Russian composer of the romantic era.


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Bluegrass music often includes complex instrumental solos.


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Cajun music usually features the accordion as the predominant instrument.


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This piece re-creates the sound of cowboy music, which first became popular in American films during the 1930's.


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Honky tonk music combines a strong beat with rhythm and blues elements.


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Old-time country music, the most traditional style of country music, features such instruments as banjos, fiddles, and mandolins.


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Rockabilly music combines traditional country music with the driving rhythms of rock and rhythm and blues.


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The Nashville sound, which developed in Nashville, Tennessee, during the 1950's, combines elements of country music and popular music.


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Western swing music, which developed in Texas and Oklahoma, combines country music with elements of big band jazz.


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The ballad ranks as one of the most important forms of folk music.


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"Amazing Grace" is one of the most famous American spirituals.


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"Skip to My Lou" is a famous folk tune often used to accompany square dances.


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Hymns are songs usually written to glorify God.


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Bebop is a style of jazz that emphasizes complex harmonies.


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Cool jazz uses subtle syncopation (irregular rhythm) and softened instrumental tone to achieve a smooth, lyrical sound.


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This clip is from a Dixieland version of the song "Down by the Riverside." It illustrates how jazz musicians use such techniques as syncopation (irregular rhythm) to transform a simple melody into a more complex, exciting piece.


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Fusion jazz combines jazz techniques with the rhythms and electronic instruments of rock music.


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Hard bop jazz combines the complex harmonies and solos of bebop with the driving rhythms of traditional blues and gospel music.


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Chicago style jazz developed in that city during the 1920's.


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Big-band swing music commonly combines a fast, sophisticated dance tempo with elaborate instrumental arrangements.


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Boogie-woogie was a jazz piano style that developed during the swing era.


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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was one of the first opera composers to create vivid, realistic characters with music.


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Italian composer Giacomo Puccini's operas were among the most popular of the early 1900's.


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Italian composer Gioacchino Rossini's grand opera "William Tell" (1829) depicts the struggle for Swiss independence from Austria.


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This piece, the "Polovtsian Dances," comes from Russian composer Alexander Borodin's nationalistic opera "Prince Igor" (1890).


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German composer Carl Maria von Weber wrote operas in the colorful, emotional style of the early romantic era.


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Italian composer Giuseppe Verdi is one of the most popular opera composers of all time.


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Italian verismo operas are grimly realistic works that express passionate emotions.


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American composer Scott Joplin's famous "Maple Leaf Rag" (1899) illustrates the light-hearted, rhythmic quality of ragtime music.


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Early rock music combined driving rhythms with the chords of rhythm and blues music.


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Doo-wop songs, first written in the 1950's, have catchy tunes that use simple rhythms and vocal harmonies.


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Disco music, one of the most popular musical styles of the mid-1970's, has an energetic dance beat that uses Latin rhythms.


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Punk rock, developed in the 1970's, tried to re-create the raw energy of earlier rock music.


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This example of new wave music, a form of punk rock, uses guitars, drums, and keyboard to produce a lively rhythm.


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Surf music songs sang about teen-age life in California.


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Acid rock features long, complex electric guitar solos.


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Rap music lyrics speak about the problems of life in the inner cities.


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Heavy metal rock, like acid rock, features strong electric guitar solos over a steady, even beat.


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A jet airplane's engines roar as they provide the speed necessary for takeoff.


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The single propeller on a Cessna airplane spins rapidly to provide the power for takeoff.


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A Boeing 727 jet airplane passes overhead.


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Like many other reptiles, an alligator hisses as a warning for enemies to keep their distance.


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The exciting sport of automobile racing thrills millions of spectators every year.


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The sound of church bells tolling has called Christians to worship since about the year 400.


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Brass bells ring to mark the passage of time on a ship.


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Like many members of the cat family, the bobcat growls when threatened.


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A cat's meow can express curiosity, hunger, or loneliness.


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The clucking of chickens is a familiar sound in many barnyards.


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Cuckoo clocks have mechanisms that mark intervals of time with the appearance of a bird and a whimsical cuckoo sound.


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A grandfather clock is a large, ornamental clock with a wood case and complex chimes.


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Besides barking, dogs use a variety of vocal sounds, including yelps, whines, howls, and growls, to communicate with other dogs and with people.


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The donkey is a small, domesticated ass.


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The Doppler effect causes a change in the sound a moving object makes.


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The wail of a fire truck's sirens and the blasting of its air horn warn drivers that the fire department is responding to an emergency.


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Fireworks explode with loud noises and colorful sparks and flames.


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A Geiger counter signals the presence of gamma rays, alpha particles, and other forms of radiation by means of clicking noises.


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The horse's fastest gait, or way of moving, is the gallop.


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Hurricane winds moan and wail as they rotate in a vast circle around the eye, a calm area in the center of the storm.


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Crickets, like many other insects, can make loud noises by stridulating--that is, rubbing one part of the body against another part.


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The jaguar was once abundant in some areas of the United States.


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Sound plays an important part in the practice of karate.


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The leopard, one of the largest members of the cat family, is native to southern and central Africa and Asia.


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Air enters and leaves the lungs by means of the process of breathing.


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Monkeys, among the most intelligent animals, make a variety of sounds to communicate with one another.


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This continuous thundering roar is the sound of between 50,000 and 100,000 cubic feet (1,400 to 2,800 cubic meters) of water tumbling over Niagara Falls each second.


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Hogs are among the most intelligent of all domesticated, or tamed, animals.


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Older steam locomotives, such as the one heard here, are still used to haul trains in some parts of the world.


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The milk, meat, and wool of sheep have made them one of the world's most important domestic animals.


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The loud beeping of a smoke detector begins seconds after smoke enters the unit through special vents.


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Loud, rasping snores are caused by the vibration of relaxed structures of the mouth and throat, such as the soft palate and the uvula.


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The lively rhythms of tap dancing were developed during the 1800's by African Americans.


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The telegraph was a vital form of communication from the mid-1800's to the mid-1900's.


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From the late 1800's to the present, the ringing of a telephone has signaled a person that a caller is waiting on the other end of the line.


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Loud thunderclaps and distant rumblings accompany many rainstorms.


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Tornadoes occur during violent thunderstorms, when a warm, humid air mass and a cool, dry air mass collide.


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The abundance of animal life in a tropical rain forest makes it a noisy place.


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The eruption of a volcano may involve explosions, jets of red-hot ash and cinders, and rivers of glowing lava.


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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart composed a famous serenade for small orchestra in 1787 called Eine Kleine Nachtmusik (A Little Night Music).


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The tune of Yankee Doodle has been popular in the United States since the 1700's.


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American composer John Philip Sousa wrote the famous march "Stars and Stripes Forever" in 1897.


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Modest Mussorgsky, a Russian composer, wrote this piece for piano in 1874.


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Ruslan and Lyudmila, an opera by Russian composer Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka, is based on a fairy tale by Alexander Pushkin.


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From On His Being Arrived at the Age of Twenty-Three:
How soon hath Time, the subtle thief of youth,
Stolen on his wing my three and twentieth year!
My hasting days fly on with full career,
But my late spring no bud or blossom shew'th.


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Age cannot wither her, nor custom stale
Her infinite variety.


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All the world's a stage,
And all the men and women merely players.
They have their exits and their entrances,
And one man in his time plays many parts,
His acts being seven ages.


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There lived a wife at Usher's Well
And a wealthy wife was she;
She had three stout and stalwart sons,
And sent them o'er the sea.


