# Flag File

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United States swimmers continued to lead the way as the record book took its annual pounding in 1967. A total of 26 out of the 31 major metric world records were broken, with U.S. swimmers setting new marks in 19 events.


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Switzerland elected Foreign Minister Willy Spuhler as its president on Dec. 14, 1967. Spuhler, who succeeded Roger Bonvin, was to take office in January, 1968, and serve for one year. Ludwig von Moos was elected vice-president. Although the four ...


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President Nur al-Din al-Atasi achieved the near-impossible as he completed a second year in office. His government was unshaken by even an attempted coup or the Arab-Israeli war He was elected International Secretary-General of the ruling Ba'ath Party ...


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Taxes triggered a major controversy between President Lyndon B. Johnson and the first session of the 90th Congress in 1967. When the session convened on January 10, the President asked for a 6 per cent surcharge on personal and corporation income ...


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A war in the Middle East rocked the world's peacekeeping organization in 1967. Israel's six-day war with the United Arab Republic (U.A.R.), Jordan, and Syria, from June 5 to June 10, ended when the defeated Arabs bowed to a series of cease-fire ...


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Americans, 200,000,000 strong as of November 10, faced rising frustration in 1967 from the threat of inflation, intensified rioting in the urban slums, and the costly, escalating war in Vietnam. News that the Soviets had developed an orbital nuclear ...


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Uruguay mourned the loss of its president, Oscar Daniel Gestido, who died on Dec. 6, 1967. Gestido, who had won a five-year term that began on March 1, 1967, had been the first permanent president elected in 15 years. Previously, Uruguay had been ...


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In November, 1967, Venezuela reinstated constitutional rights that had been suspended when a wave of terrorism swept various parts of the country. The suspension, in March, had allowed the authorities to make arrests without warrants, hold suspects ...


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Vietnam was a name heard throughout the world during 1967. From the depths of Africa and the mountain fastnesses of Latin America, to remote regions of Asia and in every major city of the West, the war in Vietnam was the single most important issue of ...


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Representatives of the 125 member nations of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) met in Geneva, Switzerland, in April to plan an international weather research effort to begin in 1972. The plan is known as the Global Atmospheric Research ...


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Manitoba adjourned its legislature in May, after a record-breaking session of 78 sitting days. It introduced a retail sales tax of 5 per cent, leaving only one province, Alberta, without a sales tax. The legislature also approved the principle of ...


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New Brunswick implemented a widely discussed municipal reform program, which gave the provincial government control of such major services as assessment, education, health, justice, and welfare. To help defray the cost, the provincial sales tax was ...


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One of North America's largest power projects was begun in July when Premier Joseph R. Smallwood set off the blasting of a new channel for the Churchill River in Labrador. The $800,000,000 Churchill Falls project, to be 10 years in construction, will ...


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Premier Robert L. Stanfield won a fourth consecutive mandate from the voters on May 30. The Conservatives, in office since 1956, won 40 of the 46 seats in the legislature. The Liberals took the remainder, slightly increasing their share of the vote. ...


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Ontario, one of five provinces to hold elections in 1967, gave another vote of confidence on October 17 to Premier John P. Robarts and his Progressive Conservative party. It was the eighth straight victory for the Conservatives, in office since 1943. ...


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The Liberal government of 33-year-old Alexander B. Campbell submitted a record budget of $41,800,000 in expenditures and $42,100,000 in revenues for Canada's smallest province. The government announced the implementation of a new economic planning ...


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A craze dormant for nine years was revived in 1967, as children throughout the United States cavorted in hula hoops. The hoops had the added feature of small metal pellets inside the plastic tubing to provide what the maker called a hooplet ...


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Prime Minister Mohammed Hashim Maiwandwal visited the United States in March for the first time since 1963, when he ended his term as Afghanistans ambassador. One result of the visit, which included a meeting with U.S. President Lyndon B. ...


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Chicago had more than its share of misfortune in 1967, experiencing a disastrous fire, a paralyzing blizzard, and devastating tornadoes.


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Public confidence in the local government services of welfare, health, education, and law enforcement declined in 1967, giving the nation's largest city problems to match its size. With 700,000 clients, Human Resources Administration head, Mitchell I. ...


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Rwanda sought to end the border conflict and build closer trade relations with Burundi. It also attempted to increase exports through the acceptance of aid from West Germany and the International Monetary Fund.


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Dallas gave the country an example of democracy in 1966 and 1967, when 6,380 persons attended meetings to discuss a citywide Goals for Dallas program. The goals were listed by Mayor John Erik Jonsson in February. Under the urging of a ...


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In the summer of 1967, Detroit suffered the worst American race riot since 1943. On Sunday morning, July 23, 1967, a routine telephone call to the police triggered five days and nights of rampaging mobs. Hundreds of stores were looted and burned; 43 ...


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The world's population continued its tremendous growth in 1967, reaching 3,400,000,000 by midyear. It took 130 years, from 1800 to about 1930, for world population to grow from 1,000,000,000 to 2,000,000,000. The next billion increase in world ...


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The growing world-wide concern with water use and conservation problems was demonstrated at the International Conference on Water for Peace in Washington, D.C., Mary 23 to 31. It was the largest international meeting ever held in the nation's capital. ...


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Short-term interest rates eased during the first half of 1967 from the high levels caused by the previous year's credit crunch. But later in the year, they rose to new highs. Shortterm business loan rates dropped moderately, to average ...


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Construction spending reached an estimated high of $78,700,000,000 in 1967, for an increase of 5 per cent over expenditures of $75,300,000,000 in 1966, according to the U.S. Bureau of the Census. The F. W. Dodge Company expected the industry to ...


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A tragic chapter in the history of America's cities was written as racial violence in the slum areas of at least 68 large and small cities claimed 85 lives, injured more than 3,200 persons, and destroyed an estimated $300,000,000 in property. Almost ...


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The year 1967 might well be called the year of anxiety. It began with widely expressed U.S. concern that an economic slowdown was in prospect and ended with an even more widely expressed fear that inflation might get out of hand. In ...


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Two important events, the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967, and the Ford Foundation's $10,000,000 Public Broadcasting Laboratory (PBL) TV series, highlighted the 1967 television year. The broadcasting act, regarded by many as the most important ...


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John Newcombe of Australia and Mrs. Billie Jean King of Long Beach, Calif., ended the season as the year's outstanding amateur players.


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Thailand continued to support the United States war effort in Vietnam in 1967. About 2,000 Thai troops were fighting in South Vietnam and, in November, the Thai government agreed to send 10,000 more. The United States, too, continued to use Thailand ...


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At the beginning of 1967, English playwright Harold Pinter caused a revolution on Broadway with The Homecoming.


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For the second year in a row, Jim Ryun of Kansas University lowered the world record for a mile. On June 24, in the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) championships at Bakersfield, Calif., he led every step of the way to register a time of 3 minutes 51.1 ...


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Most transportation companies were to remember 1967 as the year of the profit squeeze. The earnings pinch was the result of a general sluggishness in the economy, which tended to hold down the demand for transportation services, and of ...


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Premier Suleyman Demirel ordered his nation on a war alert in November, 1967, and hinted Turkey would invade Cyprus to assure the safety of Turkish Cypriots. The killing of 24 persons by Greek Cypriot police had caused mass demonstrations in Turkish ...


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The West Indies drew a considerable amount of international attention in 1967 because of a wave of independence that swept the area. In March, five more tiny West Indies islandsAntigua, Dominica, Grenada, St. Kitts-Nevis-Anguilla, and St. ...


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President Tito was reelected to his fourth term in office in May, 1967. While continuing his policy of economic liberalization, he also sought to extend the political reforms launched after the dismissal of Alexsandar Rankovic in 1966.


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Prehistoric mans failure to practice conservation caused the extinction of hundreds of species of large prehistoric mammals over the past 50,000 years, according to a theory advanced in 1967 by geochronologist Paul Martin of the University of ...


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Discovery of the world's first known white gorilla was announced in February, 1967. The gorilla was found in Rio Muni, a province of Spanish Equatorial Guinea, on the west coast of Africa. The male albino gorilla was found clinging to the back of its ...


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Alberta's provincial election in May saw the Social Credit party win its ninth successive term since 1935. Social Credit retained 55 of the 58 seats it held at dissolution, but was faced by more vigorous opposition from six young Conservatives elected ...


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The William A. C. Bennett Dam, on the Peace River, was completed in September. One mile long and 600 feet high, it is an important stage in the development of a power system in the northern part of the province.


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The debate over nationalism versus separatism continued unabated in 1967. Separatism gained a strong convert in Rene Levesque, a member of Jean Lesage's former Liberal government. Levesque later left the Liberal party in October when it refused to ...


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In a provincial election on October 11, Premier Ross Thatcher's Liberal government emerged with 36 seats, increasing its margin over the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation to 13 seats. The victory was narrow in many ridings; seven seats were won by ...


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President Lyndon B. Johnson emphasized the theme of the growing environmental problems of an urban society in his conservation message to Congress on Jan. 30, 1967. The air and water grow heavier with the debris of our spectacular civilization, ...


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In magazines, the year's major event was the death of Henry R. Luce, founder and head for 41 years of Time Inc., publisher of Time, Life, Fortune,


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U.S. farmers were restless in 1967. Their high hopes for a continuation of 1966's gains dimmed. They had expected a healthy increase in exports, and had not expected the decline in farm prices and incomes. Greater production, at home and abroad, ...


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A new constitution was approved by Brazil's congress in January, 1967. Under its provisions, strong executive controls were established over congressional legislation and finance, as well as over the states. All taxes except real estate levies were to ...


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By a smashing vote of 71,544 to 23,614, Houston voters approved a sales tax on December 5. The tax was expected to relieve the municipal revenue crisis that prevented salary increases for police and firemen. A strong supporter of the tax, Mayor Louie ...


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The slow pace of development in the Bunker Hill urban renewal area aroused strong criticism in the city council. The 136-acre site adjacent both to downtown and the new Civic Center has been described as one of the nation's most strategically located ...


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Washington, D.C., residents will recall 1967 as the end of one era and the beginning of another. President Lyndon B. Johnson successfully reorganized the District of Columbia government through his executive powers, and gave residents a greater ...


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At 11:03 A.M. Monday, Nov. 20, 1967, the population census clock in the lobby of the Department of Commerce Building in Washington, D.C., ticked off 200,000,000. Only Communist China, India, and the Soviet Union have larger populations. This ...


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Canada's centennial observance began in Montreal with the dawn of the New Year. The eyes of tourists from throughout the world turned toward Montreal on April 28 with the opening of the 1967 Universal and International Exhibition, Expo 67.


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In August, 1967, a 360-foot petroleum ship that displaces 11,500 tons was drilling into the great oil and gas pool under Alaska's Cook Inlet. The ship, Wodeco IV,


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The adoption of nuclear power for commercial generation of electricity increased in 1967. In the first 10 months, plans for 26 new nuclear power station units were announced. This brought the number of domestic nuclear power station units in ...


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International trade made history in 1967. The year included three events whose consequences will affect the course of world commerce for years to come.


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American poetry, for generations the neglected sister of the arts, bid fair to steal all bouquets for popularity in 1967. Public readings by poets were as common as violin recitals had once been, while scarcely a college could not boast one real ...


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In a tight contest, Mayor James H. Tate won a second term by defeating District Attorney Arlen Specter by 10,892 votes. The absence of major racial outbreaks aided Tate who, in addition to giving strong support to his police department, banned any ...


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The United Arab Republic (U.A.R.), as Egypt was called, was caught unprepared by Israels swift attack in early June. It suffered a military defeat more catastrophic than that of 1956. This time, 90 per cent of the U.A.R. air force was destroyed ...


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The civil war in Nigeria, Africa's most populous country, raged throughout 1968. Federal government troops pushed the soldiers of rebellious Biafra back into their home territory in southeastern Nigeria, but could not conquer all of Biafra. Cut off ...


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Relations between Albania and its Communist neighbors continued to deteriorate in 1968. On July 26, Bulgaria expelled the Albanian embassy, charging that its staff members had been engaging in subversive activities. By year's end, Albania had ...


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The student unrest that swept the world in 1968 erupted early in Algeria. In February, University of Algiers students protested government interference and shut down the university for two weeks. Demonstrations spread to secondary schools and ...


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The ability to make tools to a set pattern was long considered a singular development of man. Apes might use sticks  a tool of a sort  to poke into an ant hole, but only man, it was thought, could be a toolmaker. In May, 1968, Louis S. B. ...


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The fertile crescent, or the uplands above the valley of the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers in the Middle East, is believed to be the place where man first cultivated grain and domesticated animals. These skills, it was believed, enabled ...


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In August, 1968, open disagreement developed between President Juan Carlos Ongania and the military leaders with whom he had ruled over Argentina since 1966. The disagreement became public when Ongania dismissed the commanders of the army, navy, and ...


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The balance of military might shifted dramatically in 1968 when the Soviet Union invaded Czechoslovakia. On August 20, Moscow headed off an ideological threat from Czechoslovakia's liberalized regime with an invasion that eventually involved 300,000 ...


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For the aviation industry, 1968 was a year of challenging problems associated with rapid growth and rising costs.


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An old baseball adage maintains that pitching is 90 per cent of the game, but in the summer of 1968 it seemed more like 99.9 per cent. Pitchers dominated the major league season, especially Denny McLain of the Detroit Tigers and Bob Gibson of the St. ...


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Who's No. 1? That was a big question in 1968, and college basketball fans had their choice of two answers. One was the University of Houston, which ended the regular season undefeated and with top ranking in the wire service polls. The ...


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A renewed outbreak of the long-smoldering quarrel between Dutch-speaking Flemings and French-speaking Walloons plunged the nation into the longest political crisis in its post-World War II history in 1968. The focal point of the bitter dispute was the ...


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After years of research, Robert S. Edgar and his colleagues at the California Institute of Technology have detailed the process by which a T4 virus infects cells of the bacterium E. coli.


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The National Boat Show, held in New York City in February, keynoted another good year for boating. Sales at the show totaled $52.1 million, a record for the 58-year-old event. Industrywide retail sales for the year reached an estimated $3.15 billion, ...


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Delegates to the first International Congress of Plant Pathology, held in England in July, 1968, learned of the discovery of a new type of microorganism that infects plants. The discovery was reported by Professor Hidefumi Asuyama of the University of ...


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Canada discovered an exciting leader in 1968. Pierre Elliott Trudeau, 48-year-old minister of justice, succeeded Lester B. Pearson as Canada's 15th prime minister on April 20. Trudeau had been a law professor in Montreal, a political unknown, just ...


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Centennial publications continued to appear in late 1967 and early 1968. Among them were the magnificent Call Them Canadians: A Photographic Point of View


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Chemists found, in 1968, that they could use laser beams to measure the rate of extremely fast reactions and to analyze solids under great pressure. In studying fast reactions, they measured the effect on light from a laser beam as it passed through a ...


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Boris Spassky of the Soviet Union won the right to challenge Tigran Petrosian, his countryman and reigning world chess champion, for the world title. The opportunity came when Spassky defeated another Russian, Viktor Korchnoi, 6 1/2 to 3 1/2 at Kiev ...


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A drought of crisis proportions struck the country in 1968. It was the worst in more than 100 years, causing food shortages, forest fires, unemployment, rising prices, and a blow to the balance of payments. As of November, about 65 per cent of the ...


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On July 28, 1968, the People's Republic of China reached a turning point in its two-year-old Cultural Revolution. The occasion was a meeting attended by five Red Guard leaders in the study of Communist Party Chairman Mao Tse-tung in ...


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The nations of Asia were preoccupied by two major considerations in 1968. In a sense, they were a paradox. One was a sincere hope for peace in Vietnam. The other, conversely, was a fear that a cessation of hostilities would bring with it a withdrawal ...


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A team of English astronomers, working at the Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory of Cambridge University, announced the discovery of a new type of radio source early in 1968. They had first recorded signals from this source as early as July, 1967. ...


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John G. Gorton, a member of the senate and minister for education and science, was sworn in as prime minister on Jan. 10, 1968. Gorton succeeded John McEwen, the ad interim prime minister appointed after the death of Harold E. Holt in December, 1967.


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Austria took emergency military measures following the Soviet-led invasion of neighboring Czechoslovakia in 1968. On September 10, Defense Minister Georg Prader announced that about 11,000 conscripts who were to have ended their regular nine-month ...


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The auto industry had its biggest sales year in history in 1968. New car sales were estimated at more than 9.6 million, about 300,000 more than in the previous record year of 1965. Truck sales were estimated at 1.8 million, about 300,000 ahead of the ...


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Graham Hill of Great Britain, who had not won a Grand Prix race since 1965, made a strong comeback in 1968 to become the Formula I driving champion. After a year-long struggle with defending champion Denis Hulme of New Zealand and Jackie Stewart of ...


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With a record $1.7 million in prize money, a new high for individual earnings was almost inevitable in the annual Professional Bowlers Association (PBA) tour in 1968. Jim Stefanich of Joliet, Ill., in fact, exceeded the old record in less than six ...


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The year 1968 began with one heavyweight champion and ended with three. Muhammad Ali, undefeated as a professional, was still recognized as champion by the World Boxing Council (WBC). However, he could not find a place to fight in the United States, ...


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Previously announced plans for widespread price increases affecting food, rents, consumer durables, and some services went into effect in January, 1968. Although the specifics had not been spelled out, the Bulgarian housewife soon discovered that meat ...


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The one-man rule of General Ne Win showed signs of weakening in 1968. Underground dissidents began to move into the open with guerrilla raids in the Shan states and other border areas. Government troops were able to suppress them but the separatism of ...


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Seven changes were made in the Cabinet of President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1968. The first appointment of the year came on March 1, when Clark M. Clifford replaced Robert S. McNamara as Secretary of Defense.


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Cambodia remained preoccupied with its borders in 1968. On July 17, a Cambodian patrol seized 11 American soldiers when their landing craft supply boat strayed into Cambodian waters in the Mekong River. Prince Norodom Sihanouk insisted that the price ...


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The assassin's bullet was the most oppressive force in the civil rights arena in 1968. Two leaders deeply involved in the civil rights movement, Martin Luther King, Jr., and Robert F. Kennedy, were murdered. King was felled in Memphis, on April 4, as ...


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Colombia began the development of the Orito oilfield, which lies along the Putumayo River, in 1968. Construction of a 193-mile pipeline to carry crude oil over the Andes from Orito to the port of Tumaco was begun in March. The pipeline is expected to ...


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International Telecommunications Satellite (Intelsat) consortium grew to 63 member nations in 1968 with the addition of Iran, Turkey, and Uganda. The consortium provides transmission relay across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans via five space ...


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A new dimension in computer reliability was achieved in 1968 with the development of a self-repairing computer at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif. The computer contains one or more duplicates of every circuit. When a circuit ...


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The second session of the 90th Congress of the United States was preoccupied with money problems. Inflation continued, and there were fears for the stability of the dollar. Funds, moreover, had to be found for such pressing needs as welfare, ...


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Conservation's concern is not only for man's enjoyment  but also for man's survival, President Lyndon B. Johnson told the American people in his fourth consecutive message on conservation to the Congress of the United States on March ...


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Denmark began 1968 with a general election that ended the 14-year rule of Jens Otto Krag's Social Democratic party. Hilmar Baunsgaard, the Radical leader, was elected prime minister. The new government is a coalition of the Radical Liberal party, the ...


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Prescription drugmakers, in 1968, continued to hear the same criticisms that had been leveled at them for more than 10 years. In Congress, there were charges of high prices, marketing inequities, patent irregularities, and research deficiencies.


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The Greek Archdiocese of North and South America organized its first fully accredited college in the Western Hemisphere in March, 1968. The new college, Hellenic, was formed by adding a four-year liberal arts curriculum at the Holy Cross Theological ...


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Education in 1968 was marked by unrest on the university campus, both in the United States and abroad, and by ferment in city public schools. Everywhere the key issue appeared to be the demand by students to have a greater role in decisions that ...


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The November, 1968, national elections in the United States returned control of the White House to the Republican party with the victory of Richard Milhous Nixon.


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Significant progress was made during 1968 in a new area of solid state electronics called praetersonics. Praetersonics involves converting electromagnetic waves into purely acoustic waves and sending them through or along the surface of ...


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The theory of continental drift and its corollary, sea floor spreading, which had gained dramatic support since 1966, continued to dominate news of geological research in 1968. According to the drift theory, portions of the spreading sea floor are ...


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Political and military events posed difficulties for the two separate states of Germany in 1968. The invasion of Czechoslovakia by five Warsaw Pact nations in August was by far the most divisive. It dampened whatever hopes the Federal Republic of ...


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Billy Casper of San Diego, Calif., was the year's best golfer. He won six tournaments and led the money winners with a total of $205,168.67. Casper was also in the money in all 24 of the tournaments he entered, and had a scoring average of 69.6 shots ...


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Prime Minister Harold Wilson wrestled throughout 1968 with Britain's continuing economic difficulties, and with his Labour government's unpopularity with the electorate.


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The military regime that assumed power in 1967 rejected in 1968 the first draft of a constitution drawn up by a commission of jurists. Senior revolutionary officers drew up another constitution that deprived the exiled King Constantine II of most of ...


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Federal and state services to the blind and the handicapped will be significantly increased as the result of laws approved in 1968. The major provisions of the Vocational Rehabilitation Amendments of 1968, signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson in ...


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India took steps in 1968 to solve two of its most persistent problems. It increased food production, and took measures to reduce the nation's soaring birth rate. A third problemreligious differences between Hindus and Moslemsremained a ...


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The first presidential recognition of the aspirations and problems of American Indians came on March 6, 1968, when President Lyndon B. Johnson spoke of The Forgotten American in a special message to the Congress of the United States. ...


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President Suharto launched a threepoint program in 1968 to strengthen his government. He continued his drive against the remaining Communist pockets of resistance in east Java and the Celebes. Most of the leading officials of the defunct Indonesian ...


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Iran planned to invest $10.7 billion in its fourth five-year development plan, begun March 21, 1968. The plan provides an annual growth of 11.4 per cent in the gross national product and an increase in per capita income from $220 to $304 a year. ...


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Almost 10 years to the day after the July, 1958, overthrow of the Iraqi monarchy, President Abdul Rahman Arif and Prime Minister Taher Yahya were deposed and exiled in the latest of Iraq's many coups. A military junta led by General Ahmad Hasan ...


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Ireland held a national referendum on two constitutional amendments in October, 1968. The first would have authorized the government to change the boundaries and voting powers in the parliamentary constituencies. The second proposed a change from ...


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Labor force relations in 1968 continued to be stormy as tight labor markets and price increases gave impetus to union demands for substantial wage increases.


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Military coups, faltering programs for regional development, and a disastrous drought that severely affected Argentina, Brazil, Chile, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Haiti, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela plagued Latin America in 1968. In the ...


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Lebanon achieved unusual status in the Middle East by holding free, secret, and nonviolent elections in March and April, 1968. All 99 seats in parliament were at stake, and the new deputies would elect a successor to President Charles Helou in 1970. ...


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Automation and other technological advances continued to assist librarians in improving library operations and services. A new quarterly called the Journal of Library Automation


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Libya marked the fifth anniversary of the incorporation of its three provinces into a single state in 1968. King Idris celebrated his 78th birthday.


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American fiction, a mixed bag of experimental and largely undistinguished works, appeared less exciting in 1968 to most observers than the year's array of nonfiction offerings, which included Andre Malraux's brilliant Anti-Memoirs,


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Literature for children is not a quiet backwater, but a current of the mainstream . . . Children's books amaze, delight and move our emotions, Lloyd Alexander wrote in the August, 1968, Horn Book


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Morocco announced its second five-year-plan in March, 1968. The $1.3 billion project, which stresses agricultural development and the construction of small dams, counted on foreign aid for 40 per cent of the financing. The Soviet Union doubled its aid ...


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If any one overriding concern was uppermost in the minds of film makers the world over in 1968, it had to be youth. Youth had discovered film, and with a vengeance that gave it an automatic voice wherever it chose to be heard. Statistics compiled by ...


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Maestros and the matter of matching funds were major preoccupations in 1968 for the principal American orchestras. The New York Philharmonic was still without a permanent music director for the 1970s, while in many cities, efforts were underway to ...


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Though singers continued to dominate pop music, some instrumental records became top sellers in 1968. Paul Mauriat's Love Is Blue, released in 1967, continued to sell strongly during the year and won a Grammy award. Movie ...


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The Netherlands saw the beginning of its first subway system, the Metro, on Feb. 10, 1968. The $54 million system covers a route of 3 1/2 miles in Rotterdam.


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Nigeria remained in the throes of a civil war in 1968. The bitter conflict brought starvation and death to tens of thousands of rebellious Biafrans and aroused worldwide concern over their plight.


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Nobel prizes in literature and science were presented at ceremonies in Stockholm, Sweden, on Dec. 10, 1968. The peace prize, last awarded in 1965, was presented at ceremonies in Oslo, Norway.


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Measured by its expected impact on race relations, the key decision handed down by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1968 came in Jones vs. Alfred H. Mayer Company.


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Two of the many thousands of violent crimes committed in the United States in 1968 stunned both the nation and the world. Death by gunfire claimed the lives of Martin Luther King, Jr., and Senator Robert F. Kennedy in a period of little more than two ...


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Cuba was plagued by shortages and rationing throughout 1968. On March 14, Premier Fidel Castro outlawed all private business activities. In six weeks, the government took over approximately 60,000 private businesses, confiscating shops, goods, and ...


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The Soviet-led invasion of Czechoslovakia in August, 1968, abruptly ended an eight-month period during which the Prague government had instituted social, political, and economic reforms almost unheard of in a Communist regime. It came as the climax to ...


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The surge of dance activity continued in 1968 as many companies extended their seasons to accommodate growing audiences. In part, the widening interest in the dance reflected a greater use of contemporary composers, artists, and psychedelic lighting ...


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Control of the White House passed from the Democratic party on election day in one of the closest presidential races in American history. Vice-President Hubert H. Humphrey, the top man on the Democratic ticket, lost to former Vice-President Richard M. ...


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Unexpected turmoil rocked Addis Ababa in April, 1968, when student demonstrations forced Haile Selassie I University to close. The students began their demonstration by picketing a fashion show for faculty wives that highlighted miniskirts. Sympathy ...


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The invasion of Czechoslovakia by the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact allies in August, 1968, prompted three immediate responses among the nations of Europe. The first was moral indignation over the Soviet Union's cynical use of force to ensure a ...


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Fashion was stripped of its dictatorial powers in 1968 by a revolutionary assertion of individuality. Stylish women throughout the world put the catch phrase do your own thing into practice by replacing the safe couture-approved dress with ...


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For the first time in recent history, India produced enough food grains to feed its more than 500 million people. Prime Minister Indira Gandhi asked the United States and other countries to continue sending limited shipments of grain so that India ...


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Halfback O. J. Simpson so dominated the 1968 collegiate season that talk among scouts for the professional teams centered around not who would finish first, but who would finish last, and thereby earn the right to draft Simpson. The Buffalo Bills ...


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France was beset by threats to its political and economic stability in 1968. In May, rioting students and a nationwide strike threatened to topple the government of President Charles de Gaulle and provoke a civil war. In November, heavy international ...


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An epidemic of a new strain of Asian influenza virus spread throughout the United States in 1968. It started in Hong Kong where it caused the largest flu epidemic since 1957. On September 5, U.S. Public Health Service (PHS) officials expressed concern ...


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In the most sweeping expansion ever undertaken by a major sports league, the National Hockey League (NHL) doubled in size from 6 teams to 12 for the 1967-1968 season. The expansion was a success. By grouping all the experienced teams in one division ...


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The Tartan Stable's Dr. Fager, a four-year-old son of Rough 'n Tumble and Aspidistra, was unanimously voted horse of the year in the annual poll conducted by The Morning Telegraph


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Hungary introduced the first part of a long-range economic reform program on Jan. 1, 1968. Cautiously and gradually, the government planned to substitute a socialist market economy for its former tightly planned, centralized system. Under ...


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Olympic champion Peggy Fleming won her third straight women's world figure skating championship in March at Geneva, Switzerland. Also winning world titles for the third time in a row were Emmerich Danzer of Austria in the men's competition, and ice ...


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An immigration reform law passed by the Congress of the United States in 1965, became effective on July 1, 1968. The law repealed the old national origins quota system, and attempted to correct the inequities and imbalance produced in the past. ...


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Israel celebrated its 20th anniversary of statehood in 1968 with its military position secure and its economy booming. Yet the Israelis were unable to maneuver their Arab neighbors toward the conference table for peace talks. Arab terrorism, in fact, ...


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Italy ended nearly a year of political turmoil by installing a new government in December, 1968. Headed by Prime Minister Mariano Rumor, a Christian Democrat, the new government was again a coalition of Italy's three centrist partiesthe ...


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Japan celebrated the centennial year ofits modern era in 1968. It was in 1867 that the 16-year-old Emperor Mutsuhito came to the throne, and Japan began a period of dramatic change from a feudal society to a modern and, eventually, democratic nation. ...


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The complex political and theological consequences of the six-day, Arab-Israeli war of June, 1967, were partly revealed in 1968. In January, Israel's prime minister, Levi Eshkol, journeyed to the United States, where he conferred with President Lyndon ...


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Despite Israel's occupation of the west bank of the River Jordan and Jerusalem and a financial loss of $196 million from the June 1967 war, Jordan showed surprising stability. Large amounts of foreign aid helped increase the national income 10 per ...


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On Jan. 23, 1968, four North Korean patrol boats seized the U.S. Navy intelligence ship Pueblo


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The World Bank issued bonds worth $118 million in Kuwait in 1968, its first public bond offering in the Middle East. The bonds are redeemable in 20 years at 6.3 per cent interest. The bank will use the money to make loans to offset declining U.S. aid ...


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was concerned with two major issues in 1968. The first involved a British decision to evacuate Singapore and withdraw from its defense commitments to Malaysia by 1971. In an effort to salvage at least part of the defense system, Malaysia, Australia, ...


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Manufacturing and the economy as a whole, achieved new high levels in 1968. The 10 per cent tax surcharge, enacted by the Congress of the United States during the second quarter to restrain the overheated economy, had little effect. An important ...


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Heart transplant surgery, a technique that was just in the developmental stages at the beginning of 1968, was performed on more than 100 patients throughout the world during the year. The increasing frequency of such operations sparked an ...


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The study of a group of drug abusers admitted to Bellevue Psychiatric Hospital in New York City revealed that half of them had psychiatric problems before they began to use drugs. Psychiatrist Leon Hekinian said that a patient's predrug psychiatric ...


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Mexico was plagued by violence for nearly 10 weeks in 1968. It erupted on July 26, when thousands of rioting students clashed with police in Mexico City over methods the police had used the day before in halting a fight between students. It did not ...


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Intensive efforts by a United Nations (UN) mission and pressure from many uninvolved nations made little headway toward a settlement of the Arab- Israeli conflict in 1968. The British-sponsored UN Security Council resolution of Nov. 22, 1967, provided ...


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Prince Harald, heir to the Norwegian throne, married a commoner, Sonja Haraldsen, on Aug. 29, 1968.


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After years of preparation, United States scientists and engineers of the Joint Oceanographic Institutions Deep Earth Sampling group began the most ambitious deep-ocean drilling expedition ever attempted, by literally striking oil. The first drilling ...


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The games of the 19th modern Olympiad, held in Mexico City from October 12 to 27, were the highest, as well as the most controversial, ever held. Despite fears about the health of athletes competing at the 7,349-foot altitude, several threats of ...


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Nauru, a tiny island in the South Pacific, became a sovereign state on Jan. 31, 1968. The new nation, which has a population of 6,800 and a land area of 8 square miles, chose as its governmental system a council of state and a legislative assembly. ...


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The year 1968 saw an emphatic reevaluation of the 19th and early 20th century premodernist art, as well as a commitment to today's avant-garde


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Pakistan discovered in 1968 that economic progress alone does not bring political stability. The country continued its economic surge; the gross national product advanced 8.3 per cent versus 5.4 per cent in 1967. Industrial production increased by 15 ...


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The army seized control of the government on Oct. 3, 1968. The action followed a mounting political storm over a controversial oil contract with the International Petroleum Company (IPC), a subsidiary of Standard Oil (New Jersey). President Fernando ...


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In 1968, the long-established theory of fixed neurological brain circuits was brought into question by researchers at the Fels Institute in Yellow Springs, Ohio. Verne C. Cox, Jan W. Kakolewski, and Elliot S. Valenstein studied the behavior of animals ...


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Puerto Rico saw the end of 28 years of rule by the Popular Democratic party (PDP) with the election of Luis A. Ferre to the governorship in November, 1968. Ferre, scheduled to take office in January, 1969, was the candidate of the New Progressive ...


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Radio scored the newsbeat of 1968 with its gripping on-the-spot coverage of Senator Robert F. Kennedy's assassination in June. Andrew West of the Mutual Broadcasting System (MBS) was behind Kennedy when the assassin struck. West's historic ...


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The presidential election of 1968 did not serve to awaken religious controversy, as it had in 1960 when John F. Kennedy was running for the nation's highest office, but many other public issues did, and church and synagogue leaders and adherents were ...


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Richard M. Nixon's election on Nov. 5, 1968, as the 37th President of the United States was significant both for him and for the Republican party. The victory of the 55-year-old former Vice-President represented a dramatic comeback from political ...


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International sanctions and pressure by Great Britain again failed in 1968 to bring Rhodesia back under legal British control. (Zimbabwe was then called Rhodesia.) Rhodesia continued to survive as an illegal, white-dominated government. The United ...


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First there were 22 teams, then 17, and finally only one. That, in brief, was what happened to major league professional soccer in the United States in 1968.


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Social Security was paying benefits to one person out of every eight in the United States in 1968. The total was $30 billionincluding Medicare paymentsto more than 24 million beneficiaries. Of these people, about 6 million were below ...


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Somalia resumed diplomatic relations with Great Britain on Jan. 5, 1968, five years after the two countries had severed relations in a dispute involving the Somali population in northeastern Kenya. Somalia had hoped to annex the area, but Kenya ...


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South Africa blocked a United Nations (UN) attempt to gain control of South West Africa. The UN had voted in 1967 to take over the territory, ruled by South Africa since World War I, because of South Africa's racism and opposition to its independence. ...


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The race to put a man on the moon approached the finish line in 1968 with the United States clearly in the lead. With the triumphant success in December of Apollo VIII, carrying three Americans into orbit around the moon, the United States forged into ...


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Spain was beset by student unrest and Basque terrorism in 1968. Student clashes with police in January, March, and May led to the temporary closing of the universities of Madrid and Valencia. In June, the government agreed to meet some of the ...


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A controversy over the Philippines' claim to Sabah, formerly North Borneo, resulted in broken ties between the Philippines and Malaysia. Sabah, the Malaysian state in northern Borneo, is 29,388 square miles in area, rich in rubber, timber, and ...


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Physics research in 1968 was characterized by piece-by-piece progress toward better understanding of basic phenomena rather than by conclusive results. Most of the questions that physicists investigated demanded great subtlety in theoretical insights ...


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Poland was beset by violent student unrest in the spring and recurrent tensions inside the Communist party. There also was increasing speculation about the future of Communist Party First Secretary Wladyslaw Gomulka.


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Premier Antonio de Oliveira Salazar, who had held office since 1932, became seriously ill in the late summer of 1968. When it became clear that his complete recovery was unlikely, President Americo Deus Rodrigues Tomaz appointed Marcelo Caetano to ...


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Lyndon B. Johnson faced a rising tide of popular discontent with his foreign and domestic policies in 1968. The dissatisfaction became so great that the President decided not to seek re-election.


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The 1968 assembly of the World Council of Churches (WCC), was held at Uppsala, Sweden, in July. The most dramatic issue at the assembly, which attracted 3,000 participants from Protestant and Eastern Orthodox Churches in 80 nations, concerned WCC ...


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On Jan. 1, 1968, which he had designated a Day of Peace, Pope Paul VI recited a special prayer, thus opening a year of renewed efforts to bring good will and understanding to a troubled world.


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Romania remained determined to assert its independence of the Soviet Union in 1968. Its determination, however, was put to its sternest test yet after the Soviet Union-led invasion of Czechoslovakia on August 20. The next day, President Nicolae ...


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There were marked signs in the Soviet Union of a retreat toward less liberal policies both at home and abroad in 1968 even as the government was trying to maintain its policy of peaceful coexistence with the West. There were no changes in ...


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Deaths from accidents reached a record high in the United States in 1968. Accidents took 114,000 lives, increasing about 2 per cent over 1967. The accidental death rate increased to 57.0 per 100,000 population, the highest rate since 1966. ...


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King Faisal, concerned over the British pullout from the Gulf of Aden and the Soviet Union's aid to the republican forces in neighboring Yemen, continued support of the Yemeni royalists.


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Sierra Leon returned to civilian rule when army sergeants and junior police officers overthrew the military regime that had been in power since March, 1967. The uprising started on April 17, 1968, as soldiers mutinied at a barracks just outside the ...


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Jean-Claude Killy of France and Nancy Greene of Canada were the world's best Alpine skiers in 1968, just as they were in 1967.


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The black versus white racial antagonism that racked the United States and much of the rest of the world was nowhere more visible than on the sports pages in 1968. A relatively successful black boycott of the New York Athletic Club's indoor meet at ...


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The use of strikes by public employees gained momentum in 1968. This development prompted a number of states to re-examine their policies on strikes and collective bargaining by employees of state and local governments.


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A record number of sharesmore than 3 billionwere traded in 1968 on and off the established stock exchanges in the United States. On April 10, 20.4 million shares changed hands at the New York Stock Exchange, and that record was surpassed ...


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On April 18, 1968, the Sudanese held a two-week-long election to choose a new constituent assembly. The results, announced on May 7, gave the United Democratic party 101 of the 218 seats in the newly reorganized assembly. At a meeting of the assembly ...


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The Social Democrats, after 36 years in office, won a sweeping new mandate in the elections held on Sept. 15, 1968. They captured more than 50 per cent of the vote and 125 of the 233 seats in the Second Chamber, the legislative branch chosen by ...


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United States swimmers once again led the mass assault on the world record list. Just as in 1967, 26 of the 31 major world records were broken, with U.S. swimmers setting 19 new marks.


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Never has a year's track and field score been so distorted as that of 1968. The reason was the 7,349-foot altitude of Mexico City, where the Olympic Games were held.


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Most branches of the United States transportation industry experienced traffic increases in 1968, and the industry showed steady growth. At the same time, a crisis was developing. Alan S. Boyd, U.S. Secretary of Transportation, repeatedly stressed ...


