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Solar system is a group of heavenly bodies consisting of a star and the planets and other objects orbiting around it.


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Solar wind is a continuous flow of particles from the sun.


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Solder, is a metal alloy used to join metal surfaces together (see Alloy).


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Sole is the name of a family of flatfishes that have twisted skulls so that both eyes are on the same side of the body.


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Solenodon, is a rare animal that looks like a long-nosed rat.


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Soleri, Paolo, (1919-...), is an Italian-born architect and urban planner.


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Solid, in mathematics, is a geometric figure with the three dimensions of length, breadth, and thickness.


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Solid-state physics, also called condensed-matter physics, deals with the physical properties of solid materials.


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Solitaire is the name of many card games that are played by one person.


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Solomon, (?-928? B.C.), was the third king of ancient Israel.


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Solomon, Islands is an island country in the South Pacific Ocean.


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Solomon Islands, are a chain of islands in the South Pacific Ocean.


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Solomon's-seal, is the name of a large group of hardy plants that grow in the temperate zones of North America, Europe, and Asia.


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Solon, (639?-559? B.C.), was a famous lawmaker.


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Solow, Robert Merton (1924-...), is an American economist known for his contributions to the theory of economic growth.


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Solstice, is one of the two moments each year when the sun is at either its northernmost or southernmost position.


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Solti, Sir Georg (1912-1997), was a leading symphony orchestra and opera conductor.


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Solution is a mixture of two or more individual substances that cannot be separated by a mechanical means, such as filtration.


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Solvent, is a substance that dissolves another substance to form a solution.


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Solzhenitsyn, Alexander (1918-...), is a Russian novelist.


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Somalia, is the easternmost country on the mainland of Africa.


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Somoza Garcia, Anastasio, (1896-1956), was a Nicaraguan dictator who ruled his country for 20 years before he was assassinated in 1956.


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Sonar, is a device that uses sound energy to locate objects; measure their distance, direction, and speed; and even produce pictures of them.


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Sonata, is an instrumental composition that consists of several movements.


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Sondheim, Stephen (1930-...), is an American composer and lyricist who won fame for his works for musical theater.


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Song is a musical composition for one or more voices.


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Song, dynasty, also spelled Sung, ruled China from 960 to 1279.


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Song of Solomon is a poetic book of the Hebrew Bible, or Old Testament.


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Songhai Empire was a black trading state in Africa that reached its peak during the 1400's and 1500's.


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Sonic boom is a loud noise caused by an object--usually an airplane--flying at a supersonic speed.


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Sonnet is a 14-line poem with a fixed pattern of meter and rhyme.


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Sons of Liberty was a group of patriotic societies that sprang up in the American colonies before the Revolutionary War (1775-1783).


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Sons of the American Revolution is a patriotic organization.


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Sontag, Susan (1933-...), is an American essayist and novelist.


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Soo Canals permit ships to pass between Lakes Superior and Huron.


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Soong Ching-ling (1890-1981) was a prominent figure in the Chinese Communist government.


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Soot is a black or dark brown substance found in smoke.


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Sophists, were educators who traveled from city to city teaching for pay in the city-states of Greece during the second half of the 400's B.C.


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Sophocles, (about 496-406 B.C.), was the second of the three great Greek writers of tragedy.


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Sorbonne, was a world-famous college in Paris.


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Sorghum, is the name of a group of tropical grasses from Africa and Asia.


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Soroptimist, International is the world's largest service organization for business, executive, and professional women.


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Sorority is a society of women or girls.


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Sorrel, is the name of several species of herbs.


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Sosa, Sammy (1968-...), became one of the most exciting home-run hitters in baseball history.


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Sou, was a small coin in the French money system.


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Sourwood is a tree native to the woods of the southern part of the United States.


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Sousa, John Philip (1854-1932), was a famous American composer and bandmaster.


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Souster, Raymond (1921-...), is a Canadian poet.


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Souter, David Hackett (1939-...), became an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States in 1990.


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South Africa is a country that lies at the southern tip of the continent of Africa.


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South America is the fourth largest continent in area.


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South Arabia, Federation of, was a union of 17 small states at the southern tip of the Arabian Peninsula.


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South Australia is a state in south-central Australia.


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South Bend (pop. 107,789; met. area pop. 265,559) is one of the largest cities in Indiana.


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South Carolina is the smallest state in the Deep South region of the United States.


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South Carolina, University of, is a state-supported coeducational system of higher education.


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South Dakota is a Midwestern state of the United States.


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South Dakota, University of, is a state-supported coeducational school in Vermillion, South Dakota.


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South Dakota State University is a state-controlled coeducational university in Brookings, South Dakota.


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South Pole is a term used for several invisible surface points in the Antarctic region.


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Southampton, is a major seaport in the southern part of England, one of the political divisions of the United Kingdom.


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Southampton, Island is an island in Canada's territory of Nunavut.


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Southeast Asia includes the peninsula and islands east of India and Bangladesh and south of China.


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Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) was an alliance of eight nations that signed the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty in Manila, the Philippines, on Sept. 8, 1954.


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Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization (SEAMEO) is a regional organization that promotes cooperation among the nations of Southeast Asia through education, science, and culture.


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Southern Baptist Convention is the largest Baptist organization in the world.


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Southern California, University of, is a coeducational private university in Los Angeles.


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Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) is a civil rights organization in the United States.


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Southern Cross is a famous constellation (group of stars) in the Southern Hemisphere.


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Southern Cross was the airplane used by the Australian aviator Charles Kingsford Smith on many of his pioneering flights.


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Southern Methodist University is a private coeducational school in Dallas.


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Southern States are Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia.


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Southey, Robert (1774-1843), was poet laureate of England from 1813 until his death.


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Southwell, Robert (1561?-1595), was a Roman Catholic martyr and poet.


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Southwestern States are Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas.


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Sovereignty. The name sovereign was first applied to kings.


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Soviet, is a Russian word that means council.


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Sowthistle is the name of a group of weeds that grow wild in Europe.


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Soybean is a plant that supplies feed for animals, food for human beings, and raw materials for industry.


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Soyer brothers were important American painters known for realistic scenes of city life in the 1930's.


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Soyinka, Wole, (1934-...), won the 1986 Nobel Prize for literature.


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Spaak, Paul-Henri (1899-1972), was a European statesman and the first Socialist prime minister of Belgium.


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Spaatz, Carl (1891-1974), was the first chief of staff of the United States Air Force.


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Space exploration is our human response to curiosity about the earth, the moon, the planets, the sun and other stars, and the galaxies.


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Spahn, Warren (1921-...), became one of the greatest pitchers in baseball history.


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Spaight, Richard Dobbs (1758-1802), was a North Carolina signer of the Constitution of the United States.


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Spain is a country in western Europe famous for its colorful bullfights, sunny climate, and beautiful castles.


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Spallanzani, Lazzaro, (1729-1799), an Italian experimental biologist, showed that the air carries microscopic life.


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Spandex is a highly elastic manufactured fiber.


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Spanish America is the name sometimes given to the Spanish-speaking parts of Latin America.


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Spanish-American War marked the emergence of the United States as a world power.


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Spanish Armada was a fleet of armed ships that tried to invade England in 1588.


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Spanish bayonet is a general name for shrubby and treelike yuccas that grow in many dry regions of North America.


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Spanish Civil War was a bitter, bloody conflict that took place from 1936 to 1939.


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Spanish language is the official language of Spain.


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Spanish literature is one of the richest and most varied of all European literatures.


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Spanish Main was the name English traders and pirates gave to the northern coast of South America and to the Caribbean Sea and its islands.


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Spanish moss is a hanging plant that lives from the southeastern United States to Argentina and Chile.


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Spanishfly is a type of blister beetle, not a true fly.


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Spark, Muriel (1918-...), is a Scottish author best known for her short novels.


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Sparkman, John Jackson (1899-1985), an Alabama Democrat, served in the United States House of Representatives from 1937 to 1947 and in the U.S. Senate from 1947 to 1979.


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Sparks, Jared (1789-1866), was an American historian and biographer who was one of the first people to formally study the Revolutionary War in America (1775-1783).


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Sparrow is the name of many small, common birds.


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Sparrowhawk is the name of more than 20 species of small birds related to hawks.


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Sparta, also called Lacedaemon pronounced las ih DEE muhn, the capital of Laconia, was at one time the most powerful city-state of ancient Greece.


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Spartacus, (?-71 B.C.) led a great slave revolt against the Roman Republic.


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Spartina, is the name of a group of 16 species of grasses native to North America, South America, western Europe, and northern Africa.


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Spastic paralysis is a condition in which there is poor control over the muscles as a result of damage to the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord).


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Spavin, is a common name for two unrelated diseases that affect the hocks of horses.


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Spawn is a word that refers to the eggs of fishes, mollusks, amphibians, and other animals.


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Speaker is an electric device that reproduces sound.


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Speaker is the presiding officer in the lower house of several national, state, and provincial legislatures.


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Speaker, Tris (1888-1958), an American baseball player, was known as the "Gray Eagle" because of his gray hair and his speed in playing centerfield.


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Spear is one of the oldest weapons known to human beings.


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Speare, Elizabeth George (1908-1994), was an American author of historical fiction for children.


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Spearfishing is the sport of hunting fish underwater with a spear or a gun that shoots a spear.


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Spearmint is a type of mint plant that grows in most of the temperate regions of the world.


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Special drawing rights are reserve assets entered in the books of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) as credits for member nations.


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Special education is instruction designed to help both disabled and gifted children use their full learning ability.


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Special Libraries Association is an international organization of professional librarians and information specialists who serve institutions that use or produce specialized information.


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Special Olympics is a year-round international program of athletic training and competition for children and adults with mental retardation.


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Spectrometer, is an instrument that spreads out light and other types of electromagnetic waves into a spectrum and displays it for study.


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Spectrum is a band of visible light or any other kind of electromagnetic radiation arranged in order of wavelength.


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Speech therapy also called speech-language pathology, is a profession concerned with the evaluation and treatment of speech and language problems.


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Speed reading is the ability to read rapidly and with good understanding.


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Speedometer, is an instrument that indicates the speed of an automobile or other vehicle.


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Speedwriting is the registered trademark for a widely used rapid writing system.


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Speer, Albert (1905-1981), directed the production of weapons in Nazi Germany during World War II (1939-1945).


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Speleology is the scientific study of caves.


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Spelling is the way we combine letters to write words.


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Spellman, Francis Joseph Cardinal (1889-1967), served as archbishop of New York City from 1939 until his death.


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Spencer, Anna Garlin (1851-1931), was an American reformer, minister, and educator.


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Spencer, Herbert (1820-1903), was an English philosopher.


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Spengler, Oswald (1880-1936), was a German philosopher of history.


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Spenser, Edmund (1552?-1599), was a great Elizabethan poet.


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Sperm whale is the largest of the toothed whales, a group that includes belugas and narwhals.


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Spermaceti, is a waxy material obtained from the enormous head of the sperm whale.


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Sperry, Elmer Ambrose (1860-1930), was an American scientist, inventor, and manufacturer.


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Sphalerite, is the most important zinc ore.


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Sphere is a solid figure shaped like a ball or globe.


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Spheroid is a solid figure that resembles a sphere but is not perfectly round.


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Sphinx, is an imaginary creature of ancient myths.


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Spica, is the brightest star in the constellation Virgo.


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Spice is the name given to various food seasonings made from plants.


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Spider is a small, eight-legged animal that spins silk.


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Spider monkey is a large monkey noted for using its tail as an extra limb.


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Spiderwort, is the common name for a group of mostly tropical plants.


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Spielberg, Steven (1946-...), is an American motion picture director and producer.


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Spikenard, also called nard, is a plant that grows in China and the Himalaya.


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Spina bifida, is a spinal defect that is present at birth.


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Spine is the part of the skeleton that extends down the center of the back.


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Spinet, is a keyboard musical instrument that was popular from the 1500's to the 1700's.


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Spingarn, Joel Elias, (1875-1939), an American literary critic, was one of the first white leaders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).


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Spingarn, Medal is an annual award that was instituted by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1914.


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Spinning is the process of making threads by twisting together plant or animal fibers.


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Spinning jenny is a machine for spinning yarn.


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Spinoza, Baruch, (1632-1677), was a Dutch philosopher.


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Spiraea, is the name of a genus of herbs and shrubs in the rose family which bear white, pink, or rose-colored flowers.


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Spire is an architectural term used to describe the tapering structure at the top of a tower.


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Spirit of '76 is a famous patriotic scene painted about 1875 by the American artist Archibald M. Willard.


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Spiritual is a type of religious song made famous by the blacks of the Southern United States.


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Spiritualism is the belief that spirits of the dead can communicate with the living.


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Spirometer, is an instrument used to measure the volume of air a person can breathe.


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Spitz is the name of a family of dogs of far northern descent.


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Spleen is a soft, purplish organ located behind and to the left of the stomach in human beings.


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Split (pop. 190,000) is a city in southern Croatia that developed from an ancient Roman town.


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Spock, Benjamin McLane (1903-1998), an American pediatrician, became famous for his books on child care.


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Spoils system is the practice of giving public offices as political rewards for party services.


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Spokane, (pop. 195,629; met. area pop. 417,939) is an important commercial center in eastern Washington.


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Sponge is an animal that lives at the bottom of oceans and other bodies of water.


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Spontaneous generation refers to the theory that certain forms of life, such as flies, worms, and mice, can develop directly from nonliving things, such as mud and decaying flesh.


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Spoonbill is a long-legged wading bird that has a spoon-shaped bill.


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Spore is a tiny, specialized structure that is able to grow into an organism.


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Sport is a change in the hereditary material within cells.


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Sports are organized athletic activities played individually or in teams.


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Sports car is an automobile designed more for performance than for carrying passengers or luggage.


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Sports medicine is a field that provides health care for physically active people.


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Spot is a popular sport fish found in shallow coastal waters, estuaries, and sounds along the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts.


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Spotswood, Alexander (1676-1740), was a lieutenant governor of colonial Virginia.


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Spotted owl is an owl that lives in the forested mountains of western North America.


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Spotted Tail (1823?-1881) was a leader of the Brule band of the Teton Sioux Indians.


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Sprain is an injury to a ligament or to the tissue that covers a joint.


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Sprat is one of the smaller sea fish in the herring family.


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Spreadsheet is a computer program used to organize numerical and other data in rows and columns, and then to perform calculations involving the rows and columns of numbers.


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Spring is a natural source of water that flows from the ground.


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Spring is a device that recovers its shape after an outside force changes that shape and is then removed.


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Spring is the season between winter and summer.


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Spring-beauty is a type of North American wild flower that blooms in early spring.


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Springbok, also called springbuck, is an antelope that lives on the grassy open plains of southwestern Africa.


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Springfield, Illinois (pop. 111,454; met. area pop. 201,437), is the state capital and the center of a rich farming region.


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Springfield, Massachusetts (pop. 152,082; met. area pop. 591,932), is a commercial, educational, financial, and industrial center in the southwestern part of the state.


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Springfield, Missouri (pop. 151,580; met. area pop. 325,721), is the third largest city in the state.


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Springhare is a rodent that lives in eastern and southern Africa.


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Springsteen, Bruce (1949-...), is a popular American singer, songwriter, and guitarist.


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Spruance, Raymond Ames (1886-1969), was one of the top United States naval commanders during World War II (1939-1945).


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Spruce is the common name of a group of evergreen conifers (cone-bearing trees) in the pine family.


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Spruce budworm is a highly destructive forest insect pest that lives throughout the northern United States and southern Canada.


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Spurge family is the common name for a large family of herbs, shrubs, and trees.


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Sputnik, is the name of a series of unmanned satellites launched by the Soviet Union.


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Spy is a person who tries to get secret information, especially about the enemy in time of war.


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Spyri, Johanna (1827-1901), was a Swiss author of books for children.


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Squall is a sudden rise in the wind, often with a marked change in wind direction.


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Squanto, (1585?-1622), also called Tisquantum, was a Patuxet Indian who befriended the Pilgrims.


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Square, in geometry, is a plane figure that has four equal straight sides and four right (90°) angles.


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Square dancing is a type of American folk dancing performed by groups of four couples.


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Square measure is the system used in the measurement of surfaces.


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Square root of a number is a second number whose product with itself gives the original number.


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Squash is any of more than 40 kinds of gourd-shaped vegetables.


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Squash, also called squash rackets or squash racquets, is a fast indoor game similar to handball and racquetball.


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Squatter is a person who lives on land without having a title or other legal authority and without paying rent.


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Squatter's rights are claims made by settlers to the land on which they have settled.


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Squid is a marine mollusk (animal with a soft, boneless body) that is similar to the octopus, nautilus, and cuttlefish.


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Squill is the name of several plants with bulbous roots.


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Squirrel is any of a group of small to medium-sized gnawing animals with a long, cylindrical body; a furry tail; and powerful jaws.


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Squirrel monkey is a small, brightly colored monkey that lives in large groups.


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SRI International is a nonprofit, independent contract research organization.


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Sri Lanka, is an island country in the Indian Ocean that lies about 20 miles (32 kilometers) off the southeast coast of India.


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Stadium is a large structure for spectators built around a playing field or arena.


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Stael, Madame de (1766-1817), was a prominent French critic and novelist of the early 1800's.


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Stafford, Jean (1915-1979), was an American novelist and short-story writer famous for her sensitive portrayals of lonely, troubled individuals.


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Staffordshire, bull terrier is a powerful, heavyset dog.


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Stag beetle is the name of a family of beetles in which some males have oddly enlarged jaws.


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Stagecoach was a horse-drawn coach used to carry passengers and mail on a regular route.


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Stagg, Amos Alonzo (1862-1965), was one of the most successful and creative coaches in American college football.


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Stain is a liquid similar to paint that is used to color wood and other absorbent materials.


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Stained glass is colored glass that has been cut into pieces and reassembled to form a picture or decorative design.


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Stainless steel is the name of a family of alloy steels that resist corrosion (rust).


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Stalactite, is a beautiful stone formation found in some limestone caves.


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Stalagmite, is a stone formation that rises up from the floors of caves, especially in limestone caverns.


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Stalin, Joseph (1879-1953), was dictator of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.) from 1929 until 1953.


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Stalingrad, Battle of, one of the most important battles of history was a turning point in World War II (1939-1945).


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Stamford (pop. 117,083) is an important business center in southwestern Connecticut.


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Stamp is an official mark or seal or a small printed piece of paper with one glued surface.


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Stamp Act was passed by the British Parliament in March 1765.


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Stamp collecting is one of the most popular collecting hobbies in the world.


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Stamp duty is an important tax in many countries.


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Standard & Poor's indexes are statistics that are used to measure the level of American stock market prices.


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Standard of living usually refers to the economic level achieved by an individual, family, or nation.


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Standard Oil Company was one of the richest and most powerful businesses in the world during the late 1800's and early 1900's.


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Standard schnauzer, is a sturdily built dog with a wiry coat, bushy eyebrows, and whiskers and beard.


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Standard time is a worldwide system of uniform time zones.


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Standish, Miles (1584?-1656), came to America with the Pilgrims on the ship Mayflower.


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Stanford, Sir Charles Villiers (1852-1924), was a British composer, conductor, and teacher.


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Stanfield, Robert Lorne (1914-...), was leader of Canada's Progressive Conservative Party from 1967 to 1976.


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Stanford, Leland (1824-1893), was a railroad builder, governor of California, and United States senator.


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Stanford University is a leading educational and research center in the United States.


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Stanislas, Saint (1030-1079), is the patron saint of Poland and the city of Krakow, where he served as bishop.


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Stanislavski, Konstantin (1863-1938), was the stage name of an influential Russian stage director.


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Stanley and Livingstone were two British explorers who excited the Western world with their travels in Africa.


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Stanley brothers were two American inventors and manufacturers who built the Stanley steamer, one of the most famous steam-powered automobiles.


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Stanley Cup is a trophy awarded annually to the team that wins the National Hockey League (NHL) championship.


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Stanley of Preston, Baron (1841-1908), served as governor general of Canada from 1888 to 1893.


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Stanton, Edwin McMasters (1814-1869), an American statesman, served as secretary of war in the Cabinet of President Abraham Lincoln.


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Stanton, Elizabeth Cady (1815-1902), was an early leader of the women's rights movement.


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Staphylococcus, is a common organism that belongs to a group of round bacteria.


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Stapledon, Olaf (1886-1950), was a major British author of science fiction.


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Star is a huge, shining ball in space that produces a tremendous amount of light and other forms of energy.


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Star Chamber was an English court of law during the 1500's and 1600's.


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Star-of-Bethlehem is a small, hardy plant of the lily family.


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Star of David, also called the Shield of David, is the universal symbol of Judaism.


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Star-Spangled Banner is the national anthem of the United States.


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Starch is a white, powdery substance found in the living cells of green plants.


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Starfish, also called sea star, is a spiny-skinned sea animal that has thick, armlike extensions on its body.


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Stark, John (1728-1822), was a leading American general in the Revolutionary War in America (1775-1783).


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Starling is the name of several songbirds related to mynas.


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Starr, Belle (1848-1889), has been considered one of the few female outlaws in the United States.


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Stars and Stripes is a daily newspaper that presents news, editorials, and features of interest to military personnel stationed outside the United States.


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Starter is a device that sets an engine in motion.


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Starvation occurs when a living thing dies from lack of any food substance essential for life.


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Stassen, Harold Edward (1907-2001), an American political leader, became famous for repeatedly running for president.


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State, Department of, is the executive department of the United States government that plans and manages U.S. relations with other governments.


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State government provides many services and regulates many activities for the people of a state.


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State press is a system of publishing operated by a government or a government-controlled political party.