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You all did see that on the Lupercal
I thrice presented him a kingly crown,
Which he did thrice refuse: was this ambition?
Yet Brutus says he was ambitious;
And, sure, he is an honorable man.
I speak not to disprove what Brutus spoke,
But here I am to spe


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From Julius Caesar:

His life was gentle, and the elements
So mixed in him that Nature might stand up
And say to all the world, "This was a man!"


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From An Essay on Criticism:
A perfect Judge will read each work of Wit
With the same spirit that its author writ:
Survey the Whole, nor seek slight faults to find
Where nature moves, and rapture warms the mind ...


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A thing of beauty is a joy forever:
Its loveliness increases; it will never
Pass into nothingness; but still will keep
A bower quiet for us, and a sleep
Full of sweet dreams, and health, and quiet breathing.


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Yet when a Boy, and Barefoot-
I more than once at Noon
Have passed, I thought, a Whip lash
Unbraiding in the Sun


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I heard a Fly buzz-when I died-
The Stillness in the Room
Was like the Stillness in the Air-
Between the Heaves of Storm-
The Eyes around-had wrung them dry-
And Breaths were gathering firm
For that last Onset-when the King
Be witnessed-in the Room-
I wil


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If they be two, they are two so
As stiffe twin compasses are two,
Thy soule the fixt foot, makes no show
To move, but doth, if th' other do.


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We shall not cease from exploration
And the end of all our exploring
Will be to arrive where we started
And know the place for the first time.


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What is an epigram? A dwarfish whole,
Its body brevity, and wit its soul.


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Glory be to God for dappled things-
For skies of couple-colour as a brinded cow;
For rose-moles all in stipple upon trout that swim;
Fresh-firecoal chestnut-falls; finches' wings;
Landscape plotted and pieced-fold, fallow, and plough;
And all trades, thei


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There was a young lady of Wilts,
Who walked up to Scotland on stilts;
When they said it is shocking
To show so much stocking,
She answered, "Then what about kilts?"


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In the long, sleepless watches of the night,
A gentle face-the face of one long dead-
Looks at me from the wall, where round its head
The night-lamp casts a halo of pale light.
Here in this room she died; and soul more white
Never through martyrdom of fir


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My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun- 
Coral is far more red than her lips' red-
If snow be white, why then her breasts are dun-
If hairs be wires, black wires grow on her head:
I have seen roses damasked, red and white,
But no such roses see I in h


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People who have what they want are very
fond of telling people who haven't what
they want that they really don't want it,
And I wish I could afford to gather all
such people into a gloomy castle on
the Danube and hire half a dozen
capable Draculas to haun


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Runs all day and never walks,
Often murmurs, never talks;
It has a bed and never sleeps;
It has a mouth and never eats.


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The Queen of Hearts,
She made some tarts,
All on a summer's day;
The Knave of Hearts,
He stole those tarts,
And took them clean away.
The King of Hearts
Called for the tarts,
And beat the knave full sore;
The Knave of Hearts
Brought back the tarts,
And vo


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And I say also unto thee, That thou art Peter, and upon
this rock I will build my church; and the gates of hell
shall not prevail against it.


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True wit is Nature to advantage dress'd,
What oft was thought, but ne'er so well express'd.


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Oh! if to dance all night, and dress all day
Charm'd the smallpox, or chased old age away,
Who would not scorn what housewife's cares produce,
Or who would learn one earthly thing of use?


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Hope deferred maketh the heart sick.
A good name is rather to be chosen than great riches.
A soft answer turneth away wrath.
Pride goeth before destruction, and a haughty spirit before a fall.


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He is come to open 
The purple testament of bleeding war. 
But ere the crown he looks for live in peace, 
Ten thousand bloody crowns of mothers' sons 
Shall ill become the flower of England's face, 
Change the complexion of her maid-pale peace 
To scarlet


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See how she leans her cheek upon her hand!
Oh, that I were a glove upon that hand,
That I might touch that cheek!


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Scatter, as from an unextinguished hearth
Ashes and sparks, my words among mankind!
Be through my lips to unawakened earth
The trumpet of a prophecy! ...


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When my love swears that she is made of truth 
I do believe her, though I know she lies,
That she might think me some untutored youth,
Unlearned in the world's false subtleties.
Thus vainly thinking that she thinks me young,
Although she knows my days are


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Here he lies where he longed to be;
Home is the sailor, home from the sea,
And the hunter, home from the hill.


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Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? 
Thou art more lovely and more temperate. 
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, 
And summer's lease hath all too short a date. 
Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, 
And often is his gold complexion d


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I stretch lame hands of faith and grope,
And gather dust and chaff, and call
To what I feel is Lord of all,
And faintly trust the larger hope.


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accept this old imperfect tale
New-old, and shadowing Sense at war with Soul,
Ideal manhood closed in real man ...


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I sow hempseed.
Hempseed I sow.
He that loves me best,
Come after me now.


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'Tis all in vain your simpering looks,
You never can incline,
With all your bustles, stays, and curls,
To find a valentine.


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On my honor, I will try:
To serve God and my country,
To help people at all times,
And to live by the Girl Scout Law.
***

I will do my best:
To be honest
To be fair
To help where I am needed
To be cheerful
To be friendly and considerate
To be a sister to


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Break, break, break,
On thy cold gray stones, O Sea!
And I would that my tongue could utter
The thoughts that arise in me.


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I eat my peas with honey,
I've done it all my life.
It makes the peas taste funny,
But it keeps them on the knife.


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Not like the brazen giant of Greek fame, 
With conquering limbs astride from land to land;
Here at our sea-washed, sunset gates shall stand
A mighty woman with a torch, whose flame
Is the imprisoned lightning, and her name
Mother of Exiles.


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U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt delivered his first inaugural address on March 4, 1933, in the middle of the Great Depression.


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U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt delivered his fourth inaugural address on January 20, 1945, during World War II.


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On March 12, 1933, during the Great Depression, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt gave the first of his famous "fireside chats," speaking to the nation by radio.


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U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt described December 7, 1941, as "a date which will live in infamy."


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As chairman of the United Nations Human Rights Council, Eleanor Roosevelt helped draft the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.


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On August 6, 1945, American military fliers dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan.


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In a speech on March 12, 1947, U.S. President Harry S. Truman announced a doctrine of international resistance to Communist aggression.


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In a speech delivered at the Columbia University National Bicentennial Dinner on May 31, 1954, U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower spoke against allowing a fear of fascism and Communism to result in excessive censorship in the United States.


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U.S. President John F. Kennedy visited Berlin at a time when the city was an outpost of democracy within Communist East Germany.


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U.S. President John F. Kennedy was enthusiastic about increased space exploration, and the first manned space flights occurred during his administration.


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On November 22, 1963, after the assassination of U.S. President John F. Kennedy, Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson was sworn in as president.


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In an address on May 22, 1964, to University of Michigan students, U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson first used the term "Great Society." The term came to be used to describe the Johnson administration's anti-poverty programs.


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U.S. President Richard M. Nixon's inaugural address of January 20, 1969, came while the United States was involved in the Vietnam War.


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On August 8, 1974, U.S. President Richard M. Nixon announced that he was resigning from office.


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On September 8, 1974, U.S. President Gerald R. Ford explained to the nation that he was pardoning former President Richard M. Nixon, who had resigned from office because of the threat of impeachment over the Watergate scandal.


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In his inaugural address, delivered on January 20, 1977, U.S. President Jimmy Carter announced his intention to focus on human rights and arms control.


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In his first inaugural address, delivered on January 20, 1981, U.S. President Ronald Reagan explained his view of the role of the federal government.


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U.S. President George H. W. Bush, inaugurated on January 20, 1989, noted that his inauguration was occurring 200 years after that of George Washington, the nation's first president.