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In a national election held June 2, 1968, the ruling Justice party won 38 of the 53 Senate seats at stake. It increased its strength in the national assembly to 261 of the 450 seats. About 15 persons were killed in election day violence.


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A major step toward international control of nuclear weaponsthe nonproliferation treatywas negotiated in the forums of the United Nations (UN) in 1968. United States approval of this new treaty to stop the spread of nuclear weapons was ...


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The decision by President Lyndon B. Johnson, on March 31, not to seek reelection surprised the nation and opened the way for a closely contested election battle. At the year's end, President-elect Richard M. Nixon had already made an unprecedented ...


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Uruguay was plagued by labor troubles and student unrest in 1968. Nationwide strikes that began in June continued throughout most of the year. They repeatedly crippled the port of Montevideo, closed government banks and offices, and disrupted vital ...


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Venezuela held its national elections on Dec. 1, 1968. In a hotly contested, four-way race, Rafael Caldera was declared the winner. He received 29.08 per cent of the vote as compared to 28.24 per cent for Gonzalo Barrios, a member of the Democratic ...


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In the United States, and in almost every other country of the world, hopes ran high in 1968 for an end to the conflict in Vietnam. For the first time since the undeclared war began in 1961, the belligerents were meeting in Paris to discuss an agenda ...


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The First National Conference on Weather Modification, under the auspices of the American Meteorological Society and with support of the National Science Foundation, met at the State University of New York, Albany, April 28 to May 1, 1968. While the ...


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In 1968, the Bahamas were promised greater self-government by Great Britain. On September 28, the two governments announced a new constitution had been adopted during negotiations with government and opposition politicians from the colony. By granting ...


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Student riots provoked debate inside Yugoslavia's Communist party in 1968. Student unrest began in Belgrade on June 2, and quickly spread to Zagreb, Nis, Titograd, Sarajevo, and other cities. A student spokesman said that more than 100 students had ...


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An Exotic Animal Tissue Bank was established at the St. Louis (Missouri) Zoological Park to preserve tissues from foreign animals such as giraffes, gorillas, and lions for use by zoological researchers. The specimens were obtained from animals that ...


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Nova Scotia purchased the Dominion Steel and Coal Corporation mill at Sydney on Cape Breton Island in December, 1967, after the company had announced that it could not continue to operate the mill beyond April, 1968. The jobs of 3,200 men had been ...


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Ontario faced a record deficit of $252 million in fiscal 1968 despite large increases in cigarette and gasoline taxes and a higher fee for automobile licenses. The new taxes were expected to bring in an additional $105 million, not enough to cover a ...


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When the lowest bid for one section of the Northumberland Strait causeway was $42 million, islanders feared that the cost of linking the island to the mainland might rise as high as $300 million. Colonel Edward Churchill, the construction manager of ...


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Quebec lost a popular premier on September 25 when Daniel Johnson, leader of the Union Nationale government since 1966, died of a coronary thrombosis. A special caucus of the Union Nationale members of the legislative assembly chose Jean-Jacques ...


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The province's budget for fiscal 1968 forecast record expenditures of $338,418,000 but provided for a small surplus of $378,000. Education took 32 per cent of the total. The sales tax was boosted from 4 to 5 per cent and was applied to new fields, ...


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The U.S. campaign to slow massive pollution of its water resources moved forward with the approval of water quality standards in most states. The standards, which will be the backbone of control efforts, fully protect existing high quality waters and ...


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Afghanistan entered its 50th year of independence in 1968. Its ruler, King Mohammed Zahir Shah, marked the occasion with a speech praising popular support for the democratic 1964 constitution. In the speech, he announced the goals of a third five-year ...


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Mob violence, triggered by the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., rocked Chicago as it rocked more than 100 other American cities in April, 1968. In two days of rioting on the city's West Side, 11 people were killed, all of them black. The toll ...


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Conflicts over community control of schools came to a head in 1968. The result was one of the longest teachers' strikes in history. New York, with the country's largest school system, represented the extreme case of the urban dilemma. Its 60,000 ...


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The first phase of the massive Main Place development, which includes a 34-story office and retail complex known as One Main Place, was completed in 1968, and plans were announced in October for the second phase, Two Main Place, a 650-foot, 45-story ...


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Large-scale efforts in 1968 to maintain racial balance in three integrated Detroit neighborhoods failed. Local high schoolsMackenzie, Mumford, and Pershingand their feeder elementary schools, received a total of $2.8 million in state ...


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Houston played a major role in the high-rise building boom across the southwestern part of the United States in 1968. Shell Oil Company's 50-story, 714-foot-high building, One Shell Plaza, was already 60 per cent leased at year's end. It will be the ...


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Interest rates in the United States reached record highs in 1968 due primarily to government spending for the war in Vietnam. The direct and fully guaranteed U.S. government debt increased to $223 billion in September, $10 billion more than a year ...


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Construction expenditures reached an estimated high of $83.9 billion in 1968, an increase of 6.6 per cent over the $78.7 billion spent in 1967, according to the U.S. Bureau of the Census. On the basis of a strong upturn in both housing and ...


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Reflecting American society as a whole, the city further divided during 1968 into black ghettos surrounded by white suburbs. The federal government underscored the division by reducing expenditures on urban programs to less than $2 billion, a sharp ...


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For almost all of 1968, the behavior of the economy of the United States and of the Free World was a source of both concern and confusion. In the early months of the year, inflationary pressures created by the war in Vietnam, exuberant consumer ...


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The World Energy Conference, held in Moscow in August, 1968, was devoted to energy problems and progress on a worldwide basis. The Soviet Union, as the host country, opened its doors to about 3,000 participants from 40 countries. The conference theme ...


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The international finance system, which produced the greatest expansion in world trade in history during the years since World War II, survived its most severe test in 1968. As the year ended, there were still potential problems, but prosperity in the ...


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In September, 1968, the government placed troops in the canton of Bern to protect government property and military installations from possible attacks by separatists in Jura. Most Jurassians, a French-speaking group, wanted status as a separate canton ...


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Syria experienced a year of political unrest in 1968. In October, President Nur al-Din al-Atasi replaced Yusuf Zuayn as premier in a series of cabinet changes in which military professionals displaced Ba'ath party ideologists in key posts.


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President Lyndon B. Johnson's request for a surcharge on personal and corporate income taxes was debated by the 90th Congress for almost 18 months in 1967 and 1968 before final passage of a 10 per cent surcharge on June 21. The surcharge bill was ...


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Television in 1968, perhaps to a greater degree than before, was a mirror reflecting the world.


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The advent of open tennis competition in 1968 revolutionized the game. For the first time, amateur and professional players competed against each other, creating huge increases in attendance, gate receipts, and public interest.


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On June 21, 1968, the Thai government promulgated the country's first civilian constitution after nearly 10 years of military rule. The new constitution provided for an elected lower house and an upper chamber appointed by the king. The premier would ...


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Innovation and contemporary issues characterized the American theater in 1968. For the first time, the experiments of off-Broadway made their mark on an established Broadway commodity, the musical, which after Hair


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Again in 1968, as in 1966, British and Russian zoo officials tried to mate two giant pandas, but with no success. An An, Moscow Zoo's male, had been flown to London's Regent Park Zoo to be with Chi Chi, a female, during the fall mating season. The ...


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A $200 million contract to ship coking coal to Japanese steelmakers buoyed Alberta's depressed coal industry. Under the contract, the coal fields of west-central Alberta were to deliver 1 million long tons of coal a year until 1984.


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Premier William A. C. Bennett's Social Credit government suffered a blow in March, 1968, when Minister of Highways Philip Gaglardi resigned his office in the face of accusations that his sons had been involved in land deals along provincial highways. ...


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Walter Weir, the quiet 38-year-old former undertaker who succeeded Dufferin Roblin as premier of Manitoba on Nov. 27, 1967, finished his first year in office. Weir had previously been minister of highways in Roblin's Conservative administration and ...


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New Brunswick residents faced higher taxes for gasoline, hotel accommodations, and communications services as a consequence of the 1968-1969 provincial budget, announced in March. The proposed increases were to balance larger provincial outlays for ...


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A revolt in the cabinet of Premier Joseph R. Smallwood in May led to speculation that Smallwood's Liberal government, in office for 20 years, was in danger. John Crosbie, minister of health, and Clyde Wells, minister without portfolio and former ...


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Magazine revenues were down in 1968, particularly among the general weekly and twice-monthly publications. A number of magazines and nondaily papers were started, mainly directed at young people, Negroes, and affluent urbanites. Most of them, however, ...


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Detroit and its suburbs learned in 1968 how serious the loss of daily newspapers could be to a large modern city. An almost nine-month shut-down of the city's two daily newspapersthe morning Free Press


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The Supreme Court of the United States delivered an almost fatal blow to capital punishment in 1968. Voting 5 to 4, the Court, in Witherspoon vs. Illinois,


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Agriculture in the United States found 1968 a better year than 1967, yet rural discontent continued. Farmers were proud of their most bountiful harvest in history, but they feared the possibility of lower prices in 1969. Farm costs continued to rise, ...


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Violent antigovernment demonstrations by rioting university students erupted in Rio de Janeiro in June, 1968. The riots were sparked by rumors of inadequate government funds for education. The rioters were also indignant over an alleged government ...


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In the wake of a revulsion against instruments of violence, real or symbolic, set off by the assassinations of Martin Luther King, Jr., and Senator Robert F. Kennedy, many stores removed toy guns from their shelves in 1968. The reaction against the ...


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The value of commercial land in the Watts area fell about 20 per cent since the 1965 riots, according to a real estate appraisal in 1968. Residential property in the area declined by about 10 per cent, but there were several steps taken during the ...


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Following the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., in April, the nation's capital exploded. Looters pillaged shops in the main shopping district while stores and houses in slum areas went up in flames. At the peak of the riot, which cost seven ...


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The population of the United States increased 1.03 per cent in the year ended July 1, 1968. The rate of increase had been dropping since 1957, and the 1968 figure was the lowest reported since 1940. The trend reflected the lower birth rates that have ...


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Montreal sponsored a successor to Expo 67, a fair called Terre des Hommes


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Petroleum discoveries made in 1968 may turn the 49th state, Alaska, into one of the nation's richest. Oil company explorations had already detected big pools of oil and natural gas under Alaska's Cook Inlet when, in 1968, Atlantic Richfield Company ...


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The United Nations (UN) estimated that world population passed the 3.5 billion mark in 1968. UN figures further indicated that population was increasing by 2 per centor about 70 million personsa year. Life expectancy tables in the UN's ...


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Passed by Congress in 1968, the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act preserves sections of eight rivers in their natural state and halts construction or commercial use along parts of 27 other streams while studies of their suitability for inclusion in the ...


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When W. H. Auden was awarded the National Medal for Literature in 1967 for his total contribution to literature, he said in his speech of acceptance: In thanking you, I must try to speak less on my own behalf than in the name of all ...


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A $180-million project to redevelop Philadelphia's central business district was announced in 1968. The project, called Market Street East, will be developed in the area between 7th and 13th streets and Arch and Walnut streets. About two-thirds of the ...


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Already faced with the Israeli occupation of Sinai, President Gamal Abdel Nasser met with criticism at home as well as abroad. Weeklong demonstrations in February protested the 10- to 15-year sentences of 54 persons accused of plotting to seize power ...


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Most African countries maintained a determined pursuit of progress in 1969. Some managed to make encouraging gains; others barely kept pace with past achievements. A few, because of civil war or domestic upheavals, lost ground.


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continued to rely heavily on Communist China for material and moral support in 1969. Chinese help was apparent in a large-scale plan to improve road and rail communications. Chinese engineers and defense experts were also reported to be helping to ...


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Between July 21 and Aug. 1, 1969, the nation played host to the first Pan-African Cultural Festival. About 8,000 artists, writers, and musicians from 33 African countries attended the festival. It was sponsored by the Organization of African Unity ...


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Mary Leakey announced, in August, the discovery of the most complete Homo habilis


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One of the closest elections in the nation's history took place in 1969. On October 25, voters turned out in record numbers to cast their ballots for all the seats in the House of Representatives. It was the first election held under a new ...


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Austria for most of the year, continued to cope with an increasing flow of refugees from neighboring Czechoslovakia. Then, on Oct. 9, 1969, Czechoslovakia abruptly cut off refugee travel, thus putting an end to an exodus that had begun with the ...


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New car sales in the United States in 1969 set a calendar-year record exceeding 9.5 million. The previous record, 9,403,862, was set in 1968. The 1969 success was due in part to imported-car sales, which passed 1 million for the first time. Scattered ...


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Andy Granatelli's long wait for victory ended in 1969. After 23 years of frustration and near-misses, one of Granatelli's cars finally won the Indianapolis 500, America's richest and most important auto race. Granatelli had come close to winning ...


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Air traffic congestion resulting from inadequate airports and airways continued to be a serious problem in 1969. Although the subject did not occupy headlines as dramatically as in 1968, the Air Transport Association (ATA) estimated that air traffic ...


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The impossible dream came true in 1969. The New York Mets, doormats for their seven previous years of existence, won the National League Eastern Division championship, the National League pennant, and the World Series. The team that had never finished ...


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New world champions were crowned in 1969 in 7 of professional boxing's 11 weight divisions. Confusion remained, however, because multiple champions were recognized in four divisions, notably among the heavyweights. As in 1968, Joe Frazier of ...


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Economic reforms, which had been applied on an experimental basis since 1963, took effect throughout Bulgaria on Jan. 1, 1969. They seemed aimed more at administrative efficiency than at decentralization. Central government and party reorganization, ...


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Under the leadership of General Ne Win, the government continued its militant nationalization program in 1969. In March, eight printing plants came under government control; on May 16, four more were nationalized. Altogether, since 1962, the ...


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For the first time in history, virtually the entire Cabinet of a new President was sworn in as part of a television presentation. On the National Broadcasting Company's Today show on Jan. 22, 1969, the entire nation was given an ...


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Prince Norodom Sihanouk threatened to resign as chief of state in 1969. Voicing his threat at a special congress composed of the National Assembly, the Royal Council, and leaders of the Youth Assembly, he demanded the full cooperation of the ruling ...


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The Liberal government of Pierre Elliott Trudeau completed its first 20 months in office on Dec. 25, 1969. During the year, the government carried forward its campaign for Canadian unity by enacting into law the principle of linguistic equality for ...


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Canadian literature in 1968 and 1969 mirrored concern with French-English bilingualism and biculturalism. The Oberon Press of Ottawa issued the first bilingual children's books Cinderella


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A group of chemists at Stanford University, led by Eugene E. van Tamelen, discovered a new method of producing ammonia in which the reaction steps take place at room temperature and pressure. Normally, in the Haber-Bosch process, high temperatures ...


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Boris Spassky, a 32-year-old Grandmaster chess champion of Russia, dethroned his countryman Tigran Petrosian to become world champion in June, 1969. The final standing in the series of 23 games was Spassky 12 1/2 and Petrosian 10 1/2. The end came, as ...


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The reform policies of President Eduardo Frei Montalva and his Christian Democratic Party (PDC) were rebuffed in the congressional elections held on March 1, 1969. Final election results gave the Christian Democrats only 31.1 per cent of the votes ...


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On Oct. 1, 1969, 75-year-old Chairman Mao Tse-tung ascended the Gate of Heavenly Peace in Peking. He was beaming, in high spirits, and in excellent health. Below the gate streamed half a million people, pounding gongs and drums, waving red ...


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For the first time in eight years, the legacy of civil rights laws and policies passed to a Republican Administration in 1969. President Richard M. Nixon's initial moves included the endorsement of home rule for the District of Columbia's ...


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The events of 1969 bear out the prediction that, in coming years, archaeology will likely be characterized by fewer dramatic discoveries of prehistoric cultures, sites, and artifacts. Instead, interest will focus on asking new questions about the ...


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Challenge and Commitment was the theme of the annual convention of the American Institute of Architects (AIA), held in Chicago, June 22 to 27, 1969. The theme, designed to spur greater self-examination, seemed fully in step with the times.


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For the first six months of 1969, the economy continued its steady recovery from the doldrums into which it had sunk in 1966. Deflationary measures and economic stabilization efforts were succeeding under an austerity program inaugurated by President ...


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The Soviet Union established effective parity with the United States as a nuclear superpower during 1969, and pushed nearer its goal of global influence as a sea power. In nuclear weapons, the Soviets moved ahead in intercontinental ballistic missiles ...


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Mixed feelings of frustration and hope filled the continent of Asia in 1969. Violence continued, taking its inevitable toll in lives and suffering, but there were grounds for optimism as Asia slowly inched its way toward solving some of its ...


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Man's first visit to an astronomical object other than the earth was achieved on July 20, 1969, when the crew of Apollo 11


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The Boston Celtics among the professionals and the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), among the collegians took the major awards of the 1968-1969 season. The end of the season, however, marked the end of a dynasty for both teams because ...


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Foreign trade, stimulated by greater demand from West Germany and the Netherlands, increased in 1969 by $1.14 billion. Imports were up nearly as much, however, and a growing shortage of workers remained a problem. Because of inflationary trends, ...


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Robert G. Edwards and his colleagues at Cambridge University in England demonstrated the fertilization of human egg cells in a test tube for the first time, in 1969. The accomplishment marked a major step in understanding of the human reproduction ...


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Pleasure boating was more popular than ever in 1969. Americans owned more than 8.5 million recreational boats and spent an estimated $3.3 billion on boating products and services, a rise of 5 per cent over 1968.


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A substance secreted by nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria was found, in 1969, to be an effective herbicide. It was discovered by the Agricultural Research Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The substance, named rhizobitoxine, is a powerful ...


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Billy Hardwick of Louisville, Ky., won enough money and tournaments in 1969 to become Bowler of the Year. The 27-year-old bowler had his greatest victory in the $65,000 All-Star tournament at Hialeah, Fla. He averaged 226 in the 48-game match finals.


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A two-week period of strikes and riots in several of the nation's major cities ended on Jan. 26, 1969, when the government and the striking unions reached a settlement of their differences. The violence had begun in Cali when bus fares and electricity ...


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History's longest long-distance telephone call  from President Richard M. Nixon to the Apollo 11


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Computer technology's spectrum of applications continued to broaden in 1969 as they were used to untangle and speed auto traffic, match prospective employees with job openings, and record the earnings every three months of more than 7.5 million ...


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The first session of the 91st Congress of the United States reflected the war-weary mood of its constituents in 1969. Both Congress and President Richard M. Nixon were preoccupied with the war in Vietnam and with continuing inflation at home. Much ...


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Increased public support for the conservation of natural resources and a broadening of conservation goals to include concern for man's overall environment were demonstrated in 1969. The flood of new legislation, which had poured from Congress during ...


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Warren E. Burger, age 61, and a judge of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, was sworn in June 23, 1969, as the 15th chief justice of the United States. Nominated by President Richard M. Nixon, he succeeded Earl Warren, who ...


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The drug industry was under attack in 1969 on grounds of safety and efficacy for both the chemicals it manufactures for use in food products and for pharmaceuticals. Perhaps the most startling development was prohibition of cyclamates, on October 18, ...


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Representatives of the Russian Orthodox Church in America met at Syosset, N.Y., with Metropolitan Nicodim of Leningrad, Russia, in February, 1969, to discuss the status under church law of the church in America. The Russian Orthodox Church in America ...


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In 1969, the field of education was marked by continuing unrest on the nation's college and university campuses over the war in Vietnam and the role of black students in higher education. Unrest also affected public schools, where students demanded a ...


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Republicans captured two governorshipsin New Jersey and Virginiain state elections in 1969. In municipal elections, however, Democrats maintained their traditional control of city halls in several major cities, and John V. Lindsay, a ...


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Electronics technology made three major thrusts in 1969, giving promise to even more complex and sophisticated data processing equipment and communications and electronic devices for a broad spectrum of applications.


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Student riots forced the government to close Haile Selassie I University and all secondary schools in March, 1969. The students had issued a six-point program of demands that included dismissal of the minister of education, revision of the system ...


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A new chancellor, Social Democrat leader Willy Brandt, and a new coalition of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) and the small Free Democratic Party (FDP) were the outcome of the elections in the Federal Republic of (West) Germany on Sept. 28, 1969. ...


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Professional golf got a new look in 1969. The old guard did well enough, but much of the glory went to newcomers. The year's most important tournaments, for example, were won by Orville Moody, Ray Floyd, George Archer, and Tony Jacklin, none of whom ...


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Prime Minister Harold Wilson, after years of electoral unpopularity and apparent economic failure, welcomed with open arms an impressive balance of payments surplus that appeared in August, 1969. For the first time, the Labour Government's policy ...


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Greece quit the 18-nation Council of Europe on December 12, 1969, rather than face almost certain expulsion on charges that its government had violated human rights. In May, the council's committee of ministers had found Athens in serious ...


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Methods for improving workmen's compensation laws, and for eliminating existing barriers to employment of the handicapped, were discussed by rehabilitation specialists in Toronto, Ontario, March 2 to 6, 1969. Participants came from Canada, Finland, ...


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The spotlight was focused in 1969 with more intensity than ever before on national health abuses. Of particular concern were problems of food additives and nutrition.


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On August 7, President Richard M. Nixon appointed Louis R. Bruce, Jr., a Sioux-Mohawk Indian, commissioner of Indian affairs. The third Indian to hold the post, Bruce began a review of the Bureau of Indian Affairs' programs designed to encourage ...


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President Suharto focused his attention in 1969 on eliminating the chaotic economic conditions that his government had inherited from the Sukarno regime. The results, while not spectacular, were nonetheless impressive.


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Iran recorded a 13 per cent increase in its gross national product during the first year, ended March 21, 1969, of its new five-year development plan. A rate of 11.4 per cent had been sought.


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The unpredictable and seemingly irrational Ba'athist regime of President Ahmad Hasan al-Bakr pressed to consolidate its position in 1969. A revolutionary court convicted at least 56 persons of espionagefor Israel, Iran, the United States, or all ...


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In a general election held on June 18, 1969, the ruling Fianna Fail Party of Prime Minister John Lynch increased its majority in Parliament. There were 373 candidates for the 143 seats at stake, the 144th seat automatically being held by the speaker. ...


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Israel held firmly to the Arab territory it had occupied in the 1967 six-day war. It did so despite steady escalation in 1969 of Palestine commando raids and growing aggression by United Arab Republic forces along the Suez Canal. Periodic Israeli ...


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Developments on the labor front in 1969 reflected the continuation of rising prices and tight labor markets. Administration efforts to restrain inflation through fiscal and monetary policies were supplemented during the second half of 1969 by attempts ...


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Throughout 1969, twin goals preoccupied Latin America. On the domestic front, strenuous and serious efforts were made to spur the region's development. Simultaneously, on the international scene, efforts to improve United States-Latin American ...


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The effects of expanded commando raids on Israel from Lebanon, and of Israeli reprisals, deepened the government crisis in 1969. Prime Minister Abdullah Yafi resigned January 7 and was replaced by Rashid Karami, who brought military training to ...


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Fellowships in library and information science worth nearly $4.5 million were distributed among 56 colleges and universities by the U.S. Office of Education in 1969. A three-year program in library education sponsored by the American Library ...


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A tongue-in-cheek sex novel concocted by 24 members of the staff of the Long Island newspaper Newsday


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Enthusiastic supporters of children's literature have long been convinced that the art could hold its own with the best work done in any field of literary effort. Thus, the announcement, in 1969, that the National Book Committee was adding an award ...


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The 40th birthday of King Hassan II was celebrated with appropriate pageantry in 1969. On July 9, 40,000 Berber horsemen converged on Rabat to participate in a lavish public spectacle called the Fantasia of the Century. Political activity, ...


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In 1969, two major themes dominated the thinking of American film makersyouth and sex. Not that the two were mutually exclusive. Some of the biggest successes of the year Goodbye, Columbus; Midnight Cowboy; Easy Rider; Gaily, Gaily


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Opera audiences will remember 1969 as the year the Metropolitan Opera of New York failed to begin its new season on schedule. Opening nightSeptember 15arrived and departed, with Aida


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Festivals dominated the pop music scene during 1969. On the weekend of August 16, the Woodstock Music and Art Fair, most publicized of all these events, attracted an estimated 300,000 young people, the greatest number ever to attend a public ...


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Rising international interest rates and inflationary domestic pressures were major government concerns in 1969. On April 8, the Netherlands Central Bank raised its bank rate from 5 per cent to 5.5 per cent. Simultaneously, Parliament froze the prices ...


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The civil war in Nigeria entered its third year in 1969. On the battlefield, the Nigerian government's troops remained under the control of Major General Yakubu Gowon. The army of secessionist Biafra was headed by Lieutenant Colonel Odumegwu Ojukwu.


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Crime in the United States continued to increase in 1969. The latest full-year statistics, released in August by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), recorded nearly 4.5 million serious crimes in 1968, an increase of 17 per cent over 1967. FBI ...


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Serious economic, political, and social problems confronted the government of Premier Fidel Castro in 1969. There was widespread apathy among the workers that bordered on passive resistance and resulted in lower productivity and a rising crime rate. ...


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Until the fall of Alexander Dubcek in April, 1969, Czechoslovak progressives struggled stoutly and with some success to preserve some of the post-January (1968) reforms. But after Gustav Husak succeeded Dubcek as party leader in April, the ...


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In 1969, as never before, ballet and modern dance made great gains, partly because more grants were available, and because a growing audience supported the many and varied dance companies in existence. Although ballet has been popular in the United ...


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Democrats enjoyed a winning trend in the special congressional elections in 1969. Democratic candidates won five of the seven congressional seats up for election, three of them in districts formerly held by Republicans.


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Denmark became, in 1969, the only European country where it is not an offense to produce pornography or sell it to anyone over the age of 16, although the move became a matter of controversy in neighboring capitals. Thousands flocked to a pornography ...


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Renewed hopes of political and economic unification of Europe followed the resignation of General Charles de Gaulle as president of France on April 27, 1969, when his countrymen voted against his measures for regional reform. Repeatedly, France had ...


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Fashion stretched, softened, became more body-conscious, and fell head over heels in love with all the L-words in 1969. The most innovative way a woman could look was Long, Lean, and Linear, or Lissome, Limpid, and Languorous.


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World food production continued to keep pace with population growth in 1969. India, Mexico, Pakistan, and Turkey dramatically improved their yields of food grains and moved closer toward greater self-sufficiency. For example, India's wheat production ...


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The 16-team National Football League (NFL) and the 10-team American Football League (AFL) played their last seasons as separate groups in 1969 before their full merger into one professional league in 1970. It was a memorable season as the Minnesota ...


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After dominating French politics for a quarter of a century and influencing European trends for nearly 11 years, General Charles de Gaulle resigned the presidency in April, 1969. He was succeeded by former premier Georges Pompidou. On August 8, France ...


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Evidence was added, in 1969, to the theory that the earth's continents are drifting land masses. In addition, two major studies of earthquakes were released during the year.


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The 1968-1969 season was marked by the most prolific scoring in the 52-year history of the National Hockey League (NHL). Major record breakers were Phil Esposito of the Boston Bruins, Bobby Hull of the Chicago Black Hawks, and Gordie Howe of the ...


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The three most celebrated thoroughbred races in the United States are the Kentucky Derby, the Preakness, and the Belmont Stakes, which form the Triple Crown for 3-year-olds. Majestic Prince won two of these three races in 1969, but by the year's end ...


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Hungary continued implementing its 1968 economic reforms in 1969. There were some modifications, but no more difficulties than might have been expected. A sharp rise in the cost of living early in the year caused some concern, however.


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The United States won the men's world figure skating championship for the first time since 1959, when Tim Wood of Bloomfield Hills, Mich., took the title at Colorado Springs, Colo., on Feb. 28, 1969. Wood, a 20-year-old prelaw student at John Carroll ...


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Legislation to regulate a work force that lives in Mexico and works in the United States was introduced in Congress in 1969 by Senator Edward M. Kennedy (D., Mass.) and Representative Michael A. Feighan (D., Ohio). These green-card ...


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India would not easily forget 1969. It was the year in which Prime Minister Indira Gandhi defeated the old party bosses in a dramatic encounter. It was the year when the aging Congress Party showed signs of unexpected vitality. It was also the year ...


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The seven-month-old center-left coalition government of Mariano Rumor, a Christian Democrat, collapsed in July, 1969, following a serious split in the Socialist Party. The split, over cooperation with the communists, resulted in the resignation of ...


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The return of Okinawa and related issues of security arrangements with the United States dominated Japan's foreign policy in 1969. Domestically, the serious impairment of university education due to student unrest was a matter of growing national ...


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No one dominant tone, similar in impact and outline to that which characterized American Jewry during the Arab-Israeli six day war in 1967, was discernible during 1969. There were, however, three emergent trends whose force and vitality would ...


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Jordan's King Hussein I held fast to his throne in 1969, despite pressure on all sidesArab commandos demanding more support against Israel, antiroyalist Arab revolutionaries, and the recurrent threat of an Israeli invasion. In October, the ...


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South Korean voters approved a constitutional amendment on Oct. 17, 1969, permitting President Chung Hee Park to run for a third term in 1971. The final results showed that 7,553,589 voters had approved the amendment while 3,636,369 had opposed it. ...


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The winds of revolution that blew over the Arab world in 1969 did not spare even oil-rich Kuwait. Defense Minister Sheikh al-Abdallah warned in January that the government would act against anyone meddling with its stability, after rioting marred the ...


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Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman and his three-party coalition government faced severe challenges in 1969. They came in the form of student protests at the universities and in Kuala Lumpur, the capital; militant demonstrations by the leftist labor ...


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By the end of the third quarter of 1969, it had become evident that manufacturing, and in particular the great economic expansion in the United States, had begun to slow down after almost nine years of unparalleled prosperity. Industrial production ...


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Dr. Philip Blaiberg, the world's longest surviving heart transplant recipient, died on Aug. 17, 1969, after 19 months with a transplanted heart. By then, 142 heart transplant operations had been performed in various parts of the world, many of them by ...


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Alarm over an apparent increase in the use and abuse of amphetamines and their effect on mental health caused the United Nations Narcotics Commission, in January, 1969, to ask all governments to impose strict controls on these drugs. The drugs, first ...


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A national political convention and an international incident received considerable attention in Mexico in 1969. On November 16, Luis Echeverria Alvarez was nominated as the presidential candidate of the governing Institutional Revolutionary Party ...


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The clash of Israeli and Arab arms rang louder during 1969 as the two bitter enemies appeared to edge closer to a fourth round of all-out war in the Middle East. Neither the United Nations (UN) nor the major powers hador could exercisethe ...


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Nobel prizes in literature, peace, and science were presented at ceremonies in Stockholm, Sweden, on Dec. 10, 1969. The Norwegian Storting (parliament) Nobel Committee in Oslo, Norway, also gave a prize in economic science. It was the first time that ...


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The Labor Party, which lost control of the government in 1965 after 30 years of almost unbroken rule, came close to recapturing it in 1969. In the September 6 and 7 elections, it won 74 seats, but the four-party, non-Labor coalition government of ...


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The deep-sea drilling program, begun in 1968 in the Gulf of Mexico, completed expeditions in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans in 1969 that yielded new information on their geological history and set a deep-drilling record of 3,000 feet in the seabed. ...


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It was a time of ferment and decision in the Pacific during 1969. Although France, Great Britain, and the United States remained the dominant forces in the area, their roles were being increasingly challenged by the islands.


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Rembrandt dominated the major exhibitions of 1969, the year that marked the 300th anniversary of the death of the Dutch master. Major exhibitions in North America were Rembrandt and His Pupils, presented by the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts ...


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In October, 1968, in an edition issued to mark the 10 years Mohammed Ayub Khan had been in office, a government newspaper spoke of a memorable decade that was a harbinger of a radiant new era. On March 25, 1969, Ayub Khan went ...


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Richard Milhous Nixon became the 37th President of the United States on Jan. 20,1969. Heading the first Republican Administration in eight years, Mr. Nixon presented a new presidential image at home and overseas.


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Polarization was the key word of Protestantism in 1969, as members of denominations came into conflict over social and theological issues. No longer did denominational lines serve to define the points of view. The way Protestants reacted to ...


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In some instances of injury to the brain, a specific ability or kind of behavior may be lost temporarily and then restored. The mechanism by which such recovery is achieved is puzzling, since individual brain cells, unlike cells elsewhere in the body, ...


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The inauguration of Governor Luis A. Ferre, on Jan. 2, 1969, ended an era in the island's history. Ferre is a member of the New Progressive Party. His election on Nov. 5, 1968, was the first successful challenge to the 28-year reign of the Popular ...


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Radio, which recorded its first billion-dollar year in 1968, faced sobering problems in 1969. The principal and most worrisome was that of license renewal contests. In an effort to safeguard their licenses, many radio stations throughout the country ...


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A dramatic moment in the history of religions occurred on June 10, 1969, when Pope Paul VI paid a courtesy call on the headquarters of the World Council of Churches in Geneva, Switzerland. The visit seemed to represent a step forward in ...


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The Saudi government thwarted an attempt to overthrow King Faisal and proclaim the nation an Arabian Peninsula Republic in 1969. In June, a widespread conspiracy had been uncovered, principally in the Saudi air force; the chief conspirator was said to ...


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Prime Minister Siaka P. Stevens announced in January, 1969, that the nation would eventually become a republic. His announcement was followed in June by the convening of a constitutional convention. He told the delegates that the old Constitution had ...


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Austria won the World Cup series for Alpine skiers in 1969, while the United States had a disappointing year in international competition.


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Professional soccer in the United States, suffering from a lack of public support in the 1968 season, suffered even more in 1969.


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Social Security legislation proposed by President Richard M. Nixon in 1969 met mixed reactions from congressmen and citizens. The President recommended a 10 per cent increase in benefits effective March 1, 1970. Congressional leaders of both parties ...


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Prime Minister Mohammed Ibrahim Egal and his Somali Youth League were victorious in the elections held for the National Assembly on March 26, 1969. Violence accompanied the elections, with 25 people reported dead. The government continued to cooperate ...


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The ruling Nationalist Party pursued its policy of apartheid despite some opposition, and Prime Minister Balthazar Johannes Vorster reaffirmed the goal of separate territorial development. In August, a new Bantustan was created for the northern Sotho ...


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Peruvian relations with the United States reached a low ebb in 1969 over various issues. The major issue involved Peru's expropriation of properties belonging to the International Petroleum Company (IPC), a subsidiary of Standard Oil of New Jersey. On ...


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President Ferdinand E. Marcos was re-elected in a national election held on Nov. 11, 1969. He became the first man in Philippine history to win the presidency for a second four-year term. The campaign had been marred by sporadic violence and voter ...


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Great interest was generated among physicists in 1969 by new evidence of particles and radiation of the most fundamental nature.


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The victory of the ruling National Unity Front party in the July 1, 1969, elections to the Sejm (Parliament) was a foregone conclusion, but some voters expressed disapproval by crossing names off the single list of candidates they were given. Premier ...


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The increasing pollution of water and air loomed in 1969 as the gravest and most difficult to solve of the many threats to man's environment. The most dramatic development was a November announcement by Robert H. Finch, secretary of health, education, ...


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On Oct. 26, 1969, for the first time in 43 years, the nation held a parliamentary election in which a democratic opposition was permitted to play an active role. Although all 130 of the seats at stake in the National Assembly were won, as in past ...


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The Republican Party increased the number of governorships under its control to 32, its highest number since 1920, by winning the November gubernatorial races in Virginia and New Jersey.


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Prime Minister Ian D. Smith received parliamentary approval to extend a state of emergency in Rhodesia early in 1969. (Zimbabwe was then called Rhodesia.) Under the accompanying extraordinary powers granted him, Europeans as well as Africans were ...


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On the feast of the Epiphany, Jan. 6, 1969, in St. Peter's Basilica, Rome, Pope Paul VI consecrated 12 new bishops from four continents, bringing the worldwide total of bishops to nearly 4,000. Included in the new group were four Americans. The pope ...


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Romania maintained its delicate balance between Soviet-bloc pressures and its own independence throughout 1969. Leaders publicly rejected the Russian doctrine of limited sovereignty for bloc nations. While reaffirming their wish for closer ...


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There were no changes in the top hierarchy of the Communist Party or the government in 1969, and, as far as outside observers could discern, no significant change took place in the balance of forces in the Kremlin. The efficiency with which the ...


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Safety was the subject of dozens of formal papers presented at the annual congress of the Society of Automotive Engineers held from January 13 to 17, 1969, in Detroit. The meeting reflected a growing concern by the technical community. Several papers ...


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Men flew to the moon, walked on its surface, and returned safely to earth in 1969. The historic first journey marked the achievement of the U.S. space exploration goal of the decade and stimulated the projection of new goals for the 1970s and 1980s.


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President Francisco Franco named Prince Juan Carlos de Borbon y Borbon as his heir to power on July 22, 1969. The prince, 31, was formally invested as prince of Spain on June 23. He will become King Juan III of Spain after the death or retirement of ...


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Race and labor relations shook the sports world in 1969. Special targets of the racial militants were Brigham Young University and the Republic of South Africa. They objected to the policies of the Mormon Church, controller of Brigham Young ...


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Federal-state relations, budgets, tax increases, and major social problems were the primary concerns of state government throughout 1969.


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Tight money and fiscal policy put a damper on both stock and bond prices during most of 1969. Vacillating hopes to reduce the U.S. commitment in Vietnam were a major factor in shaping market expectations of future policies.


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Army officers overturned the civilian government on May 25, 1969, and established a Revolutionary Council to rule Sudan. The new leaders condemned the failure of previous regimes to end internal strife and to solve the country's economic problems. The ...


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Rod Laver, a small, wiry Australian with fiery red hair and a fiery game, scored a grand slam of the four major tennis tournaments in 1969. More significant, however, was the continued change in the once clearly defined relationship between ...


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A general election and a smoldering revolt preoccupied the nation in 1969. On February 10, nationwide elections ended a decade of rule by martial law. The ruling United Thai People's Party of Premier Thanom Kittikachorn captured 75 seats in the ...


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The best of Broadway in 1969 looked to the past. When it was announced that a former high school history teacher had written a musical show about the Continental Congress, Broadway cynics predicted the show would close within a week. But 1776


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Bill Toomey, on his 10th attempt in 1969, finally broke Kurt Bendlin's world decathlon record in a meet at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), on December 11. Toomey, a 30-year-old, part-time schoolteacher from Laguna Beach, Calif., ...


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Most branches of the U.S. transportation industry continued to experience traffic increases in 1969, even though the overall pace of the economy slowed. Airline, trucking, and ocean-shipping companies generally showed a decline in earnings, although ...


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Anti-American feeling, fomented principally by radical students and intellectuals opposed to the government of Premier Suleyman Demirel, reached fever pitch in 1969. A major riot involving 20,000 people erupted in Istanbul on February 16 during a ...