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Staten Island forms one of New York City's five boroughs (districts).


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States' rights is a doctrine aimed at protecting the rights and powers of the states against those of the federal government.


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Statesman is a person with a broad general knowledge of government and politics, who takes a leading part in public affairs.


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Static is a term for a disturbance in a radio or television receiver, usually caused by atmospheric electricity.


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Statice, is a name commonly applied to sea lavenders, a group of herbs or shrubs used in rock gardens and flower bed borders.


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Statics is one of the two branches of mechanics, the science that studies the effects of forces on bodies at rest or in motion.


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Statistics is a set of methods that are used to collect and analyze data.


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Statuary Hall is a room in the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C., that houses statues of outstanding American citizens from many states.


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Statue of Liberty is a majestic copper sculpture that towers above Liberty Island at the entrance to New York Harbor in Upper New York Bay.


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Statue of Liberty National Monument is on Ellis and Liberty islands in New York harbor.


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Statute of limitations is a law that sets a time limit for the filing of lawsuits.


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Steam is water that has been changed into gas and is at least as hot as 100 °C (212 °F.), the boiling point of water.


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Steam engine is any engine that is operated by the energy of expanding steam.


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Steam hammer is a power-driven hammer that is used to make heavy forgings.


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Steamboat is a term used for steam-driven vessels that sail on rivers.


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Stearic, acid is a valuable organic fatty acid that comes from many animal and vegetable fats and oils.


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Steele, Sir Richard (1672-1729), an Irish-born writer, created the popular journalistic essays that were published as The Tatler.


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Steelworkers of America, United (USWA), is one of the largest labor unions in the United States.


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Steen, Jan, (1626?-1679), was a Dutch painter.


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Steenbok, also spelled steinbok, is a small antelope that lives in southern and east-central Africa.


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Steeplechasing is a sport in which horses ridden by jockeys race over a series of obstacles on a course 2 to 41/2 miles (3 to 7.2 kilometers) long.


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Steffens, Lincoln (1866-1936), was an American author, editor, lecturer, and reformer.


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Stegner, Wallace (1909-1993), was an American author best known for his fiction set in the Great Plains and mountains of the American and Canadian West.


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Stegosaurus, was a large, plant-eating dinosaur that lived about 150 million years ago in what is now the western United States.


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Steichen, Edward (1879-1973), was an American photographer who helped develop photography as a creative art.


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Stein, Gertrude (1874-1946), was an American author who introduced a unique style of writing.


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Steinbeck, John (1902-1968), an American author, won the 1962 Nobel Prize for literature.


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Steinberg, Saul (1914-1999), was an artist noted for his humorous and thought-provoking pen-and-ink drawings.


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Steinem, Gloria (1934-...), is a writer and a leading supporter of the women's liberation movement in the United States.


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Steiner, Rudolf (1861-1925), was an Austrian-born philosopher who founded a spiritual movement called anthroposophy.


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Steinmetz, Charles Proteus, (1865-1923), was a German-born mathematician and engineer.


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Steinway, Henry Engelhard (1797-1871), was a German-born piano maker who founded the Steinway & Sons piano company.


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Stella, Frank (1936-...), is an American painter known for his use of geometric forms.


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Stem is the part of a plant that produces and supports the buds, leaves, flowers, and fruit.


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Stendhal, (1783-1842) is the pen name of Marie Henri Beyle, one of the chief figures in the history of the French psychological novel.


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Stengel, Casey (1890-1975), was one of the most successful managers in baseball history.


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Stepashin, Sergei Vadimovich, (1952-...), has held several important posts in Russia.


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Stephen (1097?-1154) was a king of England whose reign was so full of strife that it came to be known as The Anarchy.


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Stephen, George (1829-1921), was a Canadian financier.


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Stephen, Saint, was the first Christian martyr.


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Stephens, Alexander Hamilton (1812-1883), was vice president of the Confederate States of America during the Civil War (1861-1865).


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Stephens, James (1882?-1950), was an Irish author.


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Stephens, John Lloyd (1805-1852), was an American explorer and writer who aroused wide interest in the ancient Maya civilization of Central America.


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Stephenson, George (1781-1848), was a British engineer whose inventions helped create the British railway system.


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Stephenson, Robert (1803-1859), was a British engineer noted chiefly for the great bridges and viaducts he built.


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Steppe, is an area covered chiefly by short grasses.


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Stereophonic sound system is electronic equipment that reproduces lifelike sound, especially music, that seems to have depth and to come from many directions.


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Stereoscope, is an optical viewing device that makes photographs seem to have three dimensions.


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Stereotyping, is the method of making metal plates for use in printing.


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Sterility, refers to the inability to reproduce.


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Sterilization, in medicine and bacteriology, means the killing of germs.


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Stern, Isaac (1920-2001), was an outstanding American violinist.


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Sterne, Laurence (1713-1768), was an English clergyman who suddenly became famous as the author of The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman (1760-1767).


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Steroid, is any of a class of chemical compounds important in chemistry, biology, and medicine.


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Stethoscope, is a device physicians use to hear the sounds produced by certain organs of the body, such as the heart, lungs, intestines, veins, and arteries.


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Stetson, John Batterson (1830-1906), was an American hat manufacturer and philanthropist.


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Stettinius, Edward Riley, Jr. (1900-1949), was secretary of state under Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman. When the national defense program was set up in 1940, Stettinius held key posts.


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Steuben, Baron von (1730-1794), was a Prussian soldier who served in the American army during the Revolutionary War in America (1775-1783).


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Stevens, John (1749-1838), was an American engineer who urged the use of railroads rather than canals for transportation in the United States.


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Stevens, John Paul (1920-...), became an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States in 1975.


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Stevens, Robert Livingston (1787-1856), an American engineer, designed and built more than 20 steam-powered ships.


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Stevens, Thaddeus (1792-1868), of Pennsylvania was a leader of the Radical Republicans, a powerful group of Northern congressmen in the United States House of Representatives.


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Stevens, Wallace (1879-1955), was an American poet.


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Stevenson, Adlai Ewing (1835-1914), was Vice President of the United States from 1893 to 1897 under President Grover Cleveland.


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Stevenson, Adlai Ewing (1900-1965), was the Democratic nominee for President of the United States in 1952 and 1956.


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Stevenson, Robert (1772-1850), was a Scottish civil engineer noted as a builder of lighthouses.


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Stevenson, Robert Louis (1850-1894), was a Scottish novelist, essayist, and poet who became one of the world's most popular writers.


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Stewart, James (1908-1997), was a lanky American motion-picture actor who spoke with a distinctive drawl.


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Stewart, Potter (1915-1985), was an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1958 to 1981.


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Stickleback is a name given to a family of small fishes of the Northern Hemisphere.


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Stiegel, Henry William (1729-1785), was an important early American manufacturer of fine glass.


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Stieglitz, Alfred (1864-1946), was an American photographer who pioneered in photography as an art form.


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Still, Clyfford (1904-1980), an American painter, was a leading member of the abstract expressionist movement.


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Still, William Grant (1895-1978), was an American composer whose numerous works include five symphonies and nine operas.


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Stillwater, Minnesota (pop. 15,143), lies 18 miles (29 kilometers) northeast of St. Paul.


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Stilt is a wading bird with long, slender legs.


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Stilwell, Joseph Warren (1883-1946), commanded all the United States forces in the China-Burma-India theater of war during World War II (1939-1945).


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Stimulant is a substance that causes an increase in the activity of an organ of the body.


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Stine, R. L. (1943-...), became one of the best-selling children's authors in history with his novels of suspense and horror. Stine, an American, wrote most of the children's paperbacks that became best sellers during the middle and late 1990's.


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Stingray, also called stingaree, is a ray, or flattish fish.


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Stink bug is a kind of insect that gives off a foul odor when disturbed.


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Stirling engine is an experimental source of power that someday may be used in cars, boats, and other vehicles.


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Stock is a name given to about 50 species of garden flowers.


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Stock, Capital, is a right of ownership in a corporation.


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Stock exchange is a marketplace where member brokers act as agents for the public in buying and selling shares of stock.


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Stock ticker is an electronic display that shows purchases and sales of stock.


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Stockhausen, Karlheinz (1928-...), a German composer, has been a leading force in the development of modern music since the early 1950's.


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Stockholm (pop. 692,954) is the capital and largest city of Sweden.


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Stockings are articles of clothing that fit snugly over the feet and part or all of the legs.


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Stocks are an old device used for punishment.


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Stockton, Frank Richard (1834-1902), was an American author who wrote humorous short stories and novels.


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Stockton, Richard (1730-1781), was a New Jersey signer of the Declaration of Independence.


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Stoddert, Benjamin (1751-1813), was the first secretary of the Navy of the United States.


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Stoic philosophy flourished from about 300 B.C. to A.D. 300.


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Stoke-on-Trent (pop. 248,700), a city in west-central England, is the pottery center of the United Kingdom.


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Stoker, Bram (1847-1912), a British author, wrote Dracula (1897), one of the most famous horror stories of all time.


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Stokes, Carl Burton (1927-1996), served as mayor of Cleveland from 1967 to 1971.


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Stokowski, Leopold (1882-1977), was a flamboyant and somewhat controversial conductor.


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Stomach is an enlarged part of the alimentary canal.


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Stone, Edward Durell (1902-1978), was an American architect best known for his decorative use of concrete.


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Stone, Harlan Fiske (1872-1946), served as chief justice of the United States from 1941 until his death.


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Stone, Lucy (1818-1893), helped organize the women's rights movement in the United States.


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Stone, Oliver (1946-...), is an American film director, screenwriter, and producer.


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Stone, Thomas (1743-1787), was a Maryland signer of the Declaration of Independence.


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Stone Age is a term used to designate the period in all human cultures when people used stone, rather than metal, tools.


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Stone Mountain is a huge, rounded mass of light-gray granite, about 16 miles (26 kilometers) east of Atlanta, Ga. (It is the largest stone mountain, or smooth-sided rock dome, in North America.


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Stonechat is the name of a small bird that lives in Europe, Asia, and Africa.


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Stonefish is an extremely poisonous type of fish that lives along the bottom of tropical, shallow waters around coral reefs.


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Stonehenge, is an ancient monument on the Salisbury Plain in Wiltshire, a county in southwestern England.


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Stoneware is a hard, nonporous kind of pottery.


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Stoppard, Tom (1937-...), is a major English playwright.


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Stork is the name of a group of birds with long legs, strong wings, and a long, pointed beak.


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Storm usually refers to unpleasant or destructive weather, consisting of rain, snow, freezing precipitation, hail, strong winds, or a combination of these.


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Stormalong, Alfred Bulltop, was a gigantic sea captain in New England folklore.


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Story, Joseph (1779-1845), served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1812 to 1845.


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Storytelling is one of the oldest forms of folk art. "Tell me a story" has been a request of children and adults since people started to communicate with one another.


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Stoss, Veit, (1440?-1533), was a German sculptor.


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Stout, Rex Todhunter (1886-1975), was an American detective-story writer.


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Stowe, Harriet Beecher (1811-1896), is remembered chiefly for her antislavery novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin (1851-1852).


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Strabismus, is an abnormal condition of the eyes in which one eye is fixed on one object and the other eye is fixed on another object.


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Strabo, (63 B.C.?-A.D. 24?) was a Greek geographer and historian.


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Strachey, Lytton,  (1880-1932), was an English biographer, essayist, and literary critic.


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Stradivari, Antonio (1644?-1737), was one of the leading instrument makers in music history.


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Strafford, Earl of (1593-1641), was an English statesman.


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Strait is a narrow waterway connecting two larger bodies of water.


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Straits Settlements, in southeastern Asia, were part of colonial British Malaya.


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Strand, Paul (1890-1976), an American photographer, helped develop photography as an art.


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Strasbourg, (pop. 255,937; met. area pop. 388,483) is a trading center in France.


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Strassmann, Fritz (1902-1980), was a German chemist.


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Strategic Air Command (SAC) was the largest organization of the United States Air Force until June 1992, when an Air Force reorganization eliminated the command.


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Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT), a series of meetings between the Soviet Union and the United States, took place between 1969 and 1979.


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Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) refers to certain arms control agreements designed to reduce the numbers of long-range nuclear weapons.


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Strategic Defense Initiative was a United States effort lasting from 1983 to 1993 to develop a high-technology system of defense against nuclear missiles.


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Strategic Services, Office of (OSS), was a secret intelligence agency of the United States government during World War II (1939-1945).


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Stratemeyer, Edward (1862-1930), was an American author who created some of the most popular characters in children's literature.


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Stratford-upon-Avon is a quiet English market town famous as the birthplace of William Shakespeare.


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Strathcona and Mount Royal, Baron of (1820-1914), Donald Alexander Smith, was a Canadian fur trader, railroad builder, financier, statesman, and philanthropist.


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Stratified rock consists of layers, or strata.


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Stratosphere is a layer of the earth's atmosphere.


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Stratton, Charles Sherwood (1838-1883), was an American midget who became best known by his circus name, General Tom Thumb.


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Straus, Oscar (1870-1954), an Austrian composer, was the last of the successful Viennese operetta composers.


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Strauss, Johann, Sr. (1804-1849), was an Austrian composer who became known as the "Father of the Waltz." He was also a violinist and the leader of a popular orchestra that played light, entertaining music.


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Strauss, Johann, Jr. (1825-1899), was an Austrian composer who became known as the "Waltz King." Strauss composed nearly 400 waltzes that represent the peak of their style.


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Strauss, Levi (1829-1902), was an American clothing manufacturer.


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Strauss, Richard, (1864-1949), was a German composer.


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Stravinsky, Igor, (1882-1971), was a Russian-born composer.


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Straw consists of the dried stems of such grains as wheat, rye, oats, and barley.


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Strawberry, a small plant of the rose family, is grown for its tasty heart-shaped fruit.


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Strawflower is a tall herb grown for its yellow, orange, red, or white flowers.


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Streamlining is the shaping of a body so that it meets the smallest amount of resistance as it moves through a fluid (liquid or gas).


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Streep, Meryl, (1949-...), is an American actress.


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Streetcar is a passenger vehicle that runs on rails laid in city streets.


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Streisand, Barbra (1942-...), is an American singer and actress who became famous for her dramatic interpretation of popular songs.


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Strep throat is an infectious disease that affects the membranes of the throat and tonsils.


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Streptococcus, , is any of a group of round bacteria that look, under a microscope, like strings of beads.


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Streptomycin, is an antibiotic that fights certain disease-causing bacteria.


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Stress is the body's emergency response to real or imagined danger.


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Stress test, also called exercise stress test or stress ECG, is a test that measures the functioning of the heart during physical exercise.


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Strike, in business and industry, is a stopping of work by a group of employees.


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Strindberg, August (1849-1912), was a Swedish author who became one of the most influential dramatists of his time.


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Stroke is the sudden loss of brain function.


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Stromboli, is an Italian island in the Tyrrhenian Sea off the northeastern coast of Sicily.


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Strontium, a chemical element, is a soft, silvery metal.


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Struve, Otto (1897-1963), was an American astronomer who contributed much to the study of stars.


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Stuart, Gilbert Charles (1755-1828), was an American artist.


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Stuart, House of, was a royal family of England and Scotland.


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Stuart, Jeb (1833-1864), was a Confederate cavalry general.


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Stuart, Jesse Hilton (1907-1984), was an American author known for his writings about the mountain region of Kentucky.


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Stucco is a plasterlike material applied to outside walls of buildings.


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Studebaker, Clement (1831-1901), an American manufacturer, founded a wagon-building business that later developed into the Studebaker Corporation.


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Studebaker, John Mohler (1833-1917), was an American automobile manufacturer.


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Student government is an activity in which students take part in the government of their school, college, or university.


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Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), also called "Snick," was a civil rights organization in the United States during the 1960's.


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Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) was a radical political organization in the United States during the 1960's.


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Study is an effort to learn about any subject.


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Sturgeon, is the common name of a family of large fishes living in the fresh waters and seas of the North Temperate Zone.


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Sturgeon, Theodore (1918-1985), was an American author of fantasy and science fiction.


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Sturges, Preston (1898-1959), was an American motion-picture writer and director.


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Stuttering, also called stammering, is a form of speech characterized by repetitions of sounds or syllables, by prolonged sounds, by hesitations, or by complete verbal blocks when no sound is produced.


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Stuttgart, (pop. 579,988) is the capital of the German state of BadenWurttemberg.


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Stuyvesant, Peter (1610?-1672), was the last Dutch governor of New Netherland.


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Sty is an infection of a follicle (sac) from which an eyelash grows or of a gland in the eyelid.


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Styron, William (1925-...), is an American novelist.


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Styx, was a gloomy river of the underworld in Greek and Roman mythology.


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Suarez, Francisco (1548-1617), was a Spanish theologian and a founder of the philosophy of international law.


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Subatomic particle is a unit of matter smaller than an atom.


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Sublette, William Lewis (1799?-1845), was an American fur trader and merchant.


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Sublimation, is the process by which a solid substance changes into a gas, or vapor, without first becoming a liquid.


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Subliminal, refers to stimuli that are so weak or last so short a time that a person is not aware of them.


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Submarine is a ship that can travel underwater.


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Subpoena, also spelled subpena, is a written legal order to appear as a witness and give testimony in court.


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Subsidy, is a money payment or other form of aid that the government gives to a person or organization.


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Subtraction is a way of taking away a number of things from a larger number.


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Suburb is a community next to or near a central city.


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Subway is an electric, underground railway designed to move large numbers of people quickly to their destinations.


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Succession, wars. Wars growing out of disputes over who should succeed to (inherit) a throne are called succession wars.


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Succulent, is the name for a fleshy plant, such as a cactus, that has large stems or leaves in which water is stored.


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Sucker is the name given to several kinds of fishes closely related to the minnow family.


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Suckling, Sir John (1609-1642), was the most famous member of the Cavalier poets, a group associated with the court of King Charles I of England.


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Sucre, (pop. 105,800) is the official capital of Bolivia.


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Sucre, Antonio Jose de (1795-1830), was commander of the armies that liberated Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia from Spain.


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Sucrose, is the chemical name for common table sugar.


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Sudan, is the largest country in Africa in area.


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Sudan grass is a tall grass plant primarily used as feed for livestock.


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Sudbury, Ontario (pop. 92,059; met. area pop. 160,488), is a world center of nickel production.


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Sudden infant death syndrome, also called SIDS, crib death, or cot death, is a term used to describe the unexpected death of an apparently healthy baby.


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Sudermann, Hermann (1857-1928), was a German dramatist and novelist associated with the naturalism movement.


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Sudetenland, is a historic region consisting of northern, southern, and western border regions of what is now the Czech Republic.


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Suess, Eduard (1831-1914), an Austrian geologist, became famous for his work on changes of the earth's surface.


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Suet, is the hard, white fat around the kidneys and loins of cattle and mature sheep.


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Suetonius, (A.D. 69?-140?) was a Roman biographer.


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Suez, (pop. 388,000) is an Egyptian city at the southern entrance to the Suez Canal.


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Suez, Canal is a narrow, artificial waterway in Egypt that joins the Mediterranean and Red seas.


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Suez Crisis began on July 26, 1956, when the newly elected Egyptian president, Gamal Abdel Nasser, nationalized the Suez Canal.


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Sugar is a food widely used as a sweetener.


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Sugar beet is a plant grown for the sugar contained in its large, fleshy root.


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Sugar cane is a tall grass plant that grows in tropical and semitropical countries.


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Suggestion, in psychology, is the acceptance of an idea by the mind without critical thought.


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Suharto, (1921-...), also spelled Soeharto, was president of Indonesia from 1968 to 1998.


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Sui, dynasty was a Chinese dynasty (family of rulers) that governed from A.D. 581 to 618.


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Suicide is the act of deliberately killing oneself.


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Suit. People who seek the help of a court of law to enforce their rights are said to "bring suit."


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Suite, is a type of musical composition.


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Sukarno, (1901-1970), also spelled Soekarno, was president of Indonesia from 1945 to 1967.


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Sukkot, is a Jewish festival that begins on the 15th day of the Hebrew month of Tishri (approximately September and October).


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Sulfa drug is any of a group of chemically related antibacterial compounds.


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Sulfate is a chemical compound that contains a certain group of associated atoms of sulfur and oxygen.


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Sulfide is a chemical compound that contains sulfur and some other element, usually a metal.


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Sulfur is a yellow, nonmetallic chemical element that is found in many parts of the world.


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Sulfur dioxide is a colorless, poisonous gas with a sharp odor.


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Sulfuric acid is a colorless, dense, oily liquid that is extremely corrosive.


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Sulgrave Manor is an estate in Northamptonshire, England, which is regarded as the home of George Washington's ancestors.


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Sulla, Lucius Cornelius (138-78 B.C.), reformed the Roman government.


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Sullivan, Anne Mansfield (1866-1936), became known as the teacher of Helen Keller, a deaf and blind woman who won international fame.


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Sullivan, Sir Arthur Seymour (1842-1900), was an English composer and conductor best known for a series of comic operettas he wrote with the English playwright Sir William Gilbert.


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Sullivan, Harry Stack (1892-1949), was an American psychiatrist and psychoanalyst who believed that an individual's personality is formed by the person's relationships with others.


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Sullivan, John L. (1858-1918), was a famous American heavyweight boxing champion. He was the last boxer to win the heavyweight championship fighting with bare knuckles.


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Sullivan, Leon Howard (1922-2001), was a Baptist minister and civil rights leader who organized economic self-help programs for African Americans.


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Sullivan, Louis Henri (1856-1924), was one of the greatest American architects.


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Sullivan, Louis Wade (1933-...), was United States secretary of health and human services from 1989 to 1993 under President George H. W. Bush.