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On August 8, 1990, after Iraq had invaded Kuwait, U.S. President George H. W. Bush announced that he was sending hundreds of thousands of American troops to the Middle East.


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In his first inaugural address, delivered on January 20, 1993, U.S. President Bill Clinton talked about ways in which he hoped to renew America.


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Austrian composer Franz von Suppe wrote his popular operetta, Light Cavalry, in 1866.


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Auld Lang Syne is a song of friendship traditionally sung and played on New Year's Eve.


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The guitar traditionally accompanies flamenco dancing.


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Entrance of the Gladiators is a well-known circus march, often played during the opening parade.


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German composer Christoph Gluck's opera Iphigenie in Aulis opened in Paris in 1774.


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In his inaugural address on January 20, 1961, U.S. President John F. Kennedy issued a memorable call to service to his fellow American citizens and to all citizens of the world.


# Flag File

Description:
During the 1300's, a mysterious and deadly disease wiped out a third of Europeroughly 20 million people.


Description:
Rather than subject people with incurable diseases to often futile treatment, hospices help make their final days as comfortable as possible.


Description:
As America's baby boomers move into middle age and more people live well beyond their 60's, researchers are exploring why the body ages and how we might fend off aging's effects.


Description:
No matter what your age or health, a sudden illness or accident could leave you unable to communicate decisions about your health care.


Description:
By studying ancient human remains, researchers are gaining new insights into diseases that have afflicted humanity throughout the centuries.


Description:
Knowledge of relatives' past illnesses may help current families avoid the same problems.


Description:
Puberty brings a multitude of physical, emotional, and behavioral changes and sets a child on the road to adulthood.


Description:
Parents cannot count on keeping drugs away from their children, but they can help keep their children away from drugs.


Description:
To help people eat healthful diets, the United States Department of Agriculture has designed a new food program that incorporates the latest nutritional wisdom.


Description:
Generic drugs offer many benefits over brand-name prescription alternatives.


Description:
Travelers can take easy steps to reduce the effects of jet lag.


Description:
By the 1990's, the United States health-care system was in crisis. Costs had soared, but even so, about 37 million Americans were uninsured, and researchers estimated that perhaps another 50 million were underinsured.


Description:
Scientists have vastly increased their understanding of genetics in the 1900's.


Description:
It takes only a fraction of a second. Searing flame or scalding liquid meets skin, resulting in a burn that, in most cases, requires some type of treatment.


Description:
Research shows that owning a pet can bring health benefits.


Description:
Parents have probably always admonished children, especially adolescents, to stand up straight.


Description:
Each year, thousands of Americans die in accidents that occur in and around their own homes. With planning and vigilance, most home accidents and injuries can be prevented.


Title:
Dr. Spock Talks about Raising Children Today

Description:
America's foremost baby doctor talks about how the problems that parents face have changed since the first edition of his best-selling Baby and Child Care


Description:
Studies indicate that most Americans are not getting the sleep they need. Some simple steps can help improve both the quantity and the quality of your sleep.


Description:
Having the right skills, knowledge and equipment is the best way to ensure that a hike ends without mishap.


Description:
It takes only a few years for children to understand and use language effectively. Researchers are beginning to learn just how they do it.


Description:
The keys, say the experts, are starting early, keeping talks short and simple, and building a bond of mutual trust and respect.


Description:
Knowing what happens when muscles and skin are injured helps in deciding whether to apply heat or cold to a minor injury.


Description:
This colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas kills hundreds of Americans in their homes each year and poisons thousands more.


Description:
Although it may seem as if nutrition advice changes constantly, the nutrition basics usually remain the same


Description:
The Mediterranean diet rich in grains, fruits, and vegetables; offers a treat for the palate as well as the heart.


Description:
From the first days of life to the last, the food we eat influences our health.


Description:
Overflowing schedules threaten the family meal, a ritual that serves psychological and nutritional needs.


Description:
Feet are among the hardest-working parts of the body, so it's important to take care of them. Here's how.


Description:
Forgetfulness increases with normal aging, but there are techniques to improve memory at any age.


Description:
Research on the genetic basis of obesity may help explain why losing weight is so difficult for some people-and it could lead to new weight-loss drugs.


Description:
A multitude of remedies promise to keep stomach acid in its place and relieve heartburn woes.


Description:
Gum disease is a serious threat to adult teeth. But with regular home care and dental visits, it can be controlled.


Description:
Once considered exotic technology, lasers are becoming standard tools for many types of surgery.


Title:
Food Allergies: When Common Foods Cause Uncommon Reactions

Description:
Food allergies are much rarer than most people think. But for those who have them, it's important to know which foods to avoid.


Description:
Artificial joints can relieve pain and make life more enjoyable for many people. But they don't last forever.


Description:
Baby Boomers should start planning now for a healthy and fulfilling life after retirement.


Description:
Is the modern, computerized office as hazardous to health as yesterday's workplaces were to an earlier generation?


Description:
Understanding stress and its influence on health is one of the more complex tasks facing scientists today.


Description:
The stress response helps people meet the challenges of daily life, but it can also become a danger to health.


Description:
Stress has been linked to many physical ills, but scientists are just beginning to understand how it acts on the body.


Description:
When people feel unable to cope with stress, their mental well-being may be at risk.


Description:
Counteracting the negative effects of stress is important to our physical and mental health.


Description:
Airbags save thousands of lives every year, but they can also cause fatal injury, especially to children.


Description:
While government agencies that help to protect the food supply revised safety regulations in 1997, agency officials cautioned the public to exercise precautions to minimize the risk of foodborne illness.


Description:
Snoring can simply be a nuisance--or a sign of potentially serious health problems.


Description:
A growing array of home-based services and residential care are helping seniors and caregivers.


Description:
Consumers should not assume that "all natural" dietary supplements are always safe.


Description:
Taking a trip abroad involves planning. And people traveling to exotic locales should also have a plan for staying well.


Description:
Although some people rely on supplements to fulfill daily vitamin and mineral needs, research shows that nutrients found in whole foods provide the most health benefits.


Description:
New drugs and therapies are ushering in a quiet revolution in the battle against "brain attacks."


Description:
Inflammatory bowel disease affects the health and productivity of 2 million Americans while exacting a toll on the mental health of families and friends.


Description:
Behavior management techniques, educational strategies, and medication can help the 3 to 6 percent of American children affected by attention deficit disorder.


Title:
Self-test Kits Bring Medicine Closer to Home

Description:
Over-the-counter kits allow consumers to take an active role in monitoring their own health care


Description:
Managed care is changing the way millions of Americans pay for and receive medical services.


Description:
Managed care is a work in progress with many merits and shortcomings.


Title:
Getting the Most Out of Your Health Plan

Description:
People can take steps to improve their chances of receiving quality medical care.


Description:
People can take charge of their own health by adopting healthful behaviors and practicing prevention.


Description:
Manged care's cost cuts have affected research, education, and the insured.


Description:
Medical treatment can often cure or improve incontinence, a condition that can cause social isolation and dependence.


Description:
Medical and self-help techniques can relieve the discomfort and disfigurement of varicose veins.


Description:
Serious injuries from dog and cat bites are on the rise, but experts say the reasons have less to do with the animals and more to do with the irresponsibility of pet owners.


Description:
Animals can transmit many infectious diseases to people through routine contact.


Description:
Weight-loss programs vary greatly in cost and services. Doctors advise dieters to carefully review plans before enrolling in one.


Description:
Experts say that consistency, logic, and self-restraint are the keys to controlling a child's behavior.


Title:
Baby Boom:The Promise and Risks of Fertility

Description:
The use of fertility drugs has led to an increase in the number of multiple births.