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The tiny Caribbean island of Anguilla was the focus of world attention in 1969 when Great Britain invaded it with a force of about 100 men. The invasion had been prompted by Anguilla's decision to withdraw from an associate statehood with St. Kitts ...


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Yugoslavia continued its concern regarding its relations with Russia in 1969. Yugoslav leaders still publicly disapproved the Russian invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968, and its doctrine of limited sovereignty for satellite nations. Andrei ...


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Animals, unlike man, have a variety of methods for protecting themselves from harm during sleep, Heini Hediger of the Zurich, Switzerland, Zoological Gardens reported in 1969. Hediger concluded that one attribute of animals is a sort of ...


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The first major zoo structure built around a biological theme was opened at the Bronx Zoo in New York City, in June, 1969. The exhibit, The World of Darkness, uses a reverse lighting technique to show nocturnal animals active by day. Most of the cages ...


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Harry Edwin Strom, who had succeeded Ernest C. Manning late in 1968 after Manning's 25 years as premier, completed his first year in office in 1969. With a total of 54 out of the 65 seats in the legislature held by Strom's Social Credit Party, the new ...


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After 17 years in power, the Social Credit government, led by William A. C. Bennett, received a triumphant mandate from voters in provincial balloting on August 27. The Social Credit Party gained 8 seats in the 55-seat legislature to control 39 seats. ...


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Jean-Jacques Bertrand, who assumed leadership of the ruling Union Nationale Party in September, 1968, was confirmed as leader at a party convention on June 21. Bertrand, suffering from circulatory trouble, spent some time in the hospital over the ...


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Though the Liberal government of Ross Thatcher presented its fifth successive balanced budget on February 18, there was gloom in Saskatchewan in 1969 arising from the depressed condition of agriculture. The wet season in 1968 required the drying of ...


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More than 5 billion magazines are bought annually, and, in 1969, the pastime of reading grew at a faster rate than did the U.S. population, according to the Magazine Publishers Association's statistics.


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Publishing of newspapers, magazines, and books flourished during 1969, and more paper was used for that purpose than ever before. Along with increased circulation and growing support by advertisers, however, there were signs that newspapers, as well ...


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In September 1969, President Richard M. Nixon announced a program designed to stop the illicit narcotics traffic into the United States from Mexico. The campaign, known as Operation Intercept, involved nearly 2,000 agents of the Bureau of Customs and ...


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Livestock prices were high, and crop yields generally good in the United States in 1969. Farmers' incomes increased, and their standards of living continued upward. The main worries of farmers included the increasing use of substitutes for their ...


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White and black students fought briefly on the campus of the University of Houston in March, 1969, in a dispute involving a group known as Afro-Americans for Black Liberation. Three days later, the university filed trespassing charges against Mark ...


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One of the major events in Los Angeles in 1969 was the re-election, in May, of Mayor Samuel W. Yorty. The victory was surprising and decisive. Yorty won 53 per cent of the vote, while his opponent, Councilman Thomas Bradley, received 46 per cent. ...


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President Richard M. Nixon endorsed a $29.7-million urban renewal grant in January for Washington, D.C., aimed at restoration of the areas devastated by riots in 1968. Attached to this money was a wide-reaching proposal in the form of a 12-point ...


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Millions of Americans will be counted by mail in the 1970 census beginning on April 1 the first time a 10-year census will make extensive use of the mail. In metropolitan areas, census questionnaires will be mailed to heads of households late in ...


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Montreal experienced two serious disturbances in 1969. The first occurred on February 11 when a group of students at Sir George Williams University in downtown Montreal set fire to the university's computer center following a two-week occupation of ...


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Petroleum remained the No. 1 source of energy in 1969. The United States consumed oil at the rate of 13.5 million barrels a day, and natural gas at the rate of 55 billion cubic feet a day. More than $4.5 billion was spent by the domestic oil industry ...


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By year's end, the electric utility industry in the United States had 61.6 million customers, an increase of 20 per cent during the decade of the 1960's. Projections for the 1970's indicated a total of 68.4 million by 1975, and 75 million by 1980. ...


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In spite of a continued series of dangerous international monetary crises, international trade continued to boom in 1969. Clearly, the outstanding event of the year was the decision in October by the 112 member nations of the International Monetary ...


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On May 26, 1969, Henry Rago, editor of Poetry


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Philadelphia opened the world's largest mint in August. The $39.4-million facility occupies a city block only a short distance from the site of the nation's first mint, which was opened in 1792, when Philadelphia was the nation's capital.


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A swift and efficiently executed military coup overthrew the 17-year-old monarchy of King Idris I on Sept. 1, 1969. Taking advantage of the king's absence in Turkey for medical treatment, army officers seized Libya's three capitals, disarmed the ...


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President Gamal Abdel Nasser resolutely escalated the Arab-Israeli conflict in 1969. Beginning in March with a heavy gun barrage across the Suez Canal, the attacks by the United Arab Republic (U.A.R.), as Egypt was called, and the predictable Israeli ...


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Two events of major significance occurred in Africa in 1970the long civil war in Nigeria ended in January, and the United Arab Republic's President Gamal Abdel Nasser died suddenly on September 28. Internal strife plagued several other African ...


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Sweden installed a new prime minister, Olof Palme, on October 14, after he was elected leader of the Social Democrats. He succeeded Tage Erlander, who retired after 23 years in the office. Palme, a strong opponent of U.S. fighting in Vietnam, had ...


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Most of the world's best swimmers in 1969 came from California. Among them were Gary Hall, a 17-year-old high school senior from Garden Grove; Mike Burton, a 22-year-old University of California, Los Angeles, junior from Carmichael; Mark Spitz, a ...


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By the end of 1969, wide changes were under consideration for the Swiss Constitution, formulated in 1848 and last revised in 1874. On March 5, the government said it would propose an amendment to give women full voting rights in all the cantons. Six ...


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Policy differences between the military and political leaders in the Ba'athist Party brought on a government crisis in 1969. The main issue was whether the state should take a more active part in the struggle against Israel or concentrate on economic ...


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President Richard M. Nixon urged the 91st Congress to provide for major reform in the federal tax system, declaring that we shall never make taxation popular, but we can make taxation fair. Tax loopholes for some of the very rich had made ...


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Television staged an electronic miracle on July 20, 1969, when it provided the world with front-row seats for man's first landing on the moon. An estimated 700 million earthlings125 million in the United States alonewatched the Apollo 11


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The United Nations (UN) General Assembly, 126 members strong, looked hopefully toward its 25th anniversary in 1970 as it witnessed a political tug of war between the superpowers and a host of less-developed but hostile nations during its 24th annual ...


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There were new faces, new programs, and new philosophies in Washington, D.C., as the Republican Administration took office in January, 1969. Thousands of American troops were withdrawn from Vietnam, inequities of the Selective Service System were ...


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Strikes intermittently paralyzed the country during much of 1969. On January 21, striking government workers rioted in Montevideo over the government's failure to pay a monthly salary bonus. In mid-April, 14,000 meat packers went on strike over a ...


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Rafael Caldera, leader of the Christian Democratic Party, was sworn in as the 43rd president of Venezuela on March 11, 1969. His inauguration ended 11 years of rule by the Democratic Action Party. It also marked the first time in Venezuela's history ...


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The year that began with such high hopes for an early end to the war drew to a close with the war still grinding on. Despite the disillusionment, there were some indications that the situation had altered for the better. For one thing, the battles in ...


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One of the most devastaing hurricanes in the history of the United States ripped across the Gulf Coast in August, 1969, destroying both life and property. There were also an unusually large number of tropical storms that progressed in odd, abnormal ...


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The only Canadian province to change its government in 1969, Manitoba saw its Conservative premier, Walter C. Weir, defeated in a general election on June 25 after only 18 months in office. Weir, inheriting a Conservative administration that first ...


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There were no political changes in New Brunswick in 1969 as Louis J. Robichaud's Liberal government continued in office. The extensive program to modernize the educational and welfare services of the province consumed about two-thirds of the revenues, ...


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Joseph R. Smallwood, premier of Newfoundland since the island entered the Canadian confederation in 1949, gave notice early in 1969 that he intended to retire from public life. He later changed his mind, however, and at a convention of the Liberal ...


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Nova Scotia experienced a year of political controversy in 1969 but the Conservative government of George I. Smith held office securely with a comfortable majority of 36 seats in the 46-seat legislature. Difficulties in the construction of the ...


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Canada's largest province endorsed the principle of a capital gains tax and a guaranteed annual income in 1969. In the budget message of March 4, Charles S. MacNaughton, provincial treasurer, sketched out a new tax structure embodying a system of ...


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Canada's smallest province suffered bitter disappointment on March 5 when Prime Minister Trudeau announced that the federal government had abandoned plans to build a causeway, first promised in 1962, across the 9-mile strait linking Prince Edward ...


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A political purge instituted under President Arthur da Costa e Silva in late 1968 continued unabated in 1969. On January 16, the government removed 3 Supreme Court justices and 37 federal congressmen from office. Another 95 federal and local ...


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President Richard M. Nixon signed a bill on Nov. 10, 1969, banning the interstate sale of toys ruled dangerous due to electrical, mechanical, or thermal hazards. Among the targets of the law were toy ovens that overheat and metal casting ...


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In August 1969, Afghanistan held elections for Parliament for the second time under its 1964 Constitution, but problems persisted in King Mohammed Zahir Shah's attempts to attain a true constitutional democracy. His legislative program lagged in the ...


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Chicago experienced a year of political upsets and racial unrest in 1969. In April, Mayor Richard J. Daley's Democratic organization received two jolts in aldermanic elections when independent Democrats defeated party-backed candidates in two of the ...


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New York City served during 1969 as an extreme example of the plight that can afflict metropolitan centers. The many problems, some seemingly insurmountable, thrived in a city of paradoxes. Affluence reached a record high in the nation's largest city, ...


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Boasting the second-fastest growth rate among the nation's 20 largest metropolitan areas, Dallas found indications in 1969 of an even greater boom in its future.


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Detroit, still suffering from the effects of the 1967 riots, chose a new mayor in a 1969 campaign that saw the first major effort by a Negro to win the city's highest office.


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In 1969, the world's population grew about 71 million personsan increase of nearly 1.4 million for every week in the year. Based on the most recent United Nations estimates, the world total at year's end stood at about 3.6 billion persons.


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On January 28, 1969, a blowout started uncontrolled leakage at the rate of 500 barrels a day from an oil well being drilled under federal lease in the Santa Barbara Channel 5 miles off the coast of California. The resultant pollution of the water and ...


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Inflation psychology dominated the money market in 1969. Congress extended the 10 per cent surtax through 1969. The United States had its first budget surplus since 1969. The turnaround from deficit to surplus was on a massive scale. Receipts rose to ...


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Construction expenditures reached an estimated high of $90.9 billion in 1969, an increase of 8.3 per cent over the $83.9 billion spent in 1968, according to figures from the U.S. Bureau of the Census.


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Throughout America, signs of decay and neglect were growing increasingly evident in 1969. Housing continued to deteriorate while builders failed to meet growing demand. Inner city educational offerings remained almost uniformly inferior to those in ...


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The year 1969 was one of great tension throughout the U.S. economy. It opened with expectations for a slowing in both the rate of growth of gross national product (GNP) and the rate of inflation. A restrictive fiscal policy and tight money were ...


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continued to extend its links with the rest of the world during 1970, although its close ties to Communist China remained strong. Albania announced a trade agreement with Greece on January 24, only four days after the announcement of a new trade pact ...


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The government of President Houari Boumediene celebrated its fifth year in power with solid economic progress and a new sense of national purpose in 1970. Although the government gave vocal support to various revolutionary causes and harbored such ...


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A South African anthropologist reported in 1970 that he can find no evidence to support the argument that brain size varies by race. Phillip V. Tobias of Witwatersrand University in Johannesburg, South Africa, investigated the theory that races of men ...


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Archaeologists found new evidence in 1970 of differences between Neanderthal skeletons found in Europe and those found in warmer parts of the world. Francis Ivanhoe of the University of London showed that some differences result from a higher ...


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The generation gap among architects seemed as wide as ever in 1970. It was revealed at the annual meeting of the American Institute of Architects (AIA) in Boston, from June 21 to 25, that only $1.3 million had been raised for a $15-million program ...


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President Juan Carlos Ongania was deposed by a three-man military junta on June 8, 1970. In assuming power, the junta members said their aim was to establish order in the face of such terrorist challenges to the government as the kidnaping ...


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The biggest winners in international competition in 1970 were Jochen Rindt of Austria and the Porsche automobile factory in Stuttgart, West Germany. The major prizes in the United States went to Denis Hulme of New Zealand, Bobby Isaac of Catawba, ...


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The United States aviation industry struggled through a year of disappointment and frustration in 1970. The industry endured a host of major problems such as traffic, finances, hijackings, and environmental issues.


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On the field, baseball prospered during the 1970 season. Off the field, it shuddered as its structure and dignity were shaken by two strong players (Curt Flood and Denny McLain) and one weak franchise (Seattle).


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The 1969-1970 college basketball season was like many othersthe University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), won the national championship. In professional basketball, however, the season was like no other.


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Protracted efforts by Prime Minister Gaston Eyskens to solve his country's major irritant, the language problem, failed in July, 1970. The coalition government failed twice to get a quorum in the House of Representatives and shelved its proposals to ...


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A team of 13 University of Wisconsin scientists successfully completed the synthesis of a single gene in June, 1970. The synthesis was achieved under the leadership of Har Gobind Khorana, who shared the 1968 Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine for ...


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A series of yacht races between two huge sloops stirred much of the world in 1970, mainly because of a controversial disqualification. The United States won the prize, the America's Cup, when Intrepid


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Two major crises catapulted Cambodia into the world spotlight in 1970. On March 18, Prince Norodom Sihanouk was ousted as head of state by General Lon Nol. On April 29, the United States launched an offensive against North Vietnamese forces operating ...


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A tiny group of terrorist revolutionaries in Quebec threatened the political stability of the nation in 1970. In the crisis, Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau moved firmly to root out the revolutionary separatist movement and reassert the ...


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Canadian literature in 1970 was notable for its fiction. Among regional novels: The Humpback


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A new table of atomic weights was announced in 1970 by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). It was the first revision of the official table of atomic weights since 1961, when the standard for establishing these weights was ...


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In what some authorities called the greatest match in the history of chess, the 10 best Russian players defeated the 10 best players from the rest of the world in a four-round match played in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, in March and April, 1970. Grandmaster ...


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Salvador Allende Gossens, an avowed Marxist-Leninist, won the closest and most controversial presidential election in Chile's history on Sept. 4, 1970. Backed by a coalition of Socialist and Communist parties, he received a plurality of 36.3 per cent ...


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The land lay tranquil late in 1970. The grain bins were packed with one of the best harvests in two decades. Industry had recovered from the turmoil of the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution from 1966 to 1968. An earth satellite, launched in April, ...


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Russia, in 1970, pushed its bid to become the number-one superpower by the mid-1970s. At the same time, U.S. military strength was shrinking, in line with President Richard M. Nixon's new defense strategy. Russia held the lead in landbased ...


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The rising tide of war engulfed much of Indochina in 1970. For the first few months of the year, most of the large-scale fighting was confined to Vietnam. There was guerrilla activity in Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, and Burma, but most of the fighting ...


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A total eclipse of the sun occurred March 7, 1970, that was seen in the southern and eastern United States. Its 100-mile-wide path began in the Pacific Ocean, crossed southern Mexico near Oaxaca, and passed over Savannah, Ga.; Charleston, S.C.; ...


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The Liberal Government of Prime Minister John G. Gorton successfully defeated a noconfidence motion introduced by the opposition Labor Party in Parliament on May 15, 1970. The motion followed the introduction of a government-sponsored bill on offshore ...


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The Socialist Party won a narrow but surprising election victory on March 1, 1970, ending four years of domination by the conservative People's Party. Socialists won 81 National Council seats, the People's Party 79, and the extreme right Freedom Party ...


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Failing sales, a costly strike, and the challenge of foreign-made cars hurt the United States automobile industry in 1970. The industry introduced a new breed of ultrasmall cars to compete against the imports, but they did not appear to slow down ...


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The study of lichens in England provided a new and useful measurement of air pollution in 1970. Lichens are flowerless plants that usually grow on bare rocks and tree stumps. Each one is actually composed of two different organisms, an alga and a ...


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Mike McGrath of El Cerrito, Calif., Don Johnson of Akron, Ohio, and Nelson Burton, Jr., of St. Louis were the most successful professional bowlers in 1970. McGrath, a slender, 24-year-old left-hander, won the $75,000 Professional Bowlers Association ...


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Because of three heavyweight bouts, boxing escaped from the doldrums and generated new interest in 1970. The fights were won by Joe Frazier and Muhammad Ali (Cassius Clay).


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Bulgaria continued to serve in 1970 as a model for the close economic integration Russia wants to achieve with all East European countries. Tano Tsolov, chairman of the Bulgarian State Planning Commission, said in June that Bulgaria and the Soviet ...


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General Ne Win and his military government faced mounting pressure from two prime sources in 1970. One was the guerrilla activities of the National United Liberation Front, a rebel movement led by former Prime Minister U Nu from a base in Thailand. ...


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Walter J. Hickel was the last of President Richard M. Nixon's Cabinet members to be approved in 1969. When he was sworn in as secretary of the interior, the President remarked: The last shall be first. The prophetic nature of the ...


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This is the first time since 1920, declared Bishop Stephen G. Spottswood on June 29, 1970, that the national Administration has made it a matter of calculated policy to work against the needs and aspirations of the largest minority ...


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Misael Pastrana Borrero was elected president on April 19, 1970. Pastrana received 1,614,419 of the roughly 4 million votes cast. His nearest rival, in a four-man race, former Colombian dictator Gustavo Rojas Pinilla, tallied 1,557,782. Because of the ...


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International telecommunications was enhanced in 1970 by the expansion of the global satellite communications system, including the addition of 10 new earth stations, and the opening of a fifth transatlantic cable that can handle more than 800 ...


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The second session of the 91st Congress was sensitive to the mood of the nation in 1970, an election year. It was jealous of its own privileges and critical of the authority of President Richard M. Nixon.


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Reflecting the worldwide concern over the deterioration of man's environment, President Richard M. Nixon signed the National Environmental Quality Improvement Act on Jan. 1, 1970, as his first official act of the new decade. In approving the ...


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To more than 9 million American men of draft age, a decision handed down on June 15, 1970, by the Supreme Court of the United States was a landmark. By a 5-to-3 vote, in Welsh v. United States,


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The Federal Bureau of Investigation reported in 1970 that crime increased 148 per cent in the United States during the 1960s, while population grew about 13 per cent. Every classification of crime soared, and all sections of the nation shared in the ...


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Weariness, disenchantment, and discontent were evident throughout Cuba in 1970. The nation's troubled state could be traced primarily to widespread passive resistance by workers. Productivity declined; absenteeism, slowdowns, and deliberate waste ...


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Conservatives gradually tightened a Stalinist strait jacket on the country in 1970. Communist Party boss Gustav Husak could not resist the pressure of the more hard-line leaders, but he at least continued to fight against police terror and rigged show ...


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Major American dance companies prospered in 1970. This was especially true of companies in New York City, which is still the center of dance in the United States.


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Democrats dealt a sharp setback to Republicans in the November 1970 governors' races. They took 13 governorships from GOP control while losing only 2, thus dramatically shifting state power. Before the election, there had been 18 Democratic and 32 ...


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A parliamentary committee on June 2, 1970, cleared government members of violating constitutional guarantees, and ruled that the privacy of postal, telegraph, and telephone communications had not been violated by security activities. The committee ...


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Several drugs that have been widely used for many years were discontinued in 1970 because of adverse research findings.


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Hope was renewed in 1970 that the late Sir Winston Churchill's 25-year-old call for a United Europe may be answered. European nations took two distinct steps in 1970 toward political, economic, and financial unification, and toward bridging the gap ...


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Hemlines made headlines in 1970 and divided women into hawks and doves. Almost unanimously, designers in Paris and New York City dropped skirt lengths to anywhere from just below the knee to just above the ankle and called the new length the Midi ...


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The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations proclaimed in 1970 that there was no longer any danger of world famine in the foreseeable future. New agricultural technology made the optimistic forecast possible. Thanks to an ...


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Professional and college football made radical innovations in 1970. One immediate result was a season of surprise champions.


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The Gaullist Government spent much of 1970 fighting student and labor unrest. It prepared a five-year plan that it hoped would ensure economic stability until 1976.


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Scientists have discovered fossil reptile bones in Antarctica, adding new strength to the theory that continents drift on the earth's surface. Among the fragments discovered was a scrap of jawbone positively identified as that of a Lystrosaurus,


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The success of such horses as Personality, Ta Wee, Fort Marcy, and Limit to Reason highlighted the U.S. thoroughbred racing year. Of the two horses that attracted the most worldwide attention in 1970, however, one never raced in America, and the other ...


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The Hungarian Socialist Workers (Communist) Party continued its program of cautious reform in 1970. It pledged to continue efforts to decentralize and reform the economic system, raise living standards, and introduce social and administrative reforms, ...


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United States, East German, and Russian figure skaters and Dutch speed skaters won world championships in 1970.


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President Richard M. Nixon signed a bill on April 8, 1970, that makes it easier for aliens who are engaged to be married to U.S. citizens to enter the United States. They can be admitted for permanent residence if the marriage takes place within 90 ...


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There was seemingly little on the political, social, or economic front to comfort the onlooker in 1970. The Congress Party (CP), which once held the nation together, remained split into two warring camps. Tides of violence swept the country. The ...


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Indians became more militant in 1970 out of frustration with a government that they felt disregarded treaties and refused to deal with Indian grievances. During the year, Indian groups demonstrated at offices of the Bureau of Indian Affairs in ...


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Air pollution reached crisis proportions when a weeklong chemical smog blanketed Tokyo in July, 1970, sending more than 8,000 men, women, and children to hospitals for relief. Public concern about pollution, already a long-standing and serious ...


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The survival of Judaism and Israel remained the two central issues facing American Jews in 1970. The organized American Jewish community (approximately 5.8 million) has continued to assist Jews in need through local federations and welfare funds. The ...


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The uneasy crown of Jordan's King Hussein I hung by a thread in 1970. Civil war erupted in September between Palestinian guerrillas, determined to force an all-out Jordanian commitment to their anti-Israeli campaign, and Jordan's Army. Hussein's ...


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This small but oil-rich desert state added a military commitment to its economic support for the Arab's anti-Israeli cause in 1970. Kuwait's Yarmouk brigade joined troops of Algeria and the United Arab Republic (U.A.R.) during escalated ...


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Labor force statistics for 1970 reflected the problems faced by the Administration of President Richare M. Nixon in trying to slow down inflation. The number of unemployed workers increased by 1.4 million and the unemployment rate rose from a ...


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Widespread violence and terrorism aroused deep concern throughout Latin America and most of the rest of the world in 1970. In Argentina, former President Pedro E. Aramburu was kidnaped and killed by a terrorist group in May. In Brazil, the government ...


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Industrial production declined steadily throughout 1970. The Federal Reserve System index dropped 2.7 per cent in October, its sharpest plunge since August, 1959. At year's end, it was more than 7 per cent below its July, 1969, high. Even though the ...


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A long-term study (approximately nine years) of 923 diabetic patients in the United States and Puerto Rico, sponsored by the National Institutes of Health, found that there were differences in death rates among patients treated with oral drugs and ...


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Since the U.S. federal government appropriated $364 million in matched funds to finance the Community Mental Health Acts of 1963 and 1965, 185 Mental Health Centers have opened, and 180 more have been funded and are scheduled to open in the next few ...


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Luis Echeverria Alvarez was elected president by a landslide vote on July 5, 1970. His victory extended the 42-year rule of the Institutional Revolutionary Party for another 6 years. In a campaign that took him to every state in Mexico, he traveled ...


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A cease-fire in the Middle East proposed by the United States halted spiraling military clashes along Israel's borders in 1970. Israel, Jordan, and the United Arab Republic (U.A.R.) accepted the ceasefire on August 7, easing the threat of a fourth ...


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King Hassan II celebrated his 41st birthday on July 8, 1970, with a present to the nation. He ended the state of exception under which he had ruled Morocco as an absolute monarch since 1965. At the same time, Hassan called for ...


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The independence of the Orthodox Church in America was proclaimed in an agreement signed in New York City on March 31, 1970. Metropolitan Ireney, primate of the Russian Orthodox Greek Catholic Church of America, signed as a representative of the newly ...


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Campus unrest dominated events in education in 1970. United States military action in Cambodia in May triggered campus protests throughout the United States. The tension grew when four students were killed by National Guard fire at Kent State ...


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The 1970 midterm elections in the United States produced victories for both major political parties. Republicans made a net gain of 2 U.S. Senate seats. Democrats netted 10 seats in the U.S. House of Representatives and they added 11 governorships.


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Basic research in electronics, responding to the general economic slowdown and cuts in government research funds, was slowed in 1970. No basic theoretical advances were achieved. It was a year of consolidation, with earlier basic advances taking ...


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Growing concern over pollution made 1970 the Year of the Environment. Presidential messages and international conferences on pollution; the public protest on Earth Day, April 22; and the unusual attention campaigning political ...


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Despite his age, Emperor Haile Selassie I continued as an active spokesman for the nonaligned nations in 1970. In addition to playing host to a ministerial conference of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) in February, he made official visits to ...


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The rich got richer in professional golf in 1970. The most successful players were Billy Casper and Jack Nicklaus, who, with Arnold Palmer, were the first professional golfers to exceed $1 million in career tournament earnings. The Professional ...


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Edward (Ted) Heath and his Conservative (Tory) Party regained power in 1970 in Great Britain's most astonishing political upset since World War II. In the general elections on June 18, the Tories took 330 seats (gaining 66) and the Labour Party 288 in ...


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European moves to weaken and isolate the Greek military regime politically and economically shifted to a new target in 1970Greece's economic tie to the European Community (Common Market). On April 16, the commission that administers Common ...


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The President's Committee on Mental Retardation and the President's Committee on Employment of the Handicapped issued their first joint report in January, 1970. Entitled These Too Must Be Equal, the report's 39 recommendations included the ...


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The spread of cholera attracted international attention in 1970. Cases were officially reported in at least 18 countries. Russia, in September, reported 453 cases in the city of Astrakhan and 101 cases in Kerch and Odessa. Cases were also reported in ...


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The Boston Bruins, a strong, rough team with hockey's best player, Bobby Orr, won the Stanley Cup play-offs in 1970. But the season may well be most remembered for the tactics of the New York Rangers and Montreal Canadiens on April 5, the final night ...


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Indonesia made slow but steady progress in solving its political problems in 1970. The death of deposed President Sukarno on June 21 finally removed a rallying point for dissident Leftists who hoped to use him in their antigovernment plots. The ...


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The prospect of British forces withdrawing from the Persian Gulf provoked a flurry of diplomatic activity in Iran in 1970. Seeking a common front with traditional Arab regimes along the gulf, Iran exchanged official visits with Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, ...


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A settlement reached on March 11, 1970, appeared to end the nine-year-old civil war with the Kurds, which had devastated northern Iraq. As part of the agreement, five Kurdish Cabinet members were appointed March 29. The government also agreed to ...


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Serious rioting between Roman Catholics and Protestants in the Ulster District of Northern Ireland had repercussions in Ireland in 1970. In April, Prime Minister John Lynch dismissed two ministers of his government on charges that they had been ...


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The cease-fire on the Suez Canal front and Arab preoccupation with Palestinian commandos and other internal problems gave Israel an opportunity to concentrate on domestic matters late in 1970. The August 7 cease-fire was accepted first by the Arabs ...


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The government moved from crisis to crisis during 1970. Industrial unrest and political instability slowed production and disrupted the economy. A wave of strikes and riots in industrial centers, coupled with the inability to form a coalition ...


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Lebanon put aside its problems with the Palestinian guerrillas operating against Israel from its territory long enough to elect a new president on Aug. 17, 1970. But the choice was made only after complicated maneuvering in the Chamber of Deputies, ...


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Revelation that federal agents were investigating library-book withdrawal records caused wide concern in 1970. The information came to light at the 89th annual American Library Association conference held in Detroit in June. The association's ...


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The military regime that overthrew King Idris I in 1969 tightened its control over the country in 1970. On January 10, the regime formally established the Revolutionary Command Council (RCC) as the supreme authority in Libya, with the army chief of ...


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The emphasis on sex as a publishing commodity appeared to have moved from fiction to nonfiction on the best-selling lists in 1970. While there was no lack of sensational fare in short-story collections and novels, there were indications that readers ...


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More and more children's classics found their way into paperback in 1970, thus making more first-class children's literature available at lower cost. The Pooh books by A. A. Milne were probably the most celebrated example. There also seemed to be more ...


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Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia's undisputed political leader for more than a decade, resigned on Sept. 22, 1970. He was succeeded by his hand-picked deputy, Abdul Razak. The change followed by one day the installation of Abdul Halim ...


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There were warning signs in 1970 that Hollywood's resolute wooing of the youth market might just possibly have been a mistake. True, it was the young who, in years past, had turned such problematical pictures as Bonnie and Clyde, The Graduate, Easy ...


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The man of the year in 1970 was Ludwig van Beethoven, whose 200th birthday was celebrated throughout the world with special events and performances of his works.


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Pop music festivals, which reached their peak in the 1969 Woodstock, N.Y., happening, lost ground in 1970 as a consequence of violence and riots. At Chicago's Grant Park on July 27, an angry crowd waiting for Sly and the Family Stone to appear rioted ...


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Queen Juliana, in a speech on Sept. 15, 1970, threatened strong action against any groups that abuse freedom in order to force their beliefs and patterns on other people. The warning followed months of unrest. The burgomaster of Rotterdam ...


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The 31-month civil war ended on Jan. 12, 1970, when Biafra surrendered to Major General Yakubu Gowon, the federal Nigerian leader. The rebel leader General Odumegwu Ojukwu fled to asylum in the Ivory Coast. Despite fears of genocide, an international ...


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Nobel prizes in literature, peace, economics, and science were presented at ceremonies in Stockholm, Sweden, on Dec. 10, 1970. They were awarded by the Norwegian Storting (legislative) Nobel Committee, Oslo.


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Two experiments involving the decay of atomic nuclei produced important results in 1970. A completely new form of radioactive decay was discovered, and a well-known type of decay process indicated a startling new characteristic of one of nature's ...


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West Germany and Poland signed a treaty on Dec. 7, 1970, settling border questions that had been disputed since World War II. In signing, West Germany recognized the Oder-Neisse line as Poland's western frontier and gave up all claim to 40,000 square ...


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Some signs appeared in 1970 indicating that government controls were being relaxed in Portugal. Despite the encouraging signs, however, there was no anticipation that the nation would soon become a genuine democracy.


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Richard Milhous Nixon played a strong triple role as the nation's top diplomat, commander in chief, and leader of the Republican Party in 1970. In the process, the cautious, low-key image of his first year in office almost disappeared.


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A long-prophesied religious recession in American Protestantism began in 1970. A few observers considered it a temporary lull, but most compared the setbacks to those suffered by European churches during the past century. Secularization, ...


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Fears that experiments in the electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB) could lead to the complete control of man's mind and behavior were shown, in 1970, to be unfounded. Jose M.R. Delgado of Yale University made extensive studies of ESB, an ...


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After a two-year delay, Romania and Russia signed a new friendship treaty on July 7, 1970. Negotiations succeeded even though a May trip to Moscow by President Nicolae Ceausescu left some policy differences unresolved between the two countries. ...


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Rumors of trouble in the Kremlin persisted in early 1970 as a result of the illness or unexplained absence of most of Russia's top leaders. There were no top leadership changes, but there were several changes at the middle levels of both the party and ...


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Accidents during the 1960's caused 1.05 million deaths and 100 million disabling injuries, the National Safety Council estimated in 1970. Motor vehicle deaths accounted for most of the 12 per cent increase from the number of deaths during the 1950's.


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One of the major splits in the Arab world ended in July, 1970, when Saudi Arabia recognized the Yemen Arab Republic. The two neighbors exchanged ambassadors, and Saudi Arabia also loaned $28 million to Yemen to relieve a critical famine caused by ...


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American skiers gave their best performance in years, but the French and Austrians took most of the major honors in 1970. Billy Kidd of Stowe, Vt., surprisingly, won the men's combined (three-event) title in the world championships, and the Cochran ...


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For most of the world, the major sports event of 1970 was not the Super Bowl, or the World Series, or a big title fight. It was, instead, the World Cup, an international tournament to decide the world soccer championship. It is held only every four ...


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Measures designed to reduce pollution, control campus disorders, combat crime, and deal with drugs were outstanding concerns of state government in 1970. Requirements of traditional state services, needs for more revenue, federal-state relations, and ...


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Tight money put a damper on spending, and corporate profits declined sharply in 1970. As a result, market yields on U.S. government and corporate bonds peaked at record highs before easing later in the year. Stock prices anticipated the business ...


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An attempted coup d'etat against the 10-month regime of Major General Jafir Muhammad Nimeri was foiled in March, 1970. The government claimed that the Imam el-Hadi Ahmed el-Mahdi, Moslem spiritual leader of the opposition Umma Party, was behind the ...


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The Social Democrats, in control of the government since 1932, lost ground in the general election on Sept. 20, 1970. They won only 163 seats in the new, 350-seat, unicameral Riksdag (legislature). But the Communist Party won 17 seats, and its support ...


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Americans and East Germans led the onslaught as more than half of the world swimming records fell in 1970. Of 16 world records for men, 12 were broken7 by Americans, 2 by an Americantrained Swede, and 3 by East Germans. Of the 15 for women, 6 ...


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The National Council in June, 1970, approved a constitutional amendment for full women's suffrage in federal elections and set a referendum for February, 1971. During the year, the cantons of Luzern, Valais, and Zurich voted to allow women to vote in ...


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Norwegians were shocked by the sharp tax increases in the budget presented to the Storting (legislature) on Oct. 5, 1970. Taxes on alcoholic beverages, automobile licenses, gasoline, and tobacco were increased to slow down domestic spending. A special ...


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United States scientists with the deep-sea drilling project sponsored by the National Science Foundation completed a successful 18-month expedition, and started a new 36-month project in June, 1970. In addition to confirming the hypothesis of seafloor ...


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The quickening surge of independence continued to sweep through the Pacific Islands in 1970. Residents of the Gilbert Islands prepared to elect their first legislature, a step toward nationhood. The island of Tonga was proclaimed an independent nation ...


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One of the world's worst disasters killed thousands of Pakistani on Nov. 13, 1970. A cyclone-driven tidal wave swept in from the Bay of Bengal and inundated the offshore islands and coastal districts of East Pakistan. Estimates of the death toll ...


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The worst disaster in Peruvian history occurred on May 31, 1970, when an earthquake killed at least 70,000 persons in the central mountains. Damage was estimated at approximately $1 billion, and about 1 million persons were left homeless.


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About 2,000 rampaging youths tried to storm the presidential palace in Manila on Jan. 30, 1970, but were repulsed by Manila police after 4 rioters and 2 bystanders were killed and 102 persons wounded. Another 100 were arrested. The rioting, which ...


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Culebra, a 10-square-mile offshore island, involved the United States and Puerto Rico in controversy in 1970. The island, although a Puerto Rican possession, is one-third owned by the United States, which has used its northwest peninsula as a target ...


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Radio celebrated its 50th anniversary in 1970, but it was hardly a golden year for broadcasters. The pressures exerted on television by the federal government were equally troublesome for radio.


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Hundreds of the world's leading scholars met in September, 1970, at Stockholm, Sweden, for the 12th Congress of the International Association for the History of Religions. The conference themes, ranging from Belief in God to ...


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Republicans captured 4 Senate seats from Democrats in the 1970 midterm elections while losing only 2. Their net gain of 2 seats left the Democrats with a 55-to-45-seat majority in the Senate. President Richard M. Nixon, however, claimed that ...


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Rhodesia (as Zimbabwe was then called), which declared itself independent of Great Britain in 1965, became a self-proclaimed republic under a new Constitution that went into effect on March 1, 1970. In parliamentary elections on April 10, Prime ...


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Pope Paul VI undertook his longest journey in November, 1970, traveling to Pakistan, the Philippines, Samoa, Australia, Indonesia, Hong Kong, and Ceylon. During the 25,000-mile trip, an attempt was made on his life. A Bolivian artist, Benjamin Mendoza ...


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The U.S. House of Representatives voted sweeping changes in the social security law in 1970, and the Senate went even further. The House measure included a 5 per cent hike in benefits and a monthly minimum of $67 instead of the present $64. The ...


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A new provisional Constitution was introduced and the old one officially abolished by the Supreme Revolutionary Council on Feb. 23, 1970. On the same day, the council announced that Jama Ali Qorshel and Muhammad Ainashe had been appointed secretaries ...


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The Nationalist Party (NP) of Prime Minister Balthazar Johannes Vorster retained its parliamentary majority in elections held on April 22, 1970, but the United Party (UP) made its first gains since 1948. The UP made further gains in the provincial ...


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A close brush with disaster 200,000 miles out in space set the stage in 1970 for cooperation in manned space flight between the United States and Russia. Space officials of the two countries agreed in Moscow on October 28 to study whether they could ...


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Although free trade unions are banned, a series of Communist-backed strikes occurred in 1970. Miners in the Asturias region in northern Spain struck in January. The miners form the largest and most politically belligerent workers' group in Spain. The ...


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Unrest seemed to prevail almost everywhere in the sports world in 1970. On many college campuses athletes reacted adversely to the authoritarian approach toward sports that was common among coaches, and there were differences between white coaches and ...


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Right-wing military leaders overthrew the leftist government in a bloodless coup d'etat, Nov. 13, 1970. Premier Nur al-Din al-Atasi and other high-ranking Ba'athist party officials were placed under house arrest by Defense Minister Hafez al-Assad, one ...


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Major local government groups called on the federal government to share federal tax revenue in 1970. Under the nation's tax system, the federal government now collects 64 per cent of all tax revenue, and about 90 per cent of income tax revenue. It has ...


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Television played a greater role in U.S. political campaigning in 1970 than ever before. Like the election results themselves, however, the use of the medium raised questions for which there seemed to be no immediate answers.


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The fight for control of tennis became bitter in 1970. But after a year of controversy, professional players reached an agreement in December to play in three of the major tournaments in 1971.


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The government agreed on May 27, 1970, to assist Cambodia in its struggle against the Vietnamese Communists. In addition to clothing and supplies, Thailand assigned 20 gunboats to patrol the Mekong River. It also agreed to expand Thai troop ...