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Sully, Thomas (1783-1872), an American painter, was noted for his elegant portraits.


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Sully Prudhomme, (1839-1907), a French poet, won the first Nobel Prize for literature in 1901.


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Sultan is a title given to some Muslim rulers.


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Sulu, Sea lies between the Philippine Islands and Borneo.


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Sulzberger, Arthur Hays (1891-1968), was the publisher of The New York Times from 1935 to 1961.


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Sulzberger, Arthur Ochs (1926-...), was the publisher of The New York Times from 1963 until his retirement in 1992.


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Sumac, is the name of a group of small trees and shrubs in the cashew family.


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Sumer, an ancient region in southern Mesopotamia (now southeastern Iraq), was the birthplace of the world's first civilization.


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Summer is the warmest season of the year.


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Summons is an order served (delivered) by a sheriff or other officer of a court.


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Sumner, Charles (1811-1874), was a famous statesman and antislavery leader in the United States.


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Sumner, William Graham (1840-1910), was an American sociologist known for his study of popular traditions and customs.


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Sumptuary, law. The word sumptuary comes from a Latin word which means expenditure.


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Sun is a huge, glowing ball at the center of our solar system.


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Sun dance ranks as one of the most important religious ceremonies of almost all the Indian tribes of the Great Plains of the United States.


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Sun lamp is an electrical device that produces artificial ultraviolet radiation.


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Sun Valley (pop. 1,427), a famous resort, lies in the Sawtooth Mountains of south-central Idaho, next to the town of Ketchum.


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Sun worship was a religious practice that developed in some lands as people came to associate the sun with the growing season and with warmth.


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Sun Yat-sen, (1866-1925), a Chinese statesman and revolutionary leader, fought to establish a republic of China.


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Sunbird is the common name of about 115 species of small songbirds.


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Sunburn is a painful inflammation of the skin that is caused by overexposure to the invisible ultraviolet rays of the sun.


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Sunday, Billy (1862-1935), was a baseball player who became a famous evangelist.


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Sundew is an unusual plant that traps and digests insects.


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Sundial is the oldest known device for the measurement of time.


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Sundiata Keita (?-1255) ruled the Mali Empire in West Africa from about 1240 to 1255.


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Sunfish is a name for several kinds of fishes.


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Sunflower is a tall plant known for its showy yellow flowers.


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Sunni Ali, (?-1492?) ruled the Songhai Empire in West Africa from 1464 to 1492.


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Sunnites, are the followers of the Sunni division of the Islamic religion.


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Sunset laws are laws that require certain state government agencies and programs to be reviewed regularly by the state legislature.


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Sunshine laws are laws that require federal, state, and local government agencies to conduct their meetings as openly as possible.


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Sunspot is a relatively dark area on the surface of the sun.


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Superconductivity is a phenomenon in which certain metals, alloys, organic compounds, and ceramics conduct electricity without resistance.


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Superfluid is a liquid that flows absolutely freely.


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Supernova is an exploding star that can become billions of times as bright as the sun before gradually fading from view.


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Superstition is a traditional belief that a certain action or event can cause or foretell an apparently unrelated event.


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Suppe, Franz von, (1819-1895), was an Austrian composer and conductor.


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Supply and demand are economic forces that determine the amount of a product that is produced and its price.


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Supreme Court of Canada is Canada's highest court.


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Supreme Court of the United States is the highest court in the United States.


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Surabaya, (pop. 2,159,170), sometimes spelled Surabaja, is the second largest city in Indonesia.


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Surface tension is a force that causes the surface of liquids to behave in certain ways.


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Surfing is an exciting water sport in which a person rides waves, usually in the ocean.


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Surgeon general of the United States serves as the nation's chief health adviser.


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Surgery is the branch of medicine that deals with the treatment of disease, deformities, or injuries by operations.


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Surinam, toad is an odd-shaped toad known for the unusual way it raises its young.


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Suriname, is a country on the northeast coast of South America.


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Surrealism is a movement in art and literature.


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Surrey, Earl of (1517?-1547), is usually linked in literary history with Sir Thomas Wyatt.


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Surveying is the technique of measuring to determine the position of points, or of marking out points and boundaries.


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Susa, also called Shush, was once the capital of the ancient Kingdom of Elam and the Persian Empire.


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Suspension is a mixture in which the particles of a substance separate from a liquid or gas slowly.


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Susquehanna, River is a swift but shallow waterway that flows through industrial and farm areas in the Eastern United States.


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Sussex, spaniel is a breed of dog that originated in England.


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Sutherland Falls is the fifth highest mountain waterfall in the world.


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Suttee, is a Hindu custom once widely practiced in India.


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Suva, (pop. 71,608) is the capital and largest city of Fiji, an island country in the South Pacific Ocean.


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Suwannee, River winds for about 190 miles (306 kilometers) through southern Georgia and northern Florida and empties into the Gulf of Mexico.


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Suzhou, (pop. 3,273,010) is an ancient Chinese city known for its canals, gardens, and pagodas (temples).


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Suzuki, method is a way of teaching children how to play certain musical instruments at a very early age.


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Svalbard, is a group of islands in the Arctic Ocean, about midway between Norway and the North Pole.


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Swahili, are an African people of mixed Bantu and Arab ancestry.


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Swallow is a type of small, graceful bird.


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Swammerdam, Jan, (1637-1680), was a Dutch anatomist and zoologist.


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Swamp is a wet area of land where trees and shrubs grow and where surface water is present for at least part of the year.


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Swan is a water bird closely related to ducks and geese.


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Swanscombe fossil is the remains of a prehistoric human being who lived between about 300,000 and 225,000 years ago.


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Swansea, (pop. 182,100) is the second largest city in Wales.


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Swastika, is an ancient symbol often used as an ornament or a religious sign.


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Swaziland, is a small, beautiful country in southern Africa.


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Sweatshop is a factory in which poverty-stricken people-mostly women and children-work long hours for low wages.


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Swedenborgians, follow the formulation of Christian doctrine as set forth by Emanuel Swedenborg, a Swedish theologian.


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Sweeney, John Joseph (1934-...), became president of the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO) in 1995.


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Sweet alyssum, is a low, spreading plant with clusters of tiny lavender or white flowers.


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Sweet cicely, is a European herb with fragrant leaves that taste much like anise.


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Sweet flag is a tall reedlike plant of the arum family.


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Sweet gum, also called red gum, is a tall, stately tree.


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Sweet pea is a favorite garden flower that belongs to the same family as the kind of pea that we eat.


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Sweet potato is a vegetable with large, fleshy, edible roots.


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Sweet William is a popular garden plant that is native to northern Europe and Asia.


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Sweetbread is a mild-flavored meat that comes from the thymus of a young calf or lamb, or the pancreas of a hog.


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Swift is a small bird that can fly for many hours with its long, strong wings.


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Swift is the name of certain small, quick-moving lizards.


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Swift, Gustavus Franklin (1839-1903), was an American businessman who founded one of the world's leading meat-packing companies, Swift & Company.


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Swift, Jonathan (1667-1745), an English author, wrote Gulliver's Travels (1726), a masterpiece of comic literature.


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Swigert, John Leonard, Jr. (1931-1982), a United States astronaut, served as command module pilot of the Apollo 13 lunar flight in April 1970. Swigert made the flight with astronauts Fred W. Haise, Jr., and James A. Lovell, Jr.


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Swimming is the act of moving through water by using the arms and legs.


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Swimming pool is a large tank used for swimming and diving.


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Swinburne, Algernon Charles (1837-1909), was a major English poet.


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Swiss is a fine, sheer, plain weave cloth.


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Swiss chard is a garden vegetable plant.


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Swiss Guard. This famous body of Swiss soldiers grew out of a group of 250 Swiss who were picked to guard the pope in the late 1400's.


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Swithin, Saint, also spelled Swithun, was a bishop of Winchester, England.


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Switzerland is a small European country known for its beautiful, snow-capped mountains and freedom-loving people.


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Swordfish is one of the fastest of all fish.


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Sycamore, is a shade tree with reddish-brown wood.


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Sydenham, Baron (1799-1841), was a British statesman and governor general of Canada from 1839 to 1841.


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Sydenham, Thomas (1624-1689), an English physician, was one of the most widely admired doctors of his time.


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Sydney is Australia's oldest and largest city and the capital of the state of New South Wales.


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Sylvester I, Saint ( ? -335), was elected pope in 314.


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Sylvester II (940-1003), elected pope in 999, became the first French pope.


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Symbol, also called emblem, communicates a fact or an idea or stands for an object.


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Symbolism was a literary movement that developed in France between 1885 and 1895.


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Symmetry, in geometry, is a correspondence, or matching, of parts of an object.


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Symphonic poem is an orchestral composition that tries to portray a nonmusical idea in music.


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Symphony is a large-scale musical composition for an orchestra.


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Synagogue is the Jewish house of worship and the center of Jewish education and social life.


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Synagogue Council of America is the united voice of American Jewry in all matters in which religion plays an important role.


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Synchrotron, is a device that accelerates electrons and protons to high energies.


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Syndicalism, was a revolutionary labor movement that achieved its greatest popularity in France during the late 1800's and early 1900's.


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Synge, John Millington (1871-1909), was an Irish dramatist who portrayed the rugged life of Irish peasants of the 1800's.


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Synonym, is a word that has the same, or nearly the same, meaning as another word.


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Synthesizer, is a musical instrument that produces sounds electronically.


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Synthetic fuel is a fuel that can be substituted for crude oil and natural gas.


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Synthetics are artificially created substances in which two or more elements are chemically combined to make a new compound.


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Syphilis, is a sexually transmitted disease that can lead to a variety of severe symptoms if left untreated.


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Syracuse, on the southeastern coast of Sicily, was one of the most powerful cities of the ancient Greek world.


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Syracuse, (pop. 163,860; met. area pop. 742,177) is an industrial center of New York.


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Syria, is an Arab country in southwestern Asia at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea.


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Syrian, Desert is a desert in southwestern Asia that covers parts of Jordan, Syria, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia.


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Systems analysis is the study of how the parts of a system work together.


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Szczecin, or in German, Stettin (pop. 414,200), is the leading port of Poland.


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Szell, George (1897-1970), was a Hungarian-born symphony orchestra conductor.


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Szilard, Leo (1898-1964), an American physicist, pioneered in the development of nuclear energy.


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Szoka, Edmund Casimir Cardinal (1927-...), was appointed a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church by Pope John Paul II in 1988.


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Szold, Henrietta (1860-1945), an American social worker, founded Hadassah, the largest Jewish women's organization in the world.


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Tabasco, is a state of southeastern Mexico along the Bay of Campeche.


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Tabernacle, also called the Tent of Meeting, was the center of worship of the Israelites during early Biblical times.


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Table tennis, or ping-pong, is a lively indoor game that resembles a miniature version of tennis.


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Taboo is an action, object, person, or place forbidden by law or culture.


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Tabriz, (pop. 1,191,043) is one of the largest cities in Iran.


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Tache, Sir Etienne-Paschal, (1795-1865), a Canadian statesman, twice served as prime minister of the Province of Canada.


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Tachometer, is a device that is used for measuring the speed of rotation of a spinning shaft or wheel, usually in terms of revolutions per minute (rpm).


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Tachycardia, is an unusually fast heartbeat sometimes called palpitation.


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Tachyon, is a hypothetical elementary particle.


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Tacitus, Cornelius, (about A.D. 55-about 120), was one of the world's greatest historians.


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Tacoma, (pop. 193,556; met. area pop. 700,820) is one of the largest cities in Washington.


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Taconite, is a hard rock that contains about 30 percent iron in the form of fine specks of iron oxide.


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Tadpole, also called polliwog, is an immature frog or toad.


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Tae kwon do, is a Korean martial art that resembles the Japanese technique called karate.


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Taegu, (pop. 2,229,040) is the third largest city in South Korea.


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Taft, Lorado (1860-1936), was an American sculptor, teacher, and writer.


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Taft, Robert Alphonso (1889-1953), was an American statesman.


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Taft, William Howard (1857-1930), was the only man in the history of the United States who served first as president, then as chief justice.


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Taft-Hartley Act is the popular name for the federal Labor-Management Relations Act of 1947.


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Taglioni, Marie (1804-1884), was one of the most famous ballerinas of the early 1800's.


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Tagus, River, also called Tajo, is the longest river of the Iberian Peninsula of southwest Europe.


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Tahiti, an island in the South Pacific Ocean, is known for its beauty and tropical climate.


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T'ai chi ch'uan, is a form of Chinese martial art.


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Tail is the part of the body of a vertebrate animal that extends backward beyond the pelvis.


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Tailorbird is a songbird found in tropical regions of China, India, Malaysia, and the Philippines.


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Taine, Hippolyte Adolphe, (1828-1893), was a French intellectual and critic.


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Taipei, (pop. 2,637,100) is the capital and largest city of the island country of Taiwan.


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Taiwan, is a mountainous island in the South China Sea, about 90 miles (140 kilometers) off the Chinese coast.


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Taj Mahal, is one of the most beautiful and costly tombs in the world.


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Tajikistan, also spelled Tadzhikistan, is a mountainous country in central Asia.


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Takakkaw, Falls consist of a series of waterfalls in the Canadian Rockies.


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Takin, is a large hoofed mammal closely related to goats, sheep, and musk oxen.


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Taklimakan, Desert lies in northwestern China between the Tian Shan and Kunlun mountains.


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Talbotype, was one of the first two photographic processes that marked the beginning of photography.


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Talc is a soft mineral found in flat smooth layers of rock, and in compact masses.


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Talent is a famous old unit of weight and value.


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Tallahassee, (pop. 150,624; met. area pop. 284,539) is the capital of Florida.


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Tallchief, Maria (1925-...), became the first American-trained ballerina of international importance.


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Talleyrand, (1754-1838) was a French statesman famous for his diplomatic achievements under Emperor Napoleon I and at the Congress of Vienna.


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Tallinn, (pop. 500,000) is the capital and largest city of Estonia.


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Tallis, Thomas (1505?-1585), was an English composer of religious vocal music during the Renaissance period.


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Tallow is a fatty substance used in many products.


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Tallowtree is the name of several trees that produce a waxy substance that can be used like tallow for making candles.


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Talmud, is a collection of Jewish religious and civil laws, together with scholarly interpretations of their meaning.


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Talon, Jean Baptiste, (1625-1694), a French official, served from 1665 to 1672 as intendant (administrative head) of justice and finance in Canada, then called New France.


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Tamarin, is a type of small monkey that lives in tropical rain forests in Central and South America.


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Tamarind, is a large evergreen tree that grows in the tropics.


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Tamayo, Rufino, (1899-1991), was an important Mexican painter.


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Tambourine, is a percussion instrument that consists of a narrow wooden or metal hoop with a thin sheet of plastic or animal skin stretched across one side.


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Tammany, Society of, also called the Columbian Order, was founded in New York City in 1789 by William Mooney.


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Tamoxifen is a drug widely prescribed throughout the world for treatment of breast cancer.


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Tampa (pop. 303,447) is a major United States seaport and an important commercial and industrial center of Florida.


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Tampere, (pop. 176,149; met. area pop. 218,722) is one of Finland's largest cities and industrial centers.


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Tampico, (pop. 294,789) is the second most important port in Mexico, after Veracruz.


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Tan Tock Seng (1798-1850) became a leader of the Chinese community in Singapore.


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Tanager, is the common name given a subfamily of American birds, many of which have brilliant red, blue, or green feathers.


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Taney, Roger Brooke (1777-1864), was one of the great chief justices of the United States.


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Tang, dynasty was a series of rulers who governed China from A.D. 618 to 907.


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Tangelo, is a mandarin citrus fruit that results from cross-pollination between a tangerine and a grapefruit.


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Tangerine, is the popular name for a citrus fruit of the mandarin group.


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Tangier, (pop. 497,147), also spelled Tanger, is a city on the northern coast of Morocco.


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Tango, was the first Latin American dance to gain great international popularity.


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Tangor, is a citrus fruit that belongs to the mandarin family (see Mandarin).


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Tanker is a ship designed to carry liquid cargo.


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Tanner, Henry Ossawa, (1859-1937), was an American painter.


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Tannhauser, was a German minnesinger (minstrel) of the 1200's.


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Tannic acid, also called tannin, is a group of chemical substances found in the bark, leaves, fruit, roots, and other parts of many trees.


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Tantalus, was a king of Lydia in Greek mythology.


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Tanzania, is a large country in eastern Africa that borders the Indian Ocean.


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Taoism, is a philosophy that began in China, probably during the 300's B.C.


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Taos, (pop. 4,700) is a historic city in north-central New Mexico.


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Tape recorder is a device for recording sound, pictures, and various kinds of information on magnetic tape.


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Tapestry is a woven fabric made from threads of different colors to form a picture or design.


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Tapeworm is any of a group of tapelike flatworms that live as parasites.


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Tapioca, is a food starch that is widely used in making puddings.


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Tapiola, a community in the city of Espoo, Finland, became world famous as a model for city planning.


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Tapir, is related to the horse and rhinoceros, though it looks more like a pig.


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Tar is any of a group of thick, oily, dark brown or black liquids.


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Tarantella, is a regional folk dance of southern Italy, including Sardinia and Sicily.


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Tarantula, is the common name of any one of a group of mostly large, hairy spiders.


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Tarascan, Indians live on the high plateaus of west-central Mexico, in what is now the state of Michoacan.


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Tarawa, (pop. 24,598) is the capital of Kiribati, a country of 33 small islands in the central Pacific Ocean.


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Tarbela, Dam in Pakistan, is one of the largest dams in the world.


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Tarbell, Ida Minerva (1857-1944), an American author, led in the muckraking movement of the early 1900's which attacked dishonesty in politics and business.


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Tariff, is a tax placed on goods that one nation imports from another.


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Tarkenton, Fran (1940-...), became one of the greatest quarterbacks in National Football League (NFL) history.


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Tarkington, Booth (1869-1946), was an American novelist and dramatist.


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Tarnish. When a metal rusts, or combines with oxygen, it is tarnished.


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Tarpan, was a wild horse that lived in the forests of Europe and on the steppes (vast prairies) of Russia.


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Tarpon, is a large game fish that resembles a herring.


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Tarragon, is an aromatic herb closely related to American sagebrushes.


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Tarsier, is a type of small mammal with a round head and unusually large eyes.


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Tarsus, (pop. 187,500) a city in south-central Turkey, is an agricultural center.


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Tartan, is a plaid cloth pattern that developed chiefly in Scotland.


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Tartaric, acid is an organic chemical that occurs naturally in grapes and several other fruits.


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Tartarus, was a deep pit below the surface of the earth in early Greek mythology.


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Tartini, Giuseppe, (1692-1770), was a great Italian violinist, composer, and teacher.


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Tartu, (pop. 115,000) is the second largest city in Estonia.


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Tashkent, (pop. 1,986,000), also spelled Toshkent, is the capital of Uzbekistan, a country in Asia and a former republic of the Soviet Union.


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Tasman, Abel Janszoon, (1603-1659), a Dutch navigator employed by the Dutch East India Company, explored the South Pacific.


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Tasman, Sea is that part of the Pacific Ocean which lies between southeastern Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand.


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Tasmania, is the island state of Australia.


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Tasmanian, devil is a fierce animal that lives on the Australian island of Tasmania.


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Tasmanian, tiger, also called Tasmanian wolf, was a large animal of Australia.


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TASS was the official news agency of the Soviet Union from 1925 until the country broke apart in 1991.


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Tasso, Torquato, (1544-1595), was an Italian poet of the late Renaissance period.


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Taste is an important sense in people and many animals.


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Tatars, are a Turkic-speaking people of Europe and Asia.


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Tate, Allen (1899-1979), was an American poet, critic, novelist, and biographer.


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Tati, Jacques (1908-1982), was a French movie director, comedian, writer, and mime artist.


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Tattooing is the practice of making permanent designs on the body.


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Tatum, Art (1909-1956), ranks among the greatest piano soloists of jazz improvisation.


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Taurus, is the second sign of the zodiac.


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Taussig, Helen Brooke (1898-1986), was an American physician who specialized in children's heart diseases.


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Tax Court, United States, is a federal court that handles disputes involving income, estate, gift, and other taxes.


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Taxation is a system of raising money to finance government services and activities.


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Taxco, (pop. 99,907) is a historic silver-mining town 70 miles (113 kilometers) southwest of Mexico City, Mexico.


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Taxidermy, is a technique for preserving animals and showing them as they looked when they were alive.


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Taxol, is a drug used to treat advanced cancers of the breast and ovaries.


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Tay-Sachs disease is a hereditary disorder of the nervous system.


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Taylor, Edward (1642?-1729), was the finest poet in colonial American literature.


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Taylor, Elizabeth (1932-...), is an American motion-picture actress.


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Taylor, Frederick Winslow (1856-1915), was an American engineer and efficiency expert.


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Taylor, George (1716-1781), was a Pennsylvania signer of the Declaration of Independence.


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Taylor, Maxwell Davenport (Aug. 26 1901-April 19, 1987), gained fame as a United States general in World War II (1939-1945) and the Korean War (1950-1953).


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Taylor, Mildred D. (1943-...), is one of America's leading authors of children's books. Her fiction reflects stories she heard growing up in an African American family, and her own childhood experiences.


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Taylor, Paul (1930-...), is an American choreographer (dance creator).


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Taylor, Zachary (1784-1850), served his country for 40 years as a soldier and for 16 months as president.


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Tayra, is a large member of the weasel family.


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Tbilisi, (pop. 1,280,000) is the capital of the country of Georgia.


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Tchaikovsky, Peter Ilich, (1840-1893), was the first Russian composer whose music became part of the standard concert program in western Europe.