Title:
Cleaning up misconceptions about antibacterial products

Description:
Antibacterial products are increasingly crowding the shelves of supermarkets and drugstores.


Title:
Handwashing: The First Line of Defense Against Disease

Description:
Many people have come to believe, incorrectly, that antibiotics, which kill many types of bacteria, are the most important defense against disease.


Description:
Meningitis is a disease that can be fatal if not treated promptly. Recognizing its symptoms and seeking medical help immediately are keys to limiting the devastating effects of the disease.


Description:
People can use diet, exercise, and medication to lessen their risk of developing this crippling disease.


Description:
Pain is a complex, highly individual phenomenon that involves both physical and mental elements.


Description:
Readily available nonprescription drugs are highly effective at relieving pain, but some cautions are in order.


Description:
Severe pain calls for potent drugs whose use must be carefully monitored to avoid serious side effects.


Description:
Every year thousands of young athletes are injured on the playing field. Education, careful preparation, and the use of proper techniques are the most effective ways to minimize the risks of injuries and their effects.


Description:
In the year 1000, medicine relied more on religious beliefs than on scientific foundation.


Description:
There were more medical discoveries in the 1900's than in all other centuries combined.


Title:
Medicine in the  21st Century:  The Promise of Genetics

Description:
Science's rapidly growing power to read our genes is having a momentous impact on medicine.


Title:
The Aging Population: A Medical Challenge for the Next Century

Description:
Scientists believe that much of the physical deterioration brought on by age is far from inevitable.


Description:
The number of teen suicides increased throughout the 1990's. But there are steps parents can take to reduce the risk for their child.


Title:
A Breath-Taking Ailment: Learning to Control Asthma

Description:
Asthma can be a life-threatening disease, but physicians and patients can work together to keep it under control.


Description:
Low back pain is one of the most common health problems, but simple treatments and precautions can make it go away for good.


Description:
Today's high-tech braces are more comfortable, efficient, and attractive--and not just for teen-agers.


Title:
Bullying: A Silent Nightmare in the Schoolyard

Description:
Parents, teachers, and children can learn techniques to combat bullying.


Description:
Camping is a popular and rewarding pastime for millions of people--especially for those who do it safely.


Description:
A number of exercise machines allow people to huff, puff, and stretch their way to fitness in their own homes.


Description:
While hearing loss can be a normal part of the aging process, exposure to excess noise can threaten hearing in the young.


Title:
Controlling the Costs of Pet Health Care

Description:
Pet owners can prevent many forms of illness--and their associated costs--through simple preventive measures.


Description:
More than 100,000 children are injured in toy-related accidents annually. Parents can take steps to prevent most toy injuries.


Title:
Preventing and Treating Childhood Obesity

Description:
Small changes in diet and exercise habits over time can help obese children achieve and maintain a healthy weight.


Description:
Following a healthy lifestyle can greatly reduce the chances of developing coronary artery disease and heart attack.


Description:
Heart disease is the number-one killer of American women, though many women underestimate its dangers.


Description:
Meteorite collisions with Earth may have helped shape the history of life on this planet. The rocks themselves hold clues to the formation of the solar system billions of years ago.


Description:
Research on the domestic cat spotlights the animal's unusual physical characteristicsand the conflict between cats' natural behaviors and the human world.


Description:
Scientists once thought that the Sahara was expanding south into an area called the Sahel. But new research finds that the desert ebbs and flows into this land of drought and famine.


Description:
Real science lies behind those whiter whites.


Description:
We are all interested in what the weather forecast has to tell us: Will it rain when we want to go to the beach, to the park, or to a ball game? Will there be a heavy snow tomorrow, so that commuter trains and school buses may run on a delayed ...


Title:
EnergyGuide Labels: Help for the Appliance Shopper

Description:
EnergyGuide labels can help consumers save hundreds of dollars over the life of an appliance.


Description:
By George M. Woodwell Pollution as a result of human population growth threatens many of Earth's ecosystems.


Title:
The Formation of Galaxies and Other Structures

Description:
Scientists believe that the big bang formed galaxies from a soup of subatomic particles. But the mystery of exactly how those particles formed galaxies endures.


Description:
For years, scientists thought genetic problems in the cheetah were helping doom the swift cat to extinction. But new research is casting doubt on that view.


Description:
Volcanic eruptions of almost unimaginable size shook the Earth in prehistoric times. Geologists say we may live to see another big one.


Description:
Modern life is filled with risks, from common activities as well as potentially catastrophic ones. Engineers and scientists can help us to understand these risks and to make decisions about them.


Description:
Fossil fuelscoal, oil, and natural gasare far from perfect energy sources. The search for cleaner, renewable energy goes on.


Description:
The severe floods of 1993 and 1994 highlighted the potential drawbacks of altering rivers--increased flood damage and disrupted ecosystems.


Description:
A sports drink can replace fluids and nutrients lost during exercise.


Description:
No one escapes the misery of colds, yet scientists have failed to find a cure. Many medications alleviate symptoms, however.


Title:
Paper or Plastic: Which Bag Is Better for the Environment?

Description:
Which kind of grocery bag is more environment-friendly--paper or plastic? The choice is not a simple one.


Description:
Major strides in window technologies mean that today's new windows are thermally far more efficient than those of a generation ago.


Description:
Jim Lovell, the heroic commander of the real-life Apollo 13 mission to the moon talks about the rewards and risks of space exploration. An Interview with Jim Lovell


Description:
Antarctica's vast expanse of ice and brilliant blue sky offer scientists unparalleledthough frigidconditions for studying some of our most serious environmental problems and oldest cosmic mysteries.


Description:
Abundant food, water, and habitation sites make American cities and suburbs irresistible to many wild animals.


Description:
For years, people equated Lake Erie with pollution. But vigorous cleanup efforts have restored much of the lake's ecology.


Description:
While many people feel that the music of such rock-and-roll legends as Rod Stewart and The Who's Pete Townshend has held up fairly well over the years, the performers themselves admit that theyor at least their earsare somewhat the worse ...


Description:
Americans have a growing thirst for bottled water. In the mid-1990's, they were drinking more than 10 billion liters (2.6 billion gallons) of bottled water a year, about five times as much as they consumed in 1980.


Title:
Lessening the Hazards of Home Pesticides

Description:
We have all heard disturbing reports about the potential health hazards of traces of pesticides in our food and water.


Title:
Digestive Aids--Soothing the Beast in the Belly

Description:
New over-the-counter medications can significantly ease the pain and annoyance of heartburn and other digestive system problems.


Title:
Digital Video Discs Usher in a Sight and Sound Revolution

Description:
A new data-storage technology called DVD may soon make your videocassette tapes and CD's as obsolete as your dad's old vinyl records.


Title:
Reducing the Dangers of Dangerous Household Waste

Description:
Proper waste disposal can reduce the chances of harm from dangerous household trash


Title:
Is Melatonin a "Miracle Cure" for Insomnia?

Description:
Some people claim that melatonin is a miracle drug, but does this hormone cause more problems than it solves?


Description:
Scientists are investigating a strange world of exotic creatures, unique geology, and great mineral wealth--the deep ocean.


Description:
Exploring the theories of quantum physics and relativity, scientists search for a combined theory to explain the origin of the universe.


Description:
Scientists say that the drought that devastated large parts of the United States during much of 1995 and 1996 was severe but not unusual.


Description:
Scientists say that a new cycle of sunspots is due in the year 2000. The effects on Earth could be dramatic.


Description:
NASA is at work on a more advanced space shuttle.


Description:
An investigator of pseudoscience and claims of the paranormal talks about his work and the need for greater scientific literacy among the public.