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Off-Broadway theater came into its own in 1970, and won most of the year's drama awards. The 1970 Pulitzer Prize for drama went to black playwright Charles Gordone for No Place to Be Somebody,


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The most memorable moment of 1970 in track and field occurred on October 24 in an obscure meet in Greece between teams from Belgrade, Yugoslavia, and Athens. Christos Papanicolaou, a 28-year-old Greek who had attended San Jose State College in ...


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Transportation industries in the United States found 1970 one of their most difficult years since World War II from a financial point of view. The general economic slowdown, rising costs, labor difficulties, and unresponsive government regulation ...


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Prime Minister Suleyman Demirel resigned, then formed a new government after a major parliamentary defeat in 1970. On February 11, 41 members of his Justice Party joined the opposition to vote down Demirel's proposed $3.2-billion budget. He resigned ...


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A tide of commendation and criticism, flattery and faultfinding engulfed the United Nations (UN) during its 25th-anniversary observance in 1970. A parade of princes, premiers, and presidents arrived at UN headquarters, reaffirming their dedication to ...


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For the first time in many years, two branches of governmentthe executive and the legislativewere in open confrontation over their authority in 1970. President Richard M. Nixon charged that the Senate was usurping his powers of ...


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A band of Marxist guerrillas known as Tupamaros turned to kidnaping and violence in 1970. On July 31 in Montevideo, they kidnaped Dan A. Mitrione, chief U.S. adviser to the Uruguayan police force, and Aloysio Mares Dias Gomides, the Brazilian consul. ...


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Studies conducted in 1970 show that malnutrition in infant rats may cause them to react abnormally in stress situations in later life. The studies were conducted by David A. Levitsky and Richard H. Barnes at the Cornell University School of Nutrition, ...


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Although handicapped by a chronic shortage of money, zoos continued to expand their exhibits and programs to meet the public demand in 1970. Proof of their undeniable attraction for the public was the popularity of new zoos and the flurry of ...


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Alberta's legislature increased its size from 65 to 75 seats effective at the next election, and passed laws on conservation and pollution. The Social Credit government of Harry E. Strom promised to introduce health-care insurance as soon as possible. ...


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British Columbia opened the highly automated deep-sea port and loading facility at Roberts Bank, just south of Vancouver, in 1970. Designed to provide a transfer point for British Columbia coal shipments to Japan, the port consists of a 50-acre island ...


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Manitoba's Premier Edward R. Schreyer, leader of a New Democratic government elected in June, 1969, presided over celebrations commemorating the 100th anniversary of Manitoba's entry into the Canadian confederation in 1870. For this event, Queen ...


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Saskatchewan faced a deficit budget for the first time in eight years, in spite of increases in gasoline taxes and in the retail sales tax. Spending of $405 million was expected to produce a deficit of about $10.4 million. Antistrike legislation was ...


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More than 100 new magazines were started in 1970, and only about 20 merged or discontinued publication. There were about 746 magazines in the United States in 1970.


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Newspaper publishing accurately reflected 1970's rapidly changing cultural, political, and economic patterns in the United States. Daily newspapers continued to gain in staff, circulation, advertising, and newsprint consumption. But they also ...


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Seldom had America's system of justice been under attack from so many quarters as it was in 1970. In addition to the civil unrest and legal turmoil represented by spectacular court trials such as that of the Chicago 7, disturbances were ...


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Farmers had a good, but unexciting, year in 1970. Farm profits were generally up, and most farm-policy legislation in the United States supported farmers. Disconcerting, however, was the rather sharp drop in farm prices, particularly those of ...


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The nation held congressional elections on Nov. 15, 1970, the first carried out under a new Constitution that concentrates political power in the executive branch of the government. President Emilio Garrastazu Medici and his National Renovating ...


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Social and economic change dominated 1970 events in Houston. Perhaps the greatest change occurred in the city's schools.


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Superior Court Judge Alfred E. Gitelson ruled on Feb. 11, 1970, that Los Angeles public schools must be integrated. He ordered school district offcials to design an integration plan to be implemented no later than September, 1971.


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President Richard M. Nixon signed the controversial District of Columbia crime-control bill on July 29, 1970. During his 1968 campaign, the President had called Washington the crime capital of the world.


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During 1970, there were more births, deaths, marriages, and divorces in the United States than there were in 1969.


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A tiny group of terrorist revolutionaries in Quebec threatened the political stability of Montreal, Quebec, and indeed, Canada, in 1970.


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The petroleum industry became heavily involved with environmental problems in 1970. National, state, and local battles raged over the industry's right to drill in the ocean bottoms for oil. Conservationists and citizen groups charged that potential ...


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World population grew by about 70 million in 1970. By the year's end, it had reached nearly 3.7 billion. About 85 per cent of the increase occurred in the developing nations of Africa, Asia, and Latin America.


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On October 21, the Bureau of Reclamation started construction on the giant third power plant at Grand Coulee Dam on the Columbia River in Washington.


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President Rafael Caldera signed a controversial oil bill on Aug. 5, 1970. Under its terms, 11 foreign oil concessionaires can bid for new drilling rights on five 123,000-acre sites in south Lake Maracaibo. The ruling Copei Party and the opposition ...


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Vietnam remained a bitterly divided country in 1970. On the battlefield, the conflict broadened to include Laos and Cambodia. In their domestic concerns, both North and South shared certain problems. Even though their approaches to a solution remained ...


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Major exhibitions at the Boston Museum of Fine Arts and the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City continued the 100th-anniversary celebrations that began in 1969. Boston displayed treasures recently acquired, including its tiny, exquisite, ...


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The United States experienced fairly normal weather conditions in 1970. The Northwest had record rains, and it was extremely dry in the Southwest. Brush fires raged out of control in southern California in late summer. A few intense hurricanes struck ...


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Severe civil disorders rocked Trinidad and Tobago in 1970. Serious rioting broke out on April 21 after the government declared a state of emergency in an effort to quell a series of black-power demonstrations. Before order was restored on April 25, ...


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Continuing its independent foreign policy, Yugoslavia improved its links with the West in 1970. President Josip Broz Tito toured African countries in January, strengthening links with nonaligned third-world nations.


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New Brunswick voted a new government to power on October 26 when Progressive Conservatives upset the 10-year Liberal government of Louis J. Robichaud. The victory was largely attributable to the skill of Richard B. Hatfield, the 39-year-old ...


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Newfoundland's Premier Joseph R. Smallwood and his Liberal government continued in office, but Smallwood, in power 21 years, faced increasing opposition within his own party. Shortly before the legislature opened on February 18, two former members of ...


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Nova Scotia changed its government from Conservative to Liberal in 1970. The Conservatives went into the election on October 13 under the leadership of George I. Smith, who had succeeded Robert Stanfield as premier of the province in 1967. The Smith ...


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Ontario's Premier John P. Robarts continued to enjoy the support of a healthy majority in the legislature in 1970. When the session opened on February 24, his Progressive Conservative Party held 68 seats in the 117-member house. Liberals occupied 27 ...


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Prince Edward Island decisively re-elected its 36-year-old premier, Alexander B. Campbell, in a general election on May 11. Campbell had been premier since 1966. His Liberal Party won 27 seats in the 32-seat legislature, capturing almost 60 per cent ...


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Quebec lived through a tumultuous year, with a general election in April and a terrorist emergency that began in October. The general election of April 29 was a test of strength for the Parti Quebecois, the new party advocating independence for ...


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Games for adults that challenged players to cope with environmental and other social problems became popular in 1970. There were games dealing with such issues as black-white relationships, politics, pollution, and the women's liberation movement. ...


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King Mohammed Zahir Shah continued his cautious efforts to introduce democracy in Afghanistan in 1970. A progressive, the king worked especially to establish a truly representative government. The new 216-member Parliament that was elected in August ...


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Chicago became the focal point in 1970 of federal efforts to suppress elements of the radical left. Five of the Chicago 7 defendants were convicted in February on riot charges stemming from the street demonstrations during the Democratic ...


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Life in Fun City was not much fun in 1970. The city struggled with the major problems that beset many American citiespollution, transportation, violence, and housing. At year's end, it faced strikes that could idle up to 100,000 city employees, ...


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In a year when law and order was a major concern for many Americans, Dallas drew attention as the place where a convicted holdup man was sentenced to 1,000 years in prison. The robbery rate had tripled in three years, and juries began using a Texas ...


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A program to provide decent low-cost housing for Detroit was beset by price increases and bureaucratic problems in 1970. Original plans called for the construction of 1,250 prefabricated modular housing units. A three-bedroom house and lot on the ...


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Restrictive monetary and fiscal policies of the Nixon Administration had a measurable dampening effect on economic activity in 1970. Interest rates, at 30-year highs during the first half of the year, pulled down spending, caused employment to drop, ...


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Construction expenditures were estimated at $91.5 billion in 1970, a new high. This was an increase of 1.8 per cent over the 1969 figure of $90.9 billion, according to U.S. Bureau of the Census estimates. The slight rate of increase was attributed in ...


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A nation divided and forewarned by the Kerner Commission Report in 1968 became more polarized in 1970. Practically every warning in the commission's report went unheeded, and the urban condition grew progressively more serious. Many Americans, often ...


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For a few days late in 1970, the United States reached a trillion-dollar economy, but there was little joy for most Americans in the year's performance as a whole. The gross national product (GNP) reached the magical 13-figure level of ...


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The electric utility industry, anticipating another year of power shortages in the Eastern states, laid out a plan of action in case a crisis developed in 1970. When the crisis occurred, the plan worked. The utilities did not find it necessary to ...


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The emerging possibility that the United States would alter a 35-year-old policy of freer world trade and swing in the direction of restriction of imports was the most important development of 1970. Both sides of a highly emotional debate in the ...


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Raoul Naroll of the State University of New York, Buffalo, in 1971 summarized the most important conclusions about social evolution that anthropologists have reached by using cross-cultural comparisons. Not surprisingly, observations showed that men ...


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For several decades, archaeologists have debated the probable date of man's arrival in the New World. Richard S. MacNeish of the Peabody Foundation, Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass., said in 1971 that there is evidence that man was present in South ...


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Louis Kahn, an almost legendary figure with a great international reputation, received his share of more general recognition in the United States in 1971. The 70-year-old Kahn, architect and teacher, was the subject of several newspaper and magazine ...


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A three-man junta, the commanding officers of the army, navy, and air force, assumed power on March 23, 1971, after deposing President Roberto Marcelo Levingston. On March 26, Lieutenant General Alejandro Augustin Lanusse, commander in chief of the ...


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Russia challenged the United States' ranking as the number-one superpower in 1971. In intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBM's), the Russians took about a 60 per cent lead over the United States, and they were building Polaris-type missile ...


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The outbreak of a new warand the new direction taken by an old onemade Asia the focus of world attention in 1971. The new war erupted between India and Pakistan early in December. It was not just political in its ramifications; it had ...


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Three California research institutions gathered new data in 1971 on a hidden galaxy. Scientists from the University of California at Berkeley, the Hale Observatories, and the California Institute of Technology reported that interstellar dust has long ...


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A crisis brought on by the resignation of a cabinet minister cost Prime Minister John G. Gorton his post in 1971. Gorton was ousted by his own Liberal Party, and William McMahon was sworn in as prime minister on March 10.


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Chancellor Bruno Kreisky and his Socialist Party won an absolute majority in parliament in elections held on Oct. 10, 1971. The Socialists won 93 seats in the National Assembly, a majority of 1 over the total for the conservative People's Party and ...


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New-car sales in the United States in 1971 topped the 10-million mark for the first time in history. Automakers set the new high despite a host of problems, including safety and ecology issues and high taxes.


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Their cars are tiny and fragile, their purse money often insignificant, and they race in such far-off sites as Zandvoort, Le Camp du Castellet, Silverstone, Adenau, and Zeltweg. But the drivers who race Formula One cars in 11 Grand Prix races in 11 ...


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The U.S. aviation industry continued to struggle through one of the most difficult periods in its history in 1971. Widespread cost-control programs and fare increases helped the airlines in their battle against rising costs, but traffic growth was ...


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Johnny Petraglia of Brooklyn, N.Y., won five bowling tournaments and the most money in 1971. Mike Limongello of North Babylon, N.Y., however, won the two most important tournamentsthe Professional Bowlers Association (PBA) championship and the ...


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The most talked-about sports event of 1971, and the richest single sports event in history, was the world heavyweight title fight between Joe Frazier and Muhammad Ali. Frazier won it on a 15-round decision on March 8 in New York's Madison Square ...


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Bulgaria reorganized its government and continued on its pro-Russian path in 1971. A new Constitution was adopted by a national referendum on May 16, and the government was reorganized. Todor Zhivkov resigned as premier, and Stanko Todorov succeeded ...


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General Ne Win and his 200,000-man army maintained rigid control over the country in 1971. Although there was continuing opposition to the Ne Win regime among the Karens and the Kachins and in Shan State, it was mostly limited to occasional acts of ...


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The number of Cabinet posts was reduced from 12 to 11 when the new U.S. Postal Service went into operation on July 1, 1971. The position of postmaster general, which had been a Cabinet post since 1829, was transferred from the Cabinet when the new ...


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The republic managed not only to survive in 1971, but even displayed a toughness and resiliency that few observers would have thought possible when the year began. The twin problems posed by the need to create an army and fight a war while ...


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By any yardstick, 1971 turned out to be a memorable year for China and the rest of the world. It included the extraordinary April visit of the United States table tennis team, when Chinese audiences cheered young American players. China's gates were ...


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The new executive director of the National Urban League, Vernon E. Jordan, Jr., called upon President Richard M. Nixon in 1971 to make a spiritual pilgrimage to black America. Like many other black spokesmen, Jordan was troubled by what he ...


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Violence erupted repeatedly in 1971, even as President Misael Pastrana Borrero pursued his policy of social justice. A wave of civil unrest hit various cities in February. In mid-April, the government had to close five universities to put ...


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The 81-member International Telecommunications Satellite Consortium (Intelsat) agreed in August, 1971, on new regulations to govern the development of a global satellite system. Since its inception in 1964, Intelsat has grown to a system that now has ...


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The first session of the 92nd Congress moved sluggishly for much of 1971, resisting both the liberal Democrats' attempts at reform and the efforts of President Richard M. Nixon's Administration to prod it to legislative action. By year-end, however, ...


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A backlash started in 1971, offsetting the intensified public concern about conservation and environmental problems. Some conservationists complained that government conservation efforts were being weakened by pressures from business leaders who ...


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Despite the extraordinary changes during the 1960's, when revulsion against academicism had inspired a series of free-swinging poetic movements, American poetry entered the 1970's with still more change, and perhaps even more radical change, in ...


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The city's 4,000 trash collectors staged a work slowdown in February, 1970, and forced Mayor James H. J. Tate to change his appointment of streets commissioner. Commissioner David Smallwood resigned in February, after what he termed an ...


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The unexpected death of President Gamal Abdel Nasser on Sept. 28, 1970, cast a pall of uncertainty over the future of the United Arab Republic (UAR), as Egypt was called, and the larger question of an Arab-Israeli peace settlement. The presidential ...


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The major issues for Africa increasingly took on a black-white racial character in 1971. During the year, the International Court of Justice handed down a major advisory opinion on the status of South West Africa, which is also known as Namibia. ...


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Albania continued to open itself up to the outside world in 1971 but maintained its strong ties with China. The reconciliation was most marked with Albania's Balkan neighbors, Yugoslavia and Greece. Albania established full diplomatic relations with ...


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Algeria elected People's Communal Assemblies for the country's 691 communes in February, 1971, as the government of President Houari Boumediene continued the gradual re-establishment of parliamentary government. About 77 per cent of the electorate ...


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The Pittsburgh Pirates and the Baltimore Orioles won major league baseball's pennant races in 1971. This fact was not surprising, but the Pirates' seven-game victory over the Orioles in the World Series was. It was also a memorable season for such ...


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The Milwaukee Bucks and the Utah Stars, two teams that had never come close before, won professional basketball championships in the 1970-1971 season. The University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), which knew all about winning, captured the ...


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After a yearlong struggle, the government in 1971 settled the long-standing language dispute between French-speaking Walloons and Dutch-speaking Flemings, who constitute about 60 per cent of the population. The last two bills in a complex deal were ...


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Scientists learned more about satellite DNA in 1971. In most cells, DNA is present primarily in the nucleus, where it constitutes genetic material. However, DNA also is found elsewhere in many plant and animal cells and is different from the nuclear ...


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The boating industry made strides in 1971, despite a general consumer fall-off in major purchases during the year. A statistical report, issued jointly in September by the two major trade organizations, cited an 11.8 per cent increase over the ...


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P. L. Neel and Richard W. Harris of the University of California, Davis, found in 1971 that trees that are shaken periodically will not grow as tall as trees that are undisturbed. They performed their experiment on sweet gum (Liquidambar)


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Old difficulties with the militant opposition group, Union of Cameroon Peoples (UPC), flared again in 1971. In several instances, UPC guerrilla leaders were given death sentences or prison terms for kidnaping, arson, and rebellion.


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Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau's government in 1971 erased the political violence that had threatened Canada's internal stability, and it introduced new fluidity in Canada's international relations. But its management of the economy was less ...


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Canadian literature in 1971 reflected the nation's wide range of concerns. The year's works discussed the Indian and the Eskimo, the French and the English, Quebec, the creative arts, and political problems.


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The introduction of new light-scattering photometers in 1971 greatly improved the study of particles that are too small to be seen through most microscopes. These instruments use lasers as light sources and automatically feed the output data into a ...


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Bobby Fischer of the United States capped a spectacular year in 1971, advancing to a world title match and seriously threatening Russian chess supremacy. Fischer defeated Tigran Petrosian of Russia 6 1/2 points to 2 1/2, in a series played in Buenos ...


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President Salvador Allende Gossens, an avowed Marxist, continued his efforts to transform Chile into a Socialist state in 1971. Through such measures as price freezes, wage increases of up to 50 per cent, and the use of foreign exchange reserves to ...


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School desegregation was given major impetus by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1971. On April 20, the court ruled that busing, pairing, and zoning are constitutionally valid means of eliminating racial discrimination in the dual school ...


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Crime continued its upward spiral in the United States in 1971, but the rate of increase slowed. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) said that total reported offenses during 1970 increased by 11 per cent over 1969. In the first six months of ...


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Premier Fidel Castro made one of his rare trips outside Cuba in 1971. On November 9, he arrived in Chile for a 25-day state visit, his first to a Latin American country in nearly 12 years. His visit was part of an effort to end the diplomatic and ...


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Czechoslovakia continued its march back to full acceptance in the Russian orbit under Gustav Husak, who was re-elected Communist Party General Secretary at the party congress on May 29, 1971. The congress also unanimously approved Russia's 1968 ...


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Dance statistically reached an all-time high in 1971 in the number of companies, performances given, and spectators. The heightened activity was due in large part to the increasing patronage of the National Endowment for the Arts and many state art ...


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In the 1971 off-year elections, the Democrats won back the Kentucky governorship that they had lost in 1967 to Louis B. Nunn. Democrat Wendell Ford won by a margin of 60,000 votes over Republican Thomas D. Emberton.


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An inconclusive general election on Sept. 21, 1971, toppled Denmark's center-right coalition government. Only 6,200 votes, or 0.3 per cent of about 3 million votes cast, separated government and opposition parties. Prime Minister Hilmar Baunsgaard's ...


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President Richard M. Nixon took new steps to prevent drug abuse in 1971. On June 17, he set up a White House office to coordinate activities of the nine federal agencies involved in treating or preventing narcotics addiction. Mr. Nixon said that drug ...


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The storm provoked in many countries of the world by the autocephaly


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Peace returned to the American campus in 1971, but there was little peace of mind for educational administrators anywhere. Both the schools and the colleges were caught in the squeeze between inflation and recession. School districts across the ...


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President Anwar al-Sadat withstood a political challenge in May, 1971, that left him Egypt's undisputed leader and heir to the late President Gamal Abdel Nasser. Vice-President Aly Sabri and Interior Minister Sharawy Gomma led the challenge. Like ...


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The scattered 1971 off-year elections produced contradictory results, and political analysts agreed that there were no clear-cut trends for either major party. In mayoral elections, the Democrats continued to hold most major cities. Black candidates ...


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Continuing refinements of existing methods highlighted developments in 1971. Some of these represented dramatic increases in technical sophistication. Among the most notable are a new electron microscopethe world's most powerfuland, at the ...


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With a half-million persons unemployed, labor unrest and prolonged strikes shook the economy and hit France's lucrative tourist industry in 1971. Industrial productivity increased 5.7 per cent, but inflation continued to cause concern.


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Scientists in April, 1971, found fossil spores of terrestrial plants that grew 30 million years earlier than any that had previously been found. The spores were discovered in rocks near Niagara Falls, N.Y., by Jane Gray of the Museum of Natural ...


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Lee Trevino and Jack Nicklaus, two of the most successful golf professionals in recent years, added to their laurelsand to their bankrollsin 1971. In a four-week span, Trevino won the U.S., Canadian, and British Open championships. ...


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For Prime Minister Edward Heath and his Cabinet, the crowning glory of 1971 was Britain's decisive march toward full membership in the European Community (Common Market). This grew out of the personal and political understanding achieved by Heath and ...


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Prime Minister George Papadopoulos increased his powers on Aug. 24, 1971, by reshuffling the Cabinet. The change cut the number of ministries from 18 to 13. Three new committees, all headed by Papadopoulos, control national policy, defense, and ...


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Jean-Claude Duvalier was sworn in as president for life on April 22, 1971. He succeeded his father, Francois Duvalier, who had died the day before of natural causes. The succession had been made possible in January when the Chamber of Deputies ...


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The problem of thousands of illegal aliens, working at a time of high unemployment in the United States, was investigated in 1971 by the House Judiciary Subcommittee on Immigration and Nationality. Representative Peter W. Rodino, Jr. (D., N.J.), ...


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An all-out, although undeclared, war broke out between India and Pakistan on Dec. 3, 1971. Each country maintained that the other had triggered the conflict. Although their claims and counterclaims were confusing, there was no doubt that the main ...


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Indian activists charged in 1971 that the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) was thwarting efforts to give Indians more self-government. In August, the National Congress of American Indians and several other Indian groups sent President Richard M. Nixon a ...


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The military government of General Suharto made significant political and social gains in 1971. For the first time in 16 years, national elections were held on July 3 for 360 seats in the 460-member parliament. The government had reserved 100 of the ...


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Iran celebrated the 2,500th anniversary of the founding of the Persian Empire with glittering ceremonies in October, 1971. Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi presided over festivities held in a specially built tent city at Persepolis, the ancient capital of ...


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Friction within the ruling Ba'ath Party and the disenchantment of the Kurds undermined Iraq's stability in 1971, despite continued economic progress. The Kurds were unhappy with government failure to implement terms of the 1970 agreement ending the ...


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Kuwait elected a new National Assembly on Jan. 23, 1971, and the Nationalist Party won seats for the first time. Nationalists won 10 of the 50 seats. The Assembly enacts laws and advises Emir Sabah al-Salim al-Sabah and his Cabinet. For the first ...


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The disruptive internal events that disturbed most Latin American countries in 1971 delayed the continent from achieving the regional solidarity it had set as its goal for the 1970s. Military take-overs, guerrilla activities, and terrorism abounded-to ...


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Lebanon experienced unrest in 1971 despite the recovery of its economy from the dislocations of the Arab-Israeli war of 1967. Students protested the weaknesses of the educational system and their inability to get jobs after graduation. Dissatisfaction ...


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Continued austerity in federal funding of library programs affected libraries of all types across the nation in 1971. Most notable were cuts in programs for public library construction, college library assistance, and training and research in ...


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President Muammar Muhammad al-Qadhaafi climaxed his rapid rise to leadership among Arab statesmen on Aug. 20, 1971, when he and the leaders of Egypt and Syria signed a constitution for a proposed Federation of Arab Republics. Although Egypt's ...


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If the economic recession was making inroads on the book-publishing business, there was little surface evidence of it in 1971. Traditionally popular types of reading fare were abundant in all fields, but the key element of the literary year appeared ...


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The battle for a better environment intensified in 1971 with both the extent of the effort and the scope of the problems growing. In a message to Congress on February 8, President Richard M. Nixon called for a far-reaching program to save and ...


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The government declared a state of emergency in January, 1971, in an effort to put down the rebel Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF), and Emperor Haile Selassi I offered amnesty to the rebels. The ELF, reportedly financed by Syria, Iraq,and Algeria, ...


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The European Community (Common Market) during 1971 moved sharply toward a membership of 10 nations from its charter membership of 6. Such a community could serve 250 million people in 1973 and be second only to the United States in economic power. But ...


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Irresolution, compromise, a swing to extremes, and excursions into the past characterized clothing styles in 1971 as fickle fashion and capricious consumer tried to reach accord. Zealously responding to outcries against the midi, designers in Paris, ...


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The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations declared in 1971 that the Green Revolution was far from being complete. Nonetheless, world food production kept pace with population growth, and the search for new sources of foods high ...


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The Dallas Cowboys, who were old hands at winning titles, and the Miami Dolphins, who never used to be winners, were professional football's most successful teams in 1971. The University of Nebraska dominated college football for the second straight ...


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A total of 291,272 disabled Americans were rehabilitated to productive activities in the United States during the fiscal year that ended on June 30, 1971. This was 9 per cent higher than the previous year's total, and represented the highest annual ...


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The World Health Organization announced in June that cholera had spread along the entire 1,350-mile West Bengal-East Pakistan boundary. Thousands of East Pakistan refugees died from the disease. The British foreign secretary, Sir Alec Douglas-Home, ...


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The Boston Bruins went on a record scoring binge during the National Hockey League's (NHL) 1970-1971 season. But the Montreal Canadiens, despite dissension that cost their coach his job, rallied to win the Stanley Cup.


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Canonero II, a 3-year-old from Venezuela, surprised racing enthusiasts in 1971 by winning two of the Triple Crown events. Bred in the United States but previously raced only in Venezuela, the lightly regarded colt upset many of the best 3-year-olds ...


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Hungary continued to implement its consumer-oriented economic reform program in 1971. Its close adherence to the Russian foreign policy line, however, led to a temporary chill in relations with Romania and Yugoslavia. Hungary's relatively liberal ...


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In recent years, the United States has always won at least one world figure skating championship, but has never come close to a speed skating title. The tables were turned in 1971. For the first time in six years, U.S. figure skaters failed to capture ...


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The bitter confrontation between the Roman Catholics and the Protestants of Northern Ireland raised a number of subsidiary issues in the Republic of Ireland in 1971. One of the most immediate involved the eventual reunification of Northern Ireland and ...


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Israel held firmly throughout 1971 to its demand for a formal peace treaty recognizing its territorial integrity behind secure frontiers before it would withdraw from occupied Arab territory. The government accepted a February proposal by Egypt for a ...


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Industrial unrest and political instability continued in 1971. Slowed production threatened the biggest recession since World War II and menaced the coalition government of Prime Minister Emilio Colombo. In January, a 24-hour work stoppage by seamen ...


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Relations with the United States in 1971 entered their most difficult period since the end of World War II. The immediate causes were President Richard M. Nixon's dramatic decision to visit China and his new economic policy, particularly the brief 10 ...


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Jews throughout the world protested the treatment of Jews in Russia in 1971. They circulated petitions and staged meetings, marches, and sit-ins, and some violence resulted.


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Jordan's King Hussein I won the long struggle in 1971 with Palestinian guerrillas who wanted to make Jordan a base for attacks against Israel. Government forces drove the two remaining organized brigades of the Palestine Liberation Army into Iraq and ...


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The year 1971 seems to have been the year when ecology really became a topic of major interest in children's books. This was evident in picture books, in older books with a story line, and also in science books, where the subject was dealt with in a ...


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made significant strides in 1971 toward a return to representative government. The restrictive measures adopted after the racial riots in May, 1969, were eased by Prime Minister Abdul Razak. The prime minister also lifted the government's ban on ...


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President Richard M. Nixon told the American people on Aug. 15, 1971, that the time has come for a new economic policy. Its targets are unemployment, inflation, and international speculation. This new policy was prompted, in part, by the ...


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Medicine posted new gains in 1971 in the struggle to control hepatitis. Recent discoveries concerning serum hepatitis have changed long-held beliefs about the nature of this liver disorder. Although both serum and infectious hepatitis are thought to ...


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Results of the largest federal survey on the use of marijuana on American college campuses were released in February, 1971. They showed that 31 per cent of the students had used marijuana at least once, and 14 per cent of them had used it every ...


Description:
Terrorism, and acts of violence including kidnapings, bank robberies, and student disturbances, were major preoccupations of the Mexican government in 1971. The terrorist activities were carried out for the most part by members of an urban guerrilla ...


Description:
By 1971, Nigeria had made a remarkable recovery from the civil war with secessionist Biafra (now the country's Central Eastern State). Communications had largely been restored, and many Nigerians had returned from exile. Most Nigerians were reconciled ...


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Nobel prizes in literature, peace, economics, and science were presented at ceremonies in Stockholm, Sweden, on Dec. 10, 1971. They were awarded by the Norwegian Storting (legislative) Nobel Committee, Oslo.


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Prime Minister Per Borten resigned on March 2, 1971, after a political scandal. Borten's five-year-old, four-party coalition fell after Borten admitted he leaked a classified state papera report of a conversation between Norway's ambassador to ...


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The U.S. deep-sea drilling project continued coring operations in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans and in the Caribbean and Mediterranean seas in 1971. Scientists found that sediment cores taken from the North Pacific become progressively older as they ...


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The United States decision to pull back from its positions on mainland Asia had subsidiary effects on the Pacific Islands in 1971. The most important of these was the signing of an accord between President Richard M. Nixon and Japan's Prime Minister ...


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A long-expected civil war erupted between the nation's two provinces in 1971. The year began with hope, after the first free election in more than 10 years. It ended with East Pakistan a devastated province, with millions of its population seeking ...


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In a sweeping postal reform, the corporate-style U.S. Postal Service replaced the 182-year-old Post Office Department on July 1, 1971. The government-owned, but independent, authority was created by the Postal Reorganization Act of 1970. The Postal ...


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Richard Milhous Nixon shifted course dramatically in 1971 to meet the challenge of inflation at home and the demands of shifting power blocs overseas. An economic conservative who dislikes government intervention, he adopted wage and price controls to ...


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Growth of institutional religion continued to taper off in 1971, and in some areas there was evidence of actual decline. Church building reached a 13-year low, and the Gallup Poll reported that Protestant church attendance showed little change. Only ...


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Larry Stein and C. David Wise of the Wyeth Laboratories in Philadelphia studied the chemical nature of the mental disease schizophrenia in 1971. They focused their research on the loss of interest in the rewards and incentives of everyday life that ...


Description:
The United States and Puerto Rico eased a long-standing dispute on Jan. 11, 1971, when the United States signed a formal agreement ceding most of the U.S. Navy-controlled island of Culebra to Puerto Rico. The Navy had been using the 10-square-mile ...


Description:
Business improved in 1971, but radio was subjected to as much pressure from the government and angry citizens groups as was television. The biggest headache for music stationsparticularly those playing rock musicwas the policy statement ...


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The Occupational Safety and Health Act, which affects more than 57 million employees in over 4 million places of employment, became effective on April 28, 1971. Safety officials hailed it as the most significant law ever enacted to protect the ...


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The Teheran agreement signed on Feb. 14, 1971, between the oil-producing Persian Gulf states and the major international oil companies ensured Saudi Arabia vastly increased oil revenue. Saudi Arabia's share was expected to be 81 per cent higher than ...


Description:
The world's most successful skiers in 1971 were Gustavo Thoeni, a 20-year-old Italian customs guard, and Annamarie Proell, a 17-year-old Austrian. Among the best Americans were three members of the Cochran family of Richmond, Vt.20-year-old ...


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Pele, the world's most celebrated player, bid an emotional farewell to international competition in 1971. He played his final game for the Brazilian national team on July 18, before a record crowd of 130,000 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, as well as an ...


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Social Security benefit increases of 10 per cent were authorized in legislation passed by Congress and signed into law by President Richard M. Nixon on March 17, 1971. The benefit increase, retroactive to Jan. 1, 1971, raised total monthly benefits by ...


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South Africa sought to change its racist image but was, nevertheless, embroiled in constant racial conflict during 1971. Clergymen who opposed the white-minority government's policy of separating the races were often harassed and sometimes imprisoned. ...


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Shane Gould, a 14-year-old Australian girl new to international competition, and Mark Spitz, a 21-year-old American who is an old hand at record-breaking, were the best swimmers in 1971.


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Feminists who fought for 50 years against male prejudice and indifference finally won the right for women to vote on Feb. 7, 1971. In an all-male referendum, women were enfranchised by 621,403 votes to 323,596.


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Acting President Hafiz al-Asad was elected Syria's 14th president in March, 1971, receiving 99.2 per cent of the 1.9 million votes cast. He was the only candidate and the first Syrian head of state from the powerful Alawite religious sect. An ...


Description:
The first session of the 92nd Congress passed a new tax bill on Dec. 9, 1971, that was designed to stimulate the economy and ease the federal tax burden on individuals with low incomes. The tax reductions had been suggested by President Richard M. ...


Description:
Television experienced a traumatic year in 1971, the 25th anniversary of commercial telecasting. A record number of shows (35) were dropped during the year, including the oldest of them all, The Ed Sullivan Show, which had run 23 years. ...


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Tennis enjoyed a spectacular year on the court in 1971. Off the court, it suffered through another year of the power struggle between the professional players and the national federations.


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United States troop withdrawals from Southeast Asiaand Thailand in particularhad a drastic effect on the Thai economy as well as the nation's politics in 1971. The military was also affected. Early in the year, the government announced it ...


Description:
There was no real progress toward an Arab-Israeli settlement in 1971, despite intensive efforts by the major powers and the United Nations (UN) and intermittent indications that the principals were ready to negotiate. While the attitude of some Arab ...


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A conspiracy by senior military officers to depose King Hassan II narrowly missed its mark on July 10, 1971. During a celebration of Hassan's 42nd birthday, cadets from the Ahermoumou Military School invaded the summer palace at Skhirat, south of ...


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For the American motion picture industry, 1971 was a year filled with terrifying contradictions. Attendance continued to drop, sinking at times to as little as 6 million a week, and averaging about 15 million a week for the year. And yet, in several ...


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The performing arts, most notably music, were given a dazzling new cultural center in which to display their attractions in 1971. On September 8, the massive $70-million John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts was officially opened in ...


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A nationwide movement by young people to seek peace and salvation through Jesus Christ inspired the creation of songs espousing Christ in 1971. For the first time in popular music, a Jesus rock movement flourished. The religious movement ...


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Demonstrators showed hostility toward Emperor Hirohito and Empress Nagato of Japan when they visited the Netherlands in October, 1971. A rock smashed the windshield of their car, and Japanese Embassy windows were broken. Householders flew Dutch flags ...


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The United States won most of the medals and most of the gold medals in the Pan American Games in Cali, Colombia, in 1971. Cuba surprisingly finished second in total medals and gold medals.


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The revolutionary government headed by President Juan Velasco Alvarado pleaded with business for closer cooperation in 1971. The ruling generals apparently realized that the government's ambitious development programs, announced on July 28, could ...


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A hotly disputed off-year election in 1971 developed into one of the bloodiest in the 25-year history of the Republic of the Philippines. Between the start of the campaigning on July 9 and the closing of the polls on November 8, there were 206 known ...


Description:
Physics research produced few conclusive results of fundamental importance in 1971. Some work, however, offered exciting prospects for the future, and steady progress occurred in many areas.


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Poland abandoned ambitious but unrealistic planning in 1971 and embarked on a moderate reform course under its new Communist Party leader, Edward Gierek. The new government acted quickly to end the strikes that caused the fall of Gierek's predecessor, ...


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The National Assembly enacted into law in August, 1971, a package of liberalizing reforms proposed by Prime Minister Marcello Caetano. They included a new press law, reforms guaranteeing freedom of worship for religious minorities, and constitutional ...


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Emotionalisma so-called inner revolutiondominated religion in the United States in 1971. In other parts of the world, interreligious conflict aggravated the problems of many nations.


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Republicans won a special congressional election in Pennsylvania and the mayoral elections in Cleveland and Indianapolis in 1971. H. John Heinz III was hailed as a new Republican star when he won Pennsylvania's special congressional election on ...


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Rhodesia (as Zimbabwe was then called) found the pressures of British and United States economic sanctions suddenly eased in late 1971. In November, Great Britain negotiated a settlement with the government of Prime Minister Ian D. Smith, and the U.S. ...


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The synod of Bishops, an advisory body created by Vatican II to share in the government of the church, in 1971 rejected the principle of optional celibacy for Latin Rite priests. The synod convened in Rome from September 30 to November 6. Although 107 ...


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Romania continued to cultivate good relations with all countries, especially Communist regimes, in 1971. Its close friendship with China, however, caused severe Russian displeasure and brought attacks in the Hungarian press and that of other Warsaw ...


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A cautiously conservative domestic policy stood in sharp contrast to Russia's vigorous foreign policy in 1971. The greatest activity occurred in Europe, the Middle East, Asia, and North America. During the year, Russia aligned itself more closely with ...


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General Francisco Franco promised 100,000 cheering Spaniards on Oct. 1, 1971, to continue to rule Spain as long as God gives me life and preserves my faculties of judgment. He spoke at a political rally in Madrid marking the 35th ...


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The legal relationship between professional athletes and their teams came under severe scrutiny in 1971. The ultimate decision rested with Congress and the Supreme Court of the United States, and what they decided might well revolutionize the ...


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The concerns of the state governments mirrored those of the nation in 1971financial uncertainty, increasing drug abuse, pollution control, and the problems of youth. For the state legislatures, there was an additional concern, the responsibility ...


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The slow recovery from the recession prompted President Richard M. Nixon to forsake his original economic game plan in 1971. On August 15 he announced an incomes policy that would control prices and wages. The initial reaction to his new economic ...


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Sudan endured a brief revolution in 1971. Despite an attempted leftist coup in July, the government of Major General Jafir Muhammad Nimeri, which had been ruling for two years, clung to power. The difficulty began in January, when the Sudan joined ...


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Sweden was brought almost to a standstill in 1971 by what Social Democrats called a luxury strike. In February 4,600 supervisors on the state railroads walked out. In 14 days, 10,000 middle- and upperlevel government employees were ...


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The New York stage was a medium with a message in 1971. Audiences were supposed not only to enjoy themselves, but also to examine their values, attitudes, and aims. This was revealed by the triple meaning of Follies,


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Pat Matzdorf, meticulously coached since high school, and Delano Meriwether, who never had a coach, were track and field's most spectacular performers in 1971. Matzdorf is a 21-year-old University of Wisconsin junior from Sheboygan, Wis., and ...