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Tea is a beverage prepared by pouring boiling water over dry processed tea leaves.


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Teachers College, Columbia University, is the graduate school of education at Columbia University in New York City.


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Teagarden, Jack (1905-1964), was an American trombone player and blues singer.


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Teak is a forest tree native to southeastern Asia.


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Teal is a name given to several species of small ducks that live throughout the world.


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Team handball is a fast and exciting sport for men and women in which players try to score goals by throwing a ball into their opponents' goal.


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Teamsters Union is one of the largest labor unions in the United States.


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Teapot Dome was one of the most notorious government scandals in United States history.


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Tears are the secretion of the lacrimal glands.


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Teasdale, Sara (1884-1933), was an American lyric poet.


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Teasel, is the name of a group of herbs with prickly stems.


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Tebaldi, Renata, (1922-...), an Italian singer, became one of the great operatic sopranos of her time.


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Technetium, (chemical symbol, Tc) was the first artificially created element.


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Technical assistance is a form of foreign aid.


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Technicolor is a patented process for making motion pictures in color.


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Technology refers to the inventions-including tools, techniques, and processes-that people make and use to survive and prosper.


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Technology Assessment, Office of, or OTA, was an advisory agency of the United States Congress.


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Tecumseh, (1768?-1813) was an outstanding leader of the eastern American Indian tribes in the late 1700's and early 1800's.


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Tedder, Arthur William (1890-1967), Baron Tedder of Glenguin, became a marshal of the Royal Air Force of Britain in 1945.


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Teeth are hard, bonelike structures in the upper and lower jaws of human beings and many kinds of animals.


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Teflon is a trade name for polytetrafluoroethylene, a type of synthetic (artificially made) material that is used in cookware, insulation, and many other products.


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Tegucigalpa, (pop. 624,542) is the capital and largest city of Honduras.


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Tehran, (pop. 6,758,845), also spelled Teheran, is the capital of Iran and the second largest city in the Middle East.


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Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre (1881-1955), was a French paleontologist (expert on prehistoric life).


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Tektite, is a glassy stone that may look like a teardrop, ball, disk, rod, dumbbell, or button.


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Tel Aviv, (pop. 357,400) is Israel's second largest city and chief commercial, financial, and industrial center.


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Telecommunications refers to communication across a distance by means of various types of equipment.


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Telegraph was an important means of communication from the mid-1800's to the mid-1900's.


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Telegraph plant is an herb about 4 feet (1.2 meters) high.


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Telemann, Georg Philipp, (1681-1767), was perhaps the most famous German composer of his day.


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Telemarketing is the selling of goods or services by telephone.


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Telemetry, means measuring at a distance.


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Telepathy, is the communication of thoughts, feelings, or knowledge from one person to another without the use of the senses of hearing, sight, smell, taste, or touch.


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Telephone is an instrument that sends and receives voice messages, usually by means of electric current.


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Telescope is an instrument that magnifies distant objects.


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Television, also called TV, is one of our most important means of communication.


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Telford, Thomas (1757-1834), a Scottish civil engineer, was the greatest of the early builders of iron bridges.


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Tell, William, was a legendary hero of Switzerland.


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Teller, Edward (1908-...), an American physicist, became known as the father of the hydrogen bomb.


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Tellurium, is a semimetallic chemical element.


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Temperature is a measure of how easily an object gives up or receives heat.


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Temperature, Body. Body temperature is a measurement of the heat in an animal's body.


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Tempering is a process of hardening glass and metals, especially steel.


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Temple, Shirley (1928-...), was the most popular child motion-picture star of the 1930's.


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Ten Commandments is a list of rules for living and for worship that, according to the Bible, God wrote and gave to Moses on Mount Sinai.


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Tenant, in law, is a person who holds or possesses lands or buildings by any kind of title.


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Tenant farming is a common farming practice that involves raising crops and livestock on rented land.


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Tendon, also called sinew pronounced SIHN yoo, is a strong white cord that attaches muscles to bones.


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Tenement is a term usually used to describe a crowded, decaying apartment building.


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Teniers, David, the Younger (1610-1690), was a Flemish painter.


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Tennent, Gilbert (1703-1764), was a colonial American religious leader.


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Tennent, William (1673-1746), was an important Presbyterian minister in colonial America.


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Tennessee is one of the states that link the North and the South of the United States.


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Tennessee, University of, is a coeducational, state-assisted institution.


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Tennessee River is the largest tributary of the Ohio River.


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Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) is a federal corporation that works to develop the natural resources of the Tennessee Valley.


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Tenniel, Sir John (1820-1914), an English cartoonist and book illustrator, illustrated Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865) and Through the Looking-Glass (1871).


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Tennis is a game in which opposing players-one or two on each side-use rackets to hit a ball back and forth over a net.


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Tennyson, Lord (1809-1892), was one of the most important English poets of the 1800's.


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Tenochtitlan, was the capital of the Aztec empire.


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Tenrec is the name of about 30 species of small mammals that live primarily in Madagascar.


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Tense is a feature of verbs that indicates the time of an action.


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Tent is a portable shelter that many campers use for protection against the weather and insects.


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Tent caterpillar is the larva (second stage in the life cycle) of certain moths that damage trees.


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Tentacle, is a slender and flexible growth on the head of certain animals.


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Tenzing Norgay (1914-1986), a Sherpa guide from Nepal, became one of the first two people to reach the top of Mount Everest and return.


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Teotihuacan, was one of the largest cities of ancient Mexico.


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Tepee, also spelled tipi, was the type of tent most commonly used by the Plains tribes of North American Indians.


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Terbium, (chemical symbol, Tb) is one of the rare-earth metals.


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Terence, (190?-159? B.C.) was a Roman comic playwright.


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Teresa, Mother (1910-1997), was a Roman Catholic nun who received the 1979 Nobel Peace Prize for her work with the poor.


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Teresa, Saint (1515-1582), also spelled Theresa, is a saint of the Roman Catholic Church.


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Tereshkova, Valentina Vladimirovna, (1937-...), a Soviet cosmonaut, became the first woman to travel in space.


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Term limits prevent elected officials from serving more than a specified number of terms, and therefore years, in office.


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Termite is the common name of a group of chemically complex insects that live in communities somewhat as ants do.


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Tern is a subfamily of sea birds related to gulls.


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Terra cotta, is a hard, durable kind of earthenware.


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Terrapin, is the common name of certain freshwater or salt-marsh turtles.


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Terrarium, is the name for a transparent container in which small plants or small land animals are kept.


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Terrell, Mary Church (1863-1954), joined the struggle to gain equal rights for African Americans in the 1890's.


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Terrier is the name of a group of breeds of dogs.


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Territorial waters are areas of the ocean where a nation has sovereign rights.


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Territoriality is a form of animal behavior in which an individual animal or a group defends an area against other members of the same species or against members of other species.


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Territory is a type of region that belongs to or is controlled by a country or other independent political unit.


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Terrorism is the use or threat of violence to create fear and alarm.


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Tertis, Lionel (1876-1975), an English musician, became famous as a viola player and designer of stringed instruments.


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Tesla, Nikola (1856-1943), was a pioneer in electrical technology.


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Test Acts were statutes passed by the English Parliament in 1673 and 1678.


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Test pilot is a person who flies new aircraft to test them for safety.


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Test tube baby is the popular name for a baby resulting from in vitro fertilization (IVF).


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Testicle is either of a pair of small oval glands in the male reproductive system.


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Testicular cancer is an uncontrolled division of cells in the testicles, a pair of oval glands of the male reproductive system.


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Testing, in education and psychology, is an attempt to measure a person's knowledge, intelligence, or other characteristics in a systematic way.


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Testosterone, is a hormone that stimulates sexual development in male human beings.


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Tetanus, is a serious disease that affects muscles.


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Tetany, is a disorder associated with overexcitability and spontaneous activity of the nervous system.


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Teton, Range is a rugged group of Rocky Mountain peaks south of Yellowstone National Park in western Wyoming.


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Tetra, is a type of small tropical fish that lives in rivers of South America and Africa.


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Tetracycline, is any of a family of antibiotics used to treat infections.


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Tetzel, Johann, (1465?-1519), was a Dominican friar who sold papal indulgences in Germany.


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Teutonic, Knights was the name of an organization of German crusaders that arose in Europe during the 1100's.


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Teutons, is a name sometimes given to the Germanic peoples.


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Texas has a larger area than any other state in the United States except Alaska.


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Texas, University of, is a coeducational, state-supported system of higher education.


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Texas A&M University is the flagship institution in a large network of public universities and state agencies in Texas.


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Texas Christian University is an independent coeducational teaching and research institution in Fort Worth, Texas.


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Texas Rangers are special police officers of the state of Texas.


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Textile has traditionally meant a woven fabric.


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Thackeray, William Makepeace (1811-1863), was one of the great novelists of the English Victorian Age.


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Thailand, is a tropical country in Southeast Asia.


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Thalassemia, is an inherited blood disease that causes anemia.


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Thales, (625?-546? B.C.) was the earliest known Greek philosopher.


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Thallium, is a soft, bluish-gray metallic element that looks like lead.


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Thames, River is the most famous and most important river in England.


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Thane is an Anglo-Saxon title which was used for many years in early England.


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Thanksgiving Day is a day set aside each year for giving thanks to God for blessings received during the year.


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Thant, U, (1909-1974), a Burmese diplomat, served as secretary-general of the United Nations (UN) from 1962 to 1971.


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Thar, Desert stretches northwest of the Aravalli Range in India across Rajasthan to the Indus River plain in Pakistan.


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Tharp, Twyla (1941-...), is an American dancer and choreographer (creator of dances).


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Thatcher, Margaret Hilda (1925-...), served as prime minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990.


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Thayer, Sylvanus, (1785-1872), was a United States Army engineer and educator who became known as the father of West Point.


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Theater, also spelled theatre, is a live performance before an audience.


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Thebes, was a major religious center and the birthplace of many kings of ancient Egypt.


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Thebes, was an ancient city in Boeotia, a region in central Greece.


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Themistocles, (514?-449? B.C.), was an Athenian statesman and soldier in the Persian wars.


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Theocracy, is a form of government in which the state is ruled by a priest or priests, and in which members of the priesthood have authority in civil and religious matters.


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Theocritus, (200's B.C.) was a Greek poet who established the character of Greek pastoral poetry.


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Theodora, (A.D. 502?-548) was the wife of Justinian I, Byzantine (East Roman) emperor from 527 to 565.


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Theodore Roosevelt National Park is in western North Dakota.


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Theodoric, (A.D. 455?-526) was an Ostrogoth (East Goth) king who governed Italy from A.D. 493 until his death.


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Theodosius, I (A.D. 346-395) was the Roman emperor who prohibited all pagan (nonChristian) practices in the Roman Empire.


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Theology, is the study and description of God.


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Theosophy, is a system of philosophic and religious thought.


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Theremin, is one of the earliest electronic musical instruments.


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Thermal pollution occurs when hot wastewater is discharged into rivers, lakes, oceans, or other bodies of water.


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Thermocouple, is an electric device that changes heat into electricity or electricity into heat.


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Thermodynamics, is the study of various forms of energy, such as heat and work, and of the conversion of energy from one form into another.


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Thermography, is a detection technique that converts invisible heat energy into a visible picture.


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Thermometer is an instrument that measures the temperature of gases, liquids, and solids.


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Thermopylae, was a mountain pass on the east coast of ancient Greece.


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Thermosphere, is a region of the earth's upper atmosphere.


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Thermostat, is a device that helps control the temperature of an indoor area or of an appliance.


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Theroux, Paul (1941-...), an American author, became known for his novels and travel books.


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Theseus, was a great king of early Athens in Greek mythology.


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Thespis, a Greek actor and dramatist of the 500's B.C., helped to create drama as we know it.


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Thessalonians, Epistles to the, are the 13th and 14th books of the New Testament.


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Thessaloniki, (pop. 396,807; met. area pop. 739,998) is the second largest city in Greece and the capital of the region known as Greek Macedonia.


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Thessaly, is a region located in north-central Greece.


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Thiopental, is a barbiturate used to produce sleep for surgery.


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Third World is a name sometimes given to economically developing countries, particularly those in Asia, Africa, and Latin America.


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Thirst is a sensation caused by the body's need for water.


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Thirty-Nine Articles were a statement of doctrine issued in England in 1563 and approved by Parliament in 1571.


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Thirty Tyrants was the name given to the government of Athens after the city was captured by the Spartans in 404 B.C.


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Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) was a series of religious and political wars that eventually involved most European nations.


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Thistle is the name given to a group of plants that have sharp spines or prickles.


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Thomas, Clarence (1948-...), became an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States in 1991.


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Thomas, Dylan, (1914-1953), was a Welsh poet who wrote some of the most stirring, passionate, and eloquent verse in modern literature.


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Thomas, Isaiah, (1749-1831), was the leading printer and publisher in colonial America.


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Thomas, Martha Carey (1857-1935), was an American educator who fought for equal educational opportunities for women.


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Thomas, Norman Mattoon, (1884-1968), an American Socialist leader, was nominated six times for the presidency of the United States by the Socialist Party.


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Thomas, Saint, was one of the 12 apostles of Jesus Christ.


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Thomas a Kempis (1380?-1471) was a medieval monk and religious writer.


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Thompson, Manitoba (pop. 14,385), is one of the world's leading centers of nickel production.


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Thompson, Benjamin (1753-1814), was an American-born British scientist and soldier.


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Thompson, David (1770-1857), was a Canadian explorer, cartographer, and fur trader.


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Thompson, Francis (1859-1907), was an English poet whose emotional poems reflect his intense Roman Catholic faith.


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Thompson, Sir John Sparrow David (1844-1894), served as prime minister of Canada from 1892 until his death two years later.


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Thompson, William Hale (1869-1944), became a controversial American political leader.


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Thomson, Charles (1729-1824), served as secretary of the Continental Congress from 1774 to 1781 and secretary of the Congress of the Confederation from 1781 to 1789.


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Thomson, James (1700-1748), was the most celebrated Scottish poet of the 1700's before Robert Burns.


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Thomson, Sir Joseph John (1856-1940), a British physicist, received the 1906 Nobel Prize in physics for his discovery of the electron.


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Thomson, Tom (1877-1917), was a Canadian landscape painter.


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Thomson, Virgil (1896-1989), was an American composer and music critic.


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Thor was the god of thunder and lightning in Norse mythology.


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Thoracic duct, is the largest vessel of the lymphatic system, a network of tubes that returns fluid from body tissues to the bloodstream.


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Thoreau, Henry David (1817-1862), was an American writer who is remembered for his attacks on the social institutions he considered immoral and for his faith in the religious significance of nature.


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Thorium is a radioactive chemical element.


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Thorn is a short, sharp modified stem that grows out of the woody stems of many species of trees and shrubs.


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Thorndike, Edward Lee (1874-1949), an American educational psychologist, made many contributions to the study of learning, teaching, and mental testing.


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Thornton, Matthew (1714-1803), was a New Hampshire signer of the Declaration of Independence.


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Thorpe, Jim (1887-1953), was one of the greatest all-around athletes in history.


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Thorvaldsen, Bertel, (1770-1844), was a Danish sculptor.


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Thoth, was an ancient Egyptian moon god.


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Thousand Islands is a group of more than a thousand islands in the St. Lawrence River.


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Thrace, was the ancient name for a large region in the Balkan Peninsula.


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Thrasher is the name of a group of brownish, long-tailed birds found from southern Canada through South America.


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Three Gorges Dam, under construction on the Yangtze River in China, will be the world's largest dam.


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Threshing machine is a machine that farmers once used to thresh (separate) kernels of grain from stalks.


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Thrips are short, slender insects with sucking mouthparts.


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Throat is a term loosely applied to the part of the neck in front of the backbone.


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Thrush is the name of a group of songbirds that live in most parts of the world.


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Thrush is an infection with a yeastlike fungus known as Candida albicans.


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Thucydides, a Greek historian of the 400's B.C., is famous for his History of the Peloponnesian War.


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Thug is a member of an old criminal society in India, the members of which killed in the name of religion.


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Thulium, (chemical symbol, Tm) is one of the rare-earth elements.


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Thunder. Prehistoric people thought that thunder was the sound of the gods roaring in anger when they were displeased with the people of the earth.


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Thunder Bay, Ontario (pop. 113,662; met. area pop. 125,562), is a city on the northwest shore of Lake Superior.


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Thurber, James (1894-1961), was a celebrated American humorist.


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Thurman, Allen Granberry (1813-1895), was the Democratic candidate for vice president of the United States in 1888.


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Thurmond, Strom (1902-...), has been a United States senator since 1955.


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Thurstone, Louis Leon (1887-1955), an American psychologist, played a major role in the development of psychological tests.


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Thutmose, III (reigned about 1490-1436 B.C.) ranks among the greatest of all the kings of ancient Egypt.


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Thyme, is the name of a group of fragrant, shrubby mint plants native to the Mediterranean region.


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Thymus is a flat, pinkish-gray organ that plays an important part in the immune system of the body.


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Thyroid gland is a body organ located in the front of the neck.


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Tian Shan, also spelled Tien Shan, is a mountain system in central Asia.


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Tianjin, (pop. 5,804,023), is a trading center in northern China.


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Tiber, River is one of the longest rivers in Italy.


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Tiberius, (42 B.C.-A.D. 37) was the emperor of Rome during the life of Jesus Christ.


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Tibetan spaniel is a breed of dog that originated in Tibet hundreds of years ago.


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Tibetan terrier is a breed of dog that originated in Tibet, where Buddhist monks raised it in monasteries.


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Tic is a term used to describe repetitive, brief, rapid, involuntary movements of various muscle groups.


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Tick is the name of a small animal which is related to mites, spiders, and scorpions.


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Tick fever is a name for several diseases carried by the bite of ticks.


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Tide is the periodic rise and fall of oceans and other waters of the earth in response to the gravitational forces of the moon and the sun.


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Tie dyeing is a method of dyeing cloth to produce a design.


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Tiepolo, Giovanni Battista, (1696-1770), sometimes called Giambattista Tiepolo, was the last important painter of the Venetian group.


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Tierra del Fuego, is the name of a group of islands lying off the extreme southern tip of South America.


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Tiffany, Charles Lewis (1812-1902), was an American dealer in precious stones.


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Tiffany, Louis Comfort (1848-1933), was a major stained-glass designer.


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Tiger is the largest member of the cat family.


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Tiger lily is a tall, hardy garden flower named for its black-spotted, reddish-orange petals, which resemble a tiger's pelt.


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Tiglath-pileser, III ( ? -727 B.C.) was a king of Assyria, a land centered in what is now northern Iraq.


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Tigris, River is a major river of southwestern Asia.


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Tijuana, (pop. 1,212,232) is a city in the Mexican state of Baja California Norte.


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Tikal, was one of the largest cities of the Maya civilization.


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Tilden, Bill (1893-1953), was a tennis star who won the United States Championships (now the U.S. Open) from 1920 to 1925, and in 1929.


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Tilden, Samuel Jones (1814-1886), was the Democratic nominee in the 1876 presidential election, the most disputed in United States history.


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Tile. The several kinds of clay tile are made in much the same way.


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Tilefish are deep-sea fish that live along the New England coast.


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Tilley, Sir Samuel Leonard (1818-1896), served as premier of the Canadian colony of New Brunswick from 1861 to 1865, and again in 1866.


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Tillich, Paul (1886-1965), was an important German-born theologian.


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Tilly, Count of (1559-1632), was a leading Roman Catholic general during the Thirty Years' War, a struggle between European Catholics and Protestants.


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Timbuktu, (pop. 20,483) is a trading town in central Mali.


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Time is one of the world's deepest mysteries.


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Time capsule is a container of items sealed to preserve a record of a particular civilization.


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Timothy was one of the friends of Saint Paul.


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Timothy is an important grass crop grown primarily for hay.


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Timpanogos, Cave National Monument is in northern Utah.


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Timur, (1336-1405) was an Asian conqueror who created a vast empire that extended from Syria to India.


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Tin is a white metallic element that people have used since ancient times.


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Tin can is a container used for packaging, transporting, and marketing hundreds of food and nonfood items for home and industry.


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Tinbergen, Jan (1903-1994), a Dutch economist, shared the first Nobel Prize in economics with Ragnar Frisch of Norway in 1969.


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Tinbergen, Nikolaas (1907-1988), a Dutch-born zoologist, studied how the behavior of animals is adapted to their environment.


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Tinnitus, is the sensation of hearing sounds that seem to come from within the head.


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Tintoretto, (1518-1594) was a Venetian painter during the late Italian Renaissance.


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Tipperary, (pop. 5,033) is a town in southern Ireland.


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Tirane, (pop. 260,000) is the capital and largest city of Albania.


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Tire is a covering for the outer rim of a wheel.


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Tirso de Molina, was the pen name of Gabriel Tellez (1584-1648), a Spanish playwright.


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Tishah be-av, is a Jewish day of mourning observed on the ninth day of the Hebrew month of Av (approximately August).


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Tissue is a group of similar cells that work together with intercellular substances and body fluids to perform a particular function in an organism.


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Titan is the largest satellite of the planet Saturn and the second largest satellite in the solar system.


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Titanic was a British passenger ship that struck an iceberg and sank in the North Atlantic Ocean in 1912.


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Titanium, (chemical symbol, Ti) is a lightweight, silver-gray metal.


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Titans were the first gods in Greek mythology.


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Tithe, is a tax of one-tenth on the profits from the produce of one's land or one's earnings.


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Titi, is a type of small South American monkey.


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Titian, (1487?-1576) was a Venetian painter of the Italian Renaissance.


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Title is a legal term often used to describe ownership of property.


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Titmouse is any of a family of small woodland birds found throughout much of the world.