Title:
Golf Ball Technology Slices into a Mystery of the

Description:
There are significant differences among golf balls, yet, the particulars of golf balls remain a mystery to most people.


Description:
Forensic science is largely a modern development, but the roots of scientific crime solving can be traced back for hundreds of years.


Description:
Forensic scientists use sophisticated laboratory tests to reveal how a crime was committed, and by whom.


Description:
A small army of highly trained investigators use their knowledge to bring criminals to justice.


Description:
Police investigators now routinely use high-technology, including computers, surveillance cameras, night-vision equipment, and even satellite systems to bring criminals to justice.


Description:
Investigators use a wide varity of scientific methods to uncover evidence at crime scenes.


Title:
Fossils, Feathers, and Theories of Flight

Description:
Many scientists claimed in 1999 that recently discovered fossils prove that birds evolved from dinosaurs, but others disagreed.


Title:
Deep into the Past: Deep-Water Archaeology

Description:
Sophisticated technology is enabling archaeologists to conduct research at deepwater sites that had long been out of reach to them.


Description:
By the late 1990's, the most popular theory for the formation of the moon was that it was born when a giant object struck the Earth with cataclysmic force.


Title:
What Is the Fundamental Nature of Space?

Description:
Modern physics has shown that space has a number of surprising properties.


Title:
How Does an Organism Develop from a Single Cell?

Description:
This question has long been one of the great mysteries of biology. By Edwin L. Ferguson


Description:
Despite humanity's age-old quest to understand consciousness it remains a profound puzzle.


Description:
Scientists are seeking to learn why the aging process occurs and if anything can be done to stop it.


Description:
Scientists believe that extinction has claimed more than 95 percent of the 5 billion to 50 billion species that have ever existed.


Description:
Explorations, including ones led by two French archaeologists, have uncovered many lost tombs, ruins, and treasures of this fabled Egyptian city.


Description:
Astronomers are finding many planets orbiting other suns, but so far none of them are anything like the Earth.


Description:
Scientists hope that studying the Earth's past climates will help them predict future climate changes.


Description:
Social scientists have long believed that only humans are capable of possessing culture, but a growing body of evidence from the animal world is challenging that notion.


Description:
Athletic performance has improved dramatically over the decades, in part because of training programs based on science and technology.


Description:
An increasing number of crop plants are being genetically engineered to make them resistant to pests, disease, or chemicals or to enhance their properties.


Description:
Genetic engineering researchers are seeking ways to improve the quality of livetock and to use animals to produce needed drugs.


Description:
Many people express concerns about the safety of genetically engineered foods.


Description:
Engineers are creating tiny airplanes that can be used for surveillance and other special purposes.


Description:
The world's coral reefs are being threatened by pollution, overfishing, and other problems.


Description:
Astronomers are seeking to determine the cause of intense gamma-ray bursts from distant parts of the universe.


Description:
Scientists are learning that bottle-nosed dolphins aren't always the sweet, gentle animals that people consider them to be.


Description:
Space-propulsion engineers are working on new ways to send spacecraft to the other planets--and to the stars


Description:
Science is shedding light on the universal--and often strange--human experience of dreaming.


Description:
Lightning is a complex, powerful natural phenomenon that scientists still do not completely understand, despite centuries of scrutiny.


Description:
Exciting advances in modern medicine have greatly advanced the treatment of patients with heart disease.


Description:
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has solved some of history's intriguing medical mysteries.


Description:
A comprehensive U.S.-government report had both good and bad news on the state of Americans' health in 2000.


Description:
Most types of hepatitis can be prevented. Early detection of the condition can limit its serious health effects.


Title:
Hot and Cold: Staying Healthy in All Weather

Description:
Serious medical problems can arise when the weather affects the body's ability to maintain a constant temperature.


Description:
Heart disease ranks as the number-one killer of both men and women in the United States.


Description:
With so much health information on the Internet, how do you decide what is reliable and what is not?


Description:
Each day, the heart beats more than 100,000 times and pumps about 2,000 gallons of blood.


Description:
Sinusitis is one of the most common chronic diseases in the United States. It can be treated, but first, people have to recognize the symptoms.


Description:
The key to treating stuttering effectively is early detection and intervention.


Description:
More and more people are coming to believe that vegetarian diets offer significant health benefits.


Description:
Human beings are only one of millions of organisms sufficiently different from one another to be recognized as species.


Description:
Electronic locks offer convenience, wide range of use, and greater control over who enters sensitive areas.


Title:
Clearing the Air About Electronic Air Cleaners

Description:
Choosing the right air cleaner can make a home a healthier place.


Description:
Most people don't think about how toothpaste works, but a closer look may bring some surprises.


Description:
Just as surely as summer brings a host of outdoor pleasures, it also brings swarms of mosquitoes, flies, ticks, and other biting, disease spreading insects.


Description:
You can save money and help the environment by choosing the right light bulbs.


Title:
Uncovering African Americans' Buried Past

Description:
Excavations at early African-American cemeteries are yielding insights about people whose lives remain little known to many Americans.


Description:
Many past observers, from the ancient Greeks, to Copernicus, Galileo, and Newton, have influenced current views of the universe.


Description:
The nighttime sky is ablaze with light from objects near and far.


Description:
A complex universe of its own exists within each atom--a universe that is still revealing its mysteries.


Description:
Sightless creatures and fantastic formations exist in a dark universe below ground, where even the breath of human visitors can alter the delicate ecological balance.


Description:
The spectacular comet strikes on Jupiter in 1994 showed that the solar system can be a very dangerous place.


Title:
PterodactylsFlying Marvels of the Mesozoic

Description:
Today's image of the pterodactyl is no longer that of a clumsy flying fiend.


Description:
Physicists have finally confirmed the existence of a subatomic particle that may be the last remaining fundamental building block of the universe.


Description:
According to scientific estimates, one percent of all species have been lost to extinction in the last century. And the pace is apparently accelerating.


Description:
Species preservation is not a new concern, though the movement has gained momentum in recent years. Many challenges lie ahead, however.


Description:
Human beings and other species of living organisms are ultimately interdependent. We have an obligation to conserve and protect species.


Title:
CD-ROM's: Multimedia Computing on a Silver Platter

Description:
What are CD-ROM's and how do they work? How do I join the CD-ROM revolution?


Description:
Selecting the right pair of shoes for a sports activity is serious business. Here are some guidelines.


Description:
Cosmetics consist of chemicals that are potentially irritating, or even toxic, to the skin. Become an informed consumer.


Description:
If you think chemistry has nothing to do with your everyday life, take a look in the mirror and think again. Specifically, look at your hair.


Description:
Each year in the United States, do-it-yourselfers dump an estimated 750 million liters of used oil where they should not.


Description:
The computer has changed our lives so rapidly and so dramatically that it is hard to remember a time without computers.


Description:
A new class of drugs offers the best hope yet in the fight against AIDs.


Description:
Scientists discover that Earth's core spins on its own


Description:
Unmanned spacecraft have revealed a wealth of information about the solar system, and they remain our best option for further exploration of the planets.


Description:
Dogs have been helping people for thousands of years.


Description:
Abnormal protein molecules called prions are involved in several devastating brain disorders, including "mad cow disease," but some scientists are skeptical about the idea that these proteins cause illness on their own.


Description:
Using computers, moviemakers create spectacular special effects in film and bring new realities to the big screen


Title:
Carbon Monoxide Detectors: Tracking the "Silent Killer"

Description:
Carbon monoxide detectors can protect your family against accidental poisoning from this potentially lethal gas.