Description:
Transportation industries in the United States found their financial situation modestly improved in 1971. A modest year-end strengthening in the general economy eased the depressed situation, but the industries' basic problems of rising costs, labor ...


Description:
A threatened military coup forced the resignation of Prime Minister Suleyman Demirel on March 12, 1971. Senior military officers demanded that the government halt anarchy and begin needed reforms or else face a take-over. Their ultimatum followed ...


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The long-awaited arrival of the People's Republic of China and the selection of a new secretary-general highlighted the 26th session of the United Nations (UN) General Assembly in 1971, and lifted hopes for a dramatic new era of international ...


Description:
The three branches of the federal governmentthe executive, legislative, and judicialwere in uneasy balance in 1971. President Richard M. Nixon and Congress struggled for control of foreign and military policy. Congress, controlled by the ...


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Yugoslavia introduced far-reaching constitutional changes in 1971, but its foreign policy remained independent, aligned with neither the East nor the West. President Josip Broz Tito's program of constitutional reforms ran into strong opposition from ...


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Investigators pressed the study of aggression in various species of animals in 1971. Many hoped that the research might lead to better understanding and controlling human aggression. Arthur Cherkin and Richard O. Meinecke of the University of ...


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The unsettled economic climate in the United States seemed to be reflected in the change in fortunes that U.S. zoos suffered in 1971. Elaborate plans for a new Minnesota state zoo near St. Paul came to naught when the state legislature failed to ...


Description:
After 36 years in power, the conservative Social Credit Party was swept out of office on August 30. It had held power longer than any other government in Canadian history. A rejuvenated Conservative organization led by a vigorous 43-year-old Calgary ...


Description:
Premier William A. C. Bennett, who is also minister of finance, presented a record $1.3-billion budget on February 5, claiming it would generate 25,000 new jobs to ease the province's high unemployment rate. In September, British Columbia became the ...


Description:
Prime Minister J. Robert Bourassa's plans for economic growth met frustration in 1971 in a sluggish Quebec economy marked by high unemployment. Plans for social reform were upset by the FLQ crisis in late 1970 and by a series of confrontations between ...


Description:
Saskatchewan voters elected the New Democratic Party, headed by 45-year-old labor lawyer Allan Blakeney, on June 23. The New Democrats won 45 of the 60 seats in the legislature, leaving the ousted Liberals with 15. Six former Cabinet ministers and the ...


Description:
The biggest news in the magazine field was the closing of Look


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The printed word proved in 1971 to be the hot medium that communications expert Marshall McLuhan has said it is. It actively involved both readers and writers in ways that the cool electronic media do not seem able to do. ...


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Prison conditions led to outbreaks of violence at several institutions, but the worst occurred at the Attica (N.Y.) Correctional Facility. More than 1,000 convicts took over a cell block on September 9 and held 32 prison employees hostage. They ...


Description:
United States astronauts David R. Scott and James B. Irwin drove an automobile on the moon in 1971. The Apollo 15


Description:
Dallas became an All-American City in 1971. The city won the coveted designation in the annual awards sponsored by Look


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The battle to resolve urban problems became especially urgent in Detroit in 1971. City officials fought to head off impending financial disaster and stem the exodus of business from the city.


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Houston was rated in 1971 as the nation's fastest-growing major city. The 1970 census showed that the city's population rose 31.4 per cent during the 1960's to a 1970 count of 1,232,802. This was in striking contrast to many other large cities, which ...


Description:
Los Angeles suffered its worst earthquake in nearly 40 years on Feb. 9, 1971. The quake killed 62, injured 1,000, and caused over $350 million in property damage. Yet the disaster, which hit just after 6 A.M., would have been much worse had it ...


Description:
Progressive Conservative William G. Davis, 41, was sworn in as Ontario's 18th prime minister on March 1. At the legislative session that opened March 30, Prime Minister Davis made a startling announcement: the controversial Spadina Expressway in ...


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The District of Columbia gained representation in Congress in 1971 for the first time in almost a century. Walter E. Fauntroy, a Democrat, was chosen in a special election on March 23 to serve in the U.S. House of Representatives. Congressman ...


Description:
Reports released by the U.S. Bureau of the Census in 1971 showed definite racial migration patterns in the United States. Based on data from the 1970 census, they showed that whites continued to flee from the central cities to the suburbs, and blacks ...


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The stability of President Jorge Pacheco Areco's government was threatened repeatedly in 1971 by bands of urban-centered left-wing Tupamaros guerrillas. On September 11, the president assumed personal responsibility for the elimination of the ...


Description:
Economic nationalism, as proclaimed by President Rafael Caldera during a speech celebrating Venezuelan independence on July 5, surged forward in 1971. A new banking law sharply limited the activities of foreign banks, while a new investment law under ...


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In a controversial, uncontested election held on Oct. 3, 1971, Nguyen Van Thieu was reelected to a second four-year term as president of the Republic of (South) Vietnam. In the largest voter turnout in recent South Vietnamese history, Thieu received ...


Description:
Anniversary honors in 1971 went to Albrecht Durer, the great German artist of the Renaissance period. The 500th anniversary of his birth was marked by exhibitions in many museums. Large collections of this printmaker's graphic works exist in the major ...


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Winter brought generally warm and dry weather to the South and West of the United States in 1971. By early spring, a severe drought had set in in the Southwest and in southern Florida, and it continued until late summer. The drought eventually ...


Description:
Regional cooperation remained a primary concern of a number of Caribbean countries during 1971. In April, representatives of the Bahamas, Barbados, and Trinidad and Tobago attended the first annual board meeting of the Caribbean Development Bank in ...


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The New Democratic Party government of Premier Edward R. Schreyer completed a busy legislative session on July 27, 1971. After 75 days of debate, the legislature approved 113 bills. The most controversial abolished Greater Winnipeg's 12 municipalities ...


Description:
Premier Richard B. Hatfield's new conservative administration presented its first budget to the legislature on March 16, 1971. Finance Minister Jean-Maurice Simard forecast revenues of $481 million and record spending of $512 million. He criticized ...


Description:
Newfoundland saw its long-standing provincial government appear to fall. As the year drew to a close, however, results of the provincial elections were unclear. Premier Joseph R. Smallwood's Liberal Party, in power since the island province entered ...


Description:
Oil was discovered on October 4 on Sable Island, a 20-mile bar of shifting sand dunes about 100 miles off Nova Scotia's east coast. The discovery was made by Mobil Oil Canada, Limited, at a depth of nearly 12,000 feet. It remained to be determined ...


Description:
Canada's largest province welcomed a new leader and gave him a solid vote of confidence in 1971. On February 13, William G. Davis, 41, minister of education and a member of the ruling Progressive Conservative Party, became the fourth leader of the ...


Description:
Prince Edward Island faced pressing financial problems in 1971. To counter an increase of 45 per cent in government operating costs over the past two years, the Liberal government of Premier Alexander B. Campbell increased the sales tax from 7 to 8 ...


Description:
Agriculture struggled again in 1971 with the problem of inadequate income. It also developed a potential political issue when President Richard M. Nixon nominated Earl L. Butz to succeed the resigning Clifford M. Hardin as secretary of agriculture. ...


Description:
The military government of President Emilio Garrastazu Medici entered its eighth year of power in 1971. Under it, Brazil had made sizable gains toward social, political, and economic stability, despite charges of repression and censorship by the only ...


Description:
Controversy about the safety of toys increased in 1971. Legislators and consumer groups charged that thousands of children were being hurt by unsafe playthings, and some complained that the federal toy safety law, which went into effect in January, ...


Description:
A political crisis brought on by economic difficulties in 1971 endangered efforts to introduce representative democracy to this remote mountain kingdom. Prime Minister Nur Ahmad Etemadi resigned in May after a series of student demonstrations and ...


Description:
Mayor Richard J. Daley was re-elected to an unprecedented fifth term on April 6, 1971. Daley received 70 per cent of the vote in beating Richard E. Friedman, an independent Democrat running on the Republican ticket. Friedman had the support of black ...


Description:
The shadow of bankruptcy continued to hover over New York City in 1971. Mayor John V. Lindsay's administration attempted to hold off stringent pay demands from city employees' unions and threatened reductions in state financial assistance. The results ...


Description:
Consumption of petroleum products grew by more than 4 per cent in 1971, or about 15 million barrels a day, and most estimates agreed that consumption would continue to increase by at least that rate through the 1970's.


Description:
The human race multiplied at an unprecedented pace in 1971. By the end of the year, the United Nations (UN) estimated the world's population at approximately 3.74 billion. More than 73 million people had been added during the year, the greatest annual ...


Description:
President Nixon, on January 19, ordered a halt in the 107-mile Cross-Florida Barge Canal that would have provided a short cut between the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico. The action followed issuance of an injunction enjoining key construction ...


Description:
The Federal Reserve System (Fed) aimed at an annual rate of growth in the money supply in excess of 5 per cent for the first quarter of 1971. Money actually increased at 9.3 per cent, about what some Administration leaders had been hoping for. The ...


Description:
Construction expenditures rose 18 per cent in 1971 to an estimated $107 billion. This was a new high and represented an 18 per cent increase over the 1970 figure of $91.5 billion, according to the U.S. Bureau of the Census. The bureau attributed the ...


Description:
The plight of the cities showed no signs of improvement in 1971. The rising costs of municipal services caused serious financial problems for many of the nation's major cities. According to the U.S. Bureau of the Census, urban expenses are rising ...


Description:
Albania became more isolated from the rest of the Communist world in 1972, but continued to open up toward non-Communist Europe. Albania retained close economic links with its big ally, China, and China extended its heavy financing of Albania's ...


Description:
Algeria marked the 10th anniversary of its independence from France in 1972 by taking an active role in regional affairs and going all-out for industrial development. President Houari Boumediene visited Morocco and reached two agreements with King ...


Description:
Man's ability to create speech was an area of human evolution that was widely discussed by anthropologists in 1972. The question that the scientists considered was whether man's ability to speak is simply an extension of the animal ability to ...


Description:
A 1972 study of obsidian tools produced by the Olmec shed new light on trade relations in the ancient world. The Olmec civilization existed along the eastern coast of Mexico between 1100 and 400 B.C. Scholars have long debated the extent to which the ...


Description:
The imaginative architectural design of the Olympic site for the 20th Olympiad's Summer Games in Munich, West Germany, won recognition in 1972. Unifying the site and providing the greatest visual excitement was a 370,000-square-foot, tentlike roof of ...


Description:
Former President Juan Domingo Peron returned to Argentina on Nov. 17, 1972, after 17 years in exile. A former army officer, Peron had ruled Argentina as dictator-president for nine turbulent years ending in 1955. His return, sanctioned by the military ...


Description:
Race cars ran faster than ever in 1972. And nowhere did they improve more than on the United States Auto Club (USAC) Championship Trail, particularly in its showcase race, the $1,011,846 Indianapolis 500 on May 27.


Description:
After two of the most difficult years in its history, the U.S. aviation industry's fortunes improved somewhat in 1972. Airline traffic increased, but problems of excess capacity, rising operating costs, and low fares held profits down. Security ...


Description:
Bahrain continued to expand its ties abroad in 1972. This newly independent Arab sheikdom became the 126th member of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization and the 119th member of the World Bank. It also established ...


Description:
When Sheik Mujibur Rahman returned to Dacca on Jan. 10, 1972, a million people shouted in joy, Glory to the Father of the Nation. The newly created Bengal state was only a few weeks old, and Sheik Mujibur himself had just emerged from 9 ...


Description:
The Oakland A's combined 19 mustaches, 1 mule, 1 overpowering owner, and green and gold uniforms that would have done justice to a softball team to produce a victory in the 1972 World Series. They defeated the favored Cincinnati Reds in a tense ...


Description:
The attempted merger of the two major professional leagues and its resultant bonanza in player salaries overshadowed actual competition during and after the 1971-1972 season. The National Basketball Association (NBA) and the American Basketball ...


Description:
Bulgaria remained Russia's model ally in 1972, but showed new flexibility in both foreign and domestic policies. In January, Todor Zhivkov, Communist Party first secretary and chairman of the State Council, announced measures designed to raise ...


Description:
After 10 years of military dictatorship under General Ne Win, Burma returned to civilian government in 1972. On April 20, Ne Win resigned as army chief of staff to become prime minister. All but one of the senior members of the ruling Union ...


Description:
After his re-election on Nov. 7, 1972, President Richard M. Nixon asked all Cabinet and White House staff members to submit their resignations. Five incumbent Cabinet members retained their old posts for the second Nixon Administration and one was ...


Description:
Marshal Lon Nol, who had abolished the monarchy and proclaimed Cambodia the Republic of Khmer in 1970, swore himself in as the republic's first elected president on July 3, 1972. The elections, which were held on June 4, followed Lon Nol's take-over ...


Description:
The strong majority government in Canada since 1968 came to an end on Oct. 30, 1972, when Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau's Liberal Party suffered a crushing setback at the polls. The Liberals lost 38 seats in the House of Commons, emerging with ...


Description:
Canadian literature concentrated on politics and government more than usual in 1972. This reflected the nation's concern with these subjects, inspired partly by an impending federal election and changes brought about by the provincial elections of ...


Description:
Satellites have made a growing mark since 1965 in international telecommunications. In 1972, they made their first impact on the domestic scene. The world's first geostationary satellite for domestic communications  Telesat Canada  was ...


Description:
Powerful Democrats in control of both houses in the second session of the 92nd Congress clashed repeatedly in 1972 with President Richard M. Nixon as he tried to persuade Congress to go along with his Administration's policies. The Senate's effort to ...


Description:
The United Nations (UN) Conference on the Human Environment, held in Stockholm, Sweden, from June 5 to 16, 1972, reflected growing international concern with world environmental problems. Maurice Strong, secretary-general of the conference, summed up ...


Description:
Capital punishment as historically imposed in various states was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States on June 29, 1972. In Furman v. Georgia,


Description:
The number of serious crimes reported to police in the United States was only 1 per cent higher during the first nine months of 1972 than for the same period in 1971. Attorney General Richard G. Kleindienst said this was the smallest percentage ...


Description:
Daily life remained somewhat shabby in 1972. Although more food and clothing were available and the prices of basic necessities remained low, the cost of such goods as sunglasses, cosmetics, electric appliances, and radios was very high. These items ...


Description:
Americans will long remember 1971 as the year in whichfor the first time during peacethe United States moved to price and wage controls. And 1972 will be the year that tests the success of that move. A careful examination of the U.S. ...


Description:
The electric utility industry added another 32 gigawatts (gw) to net generating capability in 1971, raising the U.S. total to 380 gw at year's end. Even after spending $15 billion for expansion, the industry's kilowatt-hour (kwh) sales were 3 per cent ...


Description:
International trade will never be quite the same again after 1971. It was a year of dramatic events, affecting international political relationships as well as the flow of goods and money among nations. In a year of turmoil, two events stood out.


Description:
The world of poetry experienced no major events in 1971. It seemed, after the change-filled 1960's, as if American poets needed a respite, a period of stocktaking and reassessment. The effects of the 1960's were obvious everywhere, especially in the ...


Description:
Philadelphia elected a new mayor in 1971, and many observers predicted a new mayoral style for the city. Democrat Frank L. Rizzo was elected in November to succeed Mayor James H. J. Tate, who was ineligible to run for a third consecutive term. Rizzo, ...


Description:
Racial conflicts, coups, and economic growing pains plagued Africa in 1972. Much of the continent was caught up in racial conflicts, from the bloody civil strife in Burundi and the Asian deportations in Uganda to the chronic black-against-white ...


Description:
The United States and Russia on May 26, 1972, signed a strategic arms limitation treaty limiting antiballistic missile systems, and an interim five-year agreement freezing offensive nuclear weapons at their present levels. The treaty recognized parity ...


Description:
A will-o'-the-wisp of peace hovered briefly over warravaged Indochina in 1972. It first appeared in October, when U.S. presidential adviser Henry A. Kissinger announced, after weeks of secret negotiations with the North Vietnamese, that ...


Description:
A proposal to construct a Very Large Array (VLA) radio telescope system in the United States received top priority by the Astronomy Survey Committee of the National Academy of Sciences in 1972. In June, the committee published a list of the problems ...


Description:
elected a new government on Dec. 2, 1972, after one of the most turbulent Parliaments in Australian history. The 27th Parliament had seen John Gorton fall almost overnight in March, 1971, from the prime ministership to the back-benches. His own party ...


Description:
Austria won a three-month head start on other European Free Trade Association (EFTA) countries when it signed a free trade agreement on July 22, 1972, with the European Community (Common Market). The interim tariff arrangements for industrial goods ...


Description:
New car sales in the United States set an all-time record of 10,820,000 in 1972. The previous high was the 10,246,300 sales in 1971.


Description:
An 11-month-old coalition government collapsed on Nov. 22, 1972, because of the problems dividing the Flemish- and French-speaking populations. It had been formed on January 14, ending a government crisis that had lasted since the Nov. 7, 1971, ...


Description:
Research efforts involving muscles were among the major developments in biology in 1972. One group of scientists developed a new experimental system that should allow more detailed and accurate studies of nerve-muscle junctions. Other investigators ...


Description:
Pleasure boating continued its uninterrupted prosperity in 1972. More people spent more money on boats, boating equipment, and their upkeep than ever before.


Description:
A technique for developing hybrid plants was announced in June, 1972, by Peter S. Carlson, Harold H. Smith, and Rosemarie D. Dearing of Brookhaven National Laboratory in Upton, N.Y. The technique may someday be used to produce plants that have both ...


Description:
Don Johnson of Akron, Ohio, and Nelson Burton, Jr., of St. Louisfor many years leaders on the professional bowling tourwere big winners in 1972. Surprisingly, so were Mike Durbin of Chagrin Falls, Ohio; Bill Beach of Sharon, Pa.; Anthony ...


Description:
Heavyweight champion Joe Frazier of Philadelphia and Muhammad Ali of Cherry Hill, N.J., his predecessor and major antagonist, were boxing's dominant figures in 1972, Ali for fighting almost everyone and Frazier for fighting almost no one.


Description:
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) scientists announced in July, 1972, that the earth's main supply of oxygen probably comes from the dissociation of water vapor, not photosynthesis. In dissociation, the water vapor breaks down into ...


Description:
Bobby Fischer became the first American to hold the official world chess championship on Sept. 1, 1972. He won the title when the defending world champion, Boris Spassky of Russia, resigned in the 21st game of their championship series in Reykjavik, ...


Description:
President Salvador Allende Gossens, the first elected Marxist in Latin American history, fought for his political life in 1972. At the risk of provoking a civil war or a military coup, he plunged ahead with a drastic Socialist revolution, even though ...


Description:
Great Britain took over direct rule on March 30, 1972, ending 51 years of local government in Ulster. But the violence continued, and the death toll since the trouble began in 1969 mounted to more than 675. British Prime Minister Edward Heath's action ...


Description:
The school busboycotted, buried, and overturned by irate parentswas a tangible symbol of civil rights controversy in 1972. Busing to achieve racial integration in schools was a major concern for the executive, legislative, and judicial ...


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The Liberal and Conservative parties that make up the ruling National Front as a coalition retained political control in Colombia in 1972. In the national elections, held on April 16 to fill about 8,800 posts in 906 provisional councils and 22 ...


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Political repression continued in 1972, but Czechoslovakia's economic position improved. The government announced the arrest of alleged antistate elements on January 11, and some foreign journalists were expelled from the country. Trials ...


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Dance reached rare heights during the New York City Ballet's Stravinsky Festival held from June 18 to 25, 1972. Out of 31 ballets presented in 7 performances at the New York State Theater in Lincoln Center, 21 were premieres. Their scores ranged in ...


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Democratic hopes of regaining the White House, which they lost in 1968, were crushed by the landslide victory of President Richard M. Nixon over George S. McGovern on Nov. 7, 1972. The 50-year-old South Dakota senator suffered the worst defeat ever ...


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Denmark saved its bacon, and Europe's, by voting decisively on Oct. 2, 1972, to join the European Community (Common Market). About 63.5 per cent of the Danes voted for entry in the referendum. A week earlier, when neighboring Norway voted ...


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Addictive drugs remained a major worldwide concern in 1972. On March 21, President Richard M. Nixon signed into law a bill establishing by statutory authority a Special Action Office for Drug Abuse Prevention, which the President had set up by ...


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Athenagoras I, Patriarch of Constantinople and the first among all the heads of Eastern Orthodox Churches, died on July 6, 1972, in Istanbul, Turkey, at the age of 86. He had been elected to the post in 1949, after serving for 15 years as the Greek ...


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The European Community (Common Market) expanded to 9 nations on Jan. 1, 1973, and not 10, as had been planned. In a national referendum that was held on Sept. 24, 1972, Norway voted to stay out, to the dismay of the six members and three other ...


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Fashion relaxed a bit in 1972, worrying less about hemlines and waistlines, shifting into the casual mood of sportswear for both daytime and evening styles. According to designers, the busy modern woman wanted to look at ease, uncontrived, and ...


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In efforts to protect the consumer, United States government agencies moved quickly and forcefully into the food field in 1972. Especially notable were Food and Drug Administration (FDA) attempts to implement truth in labeling, to encourage further ...


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The Miami Dolphins, created as an expansion team in 1966, made National Football League (NFL) history in 1972. The Dolphins became only the third NFL team ever to finish a regular season undefeated and untied, the first to gain that distinction in 30 ...


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Prime Minister Jacques Chaban-Delmas and his Cabinet surprised France and its neighbors by resigning on July 5, 1972, after three years in office. Pierre Messmer, a tough, orthodox Gaullist who had been minister for overseas territories immediately ...


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Nearly 370 million years ago, a primitive land vertebrate clumsily slithered across a small sand bar in what is now the state of Victoria in Australia, perhaps in search of food or the sanctuary of a nearby pond or stream. In so doing, it played a ...


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The National Hockey League (NHL), which had monopolized the professional sport since 1917, received two serious challenges in 1972. One came from the World Hockey Association (WHA), a 12-team league that was formed in November, 1971, and played its ...


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Clear-cut champions emerged only from the 2-year-old crop of horses in 1972. La Prevoyante, a Canadian-bred filly, and the colt Secretariat outclassed their competition consistently and impressively.


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Hungary continued its economic reform in 1972 against the background of rumored political and economic differences with Russia. On February 11, Communist Party leader Janos Kadar paid an unscheduled visit to Moscow. Premier Jeno Fock later admitted he ...


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European men and women won most of the major ice skating honors in 1972. The most successful Americans were three young women from IllinoisNorthbrook's Dianne Holum, 20, and Anne Henning, 16, in speed skating and 18-year-old Janet Lynn of ...


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Congress in 1972 attempted to impose penalties on U.S. employers who knowingly hire illegal aliens. The bill passed the House on September 12. However, it expired in the Senate Judiciary Committee, where it was held without action until the end of the ...


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New Year's Day of 1972 found India still aglow with the joy of a victory won a fortnight earlier. There was plenty to celebrate. The 14-Day War of December, 1971, left Pakistan defeated and cut to half its former size. India held more than ...


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Italy struggled with political uncertainty and labor unrest in 1972. Emilio Colombo's four-party coalition government fell on January 15 after 17 months in office when Republicans deserted the coalition and Socialists threatened to follow them if a ...


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Relations with the People's Republic of China, the United States, and Russia underwent significant changes in 1972. Japan also changed governments. Prime Minister Eisaku Sato resigned on July 5, ending a record 7 years and 8 months in office. The Diet ...


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The division into Conservative, Orthodox, and Reform Jews persisted in 1972, although Conservative and Reform rabbis continued friendly relations. The Reform Jews prepared for the celebration in 1973 of the 100th anniversary of the Union of American ...


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Jordan's King Hussein I shocked the Arab world on March 15, 1972, when he proposed the federation of Jordan and the area now occupied by Israel into a new unitary state. It would be called the United Arab Kingdom.


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Kuwait maintained its traditional policy of vigorous moral support for the Arab cause against Israel in 1972. It also continued its financial aid to lessfortunate Arab countries, making gifts and loans through the Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic ...


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Conditions brightened for American labor in 1972, the first year under President Richard M. Nixon's wage and price controls, with both the rates of inflation and unemployment showing improvement. The September Consumer Price Index (CPI) of the Bureau ...


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Education struggled with rising costs and slackening growth in enrollments in 1972. Its mood was one of uncertainty and retrenchment. Taxpayer resistance to spending increased. In the colleges, where actual enrollments were still rising, the effects ...


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President Anwar al-Sadat suddenly ordered all Russian military advisers out of Egypt on July 18, 1972. He announced that Russian military installations, some of which had been off-limits even to senior Egyptian officers, would become the property of ...


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The American people voted overwhelmingly on Nov. 7, 1972, to give Richard M. Nixon a second term as President. Mr. Nixon's reelection by a landslide victory of historic proportions kept a Republican in the White House but left the Democratic Party in ...


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The growing importance of technology in new industrial applications continued to be a major trend in 1972. Postal automation, the textile industry, airlines, and rapid-transit systems were particularly affected.


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Despite general agreement that the attack on environmental problems must be stepped up, there were sharp battles in 1972 over the nature and scope of programs to deal with them. In the United States, the battles were between conservationists and ...


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Ethiopia took an increasingly active part in African and international affairs in 1972. Emperor Haile Selassie I continued to be one of the most influential African statesmen.


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In 11 years as a professional golfer, Jack Nicklaus won almost every tournament and honor worth winning. But in 1972, the 32-year-old Nicklaus had his finest year. His goal was the never-achieved professional grand slama sweep of the United ...


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Prime Minister Edward Heath announced a 90-day freeze on wages, prices, rents, and stock dividends on Nov. 6, 1972. Heath had always argued against such methods of economic management, but when talks between Government, employers, and unions about a ...


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Six U.S. destroyers dropped anchor off the port of Piraeus on Sept. 2, 1972, the first step in making the Athens area the U.S. Navy's largest Mediterranean home port. Some 300 dependent Navy families landed in Athens three days later. Destroyer ...


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The atmosphere of intimidation that existed under the late President Francois Duvalier seemed to be lifting in 1972 under his son, President Jean-Claude Duvalier. The Ton Ton Macoutes, the private security police of the former president, had virtually ...


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In the fiscal year that ended on June 30, 1972, some 326,000 persons were rehabilitated, or returned to productive activity, in the United States. This was a 12 per cent increase over the previous fiscal year and the highest annual total ever ...


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The National Academy of Sciences charged in September, 1972, that thousands of Americans die needlessly each year because of inadequate emergency medical care. Accidental injuries impose a staggering demand on the nation's health services, ...


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About 500 protesting American Indians, calling themselves the Trail of Broken Treaties caravan, seized control of the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) Building in Washington, D.C., on Nov. 2, 1972. A week of protest had been scheduled by the militant ...


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Although most Asian countries accepted China as a major force in Asia, General Suharto followed a far more cautious policy in 1972. Indonesia was the only Asian nation not seeking trade with China. In part, his wariness was caused by Indonesia's large ...


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A new Middle Eastern refugee problem arose in 1972 when about 60,000 Iranians were suddenly deported from Iraq after living there for years. Many reported their homes and possessions were seized before they were put across the border into Iran. In ...


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Iraq parted company with the majority of oil-producing states on June 1, 1972, as it nationalized all assets of the Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC), a Western group and the principal oil company operating in the country. Iraqi oil shipments to ...


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Prime Minister Jack Lynch signed the treaty of accession to the European Community (Common Market) on Jan. 22, 1972, in Brussels. In a May 10 referendum, voters overwhelmingly approved market membership, 1,041,880 to 211,888.


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Israel succeeded in shutting off Arab guerrilla attacks and sabotage in 1972. At the same time, it relaxed its rule and tried to allow residents of the Gaza Strip and Arab zones conquered in the 1967 Six-Day War to run themselves with as little ...


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The Latin American region presented a mixed picture of political, economic, and social paradoxes in 1972. Political turmoil stalked Argentina, Chile, El Salvador, and Guatemala. In Ecuador, President Jose Maria Velasco Ibarra was overthrown in a ...


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The focus of conflict between Israel and the Palestinian guerrillas shifted to southern Lebanon early in 1972. Guerrilla raids into Israel from Lebanese bases provoked counterattacks that caused extensive property damage as well as casualties. About ...


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President Richard M. Nixon proclaimed 1972 International Book Year in the United States. It was part of an international observance in which more than 100 countries took part In his proclamation, the President recognized the importance of books and ...


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President Muammar Muhammad al-Qadhaafi charted a bewildering course for his country in 1972. He made state visits to several African and Arab nations and issued forceful declarations of support for a variety of liberation movements. But ...


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Every sector of book publishing was thriving as 1972 drew to a close. Bookstore counters were loaded with attractive merchandise. Best sellers in fiction and nonfiction signaled new currents of contemporary interest. Lavish gift books were as handsome ...


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The number of paperback editions of books formerly available only in hardback continued to increase in 1972. This included many of the Newbery and Caldecott Medal winners. If there was any discernible trend in subject matter, it was a focusing of ...


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King Hassan II survived another assassination attempt on Aug. 16, 1972. Moroccan Air Force jet fighters strafed his plane as he returned from a visit to France. The king's damaged plane landed at Rabat Civil Airport, and the mutineers then strafed the ...


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The great movie event of 1972 was The Godfather,


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Tragedy and violence saddened the music world in 1972. Two bombs, exploding within minutes of each other on January 26, heavily damaged the New York headquarters of Columbia Artists Management, Inc., and the nearby offices of impresario Sol Hurok. The ...


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A national emergence of soul music and other kinds of music performed by black artists dominated the popular music world to an unprecedented degree in 1972. At one point, the five top-selling single records in the United States and 11 of ...


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Discontent and frustration led to a political crisis in 1972. The center-right coalition government resigned on July 20, and a minority coalition took over until the people could vote in the general election on November 29. But election results were ...


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Grave doubts arose in 1972 about the privilege of the press. The Supreme Court of the United States ruled on June 29 that newsmen do not have the constitutional right to refuse to testify before grand juries about information given to them in ...


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Nigeria continued its remarkable recovery in 1972 from the financial and social disruptions caused by the civil war. The economy was booming with oil revenue and the inflow of foreign capital. In March, the World Bank loaned Nigeria $27 million to ...


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Nobel prizes for literature, economics, and science were presented at ceremonies in Stockholm, Sweden, on Dec. 10, 1972. They were awarded by the Norwegian Storting (legislative) Nobel Committee, Oslo. No peace prize was awarded in 1972.


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The people of Norway turned their backs on the European Community (Common Market) in a decisive referendum on Sept. 25, 1972. The final vote showed 53.5 per cent (1,118,281 votes) against entry and 46.5 per cent (971,687 votes) for, with three-fourths ...


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The U.S. deep-sea drilling project concentrated its 1972 coring operations in the Red Sea, Bay of Bengal, and Arabian Sea. This marked the first time any deep drilling had taken place in the Indian Ocean. The sediment taken from the Red Sea was ...


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Every four years, the Olympic Games bring together the athletes of the world to meet in sports combat and human relationships. In the 1972 Summer Games held in August and September in Munich, West Germany, the combat was often magnificent and truly ...


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Pakistan will remember 1972 as the cruelest year in its 25-year history as an independent nation. Only a few months earlier, it had been the world's fifth largest nation, with 130 million people and a voice in international affairs. But all that had ...


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The Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces marked its fourth year in office in 1972. Although it remained committed to social and agrarian reform, it continued its strong-arm rule.


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Membership in the Protestant churches of the United States continued to decline slightly in 1972, while financial gifts grew. The increase in giving did not match the nation's 5 per cent inflation rise, however. The moderate decline in membership ...


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Extensive experiments were conducted in 1972 on the use of biofeedback to control involuntary functions of the mind and body. A research team at Harvard Medical School in Boston successfully used this learning technique to teach people how to regulate ...


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The Popular Democratic Party (PDP) swept its candidate, 36-year-old Rafael Hernandez Colon, to an upset victory in elections held on Nov. 7, 1972. Hernandez Colon ousted Governor Luis A. Ferre of the New Progressive Party, and the Popular Democrats ...


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Radio entered a new era of permissive programming in 1972. One of the most imitated and controversial new formats was the sex-oriented talk show in which female listeners discuss intimate details of their love lives by telephone with male Talk ...


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About 3,000 Biblical scholars and theologians met in Los Angeles in September, 1972, to discuss religion and the humanizing of man. The International Congress of Learned Societies in the Field of Religion was described as the largest gathering ever ...


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President Richard M. Nixon capped his political career with a landslide victory over Democrat George S. McGovern on Nov. 7, 1972, ensuring four more years of Republican rule in the White House. Mr. Nixon swept into a second term as President by ...


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The murder of a member of the ruling All People's Congress in Freetown on Aug. 28, 1972, resulted in the arrest of Salia Jusu-Sherriff, the leader of the opposition Sierra Leone People's Party. Jusu-Sherriff and six other members of the party were ...


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French and Austrian skiers swept most of the international honors in 1972. But in the year's showcase competition, the Winter Olympics, held in February in Sapporo, Japan, the skiers of both countries failed.


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Professional soccer in the United States and Canada finally showed progress in 1972. The North American Soccer League's eight teams played 14 games each, and the New York Cosmos won the championship, defeating the St. Louis Stars, 2-1, in the final in ...


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Social Security benefits were increased in two steps in 1972. President Richard M. Nixon signed a bill into law on July 1 that increased benefits 20 per cent across the board in September for 27.8 million Americans. The hike represents the largest ...


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The white minority government of Prime Minister Balthazar Johannes Vorster abandoned its relatively moderate policy toward the racial situation in South Africa in 1972 and took a sharp political turn to the right. Vorster's move to ease strict ...


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Space exploration shifted in 1972 from pioneering ventures and high drama to providing benefits for the people on earth. The year saw the last two of the six manned Apollo lunar landings. From April 16 to 27, astronauts John W. Young, Thomas K. ...


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The Strait of Malacca involved Malaysia in an international dispute in 1972. Malaysia and neighboring Indonesia each consider the strait as its property, claiming a 20-mile limit rather than the traditional 3-mile limit for its territorial waters. On ...


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The long downturn in industrial production that began in late 1969 and continued through 1971 came to a dramatic halt in October, 1972. The Federal Reserve Board industrial production index for October stood at 116.7 (1967=100), 9.3 per cent above ...


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Researchers at the Boston University School of Medicine in 1972 hailed a new surgical technique for removing cancerous and benign growths from human vocal cords. The technique involves the use of an apparatus they developeda carbon dioxide ...


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Several new drugs in 1972 beefed up the arsenal of psychiatric weaponry in the fight for mental health. Researchers told the Fifth World Congress of Psychiatry, held in February, 1972, in Mexico City, that significant progress has been made in the ...


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A serious crisis within the ruling Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) ended Feb. 21, 1972, with the resignation of Manuel Sanchez Vite as party president. Sanchez Vite, who was considered a member of the party's conservative wing, had reportedly ...


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The Arabs and Israel made little progress, if any, toward peace in 1972. Gunnar Jarring reactivated his United Nations (UN) mission in January. But numerous separate talks with Israeli, Jordanian, and Egyptian leaders in Cyprus and elsewhere failed to ...


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President Ferdinand E. Marcos declared martial law on Sept. 23, 1972. It was the first time the measure had been imposed since the Philippines obtained its independence from the United States in 1946. More than 150 journalists and political opposition ...


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The most interesting developments in physics in 1972 involved the study of nuclear fusion, the process by which two nuclei merge with a consequent release of energy. Laser-produced fusion, which may someday permit controlled fusion on a large scale, ...


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Poland pursued a cautious reform policy at home and an increasingly bold foreign policy, developing new links with the non-Communist world in 1972. Industrial output increased 11 per cent over 1971; both exports and imports went up 20 per cent. But ...


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Portugal changed the status of its overseas territories Angola and Mozambique from provinces to states on May 1, 1972. The only areas previously given this status were Goa, Damao, and Diu, which India annexed in 1961. The law was described as giving ...


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Postmaster General Elmer T. Klassen announced on Aug. 28, 1972, that a planned postal-rate increase of 1 cent an ounce for first-class mail would not be needed. The increase, scheduled for 1973, would have provided an additional $450 million in ...


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President Richard Milhous Nixon proved himself to be a careful, far-sighted diplomat and a consummate politician in 1972. The major accomplishments of his fourth year in office were reconciliation with the People's Republic of China and a major arms ...


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The brief hope for a settlement of the independence issue between Rhodesia's whiteminority government and Great Britain ended in disappointment in May, 1972. (Zimbabwe was then called Rhodesia.) Rhodesia's black African majority over whelmingly ...


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Tensions between the Vatican and progressive Dutch Catholics continued to mount in 1972. Pope Paul VI chose conservative Father Joannes Gijsen as bishop of Roermond, Holland, consecrating him at St. Peter's in Rome on February 13, over the opposition ...


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Romania continued to expand its links with the non-Communist world and to improve its relations with the Russian-bloc countries in 1972. Mean while, the government experienced some abrupt administrative and personnel changes.


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Russia took a major step toward a political and military accommodation with the United States in 1972. Meanwhile, it continued to ease relations with Western Europe while maintaining its grip on Eastern Europe. Elsewhere, Russia consolidated its ...


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Preliminary estimates indicated that 1972 recorded more traffic-accident deaths than any other year in the history of the United States. According to data collected by the National Safety Council, traffic accidents caused an estimated 56,700 deaths ...


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Ahmad Zaki Yamani, minister of oil and minerals, played a key role in winning major concessions for Arabian oil producers in 1972. He was a leader in negotiations by which five members of the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) ...


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General Francisco Franco on July 18, 1972, named his old comrade-in-arms and vice-president, Admiral Luis Carrero Blanco, to succeed him when he dies. The action did not invalidate the 1969 steps marking Prince Juan Carlos as Spain's next king. But it ...


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Sports administrators almost needed law degrees to keep up with their work in 1972. Dissident players and rival leagues sued the baseball, football, basketball, and hockey establishments, charging that their player contracts violated antitrust laws. ...


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Ceylon became the Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka on May 22, 1972. The first head of the new government was President William Gopallawa. Sirimavo Bandaranaike remained as prime minister. But the new name, which means great and beautiful ...


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The November elections and such issues as school financing, revenue sharing, state lotteries, and the environment dominated state government concerns in 1972.


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It took more than six years to do it, but it finally happened. The Dow Jones average of 30 industrial stocks finally broke through the magic 1,000 barrier, closing at 1,003.66, on Nov. 14, 1972. The blue-chip indicator's previous closing ...


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The Sudanese government and rebel forces in the south reached an agreement on March 6, 1972, ending the civil war that had raged since 1955. The Christian Africans in the south had wanted independence from the predominantly Moslem Sudanese government. ...


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After 40 consecutive years of rule in Europe's most affluent nation, the Social Democrats struggled in 1972 to maintain their supremacy. It will be tested in a general election in September, 1973. With 118,000 workers (3.1 per cent) idle, unemployment ...