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Tito, Josip Broz, (1892-1980), established a Communist government in Yugoslavia after World War II and then became the country's ruler.


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Titus, (A.D. 41-81), a Roman emperor, was noted for his generosity and his regard for the people's welfare.


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Titus was an early Christian who was a companion of Saint Paul.


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Tlingit, Indians live mainly along the coast of southeastern Alaska.


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TNT is short for trinitrotoluene, a powerful solid explosive.


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Toad is a small, tailless animal that closely resembles the frog.


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Toadfish is the name of a group of large-headed fish that live on the bottom of tropical and temperate seas.


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Toadflax is the name of a group of plants with flowers shaped much like those of snapdragons.


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Tobacco is a plant whose leaves are used chiefly in making cigarettes and cigars.


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Tobey, Mark (1890-1976), was an American artist who painted elaborate linear abstract pictures, often on a small scale.


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Tobogganing, is the winter sport of coasting on snow or ice by means of toboggans, which are sleds without runners.


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Toc H is a Christian organization for men and women.


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Tocqueville, Alexis de, (1805-1859), was a French historian and political philosopher.


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Tofu, is a food made of soybean curds pressed into cakes or blocks.


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Toga, was the outer garment worn by the citizens of ancient Rome.


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Togo is a small country in western Africa.


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Tojo, Hideki, (1884-1948), was the general who, as prime minister of Japan, led his country into war with the United States in 1941.


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Tokugawa Ieyasu, (1542-1616) founded the Tokugawa dynasty (family of rulers), which governed Japan from 1603 until 1867.


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Tokyo is the capital of Japan and one of the largest cities in the world.


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Toledo, (pop. 62,831) is a city in central Spain.


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Toledo, (pop. 313,619; met. area pop. 618,203) is an industrial and transportation center in northwestern Ohio.


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Toleration Act is a law permitting people to believe in any religion they choose.


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Tolkien, J. R. R. (1892-1973), an English author and scholar, wrote a popular series of novels about an imaginary people called hobbits. Tolkien introduced the short, hairy-footed hobbits in The Hobbit (1937).


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Tolman, Edward Chace (1886-1959), was an American psychologist known for his theory of how human beings and other animals learn.


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Tolstoy, Alexei (1883-1945), was a Russian novelist and playwright.


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Tolstoy, Leo (1828-1910), a Russian writer, ranks among the greatest novelists in world literature.


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Toltec, Indians established an empire in the highlands of central Mexico during the A.D. 900's.


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Toluene, is a colorless liquid related to benzene.


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Tom Thumb was the name of the first American-built steam locomotive.


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Tom-tom is a musical instrument that belongs to the drum family.


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Tomahawk was a small ax that the Indians of North America used as a tool and a weapon.


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Tomato, is a plant grown for its smooth, round, juicy fruit.


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Tomb is any chamber in which the dead are buried.


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Tombigbee, River rises in northeastern Mississippi and flows southeastward into western Alabama.


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Tombstone (pop. 1,504) is a town in southeastern Arizona that was the center of a rich silver-mining district in the late 1800's.


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Tomlin, Bradley Walker (1899-1953), was an American abstract expressionist painter.


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Tompkins, Daniel D. (1774-1825), served as Vice President of the United States from 1817 to 1825 under President James Monroe. He was governor of New York from 1807 to 1817.


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Ton is the name of three different units used to measure weight and capacity.


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Tone, in music, is the sound made by the vibration of a musical instrument or of the human voice.


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Tonga, is a country made up of about 150 islands in the South Pacific Ocean.


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Tonsil is any of several masses of specialized tissue found in the throat.


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Tonsillitis is a painful disease resulting from inflamed tonsils.


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Tonty, Henri de, (1650-1704), was a French fur trader, explorer, and assistant to the French explorer Sieur de La Salle.


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Tool is any instrument that a worker uses to do work.


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Toolmaking chiefly involves the making of precision devices and parts for power-driven machines used to shape metal.


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Toombs, Robert Augustus (1810-1885), was a leading Georgia politician during the American Civil War era.


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Toomer, Jean (1894-1967), was an African American writer.


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Toothpaste and toothpowder are substances used with a toothbrush to clean teeth.


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Topaz, is a mineral that is composed of aluminum, silicon, oxygen, and fluorine.


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Topeka, (pop. 122,377; met. area pop. 169,871) is the capital and one of the largest cities of Kansas.


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Topology, is a branch of mathematics that explores certain properties of geometrical figures.


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Torah, is the Hebrew name for the Pentateuch (first five books of the Bible).


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Torch is the term used in the United Kingdom and Commonwealth countries for a flashlight.


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Tornado is the most violent of all storms.


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Torne, River, also called the Tornio River, rises in Lake Torne in northern Sweden and flows eastward through northern Sweden.


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Toronto, is the capital of Ontario and the largest city in Canada.


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Toronto, University of, is one of Canada's largest universities.


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Torpedo is a self-propelled, cigar-shaped, underwater weapon used to blow up ships.


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Torque, is the amount of twisting effort that a force or forces exert on an object.


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Torquemada, Tomas de, (1420-1498), a Roman Catholic friar, was inquisitor-general (chief official) of the Spanish Inquisition for 15 years.


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Torre, Joe (1940-...), gained success both as a player and manager in major league baseball.


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Torrens, system is a system of registering titles to real estate.


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Torres, Luis Vaez de, (?-1613?), was a Spanish navigator who became the first European to see the strait that lies between Australia and Papua New Guinea.


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Torres Bodet, Jaime, (1902-1974), was an important Mexican poet, educator, and statesman.


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Torricelli, Evangelista, (1608-1647), was an Italian physicist and mathematician.


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Torrijos Herrera, Omar, (1929-1981), was the military dictator of Panama from 1968 until his death.


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Torsion, balance is a device for measuring small forces of push or pull.


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Torsion, bar suspension is a method of absorbing the shock, or energy, that results when an automobile travels over uneven road surfaces and bumps.


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Tort is a harmful act for which the injured person has the right to collect money for damages.


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Tortoise is a turtle that lives only on land.


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Torture is the use of physical or mental pain, often to obtain information, to punish a person, or to control the members of a group to which the tortured person belongs.


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Tory Island lies 82/3 miles (14 kilometers) off the coast of Donegal, Ireland.


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Tory Party was a conservative political party in Britain.


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Toscanini, Arturo, (1867-1957), was one of the most influential symphony orchestra and opera conductors of his time.


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Totalitarianism, is a form of government in which the state has absolute control over almost every aspect of people's lives.


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Totem, is a symbol for a tribe, clan, or family.


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Toucan, is an unusual-looking bird with an enormous bill.


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Touch is the sense that gives us notice of contact with an object.


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Toulon, (pop. 170,167; met. area pop. 437,553) is a seaport city on the southeast coast of France.


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Toulouse, (pop. 365,933; met. area pop. 608,430) is a city in southwestern France.


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Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri de, (1864-1901), was a French artist.


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Touraco, or turaco, is any member of a family of African birds that live south of the Sahara.


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Toure, Sekou, (1922-1984), became Guinea's first president in 1958 and held that position until his death.


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Tourette syndrome, is an inherited disorder characterized by involuntary utterances and body movements.


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Tourmaline, is a mineral commonly found in rocks called granitic pegmatites.


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Tourniquet, is a tight, twisted cloth wrapped around a limb to control bleeding.


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Tours, (pop. 133,403; met. area pop. 271,927) is a historic city and important economic center in western France.


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Toussaint L'Ouverture, (1743-1803) became one of the best-known black revolutionaries of all time.


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Tower is an architectural structure whose height is much greater than its width or its thickness.


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Tower of Babel, was a tower in Babylon, a city in ancient Mesopotamia.


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Tower of London is a group of stone buildings in the East End of London, on the north bank of the River Thames.


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Towhee, is any of several small North American birds related to the sparrows.


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Town is a community of closely clustered dwellings and other buildings in which people live and work.


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Town crier was a person appointed to make public announcements.


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Town meeting is an assembly held once a year in which the adults of a community decide on local issues.


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Townsend, Willard Saxby (1895-1957), was one of the first black American labor leaders.


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Townsend, Plan is an old-age pension plan proposed in 1934 by Dr.


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Townshend, Peter (1945-...), an English musician, was the founding guitarist and principal composer for The Who.


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Townshend, Viscount (1674-1738), was an English politician and promoter of agricultural reform.


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Township in the United States is a division of a county that functions as a unit of local government.


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Toxic shock syndrome, or TSS, is a rare disease that most frequently occurs in young women who are having a menstrual period.


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Toxin, is a poison produced by a living organism.


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Toxoplasmosis, is a common disease characterized by enlargement of lymph nodes, usually in the neck region.


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Toy is an object children can use as a plaything.


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Toy dog is the name of a group of small dogs.


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Toynbee, Arnold (1852-1883), a British social reformer and economist, worked to help the poor.


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Toynbee, Arnold Joseph (1889-1975), was a famous British historian.


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Toyota Motor Corporation is the largest automobile manufacturer in Japan and one of the largest automakers in the world.


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Trace elements are minerals needed in small amounts by plants, animals, and human beings.


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Tracery, in architecture, originally was the framework of light ornamental stone bars dividing a large window into smaller areas so that the stained glass could be easily placed and supported.


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Trachea, also called windpipe, is the tube that carries air between the lungs and the upper respiratory passages.


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Trachoma, is a contagious eye disease caused by a form of Chlamydia trachomatis bacteria.


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Track and field is a sport in which athletes compete in running, walking, jumping, and throwing events.


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Tractor is a machine that pulls or pushes a tool or a machine over land.


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Tracy, Spencer (1900-1967), was an American motion-picture actor.


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Trade is buying and selling goods and services.


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Trade association is a nonprofit organization that represents a group of business firms.


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Trade publication is a periodical devoted to a specific professional, business, industrial, or trade field.


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Trade route is a route along which goods are transported from one area to another.


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Trade wind is a strong wind that blows toward the equator from the northeast or southeast.


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Trademark is a word or words, a name, a design, a picture, a sound, or any other symbol that distinguishes the products of one company from those of another.


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Trades Union Congress (TUC) is a national organization of British trade unions.


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Trading post is a type of marketplace where people bring products to sell or to exchange for other goods.


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Trading stamps are premiums or bonuses that a retailer gives with a cash purchase of goods.


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Trafalgar, Battle of, fought on Oct. 21, 1805, is one of the major naval battles in history.


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Traffic is the movement of people and goods from one place to another.


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Tragedy is a form of drama that deals with serious human actions and issues.


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Tragopan, is the name of five species of quaillike birds.


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Trail of Tears was the forced removal of Cherokee Indians from their homelands in northwestern Georgia.


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Trailer is a wheeled vehicle that is pulled by an automobile, truck, or tractor.


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Trajan, (A.D. 53?-117) was a Roman emperor and an important military leader.


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Tram is the term used in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries for a streetcar.


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Trampoline is a device that a person bounces or jumps on to perform aerial tumbling exercises.


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Trance is a term that is generally used to describe any kind of unnatural sleep or partly conscious state.


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Tranquilizer is a drug that calms a person by acting on the nervous system.


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Trans-Canada Highway is a road that runs across Canada from coast to coast, between Victoria in British Columbia and St. John's on the island of Newfoundland.


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Transcendental Meditation (TM) is a method of relaxing the body that became popular in many countries during the 1970's.


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Transcendentalism was a philosophy that became influential during the late 1700's and 1800's.


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Transducer is a device that converts one form of energy into another.


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Transfiguration was the change in physical appearance that came over Jesus Christ on one occasion during His ministry.


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Transformer is a device that increases or decreases the voltage of alternating current.


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Transistor is a tiny device that controls the flow of electric current in radios, television sets, computers, and almost every other kind of electronic equipment.


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Transit, in astronomy, is the crossing of one heavenly body over the disk of a larger one, as seen from the earth.


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Transit is a service that carries large numbers of people from place to place within cities or between cities and their suburbs.


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Transmission is a device that transmits power from the engine of a vehicle to other parts, from which it is eventually delivered to the wheels.


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Transmutation of elements is the conversion of one chemical element into another.


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Transplant, in medicine, is surgery that transfers any type of tissue or organ from one person to another.


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Transplanting, in gardening, is the process of removing a plant from one place and planting it in another.


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Transport is the term used in Britain and other Commonwealth countries for transportation.


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Transportation is the act of moving people or goods from one place to another.


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Transportation, Department of, is an executive department of the United States government.


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Transsexualism is a condition in which a person experiences persistent discomfort about his or her sexual designation.


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Trans-Siberian Railroad was the first railroad built across Siberia, the vast area that makes up most of the Asian part of Russia.


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Transubstantiation, is a doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church.


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Transuranium, element is an element that is heavier than uranium, the heaviest element that occurs naturally on or in the earth.


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Transvaal, is a historic region in the northern part of South Africa.


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Transylvania, is a geographical region of Romania near the Hungarian border.


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Trap-door spider digs a burrow in the ground and covers the entrance with a lid, or trap door.


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Trapping is the capture or killing of wild animals in traps.


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Trappists are Roman Catholic monks who belong to the Order of Cistercians of the Strict Observance.


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Trapshooting is a sport in which a person shoots at clay disks that are thrown into the air by a machine.


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Trauma, in psychiatry, is an unpleasant emotional experience of such intensity that it leaves a lasting impression on the mind.


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Trauma, center is an area of a hospital provided with special staff and equipment to treat the most seriously injured patients.


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Travel agency is a business that helps people arrange trips by handling many travel arrangements.


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Travelers Aid Societies, National Organization of, is a nationwide network of agencies that provides service to individuals and families who have experienced difficulties related to homelessness, traveling, or moving their place of residence.


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Traveler's check is a check that can be used as money or as a letter of credit.


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Traveler's-tree is a tropical evergreen that resembles a giant fan.


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Travers, P. L. (1906-1996), an Australian-born author, became known for her children's stories about Mary Poppins, an English nanny (nursemaid) who has magical powers. Travers introduced the character in Mary Poppins (1934).


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Travertine, is a dense, closely compacted form of limestone found mostly in banded layers.


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Travis, William Barret (1809-1836), fought in the Battle of the Alamo in 1836, during the war for Texas's independence from Mexico.


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Travois, is a device used by American Indians and other peoples for carrying loads.


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Travolta, John (1954-...), is an American motion-picture star famous for his versatility.


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Treadmill, is a wheeled mechanism rotated by people or animals walking on or inside the wheel.


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Treason, once meant disloyalty to a sovereign ruler, such as a king.


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Treasury, Department of the, is an executive department of the United States government that handles a variety of economic, financial, and monetary responsibilities.


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Treaty is a formal agreement between two or more independent governments.


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Treaty port is the name given to Chinese seaports that were open to trade with certain foreign countries beginning in the mid-1800's.


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Treble, is the upper, or highest, part in choral music of two or more parts.


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Treblinka, was a death camp near Warsaw in German-occupied Poland during World War II.


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Tree farming. A tree farm is a privately owned area used to grow forest crops for a profit.


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Tree frog, also called tree toad, spends much of its life in trees.


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Tree shrew is the name of a group of small, swift-moving mammals that live in the forests of India, Southeast Asia, and southern China.


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Tree surgery is the care of trees, chiefly by pruning, bracing, filling hollows, and removing decayed wood.


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Trefoil, meaning three-leaved, is the name generally applied to various plants having compound leaves with three leaflets, like the clover.


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Trench mouth is an infection that affects the mouth and throat.


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Trent, Council of, was a series of conferences held by the Roman Catholic Church in Trent, Italy, between 1545 and 1563.


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Trent Affair was a naval incident in the first year of the American Civil War (1861-1865).


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Trenton (pop. 85,403; met. area pop. 350,761) is the capital of New Jersey and an important manufacturing center of the state.


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Trepang, is the commercial name of the dried bodies of certain species of wormlike marine animals called sea cucumbers (see Sea cucumber).


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Trephining, is a surgical operation that involves cutting out a small, button-shaped piece of the skull.


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Trespass, in law, is most commonly known as the unlawful entrance upon the property of another.


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Trevelyan, George Macaulay (1876-1962), was a famous British historian.


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Trevino, Lee (1939-...), is an American golfer.


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Trevithick, Richard (1771-1833), was a British inventor and engineer.


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Trial is a method of settling disputes verbally in a court of law.


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Trial by combat, also called trial by battle or wager of battle, was a way of settling legal disputes in the Middle Ages.


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Triangle, in plane geometry, is an enclosed figure that has three line segments for sides.


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Triangle is a percussion instrument that consists of a steel bar bent in a triangular shape with one open corner.


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Trianon, Treaty of, was signed by Hungary and the Western Allies after World War I (1914-1918).


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Triathlon is one of the most challenging endurance competitions in sports.


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Tribe is a term used to describe certain human social groups.


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Triborough, Bridge connects three boroughs of New York City--Manhattan, the Bronx, and Queens.


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Tribune, was an official in ancient Rome.


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Triceratops, was a large, horned, plant-eating dinosaur that lived about 65 million years ago in what is now western North America.


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Trichina, is a small roundworm that causes the disease trichinosis, also known as trichinellosis.


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Trier, (pop. 93,472) is the oldest city in Germany.


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Trieste, (pop. 231,100) is a city in northeastern Italy.


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Triggerfish is a type of colorful fish that lives in coastal waters of warm and tropical seas.


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Triglyceride is one of the major fatty substances in the blood.


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Trigonometry, is a branch of mathematics that deals with the relationships between the sides and angles of triangles.


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Trillium, is a wild flower that grows in damp, wooded places in the United States, Canada, and Asia.


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Trilobite, was a prehistoric sea animal.


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Trimble, David (1944-...), became first minister of the government of Northern Ireland in 1998.


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Trinidad and Tobago is a country that consists of two islands in the West Indies.


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Trinity, is a term used to express the belief that in the one God there are three Divine Persons--the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit (or Holy Ghost).


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Tripe is a meat that comes from the stomach walls of cattle.


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Triple jump is a track and field event in which an athlete leaps as far as he or she can in three continuous jumps.


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Tripod fish is a deep-sea animal named for its unusual posture.


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Tripoli, (pop. 175,000) is the second largest city in Lebanon.


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Tripoli, (pop. 990,697) is the capital and largest city of Libya.


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Tristan, or Tristram, was a legendary medieval knight whose love affair with Princess Isolt (Isolde) became one of the most famous love stories of all time.


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Triticale, is a grain produced by crossbreeding wheat and rye.


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Tritium, is a hydrogen isotope used in the release of nuclear energy through fusion, as in the hydrogen bomb.


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Triumvirate, in the history of ancient Rome, was a group of three men who attempted to seize control of the government.


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Troika, is a Russian word that means a group of three.


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Trojan War was a conflict in which ancient Greece defeated the city of Troy.


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Trollope, Anthony (1815-1882), was a popular English novelist of the 1800's.


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Trombone is a brass instrument that consists chiefly of an oblong tube expanded into a bell at one end.


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Trona, is one of the most important natural soda minerals.


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Trondheim, (pop. 137,408) is the third largest city in Norway.


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Tropic of Cancer is an imaginary line that traces the northern boundary of the earth's Tropical Zone.


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Tropic of Capricorn is an imaginary line that traces the southern boundary of the earth's Tropical Zone.


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Tropical fish. Many kinds of fish live in the freshwater and saltwater habitats of the tropics.


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Tropicbird is any of three species of sea birds found in tropical regions.


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Tropics are the regions of the earth that lie within about 1,600 miles (2,570 kilometers) north and 1,600 miles south of the equator.


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Tropism, is a bending movement in living things caused by an outside stimulus (signal).


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Troposphere, is the layer of the atmosphere closest to the earth.


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Trotsky, Leon (1879-1940), also spelled Trotzky, was a leader of the Bolshevik revolution in Russia (see Bolsheviks).


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Troubadour, was one of a large group of poet-musicians who flourished in southern France in the 1100's and 1200's.


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Trout is a fish closely related to salmon, whitefish, and chars.


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Trouvere, was one of a group of poet-musicians who flourished in northern France in the 1100's and 1200's.


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Troy, also called Ilium, was an ancient city in Asia Minor (now Turkey) that was made famous in the legends of early Greece.


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Troy weight is a standard system used in weighing gold, silver, platinum, and coins.


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Truce is a short suspension of hostilities between opposing sides in a war.


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Truck is a motor vehicle used to carry freight.


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Truck farming is raising vegetables or fruit, or both, for market.


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Trudeau, Edward Livingston (1848-1915), was a pioneer in the antituberculosis movement in the United States.


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Trudeau, Garry (1948-...), is an American cartoonist best known for his comic strip "Doonesbury."


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Trudeau, Pierre Elliott (1919-2000), served as prime minister of Canada from 1968 to 1979 and from 1980 to 1984.


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Truffaut, Francois, (1932-1984), was a leading French motion-picture director.


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Truffle is a type of fungus used as food and as a flavoring.


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Truk, Islands form a large island group in the western Pacific Ocean.


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Truman, Harry S. (1884-1972), became president at one of the most critical moments in American history. He had been vice president for only 83 days when President Franklin D. Roosevelt died on April 12, 1945.


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Trumbull, John (1756-1843), an American artist, became known for his paintings of scenes of the Revolutionary War in America (1775-1783).


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Trumbull, Jonathan (1710-1785), was governor of Connecticut in the Revolutionary period.


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Trumbull, Lyman (1813-1896), was an American political leader.


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Trumpet is a popular brass instrument in orchestras, bands, and jazz groups.


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Trust fund is money or other property managed by one person or group for the benefit of another person or group.


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Trust territory refers to an area administered by a country under the supervision of the United Nations (UN) Trusteeship Council.