Description:
Growing human population has stretched Earth's resources to the limit


Title:
The Environmental Impact of Overpopulation

Description:
Overpopulation has severely damaged Earth's ecosystems


Title:
Overpopulation and Earth's Diminishing Resources

Description:
Overpopulation has depleted Earth's natural resources


Title:
Overpopulation and the Threat of Infectious Disease

Description:
Population growth increases the threat of infectious disease worldwide


Description:
Scientists are trying to determine the impact of a rapidly growing human population


Description:
In 1997, genetic research and new fossil discoveries provided clues to the origins of modern humans.


Description:
Scientists are trying to learn why many frogs, salamanders, and other amphibians are declining in number and developing deformities.


Description:
Art conservators increasingly rely on sophisticated scientific methods to rescue precious works of art.


Description:
Museums filled with "hands-on" exhibits are exciting and fun to explore, but they are also places where people can learn a lot about science and technology.


Title:
The Global Positioning System Charts New Territory

Description:
Developed for military use, the Global Positioning System also has a wide range of benefits for civilians.


Title:
Wet Cleaners: the Latest Wave in a Green

Description:
Is a new process termed "wet cleaning" better for the environment than dry cleaning?


Title:
Tissue Engineering--From Science Fiction to Medical Fact

Description:
Researchers are close to achieving the centuries-old dream of replacing damaged or diseased body parts, an advance that promises to change medicine forever.


Description:
Aviation researchers are turning to technology in an effort to help planes avoid air turbulence--a serious problem that has plagued airliners for decades.


Description:
Modern zoos have moved beyond the conservation of wild animal species. Now they are involved in public education and habitat preservation as well.


Title:
A Thousand Years of Scientific Discovery

Description:
Once almost extinguished by ignorance and superstition, scientific inquiry has become a triumph of the human mind.


Title:
Eyes on the Future: An Interview with Gregory Benford

Description:
A physicist and science fiction writer looks ahead to the world of the 2000's and tells what he sees for science and society.


Title:
Aquariums, Living Jewels of Light and Motion

Description:
With a home aquarium, you can bring a colorful bit of the natural world into your living room.


Title:
Biometric Identification:Is That Really You?

Description:
Advanced identification systems will soon make passwords and personal ID numbers a thing of the past.


Description:
Keeping wood free from harm and looking new requires giving it special care.


Title:
Perfumes and Colognes: Romance in a Bottle

Description:
Modern fragrances, though increasingly based on synthetic ingredients, still have an aura of mystery.


Title:
Digital Cameras Gain in Popularity and Utility

Description:
Digital cameras are playing an increasingly important role in photography.


Description:
Scientists are waging an ongoing war with insect invaders that attack crops and do other kinds of damage.


Title:
Tyrannosaurus rex: The Tyrant Still Reigns

Description:
Scientists are examining evidence that gives them a clearer picture of one of the most ferocious dinosaurs that ever lived.


Description:
A better understanding of earthquakes may someday enable researchers to predict when and where quakes will occur.


Description:
Researchers working at unimaginably small scales are developing tiny machines and electronic devices for a variety of scientific and commercial purposes.


Description:
Bad breath can be embarrassing, but it can usually be eliminated by a change in eating habits or better oral hygiene.


Description:
Handheld computers are offering features once available only in larger machines.


Title:
How to Wipe Out Bathroom and Kitchen Germs

Description:
Keeping household microbes under control can help prevent many common illnesses.


Title:
Lasers Focus on Correcting Nearsightedness

Description:
New procedures can help many people with this common vision disorder.


Description:
A new music technology is transforming the way people obtain, play, and share recordings.


Description:
The human manipulation of the traits of plants and animals began thousands of years ago.


Description:
Scientific advances have enabled scientists to alter an organism's genetic makeup at will.


Description:
Beneath the rolling waves is a seemingly endless world of mountains, valleys, and diverse organisms engaged in life-and-death struggles


Description:
The ocean plays a crucial role in determining climate because of its ability to absorb, store, and transport heat from the sun.


Description:
Advanced technology has opened a new era in how the ocean is studied and how marine data are gathered and processed.


Description:
By 2001, scientists had gathered abundant evidence that the ocean is in trouble


Description:
We are surrounded by noise every day, but scientists and engineers are investigating ways of making the world a quieter place.


Description:
Scientists are looking for ripples in the fabric of space-time that Albert Einstein first proposed in 1916


Description:
Evidence that contradicts old theories is prompting scientists to take a new look at how the Americas were peopled


Description:
Scientists have spelled out the string of letters in our genetic code, but they have a lot more work to do to fully understand the message


Description:
A Web site describing events, activities, and sights around Lake Ouachita, Arkansas.


Title:
Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Homepage

Description:
Official site of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County.


Description:
Eureka Springs, Arkansas site for city services and tourism.


Description:
Official Little Rock city site with information on events, government, and the community.


Title:
The Arkansas History Commission and State Archives

Description:
Extensive site about Arkansas history from the Arkansas History Commission.


Title:
HAMLIN, Hannibal (1809-1891) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Hannibal Hamlin.


Title:
HARKIN, Thomas Richard (1939-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Thomas Harkin.


Title:
HANNA, Marcus Alonzo (1837-1904) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Mark Hanna.


Title:
GRUENING, Ernest (1887-1974) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Ernest Gruening.


Title:
GRIFFIN, Robert Paul (1923-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Robert Griffin.


Title:
GREEN, Theodore Francis (1867-1966) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Theodore Green.


Title:
MONRONEY, Almer Stillwell Mike (1902-1980) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Mike Monroney.


Title:
MILLS, Wilbur Daigh (1909-1992) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Wilbur Mills.


Title:
LA FOLLETTE, Robert Marion (1855-1925) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Robert La Follette.


Title:
HASTERT, John Dennis (1942-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Dennis Hastert.


Title:
LA FOLLETTE, Robert Marion, Jr. (1895-1953) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Robert La Follette, Jr.


Title:
KENNEDY, Edward Moore (1932-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Edward Kennedy.


Title:
LAUTENBERG, Frank Raleigh (1924-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Frank Lautenberg.


Title:
McCARRAN, Patrick Anthony (Pat) (1876-1954) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Patrick McCarran.


Title:
KERRY, John Forbes (1943-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on John Kerry.


Title:
HART, Gary Warren (1936-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Gary Hart.


Title:
MUNDT, Karl Earl (1900-1974) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Karl Mundt.


Title:
McNARY, Charles Linza (1874-1944) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Charles McNary.


Title:
KENNEDY, Robert Francis (1925-1968) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Robert Kennedy.


Title:
McCARTHY, Eugene Joseph (1916-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Eugene McCarthy.


Title:
MANSFIELD, Michael Joseph (Mike) (1903-2001) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Mike Mansfield.


Title:
LIVINGSTON, William (1723-1790) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on William Livingston.


Title:
LARRAZOLO, Octaviano Ambrosio (1859-1930) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Octaviano Larrazolo.


Title:
HATCHER, Robert Anthony (1819-1886) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Robert Hatcher.


Title:
LAIRD, Melvin Robert (1922-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Melvin Laird.


Title:
MORSE, Wayne Lyman (1900-1974) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Wayne Morse.


Title:
KEFAUVER, Carey Estes (1903-1963) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Estes Kefauver.


Title:
KIRKWOOD, Samuel Jordan (1813-1894) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Samuel Kirkwood.


Title:
LIEBERMAN, Joseph I (1942-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Joseph Lieberman.


Title:
LANGDON, John (1741-1819) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on John Langdon.


Title:
MALLORY, Stephen Russell (ca. 1813-1873) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Stephen Mallory.


Title:
MILLER, William Edward (1914-1983) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on William Miller.