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Mark Spitz of the United States did even better in 1972 than he did in 1971, when he broke three world swimming records for men. He won seven gold medals in the Olympic Games in Munich in August, all in world-record time.


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Switzerland voted on Dec. 3, 1972, to join Europe's move toward economic integration. A freetrade treaty with the European Community (Common Market), submitted to the voters for approval by the government, won by 1,345,057 votes to 509,350. It was ...


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Syria took an important step toward a more representative government on March 7, 1972. The formation of the Syrian Progressive National Front united four minority leftist parties from the governing coalition with the dominant Ba'ath Party. An ...


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The shock waves that swept the country after its expulsion from the United Nations in 1971 continued in 1972. Most of the unease sprang from a decision by the United States and Japan to begin to normalize relations with the People's Republic of China. ...


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No new major tax reforms were proposed by the Nixon Administration or by Congress in 1972. Estimated receipts for the federal government were $220.8 billion for fiscal 1973, and estimates of the federal deficit were $25 billion to $26-billion, making ...


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The United Nations (UN) entered its 28th year in 1972 with a new secretary-general at the helm. Kurt Waldheim, the Austrian diplomat who became the world forum's fourth chief on January 1, was determined to create new confidence in the organization ...


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President Richard M. Nixon's landslide re-election on Nov. 7, 1972, promised to have far-reaching effects on the government. The President's victory enhanced his personal prestige and strengthened his authority. But the Democratic Party's victory in ...


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Juan Maria Bordaberry Arocena became president on March 1, 1972. Inaugural ceremonies were held under tight security conditions because of an expected attack by left wing Tupamaro guerrillas. In his address, President Bordaberry vowed unyielding war ...


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An upcoming presidential election and a tense situation in the petroleum industry were major issues in 1972. The election, even though it was not scheduled until December, 1973, was by far the most disruptive issue. On May 23, Romulo Betancourt, who ...


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President Nguyen Van Thieu tightened his grip on the government in 1972. Confronted by political and military problems of enormous magnitude, he dispensed with the U.S.-inspired democratic institutions and governed instead through the army and the ...


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A quiet expectancy and a darker nervousness was evident in the visual arts in 1972. Recent radical anti-art activity no longer seemed outrageous, and hopes for a radical new approach seemed more far-fetched than before. So the search for values in ...


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Alberta, with almost 90 per cent of Canada's proved oil reserves, unveiled a new tax on the assessed value of reserves in April. The tax was expected to yield over $50 million to the provincial government in 1973 and would avoid the necessity of ...


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British Columbia provided the year's biggest surprise in provincial politics on August 30 when the New Democratic Party (NDP) defeated the Social Credit government of William A. C. Bennett. Bennett had been in office for more than 20 years. During its ...


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Support for nonpublic schools reappeared as the province's most controversial political issue. Premier Edward R. Schreyer's effort to provide more state aid to private and parochial schools was turned down in the legislature even though he had said at ...


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New Brunswick faced serious economic difficulties in 1972. The federal Government announced that it was banning commercial salmon fishing after May 1 in an effort to restore declining supplies. Much of the decline was blamed on heavy fishing by ...


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Premier Joseph R. Smallwood resigned on Jan. 18, 1972, after the Liberal Party's disputed election defeat. He had been premier for almost 23 years. The confused and disputed election results ultimately gave 20 seats to Smallwood's Liberals and 21 to ...


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Agriculture made more news in 1972 than it had in several years. Secretary of Agriculture Earl L. Butz, fresh from a controversial Senate confirmation in December, 1971, vowed to put agriculture in the public eye. The farm vote was expected to be an ...


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Festivities marking the 150th anniversary of Brazilian independence from Portugal were held in Sao Paulo on Sept. 7, 1972. The high point of the ceremonies, presided over by President Emilio Garrastazu Medici and Prime Minister Marcello Caetano of ...


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Continued concern about ecology was reflected in the number of toys relating to the environment that were marketed in 1972. One of these, the Johnny Horizon Environmental Test Kit, enabled youngsters to make simple tests for air and water pollution. A ...


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The drought that had crippled Afghanistan's economy and brought starvation to its people moved into its third year in 1972. Its effects were compounded by an unusually harsh winter in which many wheat farmers ate their seed wheat to survive. In ...


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Mayor Richard J. Daley suffered several political setbacks in 1972. First, his preferred candidates for governor and state's attorney were defeated in the Democratic primary election in March. Then, he and 58 other members of the Illinois delegation ...


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New York City witnessed a bloody eruption of gangland fighting in 1972 that claimed the lives of at least 15 victims. The murders were allegedly the result of a gang war between followers of Joseph Colombo and Joseph (Crazy Joe) Gallo. Colombo had ...


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Television entered a new age of candor in 1972. Its bold programming of ethnic humor and heretofore taboo adult themes finally began to mirror the increasing permissiveness of society, although it was only a pale reflection of the ...


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Back-room struggles for power overshadowed actual competition in 1972, and it was a shame. Ilie Nastase of Romania and Stan Smith and Billie Jean King of the United States had outstanding success, each earning more than $100,000 in tournaments.


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King Phumiphon Aduldet named Field Marshal Thanom Kittikachorn to the recreated prime ministership on Dec. 18, 1972. The marshal had seized power in 1971, abolished the Constitution, disbanded the Cabinet, and formed the National Executive Council ...


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Dave Wottle, Frank Shorter, Rod Milburn, Randy Williams, and Vince Matthews ranked among the world's outstanding track and field athletes in 1972. All were from the United States, all won Olympic gold medals in Munich, West Germany, and all overcame ...


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An improving domestic economy, expanding foreign trade, and the continuing impact of the federal government on transportation programs gave the transportation industry some modest relief in 1972 from the recent profit crunch.


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Turkey struggled with a continuing government crisis in 1972. It was underscored by urban terrorism, martial law, and the inability of its leaders to reconcile their differences. Unable to institute reforms and control leftist militants, Prime ...


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Colder than normal temperatures in the central United States and drought conditions in the Southwest ushered in 1972. Spring brought generous rain and below-normal temperatures to much of the North and East, with many record low temperatures recorded ...


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National elections held in two Caribbean countries in 1972 were marred by sporadic campaign violence and vandalism. In Jamaica, bombs were thrown, and Michael Manley, leader of the People's National Party (PNP), was fired at during a Kingston market ...


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A trend toward separatism in 2 of the nation's 6 republics posed serious problems for President Josip Broz Tito in 1972. The movement had been growing in Yugoslavia since 1970, when Tito decentralized economic and administrative power to give the ...


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Zaire went to great lengths to change its image from Western-oriented to pure African in 1972. The process began in late 1971, when the name of the former Democratic Republic of the Congo was changed to the Republic of Zaire. President Mobutu Sese ...


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Australian zoologist D. R. Robertson of the University of Queensland discovered in 1972 that the tropical fish Labroides dimidiatus


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Two giant pandas, Hsing-Hsing and Ling-Ling, a by-product of President Richard M. Nixon's visit to China, arrived in the United States in April, 1972. The young pandas are housed in the National Zoo in Washington, D.C., in air-conditioned quarters ...


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Peter Nicholson, holding both the finance and education portfolios in Premier Gerald A. Regan's Liberal government, presented his second budget on March 29. Departmental estimates were cut to hold expenditures to $549 million. Revenues of $545 million ...


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Ontario, Canada's largest province, radically reorganized its government on January 5. Three super-ministers were appointed to coordinate policies among groups of related departments in the areas of social development, resources, and ...


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Prince Edward Island had Canada's lowest average personal income in 1972. A federal report showed that it was $2,188. The nationwide average was $3,045.


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A strike of 200,000 public service employees in April, 1972, provided a turbulent test for Prime Minister J. Robert Bourassa's Liberal government. It had recently granted civil servants the right to strike. A common front of teachers and public ...


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Premier Allan Blakeney's New Democratic Party government met its first full-scale session of the legislature from February 24 to May 5. In a major government reorganization, departments of consumer affairs, environment, and culture and youth were set ...


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Dallas was the scene of Explo '72, probably the biggest fundamentalist revival meeting in the history of religion in the United States. An estimated 75,000 young people converged on Dallas on June 12 for the six-day evangelical conference to attend ...


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A U.S. district court judge ordered the most sweeping school desegregation plan in the nation's history in Detroit on June 14, 1972. The order, affecting public schools in Detroit and 53 suburbs, stated that full desegregation of the Detroit public ...


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Rapid growth in the Houston area continued throughout 1972, as a steady influx of large corporations generated new jobs and demands for more homes and offices. Among the corporate offices planning to move to Houston were Signal Oil and Gas Company of ...


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The era of uncontrolled land development around Los Angeles drew to a close in 1972 as conservationist pressures began to show results. In September, the Los Angeles County board of supervisors ordered a building freeze on 1.8 million acres, one-third ...


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Two major developments in 1972 promised to improve public transit in Washington, D.C. The new Metro rail system received $3 billion to develop and operate a 98-mile rail network. Metro was also guaranteed an additional $1.2-billion in construction ...


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The U.S. Bureau of the Census reported in July, 1972, that more than half of the families in the United States now have annual incomes of $10,000 or more. The report showed that median family income in 1971 rose to $10,290. For the first time in U.S. ...


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Operating under mandatory wage and price controls for the first full peacetime year in history, the U.S. economy turned in a creditable, though not sterling, performance in 1972.


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The term energy crisis took on added meaning in 1972 as industry, commerce, and the home builder and owner felt its effects. The cost of raw fuel and electricity increased, and some suppliers even refused to deliver added quantities. Raw ...


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Economic relations among nationstrade, tourism, and exchanges of currencyshowed a great underlying resiliency in 1972. This was reassuring after 1971's turmoil and crises, the worst in nearly a quarter of a century. Currency-exchange ...


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Dead in 1972 were two great masters of the art of poetry  Ezra Pound and Marianne Moore. Their deaths marked the end of a period of modern American poetry that was as rich, brilliant, and varied as any since Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe, and ...


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In June, 1972, President Richard M. Nixon and the U.S. Bicentennial Commission rejected plans to hold the United States 200th birthday party in Philadelphia. Preliminary plans had been made for a 1976 Philadelphia World's Fair, to be held in ...


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Disaster struck several African countries in 1973. Thousands of people died in a famine; thousands more were killed in ethnic and racial violence. The Middle East war prompted shifting political alliances. Most black African nations severed diplomatic ...


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Russia achieved a major armaments breakthrough in 1973 with the first successful flight tests of multiple independent re-entry vehicle (MIRV) warheads for its intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBM's). The new warheads, expected to be operational ...


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The importance of Asia in the world grew in 1973, and, contrary to the past, it was being asserted by Asians rather than non-Asians. Acknowledgment of Asia's importance also came from Russia and the United States. Their diplomats flew back and forth ...


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The fourth bright comet in recent years appeared in the night sky in the latter months of 1973. Comet Kohoutek, named after its discoverer, Lubos Kohoutek of the Hamburg Observatory in West Germany, was found on March 7, 1973. At the time of discovery ...


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Rapid economic growth, low unemployment, and growing national reserves were major factors that contributed to a sense of national stability in 1973. Counteracting these, however, were a large budget deficit, rapidly rising wages, and increasing ...


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Austria was deeply divided and perplexed by reaction to a September, 1973, decision to close transit facilities for Jews emigrating from Russia to Israel. Schonau Castle, on 400 heavily wooded acres 20 miles south of Vienna, had been the Russian Jews' ...


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New-car sales in the United States hit an all-time high of 11.4 million in 1973, topping by 5 per cent the old record of 10.9 million setin 1972. The board chairmen of the three largest U.S. auto companies-Henry Ford II of Ford Motor Company, Lynn A. ...


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After two months of political conflict, the three main parties formed a coalition government on Jan. 25, 1973. It was led by Edmond Leburton, Belgium's first Socialist prime minister since 1958. The three-party coalition included Liberals (34 seats), ...


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Donald D. Brown, an embryologist at the Carnegie Institution of Washington, received the 1973 U.S. Steel Foundation Award of $5,000 for his work on gene isolation. This presentation marked the coming of age of an important field of experimental ...


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Recreational boating in the United States continued its uninterrupted growth in 1973. Industry sources estimated that there were 9.4 million boats in use, up from 9.2 million in 1972. About 5.5-million of these were outboards, up from 5.4 million.


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John Heslop-Harrison and his colleagues at the Royal Botanic Gardens in Kew, England, announced in May, 1973, that they had found a way to remove the surface proteins from plant pollen grains. Such surface proteins allow other plants of the same ...


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Don McCune, a 36-year-old right-hander from Munster, Ind., and Millie Martorella, a 26-year-old left-hander from Rochester, N.Y., gained major bowling honors in 1973.


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Joe Frazier of Philadelphia and Muhammad Ali of Cherry Hill, N.J., who had dominated heavyweight boxing for years, tumbled from their lofty perches in 1973. Frazier lost the world championship to George Foreman of Hayward, Calif., and Ali, the ...


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Speculation arose in 1973 that Bobby Fischer might retire from chess as eliminations got underway to find a challenger for his world title. After winning the world title from Boris Spassky of Russia in 1972, Fischer went into virtual seclusion. He ...


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President Salvador Allende Gossens, the first freely elected Marxist chief of state in the Western Hemisphere, was deposed in a violent military coup d'etat on Sept. 11, 1973. He reportedly committed suicide rather than surrender. The military ...


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In a year of surprises, the most startling in 1973 came in late August. The man who rose at the 10th Communist Party Congress to report on changes in the party constitution was not an aged revolutionary stalwart but a young unknown. Only six years ...


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Lockheed gets bailed out, the railroads get bailed out, it's socialism for the rich, and rugged individualism for the poor, declared Bishop John Adams of the Texas Episcopal District of the African Methodist Episcopal Church. As many black ...


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Labor difficulties, subversive activities, and political maneuverings were major concerns in 1973. A general transport strike on October 1 in Bogota and four other cities led to riots protesting the high cost of living and the government's economic ...


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The balance of power shifted toward Congress in 1973, away from a presidency weakened by continuing scandals. Although President Richard M. Nixon successfully vetoed eight bills, he suffered the most severe legislative defeat of his five years in ...


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President Richard M. Nixon was forced to increase oil imports sharply in September, 1972, despite a decade of government efforts to limit them in order to protect and encourage the domestic industry. Lagging production of petroluem products simply has ...


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United Nations (UN) estimates placed world population on Dec. 31, 1972, at about 3.8 billion, a gain of about 76 million during the year. With a total of 129 million births and 53 million deaths throughout the world in 1972, the birth rate was 34 ...


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A yearlong battle between Congress and the President over water-pollution legislation seemingly climaxed on October 18, when Congress overrode the President's veto of the clean waters bill. Then, in an unusual move on November 22, the President ...


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In a historic break with tradition, the Bank of England abolished its bank rate in October, 1972. For 270 years, the bank rate served as the peg for monetary and fiscal policy in Great Britain. It was replaced with a new fluctuating last resort ...


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Construction expenditures reached an estimated new high of $122 billion in 1972, 12 per cent over the 1971 figure of $107 billion. The U.S. Bureau of the Census attributed some of the increase to inflation, but more of it to the high rate of ...


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Long-needed relief for the nation's cities, chronically faced with budget crises, finally arrived in December, 1972, when the U.S. Department of the Treasury began mailing out the first checks under the federal government's new revenue-sharing ...


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Albania continued to develop its modest trade and diplomatic links with non-Communist nations in 1973, but it resolutely kept aloof from the East-West talks on security, cooperation, and mutual force reduction that were held in Helsinki, Geneva, and ...


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Algeria concentrated on economic development and cultivating better links with its neighbors in 1973. When the fourth Arab-Israeli war began in October, Algeria sent jet fighters into action against Israel along the Suez Canal front. For details on ...


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American Indian groups pressed their claims against U.S. anthropologists at various anthropological meetings in 1973. They argued that anthropologists have used Indian communities to gather data, but have focused on only the traditional customs in ...


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The date of man's entry into the New World generated new debate in 1973. Vance Haynes of Southern Methodist University studied the case of the Calico Site in southern California, which some archaeologists claim may be as much as 400,000 years old. ...


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The eagerly awaited results of the U.S.-Canadian competition for the design of Rainbow Center Plaza in Niagara Falls, N.Y., were announced in February, 1973. New York City architects Abraham W. Geller, Raimund Abraham, and Giuliamo Fiorenzoli won. The ...


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Former President Juan Domingo Peron, who was overthrown by the military in 1955 after a decade in power, won the presidential election on Sept. 23, 1973. It was a remarkable political comeback in which Peron, as a candidate of the Justicialist Party, ...


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Jackie Stewart, a 34-year-old Scotsman, survived a close call with death, regained the world driving championship, and announced his retirementall in 1973. Gordon Johncock, a 36-year-old driver from Franklin, Ind., who had declared bankruptcy, ...


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AVIATION encountered some unexpected turbulence in 1973 from sluggish traffic growth, rapidly rising costs, and uncertainty about the effects of the energy crisis on future operations. On the brighter side, the skyjacking problem was finally brought ...


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Bahrain took a major step toward democratic government when Amir Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa proclaimed the first national Constitution on June 2, 1973. The 108-article Constitution was prepared in six months by a Constituent Assembly. It guarantees ...


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At the Commonwealth of Nations meeting in Ottawa, Canada, in August, 1973, Prime Minister Sheik Mujibur Rahman showed a visitor a cable from home. It described a flood that had Ieft a million people homeless.


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Normally, the victory of the Oakland A's in the World Series for the second straight year would have been the highlight of the baseball season. But in 1973, hardly a normal year, the A's shared attention with their free-wheeling owner, Charles O. ...


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The University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), dominated college basketball in the 1972-1973 season, just as it had done for a decade. The New York Knickerbockers and Indiana Pacers won professional championships. And all-star teams of college ...


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Bulgaria continued to make mild reforms in domestic economic policy in 1973, but showed signs of uneasiness about its relations with Russia. The Soviet Union's growing friendliness with Yugoslavia caused misgivings among some Bulgarian leaders. Rumors ...


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This once-affluent nation continued its economic decline under Chairman U Ne Win and his Burmese Way to Socialism in 1973. Rangoon, once a bustling port, crumbled through inattention and general economic stagnation, and Burma, once a major ...


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There was a turnover of all but two Cabinet members in 1973. As a result, President Richard M. Nixon has named more Cabinet appointees since he first took office than any other U.S. President. In the wake of the Watergate scandal, two former Cabinet ...


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The world crisis in oil supplies dominated the thinking of Canadians, as it did Americans, throughout much of 1973. The two peoples share a continent whose civilization is based on an ever-increasing use of energy, and their sources of energy were in ...


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Canadian literature reflected the centennial celebration in 1973 of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police as well as a heightened interest in the creative arts. Maintain the Right; the Early History of the North West Mounted Police, 1873-1900


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Sulfur monoxide molecules were discovered in August, 1973, by an analysis of the spectrum of energy from the constellation Orion. The work was done by Harvard astronomers Carl A. Gottlieb and John A. Ball. Sulfur monoxide thus becomes the 22nd ...


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The energy crisis in 1973 posed severe problems for U.S. conservationists. The nation suffered a fuel-oil shortage in the winter of 1972-1973, reduced gasoline supplies in the summer of 1973, and a grave fuel shortage in the winter of 1973-1974. Some ...


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Fallout from Watergate and other governmental scandals kept the spotlight on the nation's courts in 1973. In Washington, D.C., Chief U.S. District Judge John J. Sirica had a full year of Watergate-related matters. It started with the trial of the ...


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Reports of white-collar crime, especially misdeeds by public officials, dominated domestic news headlines in 1973, but statistics revealed that street crime in the United States, which declined in 1972, rose only slightly in 1973. According to the ...


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On July 26, 1973, Cuba celebrated the 20th anniversary of the revolution that brought Premier Fidel Castro to power. Delegations from the Communist world plus Communists or leftists from the United States and Latin American countries attended ...


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Czechoslovakia improved diplomatic and trade relations with several Western countries and with Romania and Yugoslavia in 1973. But the government maintained its hard-line political stance at home.


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Dance continued to move upward and outward across the United States in 1973 with the aid of government subsidies, but one major private sponsor, the New York City Center, was forced to retrench because of the prevailing economic squeeze. Of City ...


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The 1973 off-year elections produced a mixed bag of victories for Democratic candidates. They won the New Jersey governorship from the Republicans on November 6. They did well in most of the major municipal races, including New York City, and they cut ...


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Electronics spread into new and broader areas of everyday use in 1973. The technology now has wide applications in automobiles, photography, and music.


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The United States commitment to progress in cleaning up its environment was severely tested in 1973. The costsin dollars and personal sacrificesof the effort to clean up the nation's air and water in the face of a severe energy shortage ...


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A disastrous drought brought famine and death to a remote province in northern Ethiopia in 1973. A survey published on September 16 by the United Nations Children's Fund reported that over a 12-month period, between 50,000 and 100,000 Ethiopians had ...


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The European Community (EC or Common Market) faced three major problems when Great Britain, Denmark, and Ireland became its seventh, eighth, and ninth members on Jan. 1, 1973. Two were the continuing currency crisis and rampant inflation. The third ...


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The key to fashion in 1973 was the knitting needle, as the sweater became the number-one look on both sides of the Atlantic and Pacific. Sweaters turned up in sportive yarns by day; they lit up the nights with metallic threads.


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Greece struggled with political turmoil throughout 1973. On June 1, the monarchy of King Constantine II was abolished and the nation was transformed into a presidential parliamentary republic. The authoritarian regime held a referendum in ...


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On Feb. 11, 1973, Haitians voted for the first time in nearly 12 years. They elected 58 representatives to the Legislative Chamber from about 300 candidates, most of them openly committed to the Duvalier government. Supporters of President JeanClaude ...


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The National Advisory Committee on Handicapped Children issued a call to action early in 1973, urging U.S. schools, state and national agencies, and others to initiate comprehensive programs for all handicapped children as quickly as possible. As a ...


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Smallpox, once a feared killer, was near extinction in the world in 1973. Only six countries (Bangladesh, Ethiopia, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sudan) were listed by the World Health Organization as nations in which the disease was found regularly.


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The World Hockey Association (WHA), a new major league of 12 teams, started play in the 1972-1973 season and survived. It created grave concern among officials and owners in the established National Hockey League (NHL) and sent player salaries ...


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Secretariat dominated thoroughbred racing in North America during 1973 and became a popular public favorite while winning 9 of 12 races, including the elusive Triple Crown. The Meadow Stable 3-year-old became the first since Citation in 1948 to win ...


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The Ba'ath Party regime of President Ahmad Hasan al-Bakr was nearly ousted in 1973. While Bakr was in Bulgaria, Ba'athist leaders led by Colonel Nazem Kazzar, the head of internal security, attempted a coup on June 30, with the help of army units. The ...


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The fourth round of the Arab-Israeli war erupted on Oct. 6, 1973, ending 10 months of relative calm along Israel's borders and in occupied Arab territories. When a cease-fire ended the fighting on October 22, neither side could claim a decisive ...


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Italy ended 1973 with a new center-left government, its 35th government since World War II. Christian Democrat Mariano Rumor became prime minister in July and pledged to combat inflation and industrial unrest and defend the lira. Giulio Andreotti's ...


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Foreign relations made much of the news in Japan in 1973. Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka paid official visits to Washington, D.C., Moscow, Paris, Bonn, and London during the summer and early fall. He and the host governments were primarily concerned ...


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The war between Israel and the Arab countries, which began in October, 1973, was the major issue that captured the attention of Jewish communities throughout the world. Massive fund-raising and other relief efforts were made. However, U.S. Jews dealt ...


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Jordan resumed diplomatic relations with Egypt and Syria in September 1973. This marked the return of King Hussein I to favor with other Arab nations. Jordan had been isolated for three years after Hussein suppressed the Palestinian guerrillas in 1970 ...


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The Democrats in 1973 began to settle some of the feuds that divided the party during the 1972 presidential election. In April, Senator Hubert H. Humphrey of Minnesota addressed the party's charter commission and urged party unity. It would be useless ...


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The first year as a member of the European Community (Common Market) brought increased inflation and labor trouble in 1973. Prime Minister Anker H. Jorgensen and his minority Social Democratic government fell on November 8 after a tie vote on 1974 ...


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A wide variety of drugs, addictive and nonaddictive as well as prescriptive and nonprescriptive, came under investigation and attack in 1973 by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and other U.S. regulatory agencies. With the approval of the Supreme ...


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Eastern Orthodox Churches of Greece and Cyprus were in a state of chronic crisis throughout 1973. The crisis in Greece was formally provoked by the opposition of Dimitrios I, Patriarch of Constantinople, to the termination of his nominal jurisdiction ...


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Education in the United States faced the dire consequences of inflation and public apathy in 1973. Taxpayers, troubled by the high cost of living, resisted demands for educational expenditures. Across the nation, voters turned down more than half of ...


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Egypt resumed its war with Israel on Oct. 6, 1973, attacking Israeli positions on the east bank of the Suez Canal. After a cease-fire halted the bloody fighting on October 22, Egypt and Israel signed a formal truce agreement, opening the way for the ...


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The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued new regulations in 1973 to protect and aid consumers. Sweeping changes, some mandatory and others voluntary, were made in the labels that go on food products. Many food packagers were required to ...


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The Miami Dolphins and the Minnesota Vikings, both solid, experienced, and battletested, were professional football's most successful teams in 1973. But their exploits were overshadowed by the heroics of O. J. Simpson of the Buffalo Bills, who ...


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The Gaullist coalition lost about 100 seats in legislative elections in March, 1973, but held its absolute majority in the National Assembly. Gaullist parties won 294 of the 490 seats, defeating the Socialists and Communists in the most hotly ...


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Helgafell volcano erupted on Jan. 23, 1973, and opened a mile-long gash near the town of Vestmannaeyjar on Iceland's island of Heimaey. After two weeks, the volcanic cone had grown 700 feet high, and in three months, lava increased the island's ...


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Jack Nicklaus and Tom Weiskopf, both from Columbus, Ohio, and former students at Ohio State University, were the most successful professional golfers in 1973. Nicklaus won seven tournaments and, at the age of 33, became the all-time leader in winning ...


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On Nov. 13, 1973the day before millions of Britons celebrated the wedding of Princess Annethe Government proclaimed a state of national emergency. A record October trade deficit of $769 million and an impending crisis caused by overtime ...


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Hungary increased its trade with the West impressively in 1973, but it imposed stronger economic controls at home. The economic measures were coupled with mildly tighter political controls.


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The United States, which made a strong showing in speed skating in the 1972 Winter Olympics, did even better in 1973 as Sheila Young of Detroit and Bill Lanigan of New York City won world championships. Karen Magnussen of Canada was the only North ...


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The U.S. House of Representatives passed two measures in 1973 dealing with immigration problems in the Western Hemisphere. However, both measures needed Senate approval.


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There has never been a more depressing period in the 25 years of independence than the one we are going through now. This comment, in a leading Indian newspaper, seemed to reflect the country's mood in 1973. The elation and sense of unity ...


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Militant members of the American Indian Movement (AIM) seized a symbolic spot when they occupied Wounded Knee, S. Dak., and held it against federal agents from Feb. 27 to May 8, 1973. At Wounded Knee (now a tiny village on the Pine Ridge Sioux ...


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President Suharto's government continued to drive ahead with its economic reconstruction of the country in 1973, and its policies obviously bore fruit. Several world trends accelerated this modernization of Indonesia.


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Iran experienced a year of internal stability and continued economic development in 1973. Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi pursued a vigorous foreign policy and a military preparedness program designed to make Iran a major factor in regional affairs.


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A long-simmering border dispute with Iraq produced clashes and an abortive occupation of a Kuwaiti post by Iraqi troops in March, 1973. This issue and the approach of another Arab-Israeli war stimulated a new government policy of excessive military ...


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Another year of controls, marked by the implementation of Phases 3 and 4, saw the standard for wage increases in the United States remain at the familiar 5.5 per cent in 1973. Wage increases resulting from collective bargaining were generally within ...


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Three major political events roiled the Latin American continent in 1973. In Argentina, former dictator Juan Domingo Peron staged an amazing comeback; a violent military coup rocked Chile; and democracy received a severe setback in Uruguay. The ...


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Lebanon struggled through one political crisis after another in 1973, even before the Arab-Israeli war resumed in the Middle East The problems were rooted in the Palestinian guerrillas' campaign of terror against Israel from Lebanon, and the Israeli ...


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Cutbacks in federal aid programs for libraries in 1973 were only partially offset by money from the federal revenue-sharing program. Among the organizations hardest hit by the cutbacks were state libraries and regional and state networks. In ...


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President Muammar Muhammad al-Qadhaafi was active on many fronts in 1973, both in shaping Libyan foreign policy and as the architect of Libya's cultural revolution, a program ofinternal reforms designed to purge Libyan culture of all ...


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President Luis Echeverria Alvarez continued his efforts to improve the nation's political system in 1973. At his urging, a number of reforms in the election laws were approved by the Congress in January. They included awarding free television and ...


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The fourth Arab-Israeli war in 26 years broke out with dramatic suddenness on Oct. 6, 1973, abruptly ending three years of relative peace. When a frail cease-fire ended fighting on October 22, the results were inconclusive. Both sides had gained and ...


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Morocco sent armor and infantry units to fight on the Syrian front during the Arab-Israeli war in October, 1973. Some 500 Moroccans were reported killed or missing in the fighting At home, Morocco continued to experience internal unrest, but there ...


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The most significant event in motion pictures in 1973 was not a film but a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States. Ruling on five obscenity cases, a five-member majority, speaking through Chief Justice Warren E. Burger, handed down a set ...


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A touch of the turmoil that later enveloped the nation's political scene was experienced musically during January, 1973, festivities marking President Richard M. Nixon's second inauguration. The National Symphony Orchestra, historically the performing ...


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More than ever, popular music, especially rock, established itself in 1973 as the most widely listened-to music in history. This was reaffirmed when 600,000 rock fans converged on Watkins Glen, N.Y., in July to hear the Allman Brothers, The Grateful ...


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The prestige of the Olympic movement suffered in 1973. The International Olympic Committee (IOC), which had awarded the 1976 Summer Games to Montreal and the Winter Games to Denver, watched financial worries develop in both cities. Montreal resolved ...


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Three major developments dominated the news in the thousands of islands dotting the vast Pacific during 1973. The first concerned the swelling protest aroused by the French nuclear tests held over Mururoa Atoll in July. The second was Australia's ...


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Emotion ran high on April 10, 1973, when the National Assembly approved a new Constitution. There were cheers and shouts. Members of the ruling Pakistan People's Party embraced and kissed the opposition members in the Assembly, even though the latter ...


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The all-important fish meal and fish oil industry was in dire straits in 1973. A continuing ecological disaster related to changes in Pacific Ocean currents has reduced the once-abundant schools of anchovies off Peru's shores almost to the vanishing ...


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A national referendum held from Jan. 10 to 15, 1973, officially gave 94 per cent approval to a new Constitution. Original plans for a secret plebiscite were abandoned when opposition to the Constitution arose; instead, public voting in village ...


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Two independent experiments on weak interactions caused great excitement among physicists in 1973. The experiments tend generally to support recent theoretical conclusions about the basic forces of nature.


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Rafael Hernandez Colon, the nation's fourth elected governor, was sworn into office on Jan. 2, 1973. Hernandez Colon's Popular Democratic Party had swept the Nov. 7, 1972, elections to win control of both houses of the legislature. The rival Puerto ...


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The controversial sex-oriented talk show  U.S. radio's most imitated new format in 1972  was a major problem for the industry in 1973. By February, Congress and the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) had received an unprecedented ...


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The end of direct U.S. military involvement in Vietnam occasioned a fresh look at the human cost and spiritual devastation in Indochina. It also permitted Americans to become more aware of the state of religion elsewhere in Asia.


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Republicans won two major contests in the 1973 off-year elections. They elected a Republican governor in Virginia and reelected a Republican mayor in Cleveland on November 6. However, the party lost the New Jersey governorship, and failed to dislodge ...


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Hope for a settlement with Great Britain over the 1965 Rhodesian declaration of independence collapsed in 1973. (Zimbabwe was then called Rhodesia.) Rhodesian Prime Minister Ian D. Smith said in June that there could be no agreement on Britain's ...


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Tensions decreased within the worldwide Catholic community in 1973, reflecting the gradual but not enthusiastic consolidation of reforms inspired by Vatican Council II. The more progressive members of the church concentrated on broad discussions of ...


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Social Security benefits in the United States were increased 11 per cent in 1973. Under the provisions of a new law passed by Congress on December 21, the amount of a person's annual income subject to social security tax was raised from $10,800 to ...


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Black politics assumed greater importance in white-ruled South Africa in 1973. The focus of black activity shifted from the exiled guerrilla groups to black workers and the leaders of black homelands, or Bantustans. The Bantustan leaders warned ...


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Man began to live in space in 1973. Instead of short journeys to explore specific areas or to test equipment and maneuvers, astronauts lived and worked in space on a routine basis for months at a time. They proved that man can successfully carry out a ...


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General Francisco Franco, 80, went into semiretirement on June 9, 1973, after ruling Spain for nearly 34 years. He turned over the daily chores of government to Admiral Luis Carrero Blanco, vice-president since 1967 Carrero Blanco was sworn in as ...


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Expansion moves in 1973 were felt most strongly in hockey. The 16-team National Hockey League (NHL) said it would expand to 20 teams in 1976. Kansas City and Washington, D.C., have been awarded 1974-1975 franchises, and two more teams will be created ...


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Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike's government muddled through another disastrous economic year in 1973. Soaring world prices and mismanagement of the country's economy were the major causes of trouble.


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Despite soaring prices and unsettled conditions, the American reader and the book-publishing industry that feeds his appetite showed no signs of slowing down in 1973. The novel and the nonfiction book at $6.95 and up appeared here to stay, and ...


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A new children's literary magazine, Cricket,


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The U.S. magazine industry experienced a year of growth and prosperity in 1973, despite some problems. Advertising revenues continued to rise each month, and new titles were at an all-time high. According to the Publishers Information Bureau, ...


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The government of Prime Minister Abdul Razak staged a series of circuitous maneuvers in 1973 that were largely designed to keep it in power. But it did little to bolster a declining economy and other sources of political unrest.


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United States industry may well remember 1973 as a year of crisis. Buoyed by the surge in nearly all categories of durable and nondurable goods, manufacturing mirrored the strength of the entire economy as the year started. By midyear, however, there ...


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Harvard University medical school researchers said in June, 1973, that it may soon be possible to use specific antibodies to diagnose and treat some cancers. In diagnosis, antibodies grown in animals can be radioactively labeled and injected into ...


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Community mental health centers and the widespread use of psychotropic drugsdrugs that affect the mental processhave combined to drastically cut the rate of admissions to state mental hospitals in the United States in recent years. But ...


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Dutch support for Israel in the Middle East war in October resulted in a complete Arab boycott of petroleum exports to the Netherlands, which promised to have a severe effect on the economy. Earlier in the year, after five months without a government, ...


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Newspapers in the United States got a sizable lift in 1973 from their performance in reporting the Watergate scandals. Their credibility increased measurably as a result of deft digging to expose the scandals. At the same time, the press was demanding ...


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Nigeria clearly emerged as the leading nation of black Africa in 1973. Yakubu Gowon, head of the federal military government, was appointed chairman of the Organization of African Unity. In June, Gowon became the first leader of an African ...


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Nobel prizes in literature, peace, economics, and science were presented in 1973.


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voters chose overwhelmingly  591,820 to 6,463  on March 8, 1973, to remain part of the United Kingdom rather than unite with the Irish Republic. About 90 per cent of the Protestants voted, but Roman Catholic and Republican parties urged ...


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A close-fought general election on Sept. 10, 1973, brought Norway's Labor Party back into control  but in a potentially unstable political situation. Labor actually lost 12 seats in the Storting (parliament). It could govern only with the ...


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The United States deep-sea drilling project completed its sixth year in 1973, exploring the sea floor beneath Antarctic and western Pacific waters. Meanwhile, the U.S.-Russian Joint Commission on Scientific and Technical Cooperation announced on March ...


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Poland posted some impressive economic results and maintained its drive for closer economic relations with the West in 1973. In domestic politics, it remained cautiously reformist.


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Charges of Portuguese atrocities in East Africa triggered a worldwide reaction in 1973. The Times


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In its second year of operation, which ended June 30, 1973, the Postal Service received a congressional subsidy of $1.4 billion and suffered a net loss of about $20 million.


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For Richard Milhous Nixon, 1973 was a year of stark contrasts and grave constitutional questions. As the year began, the President entered his second term after a sweeping victory in the 1972 presidential election. He was inaugurated on January 20.


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The U.S. National Advisory Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals issued a 636-page report on Oct. 15, 1973, calling for substantial changes in corrections procedures in U.S. prisons. The recommendations, endorsed by the U.S. Department of ...


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The World Council of Churches quietly celebrated its 25th anniversary on Aug. 26, 1973. Founded in Amsterdam in 1948, this early postwar flowering of Protestant and Eastern Orthodox unity efforts seemed at first to be a kind of spiritual United ...


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Psychologists Duane Rumbaugh and Timothy Gill of the Yerkes Primate Center in Orange Park, Fla., reported in 1973 how they trained a young chimpanzee named Lana to read. For this purpose, they constructed an artificial language called Yerkish. Each ...


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Romania trying to raise its standard of living while maintaining its independence, continued its policy of balancing carefully between East and West in 1973. Marshal Andrei Grechko, Russia's minister of defense, visited Romania in April, but President ...


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Russia expanded its trading and technological links with the United States and other advanced Western countries in 1973. But diplomatic relations with the United States cooled after the Middle East war broke out in October. In that war, Russia gave ...


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Safety might benefit from the lower speed limits and other measures caused by the 1973 energy crisis, the National Safety Council said in December. If fuel conservation and other measures become widespread, there could be as many as 14,000 fewer ...


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Saudi Arabia cut off all oil shipments to the United States and the Netherlands on Oct. 20, 1973. By this action, King Faisal confirmed Saudi Arabian support for the Arab cause against Israel and demonstrated his determination to play a role in the ...


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Gustavo Thoeni of Italy and Annemarie Proell of Austria won the World Cup championships in 1973 for the third consecutive year. American skiers did poorly again.


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The North American Soccer League enjoyed the most successful season in its seven-year history in 1973. Its nine professional teams  seven in the United States and two in Canada  averaged 6,290 spectators per game and the champion ...


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The continuing impact of revenue sharing and a near 10 per cent increase in tax collections left most states with surpluses in state funds at the close of fiscal 1973. The states collected $66.2 billion in taxes in 1973, more than $6 billion over the ...