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Truth, Sojourner (1797?-1883), was the name used by Isabella Baumfree, one of the best-known American abolitionists of her day.


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Truth table is a method of showing logical relationships between statements.


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Trypanosome, is a microscopic one-celled organism.


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Tsetse, fly is a two-winged fly of Africa.


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Tsimshian, Indians once ranked among the wealthiest tribes in North America.


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Tsunami, is a towering ocean wave produced by an undersea earthquake, landslide, or volcanic eruption.


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Tuamotu, Islands are an island group in the South Pacific.


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Tuareg, are the largest group of nomads living in the Sahara.


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Tuatara, is the name for two species of lizardlike reptiles that live only on a few small islands off the coast of New Zealand.


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Tuba is the general name for a number of musical instruments in the brass family.


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Tuber, is a thick, enlarged portion of a stem that usually grows underground.


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Tuberculosis, is an infectious disease that mainly affects the lungs but can also involve other organs.


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Tuberose, is a plant of the agave family.


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Tubman, Harriet (1820?-1913), was an African American whose daring rescues helped hundreds of slaves escape to freedom.


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Tubman, William V. S. (1895-1971), was president of Liberia from 1944 until his death in 1971. Educated in Liberia, he became a lawyer, and later a senator and associate justice of the Liberian Supreme Court.


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Tuchman, Barbara Wertheim (1912-1989), was an American historian who won two Pulitzer Prizes for general nonfiction.


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Tucker, Richard (1913-1975), is generally considered the outstanding American operatic tenor of his day.


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Tucson, Arizona (pop. 486,699; met. area pop. 843,746), is a commercial and research center of the Southwest.


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Tucuman (pop. 473,271) is a city in northwestern Argentina.


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Tudor, House of, was the family that ruled England from 1485 to 1603.


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Tuesday is the name of the third day of the week.


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Tugboat, also called tug, is a small, powerful boat that maneuvers large vessels.


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Tuileries, a famous royal palace, stood on the right bank of the River Seine in Paris.


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Tula is the site of a major Toltec Indian city that flourished in what is now Mexico from the A.D. 900's to about 1200.


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Tulane University is a private university in New Orleans.


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Tularemia, also called rabbit fever, is an infectious disease of many mammals, including human beings.


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Tulip is a lovely, graceful garden flower that came from southern Europe and Asia.


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Tull, Jethro (1674-1741), an English farmer, built the first practical farm tool for planting seeds in rows.


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Tulsa, (pop. 393,049; met. area pop. 803,235), is a major center of the United States petroleum industry and the busiest port and chief manufacturing center of Oklahoma.


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Tumbleweed is the popular name for several plants that grow in the prairie and plains regions of the United States.


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Tumor is an abnormal growth of tissues in the body.


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Tuna is any of 14 species of saltwater fish in the mackerel family.


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Tundra is a cold, dry region where trees cannot grow.


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Tung oil is an oil that comes from the seed kernels of the tung tree.


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Tungsten, also called wolfram, is a moderately hard, silver-white metal, and one of the chemical elements.


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Tunic, is a loose, short garment that is slipped on over the head and usually belted at the waist.


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Tuning fork is a device used for tuning musical instruments and for finding a standard pitch.


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Tunis, (pop. 596,654), is the capital and largest city of Tunisia.


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Tunisia extends farther north than any other country in Africa.


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Tunney, Gene (1897-1978), an American boxer, defeated Jack Dempsey in 1926 to become world heavyweight champion.


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Tupelo, is the name of several attractive trees native to North America and Southeast Asia.


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Tupi-Guarani, Indians, formed many tribes that lived in eastern and central South America.


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Tupper, Sir Charles (1821-1915), served as prime minister of Canada for about 10 weeks in 1896.


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Turban is a headdress worn by men in Muslim and Hindu countries.


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Turbine, is a device with a rotor turned by a moving fluid, such as water, steam, gas, or wind.


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Turbot, is a large flatfish that lives along the Atlantic Coast of Europe and in the Mediterranean Sea.


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Turgenev, Ivan (1818-1883), was one of the greatest Russian novelists.


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Turin, (pop. 962,507), is a city in northern Italy that lies on the Po River.


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Turing, Alan Mathison (1912-1954), an English mathematician, made important contributions to the development of electronic digital computers.


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Turkestan, also spelled Turkistan, is a vast region in Asia.


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Turkey is a Middle Eastern nation that lies both in Europe and in Asia.


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Turkey is a large North American bird related to chickens, peafowl, and pheasants.


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Turkish bath is a type of bath that involves exposure to dry heat, moist heat, massage, and cold.


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Turkmenistan is a country in west-central Asia.


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Turks are people who speak Turkic languages.


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Turks and Caicos Islands are made up of about 30 barren, flat islands that lie in the West Indies, about 90 miles (145 kilometers) north of the Dominican Republic.


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Turmeric, is a plant that grows in southern Asia.


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Turner, Frederick Jackson (1861-1932), an American historian, became famous for a theory he presented in 1893 in his paper "The Significance of the Frontier in American History."


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Turner, J. M. W. (1775-1851), was perhaps the greatest landscape painter in the history of English art. In many oil paintings and water colors, Turner departed from traditional ways of dealing with atmosphere, light, and color.


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Turner, John Napier (1929-...), served as prime minister of Canada for 2 1/2 months in 1984.


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Turner, Nat (1800-1831), a black slave and preacher, led the most famous slave revolt in United States history.


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Turner, Ted (1938-...), an American broadcasting executive, is the founder of Cable News Network (CNN).


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Turner, Tina (1939-...), is an American rhythm and blues and rock singer known for her raspy voice and her dynamic stage performances.


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Turnip is a vegetable grown for its fleshy root and green leaves.


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Turnpike is a road upon which a traveler must pay a fee, or toll, to use the highway.


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Turnstone is the name of two species of small shore birds.


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Turpentine is a colorless or yellowish liquid that has a strong odor and is highly flammable.


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Turpin, Dick (1706-1739), was an English robber whose exploits have appeared in English legends and literature.


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Turquoise, is a mineral widely used as a gemstone.


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Turtle is the only reptile with a shell.


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Turtle dove is a small dove that breeds in woodland and open country in Europe, western Asia, and northern Africa.


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Tuscany, is a political region, or state, in Italy.


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Tuskegee University is a privately controlled, nonprofit coeducational institution in Tuskegee, Ala.


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Tussaud, Marie Gresholtz, (1761?-1850), a Swiss modeler in wax, founded Madame Tussaud's Exhibition in London in 1802.


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Tussock, moth makes up a family whose caterpillars have tussocks (tufts) of hair along the back.


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Tutankhamen, served as king of Egypt from about 1347 B.C. until his death in 1339 B.C.


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Tutsi, are an African people who live mainly in the central African nations of Burundi and Rwanda.


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Tutu, Desmond (1931-...), is a South African civil rights leader and former Anglican archbishop.


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Tuva, is an autonomous republic in Russia.


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Tuvalu, is a small island country in the South Pacific Ocean.


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Twain, Mark (1835-1910), was the pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clemens, one of the major authors of American fiction.


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Tweed is a rough, heavy, hairy, woolen cloth that may contain synthetic fibers.


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Tweed, William Marcy (1823-1878), was an American politician who swindled New York City out of millions of dollars.


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Twelfth Night is a Christian holiday celebrated 12 days after Christmas, on January 6.


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Twelve Tables, Laws of the, were the first written laws of the Romans.


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Twilight is the period just before sunrise and the period just after sunset when the light in the sky is soft and mellow.


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Twill is a weave that is used in making many kinds of strong, durable cloth.


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Twine is a tough cord made of twisted strands of certain fibers.


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Twinflower is a shrubby evergreen plant common in rock gardens.


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Tyler, Anne (1941-...), is an American author whose novels reveal sensitive truths about the contemporary family.


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Tyler, John (1790-1862), was the first Vice President to become President upon the death of a chief executive.


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Tyler, Moses Coit (1835-1900), became the first great authority on early American literature.


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Tyler, Royall (1757-1826), was an American playwright and lawyer.


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Tylor, Sir Edward Burnett (1832-1917), a British anthropologist, is often regarded as the father of anthropology in the English-speaking world.


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Tyndale, William (1494-1536), was an early English leader of the Reformation.


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Tyndall, John (1820-1893), was a British physicist and natural philosopher.


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Type is a letter, number, or other character used in printing.


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Typewriter is a machine that produces printed letters and figures on paper.


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Typhoid fever is a serious bacterial disease that results in fever, weakness, and, in severe cases, death.


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Typhoid Mary was a name sometimes used in referring to Mary Mallon (1868?-1938), the first known carrier of typhoid fever in the United States.


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Typhoon is a violent, low-pressure tropical storm that occurs in the western Pacific Ocean.


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Typhus, is any one of a group of important diseases caused by rickettsias.


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Tyrannosaurus, was a large, meat-eating dinosaur that lived about 68 million to 65 million years ago in what is now western North America.


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Tyranny, is a term used throughout history to describe various forms of government by rulers who have unrestricted power.


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Tyre, was an ancient Phoenician seaport.


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Tyrol, also spelled Tirol, is a beautiful mountainous region in western Austria and northern Italy.


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Tyrrell, Joseph Burr (1858-1957), was a Canadian geologist, historian, and mining engineer.


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Tyrrhenian, Sea is a part of the Mediterranean Sea.


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Tyson, Mike (1966-...), became the youngest heavyweight champion in boxing history when he won the World Boxing Council (WBC) version of the title in 1986.


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Ubangi River, is the chief northern tributary of the Congo River in Africa.


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Uccello, Paolo, (1397-1475), was an Italian Renaissance painter.


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Uganda, is a thickly populated country in east-central Africa.


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Ukraine, is a country in eastern Europe.


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Ukulele, is a four-stringed musical instrument related to the guitar.


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Ulan Bator, (pop. 515,000), is the capital and largest city of Mongolia.


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Ulcer, is an open sore in the skin or mucous membrane.


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Ulster, was one of the five provinces of early Ireland.


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Ultima Thule, was the name given in ancient literature to the most northern of known lands.


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Ultramarine is a blue pigment that has a reddish hue.


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Ultramicroscope is an instrument that allows a person to see objects much smaller than those that can be seen under an ordinary microscope.


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Ultrasound is sound that is too high-pitched for human beings to hear.


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Ultraviolet rays are an invisible form of light.


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Ulysses, was king of Ithaca and a brave and cunning hero in Greek mythology.


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Umber is a brown mineral pigment used to color inks, paints, and paper.


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Umbilical cord, is a ropelike structure that connects a developing baby to the placenta during pregnancy (see Placenta).


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Umbrella is a device that protects people from rain and sun.


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Umbrellabird is the name of three species of birds that live in the tropical forests of Central and South America.


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Un-American Activities Committee was an investigating committee of the United States House of Representatives.


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Unamuno, Miguel de, (1864-1936), was a Spanish philosophical essayist, poet, novelist, and dramatist.


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Uncas, (1588?-1683?), was a chief of the Mohegan Indians in Connecticut during colonial times.


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Uncle Sam is a figure that symbolizes the United States.


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Uncle Tom's Cabin is a famous antislavery novel by the American author Harriet Beecher Stowe.


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Unconscious, in psychology, is a term used to describe such mental processes as thoughts, ideas, and feelings that go on in people's minds without their being aware of them.


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Underground, in political terms, is a secretly conducted movement to overthrow the government or the military occupation forces of a country.


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Underground railroad was an informal system that helped slaves escape to the Northern States and Canada during the mid-1800's.


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Underwriting is a term first used in England in the 1600's.


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Undset, Sigrid, (1882-1949), a Norwegian author, won the 1928 Nobel Prize for literature.


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Unemployment is the state of a person who is out of work and actively looking for a job.


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Unemployment insurance is a means of protecting workers who are out of work and looking for employment.


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UNESCO is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN).


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Ungulate, is any mammal whose toes end in hoofs.


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UNICEF, is the commonly used name for the United Nations (UN) agency officially called the United Nations Children's Fund.


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Unicorn is a legendary, one-horned animal described in ancient and medieval literature.


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Unicycle is a vehicle with a seat and frame mounted above a single wheel.


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Unidentified flying object (UFO) is a light or object in the air that has no obvious explanation.


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Uniform Code of Military Justice is a set of laws that establishes a military justice system in the United States.


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Union, Act of, in Canadian history, united the colonies of Upper Canada and Lower Canada.


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Union Jack is the name sometimes used for the national flag of the United Kingdom, officially called the British Union Flag.


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Union of Needletrades, Industrial and Textile Employees, also called UNITE, is a North American labor union.


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Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.), also called the Soviet Union, was the world's first and most powerful Communist country. It existed from 1922 to 1991.


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Union shop is a form of security given to a union in a collective-bargaining agreement.


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Unit, in measurement, is a quantity adopted as the standard by which any other quantity of the same kind is measured.


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Unit rule, in the United States, was a voting rule permitted by the Democratic Party at its presidential nominating conventions from 1860 until 1968.


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Unitarian Universalist Association is a religious denomination formed in 1961 to consolidate the American Unitarian Association and the Universalist Church of America.


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Unitarians believe in the unity of God, rather than in the doctrine of the Trinity as found in the historic creeds of the Christian church.


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Unitas, John (1933-...), was one of the greatest quarterbacks in National Football League (NFL) history.


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United Arab Emirates is a federation of seven independent Arab states in southwestern Asia.


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United Arab Republic (U.A.R.) was a union of two independent Middle Eastern countries, Egypt and Syria. President Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt and Shukri al-Kuwatly of Syria proclaimed the union on Feb. 1, 1958.


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United Automobile Workers (UAW) is one of the largest labor unions of the United States.


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United Church of Canada is the largest Protestant church in Canada.


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United Church of Christ is a Protestant religious denomination.


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United Empire Loyalists were American colonists who moved to British colonies in Canada during and after the Revolutionary War in America (1775-1783).


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United Farm Workers of America is a well-known union of farm laborers.


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United Food and Commercial Workers International Union is one of the largest unions in the United States.


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United Kennel Club (UKC) is the second largest dog registry in the United States.


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United Kingdom is a country in northwestern Europe.


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United Methodist Church is the largest Methodist denomination in the United States.


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United Mine Workers of America (UMW) is an industrial trade union that represents workers in many of the coal mines and coal-processing industries of the United States.


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United Nations (UN) is an organization of nations that works for world peace and security and the betterment of humanity.


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United Nations Commission on Human Rights, an agency of the United Nations (UN), works to protect the rights and freedoms of all people.


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United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) that promotes industrialization in developing countries.


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United Nations University is a worldwide research and advanced training institution established by the United Nations (UN).


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United Negro College Fund is a nonprofit fund-raising organization.


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United Parcel Service (UPS) is the largest package delivery company in the United States.


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United Press International (UPI) is one of the largest privately owned news services in the world.


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United Service Organizations (USO) is a civilian nonprofit organization that serves the members of the United States armed forces and their families.


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United States of America is the third largest country in the world in population, and it is the fourth largest country in area.


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United States, Government of the. The government of the United States represents, serves, and protects the American people at home and abroad.


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United States, History of the. The history of the United States is the story of a great nation that was formed by brave and freedom-loving people from many lands.


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United States Air Force Academy prepares young men and women for careers as officers in the United States Air Force.


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United States capitals. The U.S. government had no permanent capital until 1800, when it took up residence in Washington, D.C. Until that time, the government, in the form of its Congresses, had many different meeting places.


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United States Coast Guard Academy prepares young men and women to serve as commissioned officers in the United States Coast Guard.


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United States Information Agency (USIA) was an independent agency that served as the official diplomacy arm of the U.S. government from 1953 to 1999.


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United States Merchant Marine Academy trains young men and women to become officers in the United States Merchant Marine.


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United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, is the oldest military college in the United States.


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United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland, is a degree-granting undergraduate college that prepares young men and women to become officers in the Untied States Navy and Marine Corps.


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United Way of America is the national service association for more than 1,000 independent local United Way organizations in the United States.


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Universal language. Language is the main means of communication between peoples.


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Universe consists of all matter and all light and other forms of radiation and energy.


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Universities and colleges are schools that continue a person's education beyond high school.


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Unknown soldier. After World War I (1914-1918), officials of the Allied countries found that the bodies of many soldiers killed in battle could not be identified.


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Unser, Al, Sr. (1939-...), became one of the most successful drivers in automobile racing history. He won the Indianapolis 500 race four times.


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Upanishads, are a group of writings that make up the last section of a collection of Hindu scriptures called the Vedas.


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Upas, is the name of a large forest tree that grows in southeastern Asia and Indonesia.


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Updike, John (1932-...), is an American author of novels, short stories, essays, and poetry.


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Upland sandpiper is a North American bird of the sandpiper family.


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Ur, a city in the ancient region of Sumer (now southeastern Iraq), was one of the world's first cities.


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Ural Mountains, extend for about 1,500 miles (2,400 kilometers) through the western part of Russia.


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Ural River, is a shallow river that rises in the southern Ural Mountains in Russia.


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Uranium is a silvery-white, radioactive metal.


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Uranus, was the first god of the sky in Greek mythology.


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Uranus, is the seventh planet from the sun.


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Urban II (1042?-1099) was elected pope in 1088.


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Urban VI (1318-1389) was elected pope in 1378.


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Urban Coalition, National, is an organization that works to solve urban problems in the United States.


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Urban League is an organization that works to end racial discrimination and to increase the economic and political power of blacks and other minority groups in the United States.


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Urban renewal is the process of removing run-down sections of a city and replacing them with new or renovated buildings.


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Urea, also called carbamide, is a nitrogen-rich organic compound produced by the bodies of human beings and many other animals.


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Uremia, is a condition that occurs when poisonous wastes build up in the blood.


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Urey, Harold Clayton (1893-1981), was an American chemist who made important contributions in two main fields.


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Uric acid is a nitrogen-containing chemical produced in the digestive system during the breakdown of many foods.


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Urine, is a liquid waste product of the body produced by the kidneys.


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Uris, Leon (1924-...), is an American author.


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Uruguay, is a small country on the southeastern coast of South America.


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Uruguay River, is part of the great Parana and La Plata river system of South America.


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Usury, is interest at a higher rate than the law allows.


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USX Corporation is one of the world's largest steel producers.


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Utah is a state in the Rocky Mountain region of the United States.


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Utah, University of, is a state-supported coeducational university in Salt Lake City, Utah.


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Utamaro, (1753-1806), was a leading Japanese printmaker.


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Ute Indians, are a tribe of the Western United States.


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Uterus, or womb, is a hollow, muscular organ of the female reproductive system in which an unborn baby develops.


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Utica, an ancient North African city, was the oldest Phoenician colony in the western Mediterranean Sea.


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Utica, New York (pop. 60,651), is an important commercial and industrial center in the Mohawk Valley along the New York State Barge Canal System.


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Utilitarianism, is a theory of morality that associates the rightness of an act with its consequences.


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Utopia, is the name commonly given to an imaginary land where everything is supposed to be perfect.


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Utrecht, (pop. 234,106; met. area 545,796), is a Dutch city that lies along the Rhine River, about 22 miles (35 kilometers) southeast of Amsterdam.


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Utrecht, Peace of, was one of the great international peace settlements of history.


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Utrillo, Maurice, (1883-1955), was a French artist known for his paintings of Paris street scenes.


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Uzbekistan, is a country in central Asia.


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V-E Day, which stands for Victory in Europe Day, was officially proclaimed by United States President Harry S. Truman on Tuesday, May 8, 1945.


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V-J Day, which stands for Victory over Japan Day, marked the end of World War II.


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Vacuum is a space that has no matter in it.


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Vacuum bottle is a container that keeps liquids hot or cold for many hours.


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Vacuum cleaner is an electric appliance that cleans by suction.


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Vacuum tube is a device once widely used in such electronic equipment as radios, television sets, and computers.


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Vaduz, (pop. 4,920), is the capital of the principality of Liechtenstein.


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Vaginitis, is an inflammation of the vagina.


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Vagrancy, A person who wanders from place to place, and who lives in idleness and without any settled home, is called a vagrant, or vagabond.


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Valence, also called valency, is a number that indicates the ability of a chemical element to combine with other elements.


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Valencia, (pop. 752,909), is the third largest city in Spain.


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Valentine, Saint, is the name associated with two martyrs of the early Christian church.


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Valentine's Day is a special day observed on February 14.


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Valentinian I (A.D. 321-375) was Roman emperor from A.D. 364 until his death in 375.


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Valentinian III (A.D. 419-455) was emperor of the West Roman Empire.


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Valentino, Rudolph (1895-1926), was the most popular romantic star of American silent motion pictures.


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Valerian, is the name of a large family of herbs and shrubs found chiefly in the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.


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Valery, Paul (1871-1945), was a French poet and critic who is often considered the greatest writer in the movement called symbolism.


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Valhalla, was the great hall of the dead heroes in Scandinavian mythology.


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Vallandigham, Clement Laird (1820-1871), an Ohio politician, criticized President Abraham Lincoln's Civil War policies.


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Valle, Jose Cecilio Del (1780-1834), a Central American patriot and statesman, wrote the Central American Declaration of Independence, proclaiming freedom from Spain on Sept. 15, 1821.


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Valletta, (pop. 9,239), is the capital and chief seaport of Malta.


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Valley is a natural trough in the earth's surface.


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Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, is an area along the Schuylkill River, about 25 miles (40 kilometers) northwest of Philadelphia.


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Valley of the Kings is a rocky, narrow gorge, which was used as a cemetery by the pharaohs (kings) of ancient Egypt between 1550 and 1100 B.C.


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Valois, was the family name of a line of kings who ruled France from 1328 to 1589.


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Valparaiso, (pop. 276,756), is the principal seaport and one of the largest cities of Chile.