Title:
MFUME, Kweisi (1948-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Kweisi Mfume.


Title:
MORRILL, Justin Smith (1810-1898) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Justin Morrill.


Title:
LAMAR, Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus (1825-1893) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Lucius Lamar.


Title:
MORTON, Oliver Hazard Perry Throck (1823-1877) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Oliver Perry Morton.


Title:
KING, Rufus (1755-1827) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Rufus King.


Title:
KNOWLAND, William Fife (1908-1974) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on William Knowland.


Title:
MONDALE, Walter Frederick (1928-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Walter Mondale.


Title:
LODGE, Henry Cabot (1850-1924) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Henry Cabot Lodge.


Title:
KNOX, Philander Chase (1853-1921) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Philander Knox.


Title:
HAYNE, Robert Young (1791-1839) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Robert Hayne.


Title:
LODGE, Henry Cabot, Jr. (1902-1985) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr.


Title:
KENNA, John Edward (1848-1893) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on John Kenna.


Title:
MICHEL, Robert Henry (1923-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Robert Michel.


Title:
COLFAX, Schuyler (1823-1885) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Schuyler Colfax.


Title:
DAYTON, William Lewis (1807-1864) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on William Dayton.


Title:
DURBIN, Richard Joseph (1944-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Richard Durbin.


Title:
COLLAMER, Jacob (1791-1865) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Jacob Collamer.


Title:
DALLAS, George Mifflin (1792-1864) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on George Dallas.


Title:
CURTIS, Charles (1860-1936) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Charles Curtis.


Title:
DONNELLY, Ignatius (1831-1901) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Ignatius Donnelly.


Title:
COX, James Middleton (1870-1957) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on James Cox.


Title:
CLINTON, De Witt (1769-1828) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on De Witt Clinton.


Title:
DAWES, Charles Gates (1865-1951) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Charles Dawes.


Title:
CLINTON, George (1739-1812) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on George Clinton.


Title:
CRAPO, Michael Dean (1951-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Michael Crapo.


Title:
COCHRAN, William Thad (1937-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on William Cochran.


Title:
DODD, Christopher John (1944-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Christopher Dodd.


Title:
DORGAN, Byron Leslie (1942-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Byron Dorgan.


Title:
COUZENS, James (1872-1936) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on James Couzens.


Title:
GRASSLEY, Charles Ernest (1933-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Charles Grassley.


Title:
HARLAN, James (1820-1899) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on James Harlan.


Title:
GRAHAM, Daniel Robert (Bob) (1936-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Bob Graham.


Title:
HANSON, John (1715-1783) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on John Hanson.


Title:
GREGG, Judd Alan (1947-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Jud Gregg.


Title:
GRAMM, William Philip (Phil) (1942-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Phllip Gramm.


Title:
GRAMS, Rod (1948-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Rod Grams.


Title:
HALE, John Parker (1806-1873) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on John Hale.


Title:
McCAIN, John Sidney, III (1936-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on John McCain.


Title:
LA GUARDIA, Fiorello Henry (1882-1947) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Fiorello La Guardia.


Title:
KOHL, Herbert H. (1935-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Herbert Kohl.


Title:
MIFFLIN, Thomas (1744-1800) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Thomas Mifflin.


Title:
MIKULSKI, Barbara Ann (1936-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Barbara Mikulski.


Title:
KERREY, J. Robert (1943-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Bob Kerrey.


Title:
KELLOGG, Frank Billings (1856-1937) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Frank Kellogg.


Title:
LINDSAY, John Vliet (1921-2000) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on John Lindsay.


Title:
HAGEL, Charles Timothy (Chuck) (1946-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Charles Hagel.


Title:
KYL, Jon Llewellyn (1942-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Jon Kyl.


Title:
McCARTHY, Joseph Raymond (1908-1957) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Joseph McCarthy.


Title:
HATCH, Orrin Grant (1934-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Orrin Hatch.


Title:
MARTIN, Joseph William, Jr. (1884-1968) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Joseph W. Martin, Jr..


Title:
LIVINGSTON, Robert R. (1746-1813) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Robert R. Livingston.


Title:
LEAHY, Patrick Joseph (1940-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Patrick Leahy.


Title:
McCONNELL, Addison Mitchell (Mitch) (1942-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Mitch McConnell.


Title:
JOHNSON, William Samuel (1727-1819) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on William Johnson.


Title:
LEVIN, Carl (1934-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Carl Levin.


Title:
LUGAR, Richard Green (1932-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Richard Lugar.


Title:
MORTON, Levi Parsons (1824-1920) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Levi Morton.


Title:
JORDAN, Barbara Charline (1936-1996) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Barbara Jordan.


Title:
HAYDEN, Carl Trumbull (1877-1972) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Carl Hayden.


Title:
MARSHALL, Thomas Riley (1854-1925) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Thomas Marshall.


Title:
KEMP, Jack French (1935-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Jack Kemp.


Title:
KERN, John Worth (1849-1917) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on John Kern.


Title:
KASSEBAUM, Nancy Landon (1932-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Nancy Kassebaum.


Title:
HARRIS, Fred Roy (1930-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Fred Harris.


Title:
LINCOLN, Blanche Lambert (1960-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Blanche Lincoln.


Title:
MOSELEY-BRAUN, Carol (1947-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Carol Mosley-Braun.


Title:
KING, William Rufus de Vane (1786-1853) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on William King.


Title:
LANDRIEU, Mary L. (1955-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Mary Landrieu.


Title:
MACK, Connie, III (1940-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Connie Mack, III,


Title:
DICKINSON, John (1732-1808) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on John Dickinson.


Title:
CLELAND, Joseph Maxwell (Max) (1942-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Max Cleland.


Title:
COLLINS, Susan Margaret (1952-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Susan Collins.


Title:
DIRKSEN, Everett McKinley (1896-1969) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Everett Dirksen.


Title:
DOMENICI, Pete Vichi (1932-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Pete Domenici.


Title:
CONRAD, Kent (1948-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Kent Conrad.


Title:
DAYTON, Jonathan (1760-1824) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Jonathan Dayton.


Title:
EVERETT, Edward (1794-1865) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Edward Everett.


Title:
DOUGLAS, Paul Howard (1892-1976) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Paul Douglas.


Title:
DOUGLAS, Stephen Arnold (1813-1861) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Stephen Douglas.


Title:
COOPER, John Sherman (1901-1991) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on John Cooper.


Title:
CRANSTON, Alan (1914-2000) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Alan Cranston.


Title:
CURLEY, James Michael (1874-1958) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on James Curley.


Title:
DAVIS, Henry Gassaway (1823-1916) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Henry Davis.


Title:
EAGLETON, Thomas Francis (1929-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Thomas Eagleton.


Title:
DASCHLE, Thomas Andrew (1947-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Tom Daschle.


Title:
EASTLAND, James Oliver (1904-1986) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on James Eastland.


Title:
COVERDELL, Paul (1939-2000) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Paul Coverdell.


Title:
DODD, Thomas Joseph (1907-1971) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Thomas Dodd.


Title:
CLAYTON, John Middleton (1796-1856) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on John Clayton.


Title:
CRAIG, Larry Edwin (1945-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Larry Craig.


Title:
CRAWFORD, William Harris (1772-1834) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on William Crawford.


Title:
FEW, William (1748-1828) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on William Few.


Title:
GADSDEN, Christopher (1723-1805) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Christopher Gadsden.


Title:
FAIRBANKS, Charles Warren (1852-1918) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Charles Fairbanks.


Title:
FULBRIGHT, James William (1905-1995) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on J. William Fulbright.