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Despite record corporate profits due to high production output and rising prices, investors remained inordinately cautious in 1973. Stock prices reached peaks in January, with most averages at all-time highs. Prices drifted down through August in the ...


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Sudan remained relatively calm in 1973 as President Sayed Gaafar Mohamed Nimeiri's government concentrated on internal problems. Top priority was given to restoring the southern region, which had been ravaged by civil war. Government officials ...


Title:
SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES (1973)

Description:
Virtually all state anti-abortion laws were declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in a historic decision on Jan. 22, 1973. In other important decisions during the year, the court issued new guidelines on obscenity, and it refused to declare ...


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A political crisis resulted from a dead heat in the Sept. 16, 1973, elections. The Social Democrats, who have ruled for 40 years, and their allies, the Communists, held 175 seats in parliament. So did the coalition of three non-Socialist parties. ...


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America's traditional dominance of swimming was shaken in 1973. The American men retained supremacy, but the East German women, never a factor before, became the best in the world.


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One of the oldest and most stable nations in Asia, Thailand ousted its military dictator in 1973. Violent student demonstrations forced Field Marshal Thanom Kittikachorn to resign on October 14. Kittikachorn, his son-in-law Marshal Praphas ...


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The theater declared its independence from Broadway in 1973, three years before America's bicentennial. Plays and musicals found near-capacity audiences on cross-country tours. Two plays that won major awards from drama critics originated off Broadway ...


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Three athletes from the Pacific Coast Club of Long Beach, Calif. (Dwight Stones, Al Feuerbach, and Steve Smith), and three natives of Coos Bay, Ore. (Steve Prefontaine, Mac Wilkins, and Mrs. Fran Sichting), provided track and field excitement in 1973.


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The United States transportation industry had a mixed year in 1973. The industry benefited from a strong economy and expanding foreign trade through the first three quarters of the year. Starting in the fourth quarter, however, the transport sector ...


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What is normally a nonpolitical process in Turkey  the selection of a president by the Grand National Assembly  generated a crisis in March, 1973. The uneasy balance between the nation's military and its civilian leaders was underscored by ...


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The spirit of East-West detente pervaded United Nations (UN) corridors with new vigor as the General Assembly opened its 28th session on Sept. 18, 1973. The Vietnam War had been declared over and a resurgence of European unity seemed imminent. ...


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Yugoslavia expanded its political and economic links with the Russian bloc in 1973 while maintaining its independent position in Europe. At home, it continued the restrictive political policies that began with the purges in Croatia in December, 1971.


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President Mobutu Sese Seko made a 10-day visit to the People's Republic of China in January, 1973, marking a major turnaround in relations between the two nations. He met with both Premier Chou En-lai and Communist Party Chairman Mao Tse-tung. ...


Description:
Scientists have known for several years that the salmon's sense of smell guides it back to its birthplace when spawning time comes. But it was not until 1973 that they identified the odor that attracts them. Now, David J. Solomon, a zoologist with the ...


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Increasing concern for the survival and welfare of wild animals stimulated new construction work in many zoos and aquariums in 1973. Major construction projects included the Metropolitan Toronto Zoo, in Canada; the state zoos in Mankato, Minn., and ...


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Politically, as well as operationally, global satellite communications service came of age in 1973. Since the Early Bird


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Fossil footprints made by pterosaurs were found in July on a slab of Navajo sandstone near Moab, Utah. The prints were discovered by Jim Ottinger, a guide, and geologist William Lee Stokes of the University of Utah. Stokes said that these are the ...


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Prince Edward Island celebrated the 100th anniversary of its accession to Confederation in 1973, with ceremonies inaugurated on New Year's Eve of 1972 by Governor General Roland Michener. On July 1, Canada's national holiday, Queen Elizabeth II was in ...


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Quebec residents gave an overwhelming vote of confidence to Prime Minister J. Robert Bourassa and his Liberal administration in an election on October 29. The Liberals won 55 per cent of the popular vote to gain an unprecedented 102 seats in the ...


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Saskatchewan, the third western province under a socialist NDP administration, moved more strongly to public ownership of economic enterprises in 1973. In March, Premier Allan Blakeney's government purchased a 45 per cent interest in Intercontinental ...


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On September 1, 1973, the nation's most stringent narcotics-control law went into effect in New York state. The law, drafted by Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller and passed by the New York State Legislature in May, contains what are believed to be the ...


Description:
While large areas in Africa and Asia struggled with crop failures, shortages, drought, and disasters, American agriculture was showered with affluence and attention in 1973. Net farm income in the United States rose to a record $25.5 billion, 29 per ...


Description:
The ruling military regime headed by President Emilio Garrastazu Medici, after nine years in power, gave no indication in 1973 that it was ready to reinstate civilian rule. Despite rumblings of discontent among those Brazilians who wanted a return to ...


Description:
Switzerland decided to float the franc without a fixed exchange rate on Jan. 24, 1973, after withdrawing support for the U.S. dollar in international markets. The move followed Italy's adoption of a two-tier foreign-exchange system to defend the lira, ...


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Representative government moved a step closer to reality on March 13, 1973, when voters approved the nation's first permanent Constitution since 1961. The new document replaced the provisional Constitution of 1964, which was issued after the Ba'ath ...


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The future of Taiwan's position in Asia was partly resolved in 1973 through a series of carefully worded statements by the big powers. First, there was the U.S. acknowledgmentin February that Taiwan was traditionally part of China, though no date was ...


Description:
President Richard M. Nixon, the United States most prominent taxpayer, disclosed information about his personal income tax on Dec. 8, 1973. In this unprecedented action, the President revealed that he paid personal federal income taxes of $792.81 in ...


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Live broadcasts of the Watergate hearings provided the most dramatic and suspenseful fare in the United States in 1973. Viewers spent an estimated 1.6 billion home-hours watching Watergate proceedings on the three major networks, plus an additional ...


Description:
Tennis experienced a momentous year throughout the world in 1973. The Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP), whose members included most of the important male players, boycotted the All-England championships at Wimbledon, the world's most ...


Description:
There was a startling shift in the balance of power between President Richard M. Nixon and Congress in 1973. The power of the President was challenged not only by Congress and the courts, but also by the American people. Charges of widespread ...


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The nation ceased to be one of Latin America's few remaining democracies in 1973. Following a power struggle, President Juan Maria Bordaberry Arocena reached an agreement on February 14 with the armed forces under which democratic institutions were ...


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On Dec. 9, 1973, 4.6 million voters went to the polls to choose a president from among 13 candidates representing 20 political parties. Carlos Andres Perez, a candidate of the Democratic Action Party, scored a landslide victory over his principal ...


Description:
The arts enjoyed a quietly active year in 1973. There were many fine shows, yet few spectacular museum exhibitions. Radical experimental forms such as conceptual and performance art were assimilated into the mainstream and no longer caused the concern ...


Description:
Weather was unusual throughout the United States in 1973. The winter was little like normal anywhere in the country. In early January, an ice storm caused extensive damage throughout the Southeast. Georgia reeled from a record snowfall across the ...


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Moves toward independence continued among the Caribbean Islands in 1973. On July 10, the Bahamas formally became an independent nation. On July 30, the British government announced that it would grant Grenada, an island in the Windward group, full ...


Description:
The two-price structure for the province's natural gas adopted in November, 1972, allowing Albertans to pay less than consumers outside the province, precipitated a stormy controversy in 1973 with Ontario, which uses almost half of Alberta's gas. In ...


Description:
British Columbia, under its first socialist government, embarked upon several ventures in public ownership. In March, the NDP government purchased an ailing paper mill at Ocean Falls from Crown Zellerbach Canada, Limited, which had planned to close ...


Description:
Manitoba voters gave a substantial vote of confidence to Premier Edward R. Schreyer and his NDP government on June 28. In office four years, the NDP increased its standing in the legislature from 29 to 31 seats. The Conservatives won 21 seats, a gain ...


Description:
New Brunswick was hit by the worst floods in 50 years along 100 miles of the St. John River on April 28 and 29. The floodwaters inundated over 10,000 acres of good farmland and forced 1,458 people in the Fredericton area to flee their homes. Public ...


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Premier Gerald A. Regan's Liberal government picked up an additional seat in the legislature on June 5 by winning a by-election in Guysborough. The victory gave the party 25 seats in the assembly, compared with 19 for the Conservatives and 2 for the ...


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The Progressive Conservative administration of William G. Davis came under heavy fire in 1973. The new treasurer, John White, in presenting his first budget on April 12, announced an increase in the provincial sales tax from 5 to 7 per cent and ...


Description:
Inventors and manufacturers rushed games derived from the Watergate scandal to market in 1973. The Watergate Game (the last person to stay out of jail is declared the winner) sold out its first printing of 10,000 in four days.


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The 40-year rule of King Mohammed Zahir Shah ended abruptly on July 17, 1973, when his brother-in-law, Lieutenant General Mohammad Daud, carried out a military coup. Prince Daud, who had been the prime minister from 1953 until he was dismissed in ...


Description:
Corruption in government was a prime issue in Chicago in 1973. On February 19, a former Democratic governor of Illinois, Otto J. Kerner, was convicted of conspiracy, fraud, perjury, bribery, and income tax evasion. At the time of his conviction, ...


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City Controller Abraham D. Beame was elected mayor of New York City on Nov. 6, 1973, succeeding John V. Lindsay. Beame, a Democrat, soundly defeated Republican State Senator John Marchi, Democratic Congressman Mario Biaggi, and Democratic State ...


Description:
Ethnic strife between the Hutu (Bahutu) and the Tutsi (Watusi) again flared. Thousands of Hutu had been living in exile since the Tutsi massacred up to 100,000 Hutu in Burundi in 1972. In May, Hutu refugees entered Burundi from Rwanda and Tanzania and ...


Description:
The world's biggest airfield, the new Dallas-Fort Worth Regional Airport, was dedicated on Sept. 22, 1973. Three days of celebrations began with the arrival on September 20 of the British-French Concorde


Description:
United Nations (UN) estimates showed on Dec. 31, 1973, that the world population had reached nearly 3.9 billion. This represented a gain of more than 77 million for the year  the largest on record. UN experts also anticipated that the ...


Description:
Spring floods that began in early March on the Mississippi River ravaged millions of acres offarmlands along its 1,400-mile watershed. The floods caused damage estimated at more than $400 million and killed 20 persons. The river reached a ...


Description:
Interest rates in the United States touched highs in 1973 unmatched since the Civil War. The prime rate that banks charge on loans to their best commercial customers rose from 6 per cent in January to an unprecedented 10 per cent in September, then ...


Description:
Construction spending in the United States reached an all-time high of $136.4 billion in 1973, 10 per cent more than 1972's $123.8 billion. The U.S. Bureau of the Census attributed 7 or 8 per cent of the increase to inflation, especially in the rising ...


Description:
City governments in the United States enjoyed the first benefits of the new federal revenue-sharing plan in 1973. Many cities gave high priority to reducing local taxes, particularly property taxes, when they received the extra money. The general ...


Description:
Descriptions of the United States economy in 1973 ranged from poor to excellent, and any of the descriptions might fit, depending on which aspect of the economy was considered. In the midst of prosperity, material shortages began to appear, and ...


Description:
The American dream of an endless supply of low-cost energy came to a sudden, shocking end in 1973. There had been portents that a crisis was brewing. The first hint of trouble came during the summer with the closing of gasoline stations and a warning ...


Description:
Despite uncertainty, occasional crises in the international monetary system, and currency-exchange rates that fluctuated daily, world trade showed explosive growth in 1973. By the second quarter, total world imports had surpassed an annual rate of ...


Description:
Two famous poets died in September, 1973. Pablo Neruda of Chile, one of the great poets of all time, died at 69 on September 23, and W.H. Auden, a master of English poetry, died at 66 on September 28.


Description:
Philadelphia endured one of the longest public school strikes in U.S. history in 1973. Philadelphia teachers went on strike on January 8 and returned to work on February 27. Approximately 260 of the city's 285 schools remained open on at least a ...


Description:
Albania suddenly showed interest during 1974 in better relations with its neighbors, Greece and Yugoslavia, while maintaining implacable hostility toward Russia and its allies. In a speech on October 3, Enver Hoxha, the Albanian Communist Party first ...


Description:
Foreign Minister Abdelaziz Bouteflika's election as president of the United Nations General Assembly for its 1974 session symbolized Algeria's emerging role as a leader of the developing nations and a mediator in international disputes. President ...


Description:
Growing inflation, problems in the rural areas, and vigorous parliamentary opposition to the governing Labor Party's policies characterized 1974. Prime Minister Edward Gough Whitlam asked for dissolution of both houses of Parliament in April. The ...


Description:
Rudolf Kirchschlaeger, the foreign minister since 1970, was elected president on June 23, 1974, maintaining the Socialist Party's unbroken hold on the presidency since World War II. He had a 4 per cent lead over the conservative People's Party ...


Description:
For the world's automakers, 1974 began badlyand ended worse. The Middle East oil embargo, drastically higher fuel costs, and much higher price tags for new cars destroyed consumer enthusiasm. As new-car sales slumped, layoffs and plant closings ...


Description:
Emerson Fittipaldi became a winning driver at the age of 7, when he won a soap-box derby in his native Sao Paulo, Brazil. In 1974, at the age of 27, he won the world drivers' championship for the second time in three years.


Description:
AVIATION stalled in 1974 as spiraling jet-fuel prices combined with slumping passenger and aircargo traffic late in the year to produce growing losses on many of the world's airline routes. A poor safety record added to the airlines' woes. As a ...


Description:
The government acquired complete control over operations of the Bahrain Petroleum Company (BAPCO) in September, 1974, mirroring the worldwide trend among oil-producing states toward nationalization of the industry. Government control extended equally ...


Description:
In the world of professional bowling, where many of the outstanding men wore mod clothes and long, styled hair, the star of 1974 was Earl Anthony, a self-described square with a crew haircut. Anthony, a 35-year-old left-hander from Tacoma, Wash., won ...


Description:
Muhammad Ali won the two most important and lucrative fights of 1974. He outpointed Joe Frazier in January in New York City and then regained the world heavyweight title by knocking out champion George Foreman of Hayward, Calif., in October in ...


Description:
Bulgaria expanded its relations with the non-Communist world in 1974 but without abandoning its policy of integration with Russia. Bulgaria appointed an ambassador to West Germany in February, and West German Foreign Minister Walter Scheel visited ...


Description:
Chairman U Ne Win on March 2, 1974, proclaimed the end of the colonels' revolution he launched 12 years earlier. Power, he said, would be returned to the people. But the change was largely one of appearance. The Revolutionary ...


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The same U.S. Cabinet served under two Presidents in 1974Richard M. Nixon, who resigned on August 9, and Gerald R. Ford. Ford promised that under his Administration the Cabinet would have greater responsibilities and influence.


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Canada plumped for a strong government in 1974 to deal with problems of inflation and economic slowdown. A national election on July 8 gave Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau's Liberal government a resounding vote of confidence. The minority ...


Description:
Coleman A. Young was elected the first black mayor of Detroit when he defeated former police commissioner John F. Nichols on Nov. 6, 1973. Young, a state senator, won 51.6 per cent of the vote.


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The bodies of 27 murder victims, all teen-age boys, were uncovered in August, 1973, in the Houston area. The mass killing was the largest in United States history. The murders came to light when 17-year-old Elmer Wayne Henley summoned Houston police ...


Description:
City councilman Thomas Bradley became the first black mayor of Los Angeles on May 30, 1973. He defeated incumbent Mayor Sam Yorty by winning 56 per cent of the vote. Only 18 per cent of the population is black.


Description:
Voter control over Washington's city government came a step closer in 1973. The two houses of Congress passed separate versions of a bill that would permit local residents to elect a mayor and city council. Under the proposed new governing structure, ...


Description:
In 1973, the U.S. Bureau of the Census completed reporting the results of the 1970 U.S. Census of Population and Housing. The 1970 count produced about 4 billion individual items of data, which filled more than 200,000 pages of tables and text in more ...


Description:
Shortages of fuel oil and gas caused constant concern throughout the world in 1973. Concern mounted in November when Arab oil-producing nations cut off oil shipments to the United States and the Netherlands because they supported Israel in the Middle ...


Description:
Members of a joint French and United States anthropological expedition in Ethiopia announced on Oct. 25, 1974, that they had found fossilized human remains from 3 million to 4 million years old. Preliminary dating indicated that the fossils were as ...


Description:
Two Canadian archaeologists studying an 11,000-year-old burial in Montana reported that the hunters of that time used more sophisticated spearing methods than scientists had previously believed. L. Lahren of the University of Calgary in Alberta and R. ...


Description:
The death of Louis I. Kahn in New York City on May 17, 1974, removed the last of this century's architectural form-givers. Kahn, along with Frank Lloyd Wright, Le Corbusier, and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, had signaled the direction and shaped the form ...


Description:
President Juan D. Peron died on July 1, 1974. He was immediately succeeded in office by his third wife, Maria Estela (Isabel) Martinez de Peron. Mrs. Peron, who had been serving as vice president, inherited a political legacy that verged on civil war.


Description:
Mercifully, the big conflicts were ended. In their wake, Asia had only mini-wars in 1974in Vietnam, in Khmer, and in the southern islands in the Philippines. They were savage enough, but at least they were containable. In the place of armed ...


Description:
A clearer picture of Jupiter's size, structure, and radiation belts emerged in 1974, as astronomers analyzed data returned by Pioneer 10,


Description:
Bangladesh looked forward to its best year in 1974. Then came the summer floods starting in June, the worst in two decades. The government reported that 1,300 people were drowned, and 27 million were driven from their homes. More than 1 million short ...


Description:
Baseball made history in several ways during and after the 1974 season. The key figures included Henry Aaron, who broke Babe Ruth's lifetime homerun record; Lou Brock with his base-stealing; Nolan Ryan with his fast-ball pitching; Frank Robinson, who ...


Description:
North Carolina State became national collegiate basketball champion in 1974, ending the dominance of the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), at least temporarily. The professional champions were the Boston Celtics in the National Basketball ...


Description:
For the first time, one of the three federalist parties that advocate greater regional autonomy for Belgium's linguistic communities joined the government on June 10, 1974. Prime Minister Leo Tindemans added the French-speaking Walloon ...


Description:
Thanks to the nine-banded armadillo, scientists announced in 1974 that they are now able to prepare useful quantities of lepromin, a substance that physicians use to screen leprosy patients. Lepromin may help eradicate the ancient skin disease. ...


Description:
After 15 years of measurements, Wayne T. Swank and James E. Douglas of the Southeastern Forest Experimental Station at Franklin, N.C., reported in 1974 that they had discovered a 20 per cent reduction in the amount of water in the streams flowing ...


Description:
Canadian literature was notable in 1974 for its longer fiction, its short stories, and regional settings of works dealing with the land and its people. Canada,


Description:
Teams of Russian and United States chemists both took credit for the 1974 discovery of a new element that has 106 protons and 157 neutrons in its nucleus. A team of scientists headed by Albert Ghiorso and Glenn T. Seaborg produced the new element ...


Description:
World champion Bobby Fischer did not play competitively in 1974, but he was much in the news. In April, Edmund E. Edmondson, president of the United States Chess Federation, announced that Fischer would play in the 1974 World Chess Olympics only if he ...


Description:
The new military regime faced difficulties in consolidating its position in 1974. It found itself isolated internationally; it was also in danger of losing the support of some of the civilian groups that had approved of its Sept. 11, 1973, coup d'etat ...


Description:
With red banners, crashing cymbals, fireworks, and dancing in the parks, China marked the 25th anniversary of the People's Republic on Oct. 1, 1974. It was a significant date, for a revolution that survives a quarter of a century has proven its ...


Description:
Civil rights remained a global concern in 1974. Rebel military officers ousted Portugal's dictatorship on April 25 and pledged a democratic government. Among the beneficiaries of the bloodless revolution were the overseas territories of Angola, ...


Description:
Liberal Party member Alfonso Lopez Michelsen was sworn in as president on Aug. 7, 1974. He had been elected on April 21 by an overwhelming majority of more than a million votes.


Description:
Viewed from the short range, dance appeared to flourish in 1974. The dance capital of the world, New York City, had its busiest season yet. Many other large cities across the United States were visited by at least half a dozen major dance troupes. An ...


Description:
The Democrats scored dramatic election victories in November, 1974, posting a net gain of 4 governorships, at least 3 U.S. Senate seats, and 43 seats in the House of Representatives. One Senate race was contested. The victory was sweeter because ...


Description:
An industrial boom in 1974 brought with it a trade deficit that reached $1.6 billion, double that of 1973. Amid political instability, the government directed its efforts to keeping employment up and containing inflation, which continued to run at a ...


Description:
The Turkish government decided on March 9,1974, to end a three-year ban on the cultivation of opium poppies. The decision caused serious concern in the United States because of the prospect of a worldwide rise in heroin addiction. After months of ...


Description:
The expulsion from Russia on Feb. 13, 1974, of novelist Alexander Solzhenitsyn provoked a crisis in the Eastern Orthodox churches under the Moscow Patriarchate. When Metropolitan Seraphim of Krutitzy, the auxiliary to Patriarch Pimen, officially ...


Description:
Education in the United States in 1974 faced critical problems arising from inflation of costs and deflation of enrollments. Economic uncertainties and a tightening job market shifted emphasis from academic concerns to specialized studies with greater ...


Description:
The winds of change swept through the workrooms of designers in 1974 and tried to blow away the skinny, skimpy, body-hugging clothes of the last 10 years. The biggest news in fashion was the very bigness of fashion. Voluminous. Wide. Massive. Soft. ...


Description:
World hunger problems, rising food prices, nutrition, and the proliferation of natural foods dominated developments in the food industry in 1974. Government officials sought aid for an estimated 460 million people imperiled by hunger in ...


Description:
The blissful, relatively unharried growth of professional football in the United States hit several snags in 1974. Attendance and television ratings were down. A six-week strike by players in July and August upset training-camp routine. A federal ...


Description:
France moved away from Gaullism in 1974 with the election of Valery Giscard d'Estaing, 48, as president on May 19. He succeeded Georges Pompidou, who died on April 2 after five years in office. Giscard d'Estaing, the Independent Republican candidate ...


Description:
Scientists conducted the first manned exploration of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, a geologic formation that bisects the Atlantic Ocean floor, in 1974. The joint French-American project, which used three oceanographic submarines and one surface drilling ...


Description:
Gary Player was obsessed with practice and Johnny Miller avoided it. Each followed his path to golf glory and riches in 1974. Player won the Masters and British Open, two of the four major tournaments, and Miller won more tournaments (eight) and more ...


Description:
Dahlia was the star of world horse racing in 1974, traveling widely from her base in France. By year's end, the 4-year-old filly, bred in Kentucky and owned by Texan N. B. Hunt, had career earnings of $1,216,705 to rank as the richest female ...


Description:
Hungary continued to tighten domestic political control in 1974 while expanding its trade with the West. On March 20, the Central Committee demoted four senior Communist Party leaders including Rezso Nyers, architect of Hungary's 1968 economic reform. ...


Description:
For the first time in history, Eastern European nations swept the four events of the world figure-skating championships in March, 1974, in Munich, West Germany. The singles titles were won by 17-year-old East Germans, the pairs titles by Russian ...


Description:
In the days of drought and despair in 1972 and 1973, it seemed as if life in India could not get worse. But events in 1974 proved they could. It was the harshest year in modern India's history, a year of hunger, violence, and an atomic blast.


Description:
Efforts by American Indians to win greater control over their own affairs gained momentum in 1974. United States Secretary of the Interior Rogers C. B. Morton announced on August 15 that the Administration of President Gerald R. Ford would fully ...


Description:
Agents of the Indonesian military security command brought word to government officials early in January, 1974, that demonstrations were being planned by restive students during the visit of Japan's Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka. The students were ...


Description:
A steady flow of oil revenues estimated at over $1 billion a month quadrupled Iran's national income in 1974. The oil revenues enabled the government of Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi to pursue the twin objectives of military preparedness and rapid ...


Description:
Civil war between government and Kurd forces resumed in March, 1974. The shaky four-year cease-fire collapsed as the Kurdish leader, Mustafa Barzani, refused to accept a government plan for Kurdish self-rule in northern Iraq. On March 11, Iraqi ...


Description:
The collapse of Northern Ireland's power-sharing executive body in May, 1974, canceled an agreement on Ulster between Great Britain and the Republic of Ireland before it could be ratified. The executive body of Roman Catholics and Protestants had been ...


Description:
A new generation of leaders took charge in Israel in 1974 as the nation faced mounting economic problems and continuing threats from the Arab world. Prime Minister Golda Meir resigned on April 10 because of deep divisions in her own Labor Party, ...


Description:
Italy was rocked by economic and political crises and a wave of neo-Fascist terrorism during 1974. Higher Mideast crude oil prices hoisted the trade deficit to nearly $9 billion. Outstanding international debts totaled nearly $20 billion, and ...


Description:
Domestic politics, continuing economic problems, and related foreign policy issues dominated events in Japan in 1974. A record 73 per cent of the electorate voted on July 7 to fill 130 of the 252 seats in the House of Councillors (upper house). The ...


Description:
Despite the focus of its second session on the possible impeachment of President Richard M. Nixon, the 93rd Congress made some major legislative achievements in 1974. It passed measures in the fields of housing, minimum wages, social security reform, ...


Description:
International action on environmental issues produced mixed results in 1974. Russell Peterson, chairman of the U.S. Council on Environmental Quality, said on April 23 that ending pollution and the depletion of resources depends on solving the ...


Description:
Repercussions from the Watergate scandal buffeted the United States legal, judicial, and criminal justice systems in 1974. The most controversial act was the pardon awarded former President Richard M. Nixon by President Gerald R. Ford on September 8, ...


Description:
Kidnapings, bombings, and murders for alleged political reasons became almost commonplace throughout the world in 1974. Meanwhile, property crimes and white-collar crimes (among businessmen and government officials) jumped dramatically. Charges of ...


Description:
A resolution to lift diplomatic and economic sanctions imposed against Cuba in 1964 by the Organization of American States was defeated on Nov. 12, 1974, at a meeting of the group in Quito, Ecuador. Supporters of the resolution maintained that ...


Description:
Czechoslovakia expanded its political and economic relations with the West in 1974, but maintained strict vigilance against Western influences at home. In July, West Germany and Czechoslovakia ratified a treaty that normalized relations. Czechoslovak ...


Description:
The national euphoria released by military successes in the October, 1973, war with Israel carried over into 1974. The cease-fire agreement that ended fighting between Egyptian and Israeli forces along the Suez Canal in January added more laurels to ...


Description:
Inflation- and scandal-weary American voters went to the polls in November, 1974, and turned down most Republican candidates, giving the Democrats a sweeping victory. With gains of 43 seats in the U.S. House of Representatives and at least three seats ...


Description:
Inflation, materials shortages, and the energy crisis both hampered and spurred on the electronics industry in 1974. Firms intensified research efforts aimed at developing less-costly photovoltaic cells that convert sunlight directly into electricity. ...


Description:
Scientists throughout the world expressed concern in 1974 over the pollution of the atmosphere by man-made aerosols. They feared that these chemicals might adversely affect the weather and even produce cancer because of their effect on atmospheric ...


Description:
Emperor Haile Selassie I, the 82-year-old Lion of Judah, was deposed in 1974, after 58 years as absolute ruler. Selassie was led from his palace on September 12 and held at a palace outside the capital, Addis Ababa. He was charged with abusing his ...


Description:
Europe was in disarray in 1974. Sharply higher prices for Arab petroleum led to widespread doubledigit inflation and trade imbalances. The nine member countries of the European Community (Common Market) disagreed over how to ease the impact of high ...


Description:
As the gathering economic gloom thickened in 1974with the prospect of runaway inflation and massive unemployment growing more imminent by the monththe British people recoiled from making the hard political choices that their economic ...


Description:
Democracy returned to Greece on July 23, 1974, when the military junta resigned after seven years in power and called on professional politicians to form a government of national unity. Former Prime Minister Constantin Karamanlis flew back from exile ...


Description:
President Jean-Claude Duvalier emphasized the need to solve critical economic and social problems in 1974. Although the 22-year-old leader refused to permit opposition parties to function, he began to gain the approval of representatives of foreign ...


Description:
A two-year study by the Rand Corporation, released in February, 1974, showed that federal, state, and local programs to help handicapped youth in the United States lack direction and coordination. The study also found that the programs, which cost ...


Description:
A smallpox epidemic hit India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, and Ethiopia in 1974, and a meningitis epidemic caused alarm in Brazil. Health officials rushed preventive vaccines to the infected areas and conducted widespread health campaigns. At the ...


Description:
In 1974, for the first time in National Hockey League (NHL) history, an expansion team won the Stanley Cup play-offs. The team was the Philadelphia Flyers, who believed in playing rough, and they alienated purists who revered hockey as a game of ...


Description:
Hostilities between Israel and the Arab countries continued to hold the attention of Jews throughout the world in 1974. Three Arab terrorists made the most severe attack upon Israel in recent years in May, murdering 26 Israeli citizens in Maalot. The ...


Description:
King Hussein I's claims to represent Palestinians on both banks of the River Jordan were shattered by Arab leaders in 1974. They voted at a summit conference in Rabat, Morocco, in October to recognize the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) as ...


Description:
Kuwait influenced Arab affairs in 1974 with funds from its enormous oil-based treasury. On April 20, the National Assembly allocated $437 million to the Arab countries confronting Israel. Syria received $100 million of this sum. The government also ...


Description:
Inflation and unemployment, twin enemies of workers, dominated the labor scene in the United States in 1974. Attempts to control inflation created recessionary conditions that led to spiraling unemployment. In December, the national unemployment rate ...


Description:
It was a time of testing in Latin America, where the big questions in 1974 were: Can the few remaining democracies survive? Will the military regimes in power throughout most of the continent swing to the political right or to the left?


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A rising crime rate, the failure to curb rising prices, and clashes between armed members of opposing political parties caused Prime Minister Takieddin Solh to resign on Sept. 25, 1974. Solh quit after a battle in a mountain village between right wing ...


Description:
Industry in the United States reeled in 1974 under the pressure of declining sales, excessive inventories, reduced backlogs, high materials costs, declining productivity, mounting layoffs, and tight money. The crude oil shortage that ushered in the ...


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New pain-killing drugs and artificial blood were developed by medical researchers in 1974. In the United States, the number of doctors increased, and the nation's leading medical organization changed its attitude toward the regulation of medical ...


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A group of physicians and scientists established the Society to Conquer Mental Illness in 1974, through which they hope to focus attention on the need for more refined scientific research into the causes and treatment of serious mental illness. The ...


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President Luis Echeverria Alvarez seemed increasingly lonely in 1974 as he served out his fourth year in office. The 12 gubernatorial elections held during the year in no way reflected the deepening political divisions that in themselves drove the ...


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Israel and the Arab states spent 1974 still locked in a state of no war, no peace, despite efforts on the part of other powers to bring about a peaceful settlement of their 25-year-old conflict. As the first anniversary of the October, ...


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The sudden death of Istiqlal Party leader Allal al-Fassi on May 13, 1974, in Romania ended an era in Moroccan politics and reduced the effectiveness of political opposition to King Hassan II. Fassi, who had run the party since the 1930's, was ...


Description:
Nobel prizes in peace, literature, economics, and science were presented in 1974. The formal ceremony in Stockholm, Sweden, was marked by the appearance of Alexander Solzhenitsyn to receive the prize for literature awarded to him in 1970. He did not ...


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Northern Ireland entered 1974 with hopes for peace and reconciliation higher than at any time since the present troubles started in 1969. The year ended with the ominous smell of an impending civil war in the Ulster air. An event unique in the history ...


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Norway announced plans on Sept. 26, 1974, to extend its offshore fishing limits off the northern coast to 50 nautical miles in 1975 and to 200 nautical miles at a later date. Minister of Fisheries Eivind Bolle had said in August that the inconclusive ...


Description:
During the summer of 1974, ajoint expedition named FAMOUS (French-American Mid-Ocean Undersea Study) explored a section of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge ocean floor about 200 miles (320 kilometers) southwest of the Azores. Three manned deep-ocean research ...


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The International Olympic Committee (IOC), meeting in Vienna, Austria, in October, 1974, awarded the 1980 Olympic Summer Games to Moscow and the 1980 Winter Games to Lake Placid, N.Y. Moscow and Los Angeles, the 1932 host, were the only candidates for ...


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A number of island territories in the Pacific Ocean moved closer to independence in 1974, against a background of rapid population increases and a search for foreign investment to raise incomes. The excitement engendered a year earlier by French ...


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Congress intervened in 1974 to put off from 1976 until 1979 the full impact of scheduled U.S. postal rate increases for newspapers, magazines, books, and records. The new law, signed by President Richard M. Nixon on June 30, also deferred the full ...


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A year of grave crisis beset the United States presidency in 1974. First President Richard M. Nixon, then his successor, President Gerald R. Ford, emphasized foreign policy in an effort to turn attention away from their serious domestic problems. ...


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An unusual number of court rulings helped to define the rights and privileges of inmates in United States federal and state prisons during 1974. The general thrust of the decisions was to widen prisoner rights through judicial decree, continuing a ...


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Inner tensions among denominations, coupled with outer pressures caused by political changes, were a global concern to Protestants in 1974. In some countries, particularly Canada, there was a precipitous drop in Sunday school attendance. The Toronto ...


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Psychologists at the Boston University Medical Center carefully examined the response of infants to human speech in 1974. They concentrated particularly on speech rhythms, the perception of which may be a uniquely human ability. Some animals, such as ...


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Radio in the United States, unfettered by television's time restrictions and need for visual impact, provided better in-depth coverage of at least one key happening in 1974's historic Watergate chroniclethe release of the explosive White House ...


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Saudi Arabia acquired a 60 per cent majority interest in the Arabian-American Oil Company (Aramco) in June, 1974, and immediately began negotiating for complete nationalization of the company. Aramco produces over 90 per cent of Saudi Arabia's oil. In ...


Description:
American skiing fortunes, which had been shaky for years, hit bottom in 1974. The Americans failed to win a medal in the quadrennial world championships, held in February in St. Moritz, Switzerland.


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Every four years, the best national soccer teams in the world gather for almost a month to compete for the World Cup. In 1974, the winner was West Germany, a 2 to 1 victor over the Netherlands in the championship game.


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In one of the last acts before his resignation, President Richard M. Nixon signed a tariff bill on Aug. 8, 1974, that contained amendments to the supplemental security income (SSI) program. One change provided for cost-of-living increases in SSI ...


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The end of Portuguese colonial rule in Angola and Mozambique caused South Africa considerable anxiety in 1974. The white South African regime emphasized its friendship toward black African nations, particularly the future black governments of Angola ...


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Ground controllers sent the last command to the United States Skylab


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Carlos Arias Navarro was sworn in on Jan. 2, 1974, as General Francisco Franco's first civilian president and promptly surprised the nation with his Cabinet appointments. He excluded from the Cabinet all members of Opus Dei, a Roman Catholic lay ...


Description:
Revenue sharing, state and local funds, endowments, and fund-raising campaign receipts contributed to a wide range of new building projects in the United States in 1974, despite warnings that federal funding for library construction would end. A ...


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Revolutionary Command Council President Muammar Muhammad al-Qadhaafi tried to merge Libya with neighboring Tunisia in 1974. In January, Qadhaafi and Tunisian President Habib Bourguiba signed a merger agreement. However, Tunisia's National Assembly ...


Description:
Hard-cover book publishers throughout the worldfrom London and Paris to New York City and Tokyowere caught in an inflationary spiral in 1974. It forced them to pay more for paper, printing, labor, and all the essentials that go into the ...


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There were indications that children's literature was becoming an in thing in 1974. Numerous colleges were adding or expanding courses in the field, and the number of students interested in the subject was increasing. The rising interest ...


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The U.S. magazine industry continued to grow in 1974, despite increased postal costs, paper shortages, and general inflation. Advertising revenues rose during the year, except in April. According to a Publishers Information Bureau estimate, magazine ...


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Prime Minister Abdul Razak's carefully worked out strategy produced a landslide victory for his National Front Coalition in August, 1974, elections. It captured 135 of the 154 seats in the Malaysian Parliament, while the opposition Democratic Action ...


Description:
The year 1974 will be remembered as the one in which mass audiences came back to the movies. The trend was worldwide in scope, and film houses in Europe, Great Britain, Canada, and Japan did a rousing box-office business. In the United States, the ...


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The mix of trouble, pessimism, and hope that saturates the atmosphere wherever classical music is performed in the United States was sharply reflected by three events in 1974. They showed the burden under which most U.S. musical organizations must ...


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Effects of the energy crisis reached into the popular music world in 1974. Due to the fuel shortage, many U.S. artists were forced to cancel British and European tours, including the Allman Brothers, Steely Dan, and others.


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The Arab oil nations lifted their oil embargo on July 10, 1974. The ban, which had been imposed in October, 1973, for Dutch support of Israel during the Middle East war, cost the port of Rotterdam, Europe's largest oil terminal, about $10 million in ...


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Daily and weekly newspapers around the world suffered from tight newsprint supplies and soaring paper prices in 1974. The situation was especially severe in developing countries such as India, where the government began rationing supplies to ...


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President Yakubu Gowon postponed in October, 1974, the return to civilian rule scheduled for 1976. Gowon said he feared a return to the old cutthroat politics that once led this nation into serious crisis. He also continued the ban on ...


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Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto seemed to be in perpetual motion in 1974. He restlessly crisscrossed the four provinces left to Pakistan after the war of 1971 haranguing thousands at meetings and holding katchery


Description:
Despite his failing health, President Juan Velasco Alvarado in 1974 clamped down on opposition elements in an effort to swing Peru still further to the left. He ruthlessly purged senior military officers who dissented. The navy commander, Vice-Admiral ...


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Opposition to President Ferdinand E.Marcos' martial law regime increased during 1974. The main opponents were Moslem separatists in the southern islands, Maoist guerrillas, and the Roman Catholic Church, to which most Filipinos belong.


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Physicists stumbled onto a new elementary particle in November, 1974. Waves of excitement spread from Stanford Linear Accelerator (SLAC) in Palo Alto, Calif., to the Brookhaven National Laboratory in Long Island, N.Y., the two experimental facilities ...


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Poland rapidly expanded its business ties with the West in 1974, without modifying its orthodox ideological stance at home. Imports from the West increased by 59 per cent in the first half of 1974 while imports from Communist countries increased only ...


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In an almost bloodless dawn coup, a group of army officers called the Armed Forces Movement (AFM) overthrew the government of Prime Minister Marcello Caetano on April 25, 1974. Caetano, President Americo Thomaz, and four Cabinet ministers were exiled ...