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Value, in economics, means the power of a commodity to command other commodities in exchange.


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Value added by manufacture is a statistic used to measure and compare the value of manufacturing activity.


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Value-added tax is a tax imposed by a government at each stage in the production of a good or service.


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Valve is a term used for various mechanical devices which open and close to control the flow of fluids in pipes and vessels.


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Vampire is a corpse that supposedly returns to life at night to suck people's blood.


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Vampire bat is the name given several different bats.


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Vanadium is a silvery-white metallic element.


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Van Allen, James Alfred (1914-...), a physicist, discovered the Van Allen belts, two zones of electrically charged particles that surround the earth.


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Van Allen belts, also called radiation belts, are two zones of electrically charged particles that surround the earth high above its surface.


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Van Allsburg, Chris (1949-...), is an American author and illustrator of children's books.


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Vanbrugh, Sir John (1664-1726), was an English playwright and architect.


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Van Buren, Abigail (1918-...), is the pen name of Pauline Phillips, who writes a newspaper advice column called Dear Abby.


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Van Buren, Martin (1782-1862), ran for president three times but won only the first time.


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Vance, Cyrus Roberts (1917-2002), served as secretary of state from 1977 to 1980 under President Jimmy Carter.


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Vance, Zebulon Baird (1830-1894), was a Confederate governor of North Carolina and a Democratic United States senator.


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Vancouver, is the largest city in British Columbia and the busiest port in Canada.


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Vancouver (pop. 143,560) is a port city on the Columbia River in southwestern Washington.


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Vancouver, George (1758-1798), was a British explorer.


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Vancouver Island is the largest island on the Pacific Coast of North America, and an important part of the Canadian province of British Columbia.


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Vandalism is criminal damage to property.


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Vandals were a Germanic tribe of barbarians that invaded the West Roman Empire during the early A.D. 400's.


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Van de Graaff, Robert Jemison (1901-1967), an American physicist, invented the electrostatic generator named after him.


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Van de Graaff, generator, also known as an electrostatic generator, is a device for building up a high electric charge.


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Van Den Bosch, Johannes (1780-1844), was governor general of the Netherlands East Indies (now Indonesia) from 1830 to 1834.


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Vandenberg Air Force Base, California, is the United States Air Force's rocket-launching site on the Pacific Coast.


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Vanderbilt, Cornelius (1794-1877), was the most successful and powerful American businessman of his time.


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Vanderbilt University is a coeducational, privately controlled research university in Nashville.


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Van der Goes, Hugo (1440?-1482), was the leading Flemish painter of religious subjects and portraits of his generation.


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Van der Weyden, Rogier, (1399?-1464), was a Flemish painter of portraits and religious subjects.


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Van Dine, S. S. (1888-1939), is the pen name of Willard Huntington Wright, an American author of detective fiction. Van Dine's novels featured the scholarly and snobbish amateur detective Philo Vance.


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Van Doren, Carl (1885-1950), was an American biographer and critic.


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Van Doren, Mark (1894-1972), was an American poet, critic, and educator.


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Van Druten, John William (1901-1957), was a playwright who became known for his polished comedies.


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Van Dyck, Sir Anthony (1599-1641), was one of the most popular portrait painters of his time.


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Van Eyck, Jan, (1380?-1441), was one of the greatest and most influential Flemish painters of altarpieces and portraits of the 1400's.


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Van Gogh, Vincent (1853-1890), was a Dutch painter.


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Vanier, Georges-Philias, (1888-1967), served as governor general of Canada from 1959 to 1967.


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Vanilla is the name of a group of climbing orchids.


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Van Leyden, Lucas (1494?-1533), was a Dutch graphic artist and painter best known for his engravings.


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Van Rensselaer, Kiliaen (1595-1643), was one of the leading Dutch colonizers of the territory that later became New York.


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Vanuatu, is an island country that lies in the southwest Pacific Ocean.


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Vapor is the gaseous state into which solids and liquids pass when heated.


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Vapor lock occurs in a gasoline engine when some of the gasoline boils in the fuel-supply system.


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Varanasi, (pop. 929,270), is an ancient holy city of the Hindus in northern India.


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Varese, Edgard, (1883-1965), was a leading composer of the early 1900's.


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Vargas Llosa, Mario (1936-...), is the first Peruvian novelist to win international renown.


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Variation, in music, is the technique of adding to or changing some element of a composition.


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Varicose, vein is a swollen vein caused by some body condition that interferes with the flow of blood toward the heart.


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Varnish is a transparent liquid used to protect wood, metal, and other materials from air and moisture, and to improve their appearance.


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Vase is a general term for a decorative or ornamental hollow vessel that is usually used to hold flowers.


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Vasectomy is a surgical procedure performed to permanently prevent a man from fathering children.


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Vassar, Matthew (1792-1868), was an American brewer who founded Vassar College.


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Vassar College is a coeducational liberal arts college at Poughkeepsie, New York.


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Vatican, City (pop. 1,000) is the smallest independent country in the world.


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Vatican Council I was the 20th ecumenical (general) council of the Roman Catholic Church.


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Vatican Council II was the 21st ecumenical (general) council of the Roman Catholic Church.


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Vaudeville, is a kind of theatrical entertainment that features a wide variety of acts.


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Vaughan, Sarah (1924-1990), was a famous jazz singer who also achieved great success in popular music.


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Vaughan Williams, Ralph, (1872-1958), was one of the United Kingdom's foremost composers.


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Vault is an architectural term for an arched roof or ceiling.


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Veal is the flesh of cattle that are too young and small to be sold as beef.


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Veblen, Thorstein Bunde (1857-1929), an American economist, was one of the most original and creative thinkers in the history of American economic thought.


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Vedas, are the oldest sacred books of Hinduism.


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Vega, is the brightest star in Lyra, a constellation in the Northern Hemisphere.


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Vega, Lope de, (1562-1635), was the most productive playwright of Spain's Golden Age.


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Vegetable is any of many nutritious foods that come from the leaves, roots, seeds, stems, and other parts of certain plants.


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Vegetable oil is a fatty substance obtained from certain plants.


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Vegetarianism is the practice of not eating meat.


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Vein is a blood vessel that carries blood toward the heart.


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Velazquez, Diego, (1599-1660), was an important Spanish baroque painter.


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Velcro is the trade name for a fastening device made up of tiny hooks that mesh with tiny loops.


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Velociraptor, was a quick, fierce meat-eating dinosaur.


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Velocity, is the rate at which a body moves in space in a given direction.


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Velvet is a handsome fabric with a soft and luxurious feel.


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Velvetleaf is a weed that has velvety, heart-shaped leaves.


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Vending machine is a self-service device that dispenses a product or service when money or a token, card, or key is inserted into it.


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Venezuela, is a South American country that ranks as one of the world's leading producers and exporters of petroleum.


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Venice, Italy (pop. 309,422), is one of the world's most famous and unusual cities.


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Venizelos, Eleutherios, (1864-1936), was the dominant figure in Greek politics from 1910 to 1935.


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Venom, is a poisonous substance produced by many kinds of animals.


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Ventilation supplies fresh air to indoor places and removes stale air from these places.


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Ventriloquism is the illusion of making the voice appear to come from somewhere other than its source.


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Ventris, Michael George Francis (1922-1956), a British architect, solved one of the great mysteries of archaeology.


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Venturi, Robert (1925-...), is an American architect whose theories and designs helped establish Postmodernism as an important architectural movement.


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Venus, was a major goddess in Roman mythology.


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Venus is known as the earth's "twin" because the two planets are so similar in size.


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Venus de Milo, is a famous ancient Greek statue.


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Venus's, -flytrap is a plant found in a small area of the coastal regions of North and South Carolina.


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Veracruz, (pop. 457,119), is the chief port of Mexico.


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Verb is a part of speech that expresses an action or a state of being.


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Verbena, is the name of a large group of plants, almost all of which are native to North America and South America.


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Vercheres, Marie Madeleine Jarret de (1678-1747), was a French-Canadian heroine who led the defense of a fort against an Indian attack.


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Verdi, Giuseppe, (1813-1901), was an Italian composer of operas.


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Verdin, is a small, yellow-headed bird that lives in the arid portions of the southwestern United States and of Mexico.


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Verdun, Battles of. Verdun, one of the oldest cities of France, has been a battleground since Attila the Hun ravaged it in A.D. 450.


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Verdun, Treaty of, divided Charlemagne's empire into three parts.


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Verga, Giovanni, (1840-1922), was an Italian novelist, playwright, and short-story writer.


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Verlaine, Paul (1844-1896), was a French poet who became a leader of the poetic movement called symbolism.


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Vermeer, Jan, (1632-1675), was a Dutch painter.


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Vermiculite, is a mineral that occurs as layered flakes.


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Vermilion, is a bright, scarlet pigment used to color inks, paints, and other substances.


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Vermont, a New England state of the United States, is famous for its Green Mountains.


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Vermont, University of, is a state-supported coeducational school in Burlington, Vermont.


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Verne, Jules (1828-1905), a French novelist, wrote some of the first science-fiction stories.


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Vernier, is an instrument used in measuring lengths and angles.


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Veronese, Paolo, (1528-1588), painted in and around Venice at the end of the Italian Renaissance.


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Verrazzano, Giovanni da, (1485?-1528?), an Italian navigator in the service of France, sailed to North America in 1524.


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Verrocchio, Andrea del, (about 1435-1488), was an Italian sculptor and painter.


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Versailles, Palace of, is a magnificent palace in northern France.


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Versailles, Treaty of, officially ended military actions against Germany in World War I. The treaty was signed at the Palace of Versailles, near Paris, on June 28, 1919, and went into effect on Jan. 10, 1920.


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Vertebrate, is an animal with a spinal column (backbone) and a cranium (brain case).


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Very high frequency waves, also called VHF waves, are electromagnetic waves in the frequency band from 30 megahertz (30 million cycles per second) to 300 megahertz (300 million cycles per second).


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Vesalius, Andreas,  (1514-1564), a Flemish anatomist and physician, made important contributions to the study of human anatomy.


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Vesey, Denmark (1767?-1822), a black freedman, planned a slave revolt in the state of South Carolina that would have involved more blacks than any other uprising in United States history.


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Vespasian, (A.D. 9-79), was a Roman emperor.


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Vespucci, Amerigo, (1454-1512), was an Italian-born explorer for whom America was named.


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Vesta was a goddess of the household in Roman mythology.


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Vesuvius, is the only active volcano on the mainland of Europe.


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Vetch is a type of vine that is grown chiefly as feed for cattle and sheep.


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Veterans Affairs, Department of, also called the VA, is an executive department of the United States government.


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Veterans Day honors men and women who have served in the United States armed services.


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Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States (VFW) is one of the largest veterans' organizations in the United States.


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Veterans' organizations include former members of a nation's armed services.


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Veterinary medicine is the branch of medicine that deals with the diseases of animals.


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Veto is a Latin word which means I forbid.


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Viaduct, is like a bridge, except that it crosses over dry land instead of water.


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Vibraphone is a percussion instrument that consists of a number of aluminum bars arranged on a frame like the keys of a piano.


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Vibration, in mechanics, is the rapid "to-and-fro" motion of an object.


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Vice president is the second highest executive officer in the government of some nations.


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Vice President of the United States is only a heartbeat away from the most powerful elective office in the world.


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Viceroy is an official who rules a province or colony in the name of a king.


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Vichy, (pop. 28,048), is a resort town on the Allier River in central France.


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Vicksburg, Mississippi (pop. 26,407), is a Mississippi River port.


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Victor Emmanuel II (1820-1878) was king of the Kingdom of Sardinia from 1849 to 1861 and the first king of Italy from 1861 to 1878.


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Victor Emmanuel III (1869-1947) was king of Italy from 1900 to 1946.


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Victoria (1819-1901) was queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 1837 to 1901 and became one of the most famous rulers in English history.


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Victoria is the smallest state on the Australian mainland.


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Victoria (pop. 73,504; met. area pop. 304,287) is the capital of British Columbia.


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Victoria, Guadalupe, (1785-1843), was the first president of Mexico.


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Victoria and Albert Museum, in London, houses one of the world's most important collections of decorative art and fine art.


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Victoria Day commemorates the birthday of Queen Victoria on May 24, 1819.


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Victoria Falls is a spectacular waterfall in southern Africa.


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Vicuna, is the smallest member of the camel family.


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Vidal, Gore, (1925-...), is an American author best known for his novels.


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Video game is a game played by an electronic device and displayed on a television set, computer monitor, or other viewing screen.


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Videodisc, also spelled video disk or videodisk, is a flat, round platter on which visual images and sound have been recorded for reproduction on a television set.


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Videotape recorder is a device that records visual images and sound on magnetic tape.


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Vienna, (pop. 1,539,858), is the capital and largest city of Austria.


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Vienna, Congress of, was a series of meetings held in late 1814 and early 1815 to settle the issues arising from almost 25 years of war between France and the rest of Europe.


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Vientiane, (pop. 420,000), is the capital and largest city of Laos.


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Vietnam, is a country in Southeast Asia with its eastern coast on the South China Sea.


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Vietnam Veterans Memorial is a monument in Washington, D.C., that honors the Americans who served in the Vietnam War.


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Vietnam War was the longest war in which the United States took part.


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Vigee-Lebrun, Elisabeth, (1755-1842), was one of the most fashionable portrait painters in France before the French Revolution (1789-1799).


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Vigilante, is a member of a self-appointed citizen group called a vigilance committee.


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Vigny, Alfred de (1797-1863), a French author, was a leading figure in the romantic movement.


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Vikings were fierce pirates and warriors who terrorized Europe from the late 700's to about 1100.


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Villa, Pancho, (1878-1923), was a Mexican rebel general during the Mexican Revolution (1910-1920).


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Villa-Lobos, Heitor, (1887-1959), was a Brazilian composer who played a crucial role in developing a Brazilian national style of music.


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Village is any small group or community of houses and dwellings.


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Villein, was an agricultural worker whose status was between that of freedom and slavery during the Middle Ages in England.


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Villella, Edward Joseph (1936-...), an American dancer, gained fame while performing with the New York City Ballet.


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Villiers de l'Isle-Adam, Comte de (1838-1889), a French writer, was a leading figure in the symbolist movement.


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Villon, Francois, (1431- ? ), was a great French poet.


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Vilnius, (pop. 591,066), is the capital and largest city of Lithuania.


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Vimy, Ridge, Battle of, was a World War I battle in which Canadian forces scored an important victory over the Germans.


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Vina del Mar, (pop. 281,063), is one of the largest cities in Chile and the country's leading seaside resort city.


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Vincennes, (pop. 18,701), was the first permanent settlement in what is now Indiana.


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Vincent de Paul, Saint (1581-1660), a Roman Catholic leader, founded two important religious orders.


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Vine usually means a plant that has a weak and flexible stem requiring some kind of support.


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Vinegar is a sour liquid used for seasoning and for preserving foods.


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Vinegar eel is a tiny roundworm that lives in vinegar.


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Vinland is the name early Scandinavian explorers gave to a region on the east coast of North America.


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Vinson, Frederick Moore (1890-1953), was chief justice of the United States from 1946 to 1953.


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Viol, is the name of a class of stringed instruments played with a bow.


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Viola, is a stringed musical instrument that resembles a large violin.


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Violet is the common name of a group of flowering plants.


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Violin is a stringed instrument that is played with a bow.


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Viper is any one of a group of poisonous snakes.


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Viper's bugloss, is a plant that is also known as blue thistle.


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Virchow, Rudolf (1821-1902), was a prominent German physician, scientist, and statesman.


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Vireo, is the name of a group of small birds found in forests and thickets of the Americas.


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Virgil (70-19 B.C.), also spelled Vergil, was the greatest poet of ancient Rome and one of the outstanding poets in world literature.


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Virgin Islands is the name of two groups of small islands east of Puerto Rico.


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Virgin Islands, British, are an overseas territory of the United Kingdom in the West Indies.


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Virgin Islands National Park lies chiefly on St. John, the smallest of the three chief American-owned Virgin Islands in the Caribbean Sea.


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Virginal is a keyboard instrument that resembles a harpsichord.


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Virginia, a Southern State of the United States, was the site of some of the most important events in American history.


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Virginia, University of, is a state-controlled coeducational school in Charlottesville, Virginia.


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Virginia Beach (pop. 425,257) is the largest city in Virginia.


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Virginia City, Nevada, is one of the most celebrated and best-preserved old mining towns in the western United States.


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Virginia creeper is a creeping and high-climbing woody plant.


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Viroid, is one of the smallest known agents of infectious disease.


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Virtual reality, also known as VR, is an artificial, three-dimensional environment created by a computer.


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Virus is a microscopic organism that lives in a cell of another living thing.


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Visa, is an endorsement that government officials place on a passport to show the passport is valid (see Passport).


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Viscosity, is a measure of the resistance of a fluid (liquid or gas) to flow.


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Viscount, is a title held by certain British noblemen.


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Vishnu, is one of the two main gods of Hinduism.


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Vistula, River is an important waterway of east-central Europe.


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Vital statistics are a record of the most basic human events, including birth, marriage, divorce, sickness, and death.


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Vitamin is a chemical compound that the human body needs in small amounts.


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Vitiligo, is a noninfectious disease in which people develop white spots on the skin.


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Vivaldi, Antonio (1678-1741), was an Italian composer.


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Viviparous, animal is an animal that reproduces by means of eggs that are fertilized and develop inside of the mother's body.


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Vizier, is the title some Muslim countries give to certain high officials, such as ministers of state.


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Vizsla, is a short-haired hunting dog also known as the Hungarian pointer.


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Vladimir, I (956?-1015) was a Grand Prince of Kiev, in what is now Ukraine.


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Vladivostok, (pop. 643,000), is the most important port of Russia on the Pacific Ocean.


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Vlaminck, Maurice de, (1876-1958), was a French artist.


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Vocabulary is the total number of words in a language.


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Vocational education prepares people for an occupation that does not require a bachelor's degree.


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Vocational rehabilitation is a program or service designed to help disabled people become fit for jobs.


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Voice, in grammar, is a feature of transitive verbs.


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Voice of America (VOA) is the primary official worldwide broadcasting service of the United States.


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Voiceprint, also called speech spectrogram, is a visual record of the sound waves of a human voice.


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Voile, is a thin, open cloth made of silk, cotton, polyester, rayon, or nylon.


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Volcano is an opening in the earth's surface through which lava, hot gases, and rock fragments erupt (burst forth).


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Volcker, Paul Adolph (1927-...), served as chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (FRS) from 1979 to 1987.


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Volga, River is the longest river in Europe.


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Volgograd, (pop. 1,005,000), is an important manufacturing city in Russia.


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Volkswagen, a German automobile manufacturer, is one of the world's leading producers of passenger cars.


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Volleyball is a game in which the players hit a ball back and forth across a net with their hands or arms.


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Volstead, Act provided for the enforcing of national prohibition of the use of intoxicating liquors.


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Volt is a unit of electrical measurement.


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Volta, Alessandro (1745-1827), won fame as the inventor of the voltaic pile, an early type of electric battery.


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Voltaire, (1694-1778), was the pen name of Francois Marie Arouet, a French author and philosopher.


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Volume of a body is the amount of space it occupies.


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Volunteers of America is a Christian human service organization that provides spiritual and material services to the needy.


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Vomiting, is the action that expels the contents of the stomach through the mouth.


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Von Braun, Wernher, (1912-1977), was one of the world's foremost rocket engineers and a leading authority on space travel.


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Vonnegut, Kurt (1922-...), is an American author.


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Von Neumann, John (1903-1957), was a notable mathematician.


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Von Sternberg, Josef (1894-1969), was an American motion-picture director.


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Von Willebrand's, disease is a hereditary disease in which the skin bleeds for an abnormally long period of time when injured.


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Voodoo is a term used for a variety of beliefs, traditions, and practices that are derived largely from traditional African religions and from Christianity.


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Vorster, Balthazar Johannes, (1915-1983), was prime minister of South Africa from 1966 to 1978.


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Voting is a method by which groups of people make decisions.


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Voting machine is a mechanical device for recording and counting votes at an election.


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Vowel. When a person says "ah" for the doctor, an open sound is made with free passage of breath.


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Voyager is either of two United States space probes launched in 1977 to Jupiter and beyond.


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Voyager, a Daring class destroyer of the Royal Australian Navy, sank after a collision with the aircraft carrier Melbourne on Feb. 10, 1964.


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Voyageurs National Park, lies in northern Minnesota at the United States-Canadian border.


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V/STOL is a type of aircraft that can take off and land (1) vertically or (2) on a very short runway.


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Vuillard, Edouard, (1868-1940), was a French painter.


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Vulcan, in Roman mythology, was the god of fire, metalworking, and skilled craftwork in general.


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Vulgate, is the name of a Latin translation of the Bible, which was largely the work of Saint Jerome.


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Vulture is the name of various large birds of prey.


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Wabash, River is the best-known river in Indiana.


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Waco, (pop. 113,726; met. area pop. 213,517), is a city in central Texas.


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Wager is a bet, or anything which is risked on the outcome of an event or the answer to a question.


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Wages and hours. Wages are the price paid for work.


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Wagner, Honus, (1874-1955), is often considered baseball's greatest shortstop.


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Wagner, Richard (1813-1883), was a great German composer who fundamentally changed European musical, literary, and theatrical life.


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Wagner, Robert Ferdinand (1877-1953), was an American statesman.


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Wagon. The wheel and the wagon were developed at the same time.


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Wahoo is a fish that lives in warm parts of the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans.


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Wainwright, Jonathan Mayhew (1883-1953), was an American general whose courage made him a hero of World War II.


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Waite, Morrison Remick (1816-1888), served as chief justice of the United States from 1874 until his death.