Title:
FISH, Hamilton (1808-1893) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Hamilton Fish.


Title:
FEINGOLD, Russell D (1953-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Russell Feingold.


Title:
FEINSTEIN, Dianne (1933-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Dianne Feinstein.


Title:
GALLOWAY, Joseph (1731-1803) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Joseph Galloway.


Title:
FITZGERALD, Peter G. (1960-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Peter Fitzgerald.


Title:
GEORGE, James Zachariah (1826-1897) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on James George.


Title:
FESSENDEN, William Pitt (1806-1869) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on William Fessenden.


Title:
GEORGE, Walter Franklin (1878-1957) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Walter George.


Title:
JACKSON, Henry Martin (1912-1983) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Henry Jackson.


Title:
GLASS, Carter (1858-1946) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Carter Glass.


Title:
JOHNSON, Hiram Warren (1866-1945) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Hiram Johnson.


Title:
INHOFE, James Mountain (1934-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on James Inhofe.


Title:
HUTCHINSON, Timothy (Tim) (1949-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Tim Hutchinson.


Title:
HENRY, Patrick (1736-1799) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Patrick Henry.


Title:
JEFFORDS, James Merrill (1934-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on James Jeffords.


Title:
JAVITS, Jacob Koppel (1904-1986) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Jacob Javits.


Title:
GERRY, Elbridge (1744-1814) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Elbridge Gerry.


Title:
HOBART, Garret Augustus (1844-1899) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Garret Hobart.


Title:
HELMS, Jesse (1921-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Jesse Helms.


Title:
GOLDWATER, Barry Morris (1909-1998) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Barry Goldwater.


Title:
HOLLINGS, Ernest Frederick (1922-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Ernest Hollings.


Title:
JOHNSON, Thomas (1732-1819) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Thomas Johnson.


Title:
BAUCUS, Max Sieben (1941-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Max Baucus.


Title:
ALLARD, A. Wayne (1943-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Wayne Allard.


Title:
BALDWIN, Abraham (1754-1807) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Abraham Baldwin.


Title:
AKAKA, Daniel Kahikina (1924-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Daniel Akaka.


Title:
ANDERSON, Clinton Presba (1895-1975) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Clinton Anderson.


Title:
ALLEN, William (1803-1879) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on William Allen.


Title:
ALBERT, Carl Bert (1908-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Carl Albert.


Title:
BAYH, Birch Evan (1928-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Birch Bayh.


Title:
ABZUG, Bella Savitzky (1920-1998) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Bella Abzug.


Title:
ARMEY, Richard Keith (1940-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Dick Armey.


Title:
AGNEW, Spiro Theodore (1918-1996) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Spiro Agnew.


Title:
BENTSEN, Lloyd Millard Jr (1921-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Lloyd Bentsen.


Title:
BERGER, Victor Luitpold (1860-1929) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Victor Berger.


Title:
BIDEN, Joseph Robinette, Jr. (1942-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Joseph Biden.


Title:
BRUCE, Blanche Kelso (1841-1898) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Blanche Bruce.


Title:
BROOM, Jacob (1808-1864) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Jacob Broom.


Title:
BROWN, Benjamin Gratz (1826-1885) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Benjamin Brown.


Title:
BREAUX, John Berlinger (1944-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on John Breaux.


Title:
BINGAMAN, Jesse Francis, Jr. (Jeff) (1943-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Jeff Bingaman.


Title:
BOXER, Barbara (1940-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Barbara Boxer.


Title:
BORAH, William Edgar (1865-1940) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Willaim Borah.


Title:
BROOKE, Edward William, III (1919-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Edward Brooke.


Title:
BROWNBACK, Sam Dale (1956-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Samuel Brownback.


Title:
BRADY, Nicholas Frederick (1930-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Nicholas Brady.


Title:
CLARK, Joseph Sill (1901-1990) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Joseph Clark.


Title:
BURKE, John Harley (1894-1951) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on John Burke.


Title:
CLAY, Henry (1777-1852) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Henry Clay.


Title:
CARROLL, Charles (of Carrollton) (1737-1832) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Charles Carroll.


Title:
CARROLL, Daniel (1730-1796) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Daniel Carroll.


Title:
CHAFEE, John Hubbard (1922-1999) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on John Chafee, a Senator from Rhode Island..


Title:
BUTLER, William Orlando (1791-1880) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on William Butler.


Title:
CASS, Lewis (1782-1866) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Lewis Cass.


Title:
CLARK, James Beauchamp (Champ) (1850-1921) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Champ Clark.


Title:
BUTLER, Pierce (1744-1822) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Pierce Butler.


Title:
COOLIDGE, Calvin (1872-1933) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Calvin Coolidge.


Title:
CHANDLER, Zachariah (1813-1879) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Zachariah Chandler.


Title:
DAVIS, John William (1873-1955) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on John Davis.


Title:
FILLMORE, Millard (1800-1874) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Millard Fillmore.


Title:
FORD, Gerald Rudolph, Jr. (1913-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Gerald Ford.


Title:
JACKSON, Andrew (1767-1845) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Andrew Jackson.


Title:
FONG, Hiram Leong (1906-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Hiram Fong.


Title:
ENZI, Michael B. (1944-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Michael Enzi.


Title:
FORD, Wendell Hampton (1924-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Wendell Ford.


Title:
FALL, Albert Bacon (1861-1944) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Albert Fall.


Title:
FLANDERS, Ralph Edward (1880-1970) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Ralph Flanders, a Senator from Vermont..


Title:
GARNER, John Nance (1868-1967) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on John Nance Garner.


Title:
FRIST, William H. (1952-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on William Frist.


Title:
FITZSIMONS, Thomas (1741-1811) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Thomas Fitzsimons.


Title:
GILMAN, Nicholas (1755-1814) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Nicholas Gilman.


Title:
INOUYE, Daniel Ken (1924-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Daniel Inouye.


Title:
GINGRICH, Newton Leroy (1943-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Newt Gingrich.


Title:
GORTON, Thomas Slade, III, (Slade) (1928-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Slade Gorton.


Title:
HUTCHISON, Kathyrn Ann Bailey (Kay) (1943-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Kay Hutchison.


Title:
GORHAM, Nathaniel (1738-1796) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Nathaniel Gorham.


Title:
JOHNSON, Richard Mentor (1780-1850) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Richard Johnson.


Title:
INGERSOLL, Jared (1749-1822) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Jared Ingersoll.


Title:
JOHNSON, Herschel Vespasian (1812-1880) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Herschel Johnson.


Title:
HENDRICKS, Thomas Andrews (1819-1885) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Thomas Hendricks.


Title:
JOHNSON, Timothy Peter (Tim) (1946-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Timothy Johnson.


Title:
HOUSTON, Samuel (1793-1863) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Sam Houston.


Title:
HUMPHREY, Hubert Horatio, Jr. (1911-1978) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Hubert Humphrey.


Title:
JENIFER, Daniel of St. Thomas (1723-1790) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer.


Title:
BARTLETT, Edward Lewis (Bob) (1904-1968) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Edward Bartlett.


Title:
AIKEN, George David (1892-1984) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on George Aiken.


Title:
ABRAHAM, Spencer (1952-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Spencer Abraham.


Title:
ASHCROFT, John David (1942-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on John Ashcroft.


Title:
ANDERSON, John Bayard (1922-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on John B. Anderson.


Title:
ADAMS, John Quincy (1767-1848) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on John Quincy Adams.


Title:
ATCHISON, David Rice (1807-1886) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on David Atchison.


Title:
BAKER, Howard Henry, Jr. (1925-) Biographical Information

Description:
The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress site on Howard Baker.