Description:
The political interests of the Islamic world were manifest at the fifth Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers, held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, in June, 1974. The statements of the conferees showed that there is no concept in the Moslem world ...


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Republicans suffered their worst election losses in a decade in 1974. The Watergate scandal and the nation's economic troubles cut the party's strength in the Senate, in the House of Representatives, and on state and local levels. The Democratic sweep ...


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The white-minority government made significant moves to negotiate with black nationalists in December 1974. Rhodesian Prime Minister Ian D. Smith announced a cease-fire agreement with black guerrillas on December 11. (Zimbabwe was then called ...


Description:
The organizational vitality of the church declined perceptibly in 1974, but there were no dramatic losses in personnel. At the same time, there was less factional friction between conservatives and progressives.


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Romania maintained its detached, independent position within the Warsaw Pact in 1974. In June, Russia reportedly demanded greater Romanian participation in the pact's defense integration program and the right of passage for Russian troops bound for ...


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Motor-vehicle-accident fatalities in the United States declined in 1974. Safety officials said the drop, which amounted to 8,000 lives saved in the first nine months of the year, could be attributed mainly to the mandatory speed limit of 55 miles (89 ...


Description:
The boom in professional sports in the United States slowed somewhat in 1974, but more people put more money into new teams and new leagues. The World Football League made its debut with 12 teams, supposedly ready to lose $15 million the first year. ...


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Sri Lanka is known as the jewel of the Indian Ocean. Its soil is fertile, and its tea, rubber, and coconut-palm plantations and its forests are a deep green. Yet, few nations on the Asian continent were worse off in 1974 than Sri Lanka ...


Description:
States closed their fiscal-year books in June, 1974, with another substantial increase in tax collections. However, they faced poor prospects in fiscal 1975, as the United States economy began to nose down in midyear.


Description:
Security prices continued to fall in most of the world's financial centers throughout 1974. Stock prices in the United States slumped sharply during the first three quarters of the year, before recovering from 12-year lows. For the year, the Dow Jones ...


Description:
Sudan sentenced eight Palestinian guerrillas to life imprisonment on June 24, 1974, for the 1973 murder of U.S. Ambassador Cleo A. Noel, Jr., and two other diplomats in Khartoum. However, Sudanese President Sayed Gaafar Mohamed Nimeiri immediately ...


Title:
SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES (1974)

Description:
In a historic decision, the Supreme Court ruled 8 to 0 on July 24, 1974, that President Richard M. Nixon could not legally withhold 64 tape-recorded conversations from the special Watergate prosecutor. The decision, in United States v. Nixon,


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Television entered upon its most historic 17 days in the United States on July 24, 1974, when Congress permitted live TV coverage of the six-day presidential impeachment debate by the House Judiciary Committee. The networks carried the 45-hour ...


Description:
He was 22 years old, fiery, temperamental, and intimidating in his game and in his manner. She was 19, sweet, imperturbable, and, as Dave Anderson wrote in The New York Times,


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King Phumiphon Aduldet signed a new Constitution on Oct. 7, 1974, a week before the first anniversary of student demonstrations that ended Thailand's 41 years of military rule. It was written by a 298-person assembly drawn from delegates named by the ...


Description:
Tributary theater, the goal of stage pioneers in the 1920s, became a reality on Broadway in 1974. The richness and variety of productions were largely due to contributions from playhouses elsewhere. Candide


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Sprinters spend less elapsed time in competition than any other track and field athletes, but often they gain the most attention. Such attention came to Ivory Crockett in 1974 after he ran the swiftest 100 yards in history.


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Worldwide and national inflation, the energy crisis, concern for the environment, and a declining economy combined to make 1974 a year of uneasy prosperity for transportation companies in the United States. Airlines, railroads, truckers, and ...


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Turkish military forces invaded the island of Cyprus on July 20, 1974, after Cypriot President Archbishop Makarios III was overthrown in a Greek-supported military coup. Subsequent negotiations among Turkey, Great Britain, and Greece, the three ...


Description:
The Bahamas, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago sought larger shares of the revenues derived from their natural resources in 1974. Previously, foreign-owned corporations processing the islands' ore and mineral deposits kept a larger share of the profits ...


Description:
Yugoslavia continued to purge liberal elements in 1974, but had second thoughts about detente with Russia. Police arrested a group of pro-Russian Communists holding a secret meeting in Bar, Montenegro, on April 6. On September 20, officials announced ...


Description:
Zaire made international headlines in 1974 by staging the on-again-off-again heavyweight championship boxing match between Muhammad Ali and George Foreman. After a month's delay, the bout finally took place at 4 A.M., October 30 (the night of October ...


Description:
Amphibians get the oxygen they need to survive in various ways. Some use lungs, some use gills, and others absorb oxygen through their skin, using neither lungs nor gills. For a long time, zoologists have offered contradictory theories on how the ...


Description:
Concern over the rapid decline in the number of wild animals throughout the world brought increasing interest in the preservation and exhibition of animal species in zoological parks. Canada saw the first visitors welcomed to the new Metropolitan ...


Description:
Puerto Rico was plagued by a rash of strikes early in 1974. On February 12, the island's gasoline stations shut down in a two-day protest against government fuel-rationing policies. They were joined by about 5,000 jitney drivers, most of whom operate ...


Description:
British Columbia, under the NDP government of Premier David Barrett, continued to buy into privately owned companies in 1974. In January, the province purchased over 1.1 million shares of Westcoast Transmission Company, which operates a gas pipeline ...


Description:
Manitoba added up the cost in October of an expensive venture, Churchill Forest Industries, located 450 miles (725 kilometers) north of Winnipeg. The complex was built after 1966 to develop the timber resources of the area. It went into receivership ...


Description:
New Brunswick voters went to the polls in a general election on November 18. Premier Richard B. Hatfield's Conservative government, first elected in 1970, easily won re-election, taking 33 legislative seats to the Liberals' 25. The major parties ...


Description:
The provincial government acted on March 28 to coordinate hydroelectric power developments on the upper and lower stretches of the Churchill River in Labrador. It purchased almost 5 million shares, valued at $160 million, from Brinco, Limited, the ...


Description:
Premier Gerald A. Regan's Liberal government, in power since 1970, won a sweeping victory in a general election on April 2. The Liberals gained 6 seats, increasing their standing to 31 in the 46-seat legislature. The Conservatives gave up 6 seats, ...


Description:
Ontario acquired the first woman lieutenant governor in Canada's history in January when Pauline McGibbon, 63, chancellor of the University of Toronto since 1971, was named to be the 22nd holder of the provincial viceregal post. The legislature ...


Description:
The Riksdag (parliament), in which the ruling Social Democrat-Communist alliance holds exactly half the seats, resorted to a lottery to resolve a tie vote on March 27, 1974. The drawing went against the government on an Opposition bill to improve the ...


Description:
Tim Shaw of Long Beach, Calif., and Jenny Turrall of Sydney, Australia, were two of the most impressive swimmers of 1974, making frequent appearances in the record book. In all, 14 of the 15 world records for women and 10 of the 16 for men were ...


Description:
In a nationwide referendum Oct. 20, 1974, Swiss voters rejected by 2 to 1 a proposal to expel more than 500,000 foreign workers within the next three years. The government had advised voting against the proposal, which was initiated by a small right ...


Description:
Syria resumed diplomatic relations with the United States in June, 1974, after a seven-year break. The development came during President Richard M. Nixon's visit to Damascus, the Syrian capital. It underscored President Hafiz al-Asad's increased ...


Description:
Taiwan quietly weathered economic storms and maintained its isolated international position in 1974 under Prime Minister Chiang Ching-kuo. His father, President Chiang Kai-shek, remained in the ill health that forced him to give up governmental ...


Description:
Interest in federal tax reform in the United States was kindled in 1974 by revelations about President Richard M. Nixon's nonpayment of federal income taxes. Nixon paid only $792.81 in federal taxes in 1970 on his reported income of $262,942 and ...


Description:
The 29th United Nations (UN) General Assembly ended on Dec. 18, 1974, on a note of growing United States concern over a series of dramatic parliamentary triumphs by the third world. Developing countries said the trend represented the beginning of a ...


Description:
The government of the United States in 1974 survived perhaps its most serious crisis since the Civil War in the 1860's. Congressional and judicial efforts to check the enormous power of the executive branch and to uncover corruption at the highest ...


Description:
President Juan Maria Bordaberry Arocena kept control of the government in 1974, but military leaders played a more dominant role in political and economic decisions. Under a decree signed by Bordaberry on June 27, military officers gained control of ...


Description:
Carlos Andres Perez, leader of the Democratic Action Party, took office as president on March 12, 1974, with his followers in firm control of both houses of Congress. Perez began using Venezuela's soaring oil revenues about $12 billion in ...


Description:
International cooperation helped to create major old-master exhibitions in 1974. Together with the National Museums of France, the Metropolitan Museum of Art held a Masterpieces of Tapestry display in New York City97 great examples ...


Description:
Scientists, ships, planes, buoys, and satellites from 72 nations joined in a 1974 study of the tropical regions that spawn hurricanes and play a crucial but poorly understood role in the world's weather. The study, from June 15 to September 23, was ...


Description:
Russia continued to expand its business ties with the West in 1974. Despite some new problems in their detente, Russia and the United States agreed to limit their nuclear arms race. Relations with China remained hostile. At home, the government ...


Description:
Computer technology advanced steadily in 1974. Microprocessors established markets by finding use in such diverse applications as oscilloscopes, machine tools, chart recorders, and medical equipment. Spacelabs Incorporated, of Chatsworth, Calif., ...


Description:
Black African nationalists won a monumental victory in 1974 when Portugal granted independence to its African colonies. A six-year drought in nations south of the Sahara continued to wipe out cattle and crops, forcing starving human beings to leave ...


Description:
Domestic and worldwide communications in 1974 continued the burgeoning expansion of recent years. New transmission systems went into operation, satellite communication expanded, and research progress continued. Meanwhile, the Justice Department filed ...


Description:
Geologist Thomas J. M. Schopf of the University of Chicago related the movement of the earth's giant plates to changes in evolutionary history. He pointed out that about 275 to 270 million years ago, during the Permian Period, many animal species ...


Description:
Alberta gained the first American Indian lieutenant governor in Canadian history when Ralph Steinhauer was appointed as queen's representative in May. A former chief of the Cree Indian Saddle Lake band, Steinhauer was a founder of the Indian ...


Description:
Prince Edward Island, Canada's smallest province, gave Premier Alexander B. Campbell's Liberal administration a vote of confidence on April 29. In power since 1966, the Campbell government scored its third straight electoral victory by winning 26 ...


Description:
Political controversy centered on a measure that made French the official language in the province. The National Assembly passed the bill on July 30 by a vote of 92 to 10. The vote did not reflect the bitter struggle that accompanied each stage in the ...


Description:
Saskatchewan joined the other western provinces in imposing heavier taxes on natural resources in 1974. Oil and potash were among the minerals singled out for new forms of taxation. The province, which was an early pioneer in providing state-supported ...


Description:
Problems plagued world agriculture in 1974. The most trying ranged from unfavorable weather, overwhelming food demands, and expensive, often scarce fertilizer and other production necessities to complaints about high food prices, drastically ...


Description:
It was an unlucky year in many ways for President Ernesto Geisel, who was sworn in on March 15, 1974. Disastrous floods struck the state of Santa Catarina in March, claiming 3,000 lives and leaving more than 250,000 people homeless. A meningitis ...


Description:
A series of bombings and explosions rocked Los Angeles during 1974. On August 6, a bomb exploded in a busy ticket section at Los Angeles International Airport, killing two persons and injuring 26 others. Officials termed it the deadliest civil ...


Description:
Home rule came to Washington, D.C., residents in 1974 for the first time in 104 years. On May 7, voters approved a new charter for the District of Columbia, which previously had been governed directly by the U.S. Congress.


Description:
The number of United States households rose to an estimated 70 million in 1974, some 6.5 million more than at the start of the present decade, according to the U.S. Bureau of the Census.


Description:
The nations of the world tried to cut petroleum consumption and stepped up their search for new oil sources in 1974. The urgency in their efforts stemmed from the Arab oil embargo that started in November, 1973, and lasted until March, 1974. Even ...


Description:
A continuing upward spiral in world population and dwindling food supplies were international concerns in 1974. Demographers worried especially about the global growth rate. If it continued at the present 2.2 per cent a year, the present overall ...


Description:
Environmentalists and some city administrators charged that EPA programs were undermined by the Nixon Administration policy of impounding funds appropriated by Congress for a water cleanup program. But spokesmen for the agency said there were signs ...


Description:
Several deaths depleted the poetry scene in 1974. American poetry lost its most accomplished man of letters in the old, grand tradition when John Crowe Ransom died on July 5 at 86. Critic, teacher, and editor, he was known for the civilized, dry wit ...


Description:
The nation's bicentennial celebrations began in Philadelphia on Sept. 5, 1974, when delegates from the 13 original colonies reconvened the First Continental Congress in historic Carpenters' Hall. On Sept. 5, 1774, the original Congress had convened in ...


Description:
The liquidation of Portugal's colonial empire was the single most important development in Africa in 1975. Other developments had potential long-term effects on the financial well-being of African nations. Severe drought ended in West Africa but ...


Description:
continued its anti-Russian, pro-Chinese political stance in 1975. It was the only European nation to boycott the Conference on Security and Cooperation, which opened in Helsinki, Finland, on July 30. In tune with Chinese denunciations, the Albanian ...


Description:
Algeria played host to several international conferences in 1975 as President Houari Boumediene continued to assert his country's leadership among nonaligned third world countries. During the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) ...


Description:
Mary Leakey reported in October, 1975, that she has found fossil evidence in Tanzania that man lived and perhaps evolved in East Africa about 3.75 million years ago. She found the jaws and teeth of at least 11 individuals who appear to belong to the ...


Description:
Voters gave a sweeping victory to Malcolm Fraser and his Liberal Party-National Country Party coalition in a national election on Dec. 13, 1975. The vote climaxed months of political bickering and propelled Fraser into office as prime minister by the ...


Description:
The ruling Socialist Party won a resounding victory in general elections on Oct. 5, 1975. Chancellor Bruno Kreisky's party captured 94 of 183 seats in the Nationalrat


Description:
For the world's automakers, 1975 began badly, then improved late in the year. Higher fuel prices, inflation, recession, and lack of consumer confidence combined to produce a weak, unstable automobile market. Layoffs were common throughout the ...


Description:
Niki Lauda, a 26-year-old Austrian, became the world driving champion in 1975 in a series of Grand Prix races on four continents. A. J. Foyt of Houston and Richard Petty of Randleman, N.C., won America's most important championships, and Bobby Unser ...


Description:
AVIATION fell on hard times in 1975. Jet fuel and other costs continued to climb, and business was temporarily depressed by an economic slump. Airline finances reflected a partial recovery later in the year, however, as improving traffic and airline ...


Description:
Opposition to the rule of Amir Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa and the royal family delayed plans to develop more representative government in 1975. The Cabinet, headed by Amir Isa's brother, Prime Minister Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa, resigned on August ...


Description:
Earl Anthony, who led the Professional Bowlers Association (PBA) 1974 tour in earnings (setting a record), scoring average (setting a record), and victories (tying the record), did even better in 1975.


Description:
No professional boxing champion defended his title more frequently or with more attention in 1975 than Muhammad Ali. And no athlete in any sport ever came close to earning as much money in one year as Muhammad Ali.


Description:
Bulgaria remained Russia's closest ally in 1975 while building closer political and economic ties with other Communist and Western nations. In June, Russia and Bulgaria signed 12 major agreements for joint ventures in the chemical, food, motor, ...


Description:
Burma remained immersed in war, civil unrest, and economic crisis in 1975. Much of the turmoil was traceable to December, 1974, when 20,000 students and monks seized the body of U Thant, the former United Nations secretary-general, for burial on the ...


Description:
President Gerald R. Ford appointed new members to all but three Cabinet posts in 1975. Only Secretary of State Henry A. Kissinger, Secretary of the Treasury William E. Simon, and Secretary of Agriculture Earl L. Butz remained in the same positions.


Description:
In common with most other countries, Canada wrestled with worrying economic problems in 1975. The recession that began in 1974 worsened, producing higher unemployment and a continuing stiff rate of inflation. The exports so necessary to economic ...


Description:
Canadian literature was marked in 1975 by a geographic-historical strain that one critic dubbed geohistory. Four of the most outstanding works are Canada: The Heroic Beginnings


Description:
The ancient game of backgammon, which dates back 2,000 years to the days of the Roman Empire, swept the United States and other Western nations like an epidemic in 1974. What appeared to be attache cases were actually backgammon sets that folded out ...


Description:
Criminal charges against some of his political associates and his own illness plagued Chicago Mayor Richard J. Daley in 1974. Alderman Thomas E. Keane, Daley's most powerful political ally and the City Council floor leader, was convicted in November ...


Description:
The construction industry in New York City fell into a serious slump in 1974, the worst since the 1950's. As a result, 15,000 construction workers were laid off, and the number of architectural contracts signed fell to only 55 per cent of those ...


Description:
Voters in Dallas on Sept. 10, 1974, rejected a proposed 1 per cent payroll tax on persons working within the city. The earnings tax, on salary in excess of $5,000, was designed to affect only suburban commuters, because Dallas homeowners would have ...


Description:
The Supreme Court of the United States on July 25, 1974, overturned a lower court order requiring school busing between Detroit and its suburbs. The landmark ruling stated that the U.S. District Court had erred in ordering a desegregation plan ...


Description:
Houston fared better than the nation as a whole in economic areas during 1974. The cost of living increased by only 9.7 per cent between April, 1973, and April, 1974. The income of the average factory worker increased by 11 per cent, reaching an ...


Description:
Banks throughout the world weathered a series of disturbances in 1974. These developments led some commentators to draw parallels to the period from 1929 to 1933 and the onset of the Great Depression.


Description:
Spending for construction in the United States in 1974 was $143 billion, up only 5 per cent over 1973's record $136.4 billion. The forecast for spending in 1975 is $149.5 billiona rise of 12 per cent, but probably all due to inflation. Spending ...


Description:
A survey of 47 major cities of the world released in September, 1974, by the Business International Corporation, a research firm, rated Tokyo as the city with the highest cost of living. The cost of living in Tokyo was more than 131 times that in ...


Description:
The world began 1974 in the grip of a fuel and energy shortage caused by the Arab oil embargo. The year ended with the world economy in the midst of what promised to be the longest recession since the end of World War II and with many countries ...


Description:
Threats to energy supplies remained a prime worry in all parts of the world throughout 1974. The year was studded with meetings of engineers, scientists, politicians, and concerned citizens, all aimed at finding both immediate and long-range ...


Description:
International trade was dominated by oil in 1974. A successful cartel called the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) had managed to quadruple the world price of oil in late 1973, and the financial and economic repercussions were felt ...


Description:
Construction workers in July, 1975, uncovered a pottery army of life-sized figures of warriors and horses that had been buried for more than 2,000 years near the city of Sian in northwestern China. The figures were in a huge tomb that was built for ...


Description:
Architecture in the United States struggled through a very poor year in 1975. A gloomy financial picture resulted in sharp cutbacks in both public and private funding of new buildings. Many projects that were already on the drafting boards were ...


Description:
All the conditions for a military coup d'etat seemed to be present in Argentina in 1975; the remarkable thing was that one did not occur. The army chiefs were reluctant to assume responsibility for a situation in which the rate of inflation climbed ...


Description:
The United States and Russia continued efforts in 1975 to build on the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) agreements reached in Vladivostok, Russia, in November of 1974, but they reported little progress. Both sides continued to develop a variety ...


Description:
War ended in Indochina in the spring of 1975, and the United States abandoned its footholds there. Non-Communist Asian countries spent the rest of the year adjusting to the reality of several new Communist regimes in their midst.


Description:
Two especially good examples of the added information that can be gained by making composite pictures from several individual exposures of celestial sources excited astronomers in 1975. The first shows how astronomers can artificially eliminate ...


Description:
President Sheik Mujibur Rahman, the spellbinder who liked to be called father of his nation, was assassinated on Aug. 15, 1975. The young officers who killed him also shot his wife, his three sons, his brother, and his nephew, Sheik ...


Description:
The Cincinnati Reds, with one of the best records in modern baseball history, became 1975 champions in one of the greatest World Series in history. But a labor arbitrator's ruling soon pushed the series into the background.


Description:
The Golden State Warriors, the Kentucky Colonels, and the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), won the major U.S. basketball titles in 1975, all in upsets. But as has happened so often in recent years, the struggle among professionals to ...


Description:
The coalition government of Prime Minister Leo Tindemans survived a parliamentary vote of confidence by 112 to 91 on June 12, 1975. The crisis arose when the small Walloon Union Party, which holds a 12-seat balance of power, opposed the parliamentary ...


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Scientists from 16 countries agreed in February, 1975, on voluntary guidelines to control experiments in which genes are transmitted from one organism to another. Their meeting at the Asilomar Conference Center in Pacific Grove, Calif., grew out of a ...


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The U.S. pleasure-boating industry held its own financially during 1975, with sales about the same as the near-record level of the previous year. Boating-industry spokesmen said that sales of new boats and equipment exceeded $2 billion. There were ...


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Three groups of scientists in Australia and Canada succeeded in 1975 in getting the nitrogen-fixing bacteria Rhizobium


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A team of scientists from the University of Arizona's Lunar and Planetary Laboratory headed by Harold P. Larson announced in March, 1975, that they had detected oxygen, combined in water vapor, in the atmosphere of Jupiter. They used the National ...


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Anatoly Karpov, a Russian economics student, became world chess champion on April 3, 1975, by default over reigning champion Bobby Fischer of the United States. Karpov is the first player to win the title without proving his right to it in a showdown ...


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Chile suffered another year of international isolation and bitter economic recession in 1975. President Augusto Pinochet Ugarte and the military junta continued to govern under a state of siege. Press controls tightened, trade union leaders were ...


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Party slogans came to life in electric lights in Peking and fireworks brightened the sky on the evening of Jan. 18, 1975. Street loudspeakers announced that the Fourth National People's Congress had begun its work. In fact, China's People's Congress ...


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Civil rights became a suspenseful concern in Portugal, India, and elsewhere in 1975. Portugal, after overthrowing a 40-year dictatorship in 1974, seemed about to slide into a hybrid Communist-military domination that had the support of only a minority ...


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President Alfonso Lopez Michelsen in 1975 faced the familiar plight of every would-be reformer. He was under attack from those who thought he was moving too fast and those who thought he was not moving fast enough. Confronted with street violence, ...


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The Federal Assembly elected Communist Party First Secretary Gustav Husak president of Czechoslovakia on May 29, 1975, signaling a more moderate policy line. He replaced the ailing 79-year-old Ludvik Svoboda. But in July, Viliam Salgovic, former chief ...


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Although dance has been booming for the last five years, it was never as glamorous as it was in 1975. Individual personality, rather than choreography or artistic achievement, was the keynote.


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A large number of candidates entered the race in 1975 for the 1976 Democratic presidential nomination. Ten contenders had announced their candidacy by the end of November, and more were expected before the Democrats assemble for their national ...


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Anker Henrik Jorgensen, leader of the Social Democratic Party, formed a minority government on Feb. 13, 1975, after the Liberal Party failed to gain support for a tough economic program. In parliamentary elections on January 9, former Prime Minister ...


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A task force of the President's Domestic Council issued a report in October, 1975, that strongly urged a de-emphasis of U.S. law-enforcement measures against users and possessors of small quantities of marijuana. The main efforts, the report said, ...


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The recent cordiality between the Greek Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches was broken in July, 1975, when the Vatican decided to appoint a new bishop for the Uniate Church, a small sect in Greece that recognizes the pope but follows Eastern Orthodox ...


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Europe reeled from the force of worldwide recession in 1975 and struggled to lower inflation and unemployment while revitalizing the economy. In the fall, all of the nine European Community (Common Market) countries except Great Britain and Ireland ...


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Fashion in 1975 touched on everything from loose peasant garments to tailored blazer suits, jumped from uniform thinking to fantasy expressions, and maintained an overriding concern with quality. The message from designers was ...


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Representatives of 69 nations, meeting in Rome, agreed on Nov. 1, 1975, to set up a fund to help produce food in the world's least-developed countries. An initial aid target of $1.2 billion was set, with contributions split evenly between the ...


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Labor and economic problems shook both professional and college football in 1975. Among the professionals, the National Football League (NFL) completed its second season without a labor contract, and the rival World Football League (WFL) went out of ...


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France struggled in 1975 to keep unemployment below 1 million while reviving the economy and safeguarding the franc. President Valery Giscard d'Estaing agreed with West German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt in Bonn, West Germany, on July 27 that parallel ...


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Remains of the largest winged reptile known to have flown were unearthed in Big Bend National Park in southwest Texas in rocks of the late Cretaceous Period, some 65 to 70 million years ago. Vertebrate paleontologist Douglas A. Lawson of the ...


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Forego successfully defended his title in 1975, proving again to be the best handicap horse in the United States. He won major stakes throughout the year and beat late-season challenger Wajima in the Woodward Stakes at Belmont Park on September 27.


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Hungary continued its policy of economic and political retrenchment at home in 1975 and strengthened its economic ties with Russia and other Communist countries. Janos Kadar was reelected first secretary for another five years at the Communist Party ...


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Sheila Young of Detroit won most of the world-championship races for women speed skaters on successive February weekends in 1975. The first meet, the world sprint championships on February 15 and 16 at Goteborg, Sweden, featured two 500-meter and two ...


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India would long remember June 12, 1975. That morning, the high court in Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's hometown of Allahabad, in the state of Uttar Pradesh, ruled that she had won her seat in parliament by corrupt means and must give it up. The court ...


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The wave of Indian militancy continued in 1975. Two agents of the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation and one Indian were killed on June 26 in a gun battle on the Pine Ridge Indian reservation in South Dakota, when the agents attempted to arrest four ...


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Indonesia may well remember 1975 as the year of the Pertamina Scandal. Pertamina is a government-controlled conglomerate based on Indonesia's vast oil wealth. But it is more than just the state oil company. Under its flamboyant president, ...


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The recession hindered growth in communications facilities throughout the world during 1975. Nevertheless, it was a year of net gain. Satellite systems and terrestrial and undersea cable systems expanded, while advances in electronics speeded call ...


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Young liberal House Democrats challenged the congressional seniority system in 1975, sweeping three committee chairmen from their posts on January 22. Wright Patman (D., Tex.) was replaced as chairman of the Banking and Currency Committee by Henry S. ...


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Thomas S. Kleppe, former congressman and head of the Small Business Administration, was confirmed as U.S. secretary of the interior on Oct. 9, 1975. Kleppe, a millionaire businessman from North Dakota, succeeded Stanley K. Hathaway as head of the ...


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Attempts to promote international law by strengthening the United Nations International Court of Justice in The Hague, the Netherlands, met with disappointing results in 1975. One proposal, endorsed by a group of South American jurists, would have ...


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Terrorism, particularly by urban guerrillas, continued to plague governments worldwide during 1975, prompting increased calls for international cooperation in combating the widespread violence. In the United States, the bloodiest single incident ...


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Cuba moved closer to normal relations with other American nations in 1975. Sixteen of the 24 members of the Organization of American States (OAS) voted on July 29 to lift the diplomatic and economic sanctions adopted in 1964 and allow more normal ...


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Two-thirds of the world's 800 million adult illiterates are women, a United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) study revealed in September, 1975. The report, given at the International Symposium for Literacy, held at ...


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President Anwar al-Sadat's official visit to the United States in November, 1975, capped a year of accomplishments that earned him high rank among the world's leaders. His major achievement was the signing of an interim peace agreement with Israel on ...


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Democrats won most of the major 1975 elections, but Republicans clearly gained strength in some areas. Boston Mayor Kevin H. White and Kentucky Governor Julian Carroll survived an antibusing backlash to win election. However, a major setback for ...


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Scientists in the United States and Europe announced in 1975 that they have perfected electronic systems that are the visual equivalent of the phonograph. To be marketed in late 1976, the systems play videodisks


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Major inroads are being made on our irreplaceable environmental capital in pursuit of short-term economic benefits, Maurice F. Strong, executive director of the United Nations (UN) Environment Program, warned on April 17, 1975. Speaking at ...


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The military government that ousted Emperor Haile Selassie I abolished Ethiopia's monarchy on March 21, 1975. After deposing Selassie in September, 1974, the government invited his eldest son, Crown Prince Asfa Wossen, to return from Europe to be ...


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Jack Nicklaus of Columbus, Ohio, was the 1975 golfer of the year. He won five tournaments, more than anyone else, on the Professional Golfers' Association (PGA) tour. Of the four grand-slam tournaments, he won two  the Masters and the PGA  ...


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The United Kingdom pulled back from the brink of economic chaos in 1975. Whether it turns out to have been simply a short respite on the way to national bankruptcy or a watershed heralding the beginning of national salvation remains to be seen.


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sought full membership in the European Community (Common Market) on June 12, 1975. Greece had been an associate member from 1962 to 1967, when a military dictatorship took over the government. Membership was restored in 1974 with the return of ...


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Representatives from 30 nations, members of the World Federation of the Deaf, met in August in Washington, D.C., to discuss the problems of the deaf. The group meets every four years, but this was its first meeting in the United States. The delegates ...


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Officials of the World Health Organization (WHO) predicted in September, 1975, that the worldwide battle against smallpox would end soon. They also said that they expect two years of searching after the last smallpox case is cured before an ...


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The Philadelphia Flyers retained the National Hockey League (NHL) championship in the 1974-1975 season, a result of their rough style and the coaching of Fred Shero. They won the Stanley Cup play-offs for the second consecutive year and produced the ...


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Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi declared Iran a one-party state on March 2, 1975, and urged all Iranians to join the new party, the Iran Resurgence Party. He appointed Prime Minister Amir Abbas Hoveyda secretary-general of the party. The shah also ...


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The border treaty with Iran, mediated by Algeria in March, 1975, ended a long-standing boundary dispute in the Shatt al Arab estuary, which links the Tigris and Euphrates rivers to the Persian Gulf. The new boundary follows the midpoint of the main ...


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Ireland spent 1975 grappling unsuccessfully with its most serious economic crisis since the 1930s. By summer, inflation reached an annual rate of 25 per cent, and more than 100,000 persons  12 per cent of the labor force  were unemployed. ...


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Israel agreed to a long-sought interim agreement with Egypt on Sept. 4, 1975, in Geneva, Switzerland, calling on both sides to pull back Sinai forces. But the agreement was a mixed blessing for Israel.


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President Giovanni Leone, who is rarely heard from in political affairs, warned Parliament on Oct. 15, 1975, that Italy was in serious trouble. In the first State of the Nation message in 12 years, he said Italy suffered from too many strikes and too ...


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The first state visit to the United States by a reigning Japanese ruler occurred in 1975, when Emperor Hirohito toured the nation. The visit began on September 30 at Williamsburg, Va., and then the imperial party visited President Gerald R. Ford in ...


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Money was at the root of most library problems in the United States and Canada in 1975. New York City, teetering on the edge of bankruptcy, ordered libraries in the boroughs of Brooklyn, Manhattan, and Queens to cut $6.2 million from their budgets. ...


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Discontent in the ruling Revolutionary Command Council with the policies and leadership of President Muammar Muhammad al-Qadhaafi led to an attempted coup in August, 1975. The attempt was led by Major Omar Meheishi, minister of planning and scientific ...


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Despite gloomy early forecasts, book-publishing profits and authors' royalties were eminently satisfactory in 1975. This was the consensus of the world's major publishers who were represented  some by their best-selling authors  at the ...


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Because of rising printing costs, several publishers indicated in 1975 that the full-color illustrations so characteristic of children's books may become a rarity in the future. Feeling the pinch of inflation, publishers began turning to ...


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The Audit Bureau of Circulations in Chicago reported a 1.2 per cent drop in total circulation for its 309 consumer- and farm-magazine members for the first six months of 1975 compared with the same period in 1974. Newsstand sales declined 4.9 per ...


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The Voice of Malayan Revolution, a radio station in southern China, filled the airwaves of Malaysia in 1975 with reports of victories in the jungle and with appeals to the toiling masses to join in a people's war. ...


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Industry in the United States spent 1975 trying to recover from the worst recession since the Great Depression of the 1930's. Recovery began slowly in April and May, accelerated during the summer, and began to moderate in October. The Federal Reserve ...


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The European Community (Common Market) decided on Feb. 11, 1975, to allow the 400,000 doctors in member countries to practice medicine anywhere in the nine nations. The decision, made by the group's health ministers at a meeting in Brussels, Belgium, ...


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The Supreme Court of the United States upheld the rights of mental patients on June 26, 1975. In a unanimous, precedent-setting decision, the court ruled that a mentally ill person cannot be institutionalized if the hospital is not offering treatment, ...


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The ruling Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) gave its presidential nomination to Finance Minister Jose Lopez Portillo on Sept. 22, 1975. Traditionally, the nomination virtually assures Lopez victory in the July, 1976, election. Party leaders ...


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With the September, 1975, signing of a disengagement agreement in the Sinai Peninsula, Egypt and Israel took a giant step toward the elusive permanent settlement of the Arab-Israeli conflict. Nudged along by the shuttle diplomacy of U.S. ...


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With a single bold stroke, King Hassan II ended a long dispute with Spain in 1975 and gained control of the northern half of phosphate-rich Spanish Sahara. The chain of events began in May, when Spain announced it would grant independence to Spanish ...


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Nobel prizes in peace, literature, economics, and science were presented in 1975. However, the Russian government refused to allow Andrei D. Sakharov, the first Russian to win the prize for peace, to attend the formal presentation ceremony in Oslo, ...


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Northern Ireland continued a vain search for some degree of reconciliation between its warring Roman Catholic and Protestant communities in 1975. The British government spent the year clinging to a cease-fire with the Irish Republican Army (IRA), ...


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Prime Minister Trygve Bratteli announced on Sept. 25, 1975, that he would resign in January, 1976. His successor was to be the ruling Labor Party's parliamentary leader, Odvar Nordli. The move followed a weakening of support for the party. In ...


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The Fourth United Nations Law of the Sea Conference in Geneva, Switzerland, which ended on May 9, 1975, produced a treaty draft that could bring order to ocean law. Drafted by delegates from 140 nations, the treaty would allow coastal states to ...


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Preparations continued in 1975 without major problems for the 1976 Olympic Winter Games in Innsbruck, Austria. Preparations continued with all kinds of problems for the 1976 Olympic Summer Games in Montreal, Canada.


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All island groups experienced inflation and a downturn in their economies in 1975. They had to pay more for goods imported from the industrial countries and for transport. At the same time, the tourist boom subsided in such places as Fiji.


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The military regime survived revolts in 1975 by both left wing and right wing forces. By year's end, moderate elements appeared to be in control. Abroad, Portugal granted independence to Angola on November 11, but serious fighting among rival factions ...


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An off-again, on-again postal rate hike finally went into effect on Dec. 31, 1975, boosting the cost of a first-class letter from 10 cents to 13 cents. The price of post cards went up to 9 cents, and parcel-post rates were increased an average of 10 ...


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Gerald R. Ford faced unusual problems during 1975. He was not the nation's elected leader; he became President under the terms of the 25th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. He had been elected only as a Republican representative to Congress from ...


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A distinct upsurge in prison population led to serious overcrowding in many United States penal institutions in 1975, and correctional authorities warned that the trend could lead to severe problems in coming years. After relatively little prison ...


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Internationally, Protestant turmoil in 1975 was reflected in a number of issues, most of them having to do with religious repression by military regimes. In South Korea, many Protestant ministers were exiled or imprisoned by President Chung Hee Park. ...


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Researchers at Tulane University in New Orleans reported in June, 1975, that they had identified the action of two neurotransmitters


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Jews throughout the world were alarmed in 1975 by the demands of Arab and other nonaligned, or third world, countries that the United Nations (UN) oust or suspend Israel. But the UN's credentials committee accredited the Israeli delegation on ...


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Jordan improved its relations with neighboring Syria and Iraq in 1975. This, along with continued financial support from Kuwait and Saudi Arabia, strengthened Jordan's position and compensated for the 1974 Arab snub of King Hussein I. In 1974, at an ...


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Kuwait voters elected 25 new National Assembly deputies on Jan. 27, 1975, when 65 per cent of the electorate turned out to vote. Prime Minister Jabir al-Ahmad al-Sabah formed a new 17-member Cabinet on February 9. The election was another step toward ...


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American workers began to see the light at the end of the tunnel in 1975, despite severe rates of unemployment and inflation. In November, 7.7-million Americans were unemployed, an increase of 1.7 million over November, 1974. The unemployment rate ...


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Spiraling inflation, growing trade deficits, and political unrest created turbulent undercurrents in Latin America in 1975. Simultaneously, they helped to stimulate an ever-widening surge toward self-reliance and economic stability.


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Wracked by bloody urban civil war, Lebanon sank near complete political and economic collapse in 1975. The capital, Beirut, lay in ruins. More than 6,000 persons had been killed and thousands wounded by late December.


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Although movies themselves were not better than ever in 1975, the movie business certainly was. American motion pictures sold well in other countries, while foreign films did unusually well in the United States.


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Composers and musical groups all over the United States were preparing in 1975 for the American Revolution Bicentennial. Gian Carlo Menotti was writing an opera for the Philadelphia Lyric Opera and a choral work for the Washington, D.C., Cathedral. ...


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The discotheque returned as an important medium of exposure for popular music in many United States cities in 1975. The discos played mainly black soul music, designed for dancing. The music is strongly dominated by bass and drum rhythms, ...


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Queen Juliana announced plans to cut defense spending in her speech from the throne on Sept. 16, 1975. She said the Netherlands would withdraw a guided missile cruiser from the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) force in October, two years ...


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Labor problems, tied in with economic problems, were an important factor in the newspaper industry throughout the world in 1975. In the United States, the Washington Post


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President Yakubu Gowon was forced from office by junior military officers in a bloodless coup on July 29, 1975. At the time, he was in Uganda, representing Nigeria at a summit meeting of the Organization of African Unity.


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Hayat Mohammad Khan Sherpao, home minister of the North-West Frontier province and a close friend of Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, was killed by a bomb on Feb. 8, 1975, in Peshawar, the provincial capital. Within 48 hours, the main opposition ...


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Athletes from the United States won most of the honors in the 1975 Pan American Games held from October 13 to 26 in Mexico City, Mexico. That was expected. What was not entirely expected was the often-fierce anti-American outbursts by the Mexican ...


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President Juan Velasco Alvarado was ousted, after nearly seven years in office, in a bloodless coup d'etat on Aug. 29, 1975. He was replaced by General Francisco Morales Bermudez Cerruti, who was sworn in on August 30. Peru's military-led revolution ...