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Wake is the custom of watching over a dead person before burial.


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Wake Island is a United States possession in the west-central Pacific Ocean.


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Waksman, Selman Abraham (1888-1973), was an American bacteriologist who made important contributions to soil microbiology and to the development of antibiotics.


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Walata, was a leading trading city in West Africa from the late 1000's to the 1500's.


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Walcott, Derek (1930-...), a West Indian poet and playwright, won the 1992 Nobel Prize for literature.


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Wald, George (1906-1997), an American biochemist, determined how chemical changes in the retina enable a person to see.


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Wald, Lillian D. (1867-1940), founded the first visiting nurse program in the United States that was not affiliated with a religious group. Her contacts with the poor in New York City in the depression of 1892-1893 inspired her to found the Nurses' Settle


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Waldenses, are members of a Christian religious group.


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Waldheim, Kurt, (1918-...), is an Austrian diplomat who served as secretary-general of the United Nations (UN) from 1972 to 1982.


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Wales is one of the four major political divisions that make up the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.


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Walesa, Lech, (1943-...), was president of Poland from 1990 to 1995.


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Walker, Alice (1944-...), is an African American writer.


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Walker, David (1785-1830), was an African American abolitionist who wrote a famous antislavery pamphlet.


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Walker, James John (1881-1946), served as Democratic mayor of New York City from 1926 to 1932.


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Walker, Leroy Pope (1817-1884), served as the first Confederate secretary of war, from February to September 1861, during the American Civil War.


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Walker, Mary Edwards (1832-1919), was the only woman to receive the Medal of Honor, the highest military award given by the United States government.


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Walker, William (1824-1860), was an American filibuster (military adventurer).


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Walkie-talkie is a two-way radio that provides quick voice communication over short distances.


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Walking, as a competitive sport, is a race between two or more people, or against time.


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Walkingstick is an insect that looks like a twig.


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Wall Street is a short, narrow street in New York City.


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Wallace, Alfred Russel (1823-1913), was a British naturalist and explorer.


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Wallace, George Corley (1919-1998), an American political leader, ran unsuccessfully for President in 1968, 1972, and 1976.


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Wallace, Henry Agard (1888-1965), served as vice president of the United States from 1941 to 1945 under President Franklin D. Roosevelt.


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Wallace, Lew (1827-1905), was an American author, diplomat, lawyer, and military leader.


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Wallace, Sir William (1272?-1305), was a Scottish patriot who led a revolt against King Edward I of England.


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Wallboard is a kind of board made of gypsum and paper or of fibers of wood, cane, or other materials.


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Wallenberg, Raoul (1912-?), a Swedish businessman and diplomat, helped save about 100,000 Hungarian Jews from being killed by the Nazis in 1944, during World War II.


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Wallenstein, Albrecht Wenzel Eusebius von, (1583-1634), a Bohemian general, played an important role in the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648).


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Waller, Fats (1904-1943), was an American jazz pianist, songwriter, and entertainer.


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Wallflower is a fragrant plant that bears clusters of golden or maroon flowers.


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Walloons are a group of people who live in southern Belgium.


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Wallpaper is decorative paper used to cover inside walls.


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Walnut is the name of a type of tree valued for its nuts and wood.


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Walnut Canyon National Monument is in central Arizona.


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Walpole, Horace (1717-1797), was an English letter writer and author.


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Walpole, Sir Robert (1676-1745), the first Earl of Orford, was the most influential politician in England during the first half of the 1700's.


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Walpurgis, Night is the eve of May Day, when German people celebrate the feast of St. Walpurgis.


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Walrus is a sea animal that lives in parts of the Arctic, North Atlantic, and North Pacific oceans.


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Walt Disney Company is a leading American entertainment company.


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Walter, Bruno, (1876-1962), was a leading orchestra and symphony conductor of the 1900's.


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Walter, Thomas Ustick, (1804-1887), an American architect, became noted for his buildings in the Greek Revival style.


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Walter Reed Army Medical Center, in Washington, D.C., provides care for active-duty and retired military personnel and their families.


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Walther von der Vogelweide, (1170?-1230?), was perhaps the greatest of the medieval minnesingers (love poets).


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Walton, Ernest Thomas Sinton (1903-1995), an Irish physicist, shared the 1951 Nobel Prize in physics with Sir John Cockcroft.


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Walton, George (1741-1804), a Georgia signer of the Declaration of Independence, was governor and chief justice of Georgia several times.


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Walton, Izaak (1593-1683), was an English author best known for his book on fishing, The Compleat Angler.


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Walton, Sam (1918-1992), an American businessman, was the founder of Wal-Mart Stores.


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Walton, Sir William (1902-1983), was an English composer whose works are noted for their strong sense of melody and form.


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Waltz is a ballroom dance in 3/4 time characterized by its swift gliding turns.


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Walvis Bay is a part of Namibia that was formerly a district of South Africa.


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Wampum is an American Indian word for purple or white beads made from shells.


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Wandering Jew is a legendary figure who is condemned to wander throughout the world until the Second Coming of Jesus Christ.


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Wandering-jew is the common name of three species of plants in the spiderwort family.


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Wang Wei (699-759) was a Chinese painter and poet known especially for his skill as a landscape artist.


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War is the organized use of violence between independent political groups.


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War, Department of, also called the War Department, was an executive department of the United States government from 1789 to 1947.


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War correspondent is one of the most dramatic news reporting jobs.


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War crime is a military violation of the rules of warfare.


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War of 1812. The War of 1812 was in many ways the strangest war in United States history.


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War Powers Resolution is a United States law designed to balance military powers of the president and Congress.


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Warbeck, Perkin (1474?-1499), became one of the most famous "pretenders" in European history.


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Warble fly is a type of large, hairy fly that resembles a bumble bee.


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Warbler is the popular name of a group of small migratory songbirds.


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Ward is a word that once had much the same meaning as the word guard.


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Ward, Aaron Montgomery (1844-1913), an American businessman, pioneered in the mail-order business in the United States.


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Ward, Artemus, (1834-1867), was the pen name of Charles Farrar Browne, one of the most important American humorists of the 1800's.


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Ward, Barbara (1914-1981), was a British economist and journalist.


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Ward, Joseph (1838-1889), was a noted clergyman and educator, and a leader in South Dakota's drive for statehood.


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Ward, Lynd Kendall (1905-1985), was an American artist.


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Warhol, Andy (1930?-1987), was an American artist best known for his images of common objects or famous people.


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Warm-blooded animal is an animal that almost always has about the same body temperature, regardless of the temperature of its surroundings.


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Warner, Pop (1871-1954), was one of the most influential coaches in the history of American college football.


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Warner, Seth (1743-1784), was an American soldier in the Revolutionary War.


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Warrant, is a document authorizing a person to do something.


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Warren, Earl (1891-1974), served as chief justice of the United States from 1953 to 1969.


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Warren, Joseph (1741-1775), was a leading Massachusetts statesman in the period before the Revolutionary War.


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Warren, Mercy Otis (1728-1814), was a colonial American writer.


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Warren, Robert Penn (1905-1989), was an American novelist, poet, and literary critic.


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Warren Report is a summary of events related to the assassination of United States President John F. Kennedy in Dallas, Tex., on Nov. 22, 1963.


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Wars of the Roses were a series of civil wars in England in the 1400's.


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Warsaw, (pop. 1,653,300), is the capital and largest city of Poland.


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Warsaw Pact was a treaty that held most Eastern European nations in a military command under tight Soviet control.


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Wart is a hard, rough growth on the surface of the skin.


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Wart hog is an African pig with large, curved tusks protruding from its huge, flattened head.


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Warwick, (pop. 85,808), is Rhode Island's second largest city and a commercial center.


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Warwick, Earl of (1428-1471), was a famous English soldier and statesman.


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Wasatch, Range is a mountain range that extends about 160 miles (257 kilometers) between southern Idaho and central Utah.


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Washakie, (1804?-1900), was a chief of the eastern Shoshone Indians in Utah and Wyoming.


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Washing machine is a machine that quickly washes clothes, linens, and other items.


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Washington is the only state of the United States named for one of the nation's presidents.


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Washington, D.C., is the capital of the United States and the headquarters of the U.S. government. It is one of the nation's most beautiful and historic cities and the site of many of its most popular tourist attractions.


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Washington, Booker T. (1856-1915), was the most influential black leader and educator of his time in the United States. He became prominent largely because of his role as founder and head of Tuskegee Institute, a vocational school for blacks in Tuskegee,


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Washington, George (1732-1799), won a lasting place in American history as the "Father of the Country."


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Washington, Harold (1922-1987), won election as the first African American mayor of Chicago in 1983.


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Washington, Martha Custis (1731-1802), was the wife of George Washington.


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Washington, Treaty of, was signed on May 8, 1871, by the United States and Britain in Washington, D.C. It led to the settlement of several disputes that had arisen during the American Civil War (1861-1865) or soon afterward.


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Washington, University of, is a coeducational state-supported research university in Seattle.


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Washington Cathedral, also called the National Cathedral, is an Episcopal church in Washington, D.C. Its official name is the Cathedral Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul.


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Washington Conference was a meeting held in Washington, D.C., to discuss naval disarmament and certain problems involving east Asia.


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Washington Monument is a great obelisk built in honor of George Washington.


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Washington State University is a coeducational, state-controlled land-grant institution with a main campus in Pullman, Wash.


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Washington's Birthday is celebrated as a federal holiday on the third Monday in February.


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Washoe, Indians, also spelled Washo, live in California and Nevada near Lake Tahoe.


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Wasp is any of a large number of insects closely related to bees and ants.


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Wassermann, August von, (1866-1925), was a German bacteriologist and immunologist.


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Wasserstein, Wendy (1950-...), is an American dramatist whose most successful plays deal with feminist themes.


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Waste disposal is the process of permanently removing waste materials.


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Wat Tyler's Rebellion, also called the Peasants' Revolt, was an uprising by English farm laborers in 1381.


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Watauga Association was a group of settlers who, in 1772, formed the first white community independent of colonial government in what is now the United States.


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Water is the most common substance on earth.


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Water beetle is the name given to many separate families of beetles that live in the water.


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Water buffalo. Several kinds of wild oxen may be called water buffaloes.


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Water bug is the common name for insects that spend most of their lives in the water.


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Water chestnut is the common name for two very different kinds of aquatic plants.


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Water clock, also called clepsydra, was an instrument that recorded time by measuring water escaping from a vessel.


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Water flea is the common name of a group of tiny animals that live primarily in freshwater ponds and lakes.


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Water hyacinth is a plant that grows chiefly in the tropical regions of the world.


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Water lily, also called pond lily, is the popular name for various beautiful water plants that grow in both temperate and hot climates.


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Water meter is a device that measures the volume of water that flows through a pipe or a large channel.


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Water moccasin is a poisonous snake that lives in the southeastern United States.


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Water plant, also called aquatic plant or hydrophyte, is a name used for any plant that is specially adapted to live in water.


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Water pollution is one of the most serious environmental problems.


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Water polo is a sport in which two teams in a pool try to score by throwing or pushing a hollow rubber ball into the opponent's goal.


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Water power is a valuable source of energy.


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Water-skiing is a popular sport in which a person wearing special skis is pulled over the water by a speeding motorboat.


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Water softening is a method of removing from water the minerals that make it hard.


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Water wheel changes the energy of falling water into mechanical energy that can be used for running machinery.


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Waterbury (pop. 107,271; met. area 228,984) is one of the largest cities in Connecticut.


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Waterfall is any sudden descent of a stream from a higher to a lower level.


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Waterford (pop 39,516) is a city in southeastern Ireland.


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Watergate was the name of the biggest political scandal in United States history.


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Waterloo, Battle of, fought on June 18, 1815, was the final battle of the French military genius, Napoleon Bonaparte.


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Watermark is an identifying mark pressed into paper as it is formed by a papermaking machine.


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Waterproofing is a way of treating cloth, leather, wood, or other materials so that they will shed water.


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Waters, Ethel (1900-1977), was a popular black American singer and actress.


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Waters, Muddy (1915-1983), was an influential rhythm and blues singer and guitarist.


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Waterspout is a tornado that occurs over a lake or ocean.


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Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park is on the United States-Canadian boundary line between Montana and Alberta.


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Watie, Stand (1806-1871), became the only Indian brigadier general in the Confederate Army.


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Watson, Homer (1855-1936), was a Canadian landscape painter.


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Watson, James Dewey (1928-...), is an American biologist.


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Watson, John Broadus (1878-1958), was an American psychologist.


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Watson, Thomas Edward (1856-1922), was one of the most important Southern leaders of the Populist Party in the United States.


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Watson, Thomas John (1874-1956), was an American industrialist.


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Watson-Watt, Sir Robert Alexander (1892-1973), a Scottish electronics engineer and inventor, helped develop radar.


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Watt is a unit of power in the metric system.


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Watt, James (1736-1819), was a Scottish engineer whose improved engine design first made steam power practicable.


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Watteau, Antoine, (1684-1721), a French painter, developed a style and subject matter that began the Rococo movement.


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Wattmeter is an instrument used to measure electric power.


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Watts, Isaac (1674-1748), an English clergyman, wrote more than 700 hymns and psalms.


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Waugh, Evelyn, (1903-1966), was an English author best known for his satirical novels about wealthy London society.


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Waves are disturbances in water, air, or another substance, or in a field of force.


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Wax is a fatty substance that is widely used as a protective coating for various surfaces.


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Wax myrtle is a large, fragrant evergreen shrub or small tree found along the eastern coast of the United States.


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Waxwing is a silky-feathered, grayish-brown bird that is larger than a sparrow, with a conspicuous crest or topknot.


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Wayne, Anthony (1745-1796), was an American officer in the Revolutionary War (1775-1783).


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Wayne, John (1907-1979), an American motion-picture actor, became famous for his he-man roles.


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Weakfish is a popular saltwater food and sport fish of the drum family.


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Weapon. Weapons have played an important part in the history of humanity.


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Weasel is a small furry animal that has a long, slender body and short legs.


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Weather is the state of the atmosphere at some place and time.


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Weather satellite is an instrument in orbit around the earth that is used to study and forecast the weather and climate.


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Weather Service, National, provides forecasts, watches, warnings, statements, observations, and records of the weather and certain water resources in the United States and its territories.


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Weather vane is a device that turns freely on an upright rod and points in the direction from which wind comes.


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Weaver is a type of small bird that usually weaves a hanging nest.


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Weaver, Robert Clifton (1907-1997), served as secretary of the Department of Housing and Urban Development under President Lyndon B. Johnson from 1966 through 1968.


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Weaving is the process of making cloth by crossing two sets of threads over and under each other.


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Webb, Sidney and Beatrice, were British social reformers.


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Weber, is a unit used to measure a magnetic field.


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Weber, Carl Maria von (1786-1826), was the first important composer of German romantic opera.


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Weber, Max (1864-1920), was a German sociologist and economist who helped establish the foundations of modern sociology.


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Weber, Max (1881-1961), was a pioneer modern painter in America.


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Webern, Anton (1883-1945), was an Austrian composer best known for his works written in the 12-tone style.


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Webster, Daniel (1782-1852), was the best-known American orator, and one of the ablest lawyers and statesmen of his time.


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Webster, John (1580?-1625?), an English playwright, is noted for two tragedies, The White Devil (completed about 1612) and The Duchess of Malfi (completed about 1613).


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Webster, Noah (1758-1843), was an American educator and journalist who won fame for compiling Webster's Dictionary.


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Webster-Ashburton Treaty was an agreement between the United States and Britain.


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Wedding anniversary. It is customary for married couples to celebrate their wedding anniversaries.


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Wedekind, Frank (1864-1918), was a German playwright who savagely attacked the smugness, hypocrisy, and corruption he saw in middle-class morality.


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Wedge is a device that has two or more sloping surfaces that taper either to a sharp edge or to a point.


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Wedgwood, Josiah, (1730-1795), was the outstanding leader in the pottery industry during the greatest period of British pottery making.


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Wedgwood ware is a type of pottery first made by the English potter Josiah Wedgwood about 1759.


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Wednesday, is the English name for the fourth day of the week.


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Weed is any plant that grows where people do not want it to grow.


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Weed, Thurlow (1797-1882), was an American journalist and political leader.


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Week is a division of time which includes seven days.


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Weems, Mason Locke (1759-1825), was an American clergyman who became famous as a writer and traveling bookseller.


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Weevil, is the name of many kinds of beetles with a long snout.


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Weight is a measure of the heaviness of an object.


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Weight control is the process of losing or avoiding excess body fat.


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Weightlifting involves the lifting of weights attached to a barbell.


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Weights and measures are tools that we use to measure the physical properties of things.


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Weill, Kurt (1900-1950), was a German composer famous for his music for the theater.


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Weimaraner, is a hunting dog that originated in Weimar, Germany, in the 1800's.


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Weinberger, Caspar Willard (1917-...), was a Republican government official who held two Cabinet posts.


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Weisgard, Leonard (1916-2000), was an American artist and illustrator of children's books.


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Weismann, August, (1834-1914), a German biologist, is known chiefly for his theories of heredity and evolution.


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Weizmann, Chaim, (1874-1952), served as the first president of Israel from 1949 until his death.


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Welding is a method of permanently joining two pieces of metal, usually by means of heat.


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Welfare refers to government programs that provide money, medical care, food, housing, and other necessities for needy people.


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Welfare state is a term sometimes applied to a country in which the government assumes major responsibility for providing for the financial needs of the people.


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Well is a hole in the earth from which a fluid is withdrawn.


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Welland Ship Canal is one of Canada's greatest engineering projects.


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Welles, Gideon (1802-1878), served as secretary of the Navy under Presidents Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson.


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Welles, Orson (1915-1985), was an actor and motion-picture director.


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Wellington (pop. 325,682) is the capital and one of the largest cities of New Zealand.


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Wellington, Duke of (1769-1852), was a British soldier and statesman who was known as The Iron Duke.


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Wells, H. G. (1866-1946), was a famous English novelist, historian, science writer, and author of science-fiction stories. Wells's novel Tono-Bungay (1909) best reveals his varied talents.


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Wells-Barnett, Ida Bell (1862-1931), was an American journalist and reformer.


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Wells, Fargo & Company was an early American express and banking organization.


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Welsh springer spaniel is a breed of dog that closely resembles its relative, the English springer spaniel.


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Welsh terrier is one of the oldest English breeds of dogs.


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Welty, Eudora, (1909-2001), was an American short-story writer and novelist known for her searching studies of small-town life in the South.


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Welwitschia, also called tumboa, is a peculiar plant that grows in the sandy deserts of southwestern Africa.


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Werewolf, according to superstition, is a person who changes into a wolf.


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Wergeland, Henrik Arnold (1808-1845), was a Norwegian author and fervent nationalist.


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Werner, Abraham Gottlob, (1749-1817), a German geologist, formulated a theory on the origin of the earth that was widely accepted in his time.


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Weser, River is an important German waterway.


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Wesley, Charles (1707-1788), a clergyman of the Church of England, was a founder of Methodism and shared its leadership with his brother John.


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Wesley, John (1703-1791), a clergyman of the Church of England, was a founder of Methodism.


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Wesleyan Church is a religious denomination that was founded in 1968.


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West, Benjamin (1738-1820), was an American painter who became famous for his large pictures of historical subjects.


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West, Jerry (1938-...), became one of the greatest all-around players in the history of basketball.


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West, Jessamyn (1907-1984), was an American author.


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West, Mae (1893-1980), was an American actress who became famous for the humorous, bawdy sexuality of her stage and motion-picture performances.


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West, Nathanael (1903?-1940), was an American novelist noted for a brilliant but bitter view of modern American life.


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West, The. In American history, the frontier (unsettled area) usually lay to the west of settled regions.


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West Bank is a territory in the Middle East that lies between Israel and Jordan.


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West Highland white terrier is the only all-white breed of Scottish terriers.


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West Indies are an island chain that divides the Caribbean Sea from the rest of the Atlantic Ocean.


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West Point, N.Y., a United States military reservation, has served as the site of the U.S. Military Academy since 1802.


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West Virginia, in the Appalachian Highlands, has some of the most rugged land in the United States.


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West Virginia University is a coeducational institution in Morgantown and Parkersburg, West Virginia.


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Westcott, Edward Noyes (1846-1898), wrote the novel David Harum, published shortly after his death.


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Westergaard, Harald Malcolm (1888-1950), a distinguished American civil engineer and mathematician, became noted for his applications of mathematical analysis in the solution of engineering problems.


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Westermarck, Edward Alexander (1862-1939), was a Finnish anthropologist.


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Western Australia is the largest state in the Commonwealth of Australia.


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Western Church was a name given to the Roman Catholic Church after the Great Schism of the 800's to distinguish it from the Eastern Orthodox Church.


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Western European Union (WEU) is a defense alliance that includes members of the European Union (EU) and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).


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Western frontier life in America marks one of the most exciting chapters in American history.


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Western Reserve was a strip of land bordering Lake Erie in what is today Ohio.


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Western Sahara, formerly Spanish Sahara, is an area located on the northwest coast of Africa.


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Western Union was the main provider of long-distance communications service in the United States during the second half of the 1800's.


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Western Wall is a Jewish holy place located in Jerusalem.


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Westerns are works of literature and motion pictures that deal with the American West.


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Westinghouse, George (1846-1914), was an American inventor and manufacturer.


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Westminster Abbey is a great national church that stands near the Houses of Parliament in London.


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Westminster School is one of the oldest public schools of England.


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Westmoreland, William Childs (1914-...), an American general, commanded United States forces in the Vietnam War from 1964 to 1968.


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Weston, Edward (1850-1936), an inventor and manufacturer, was noted for pioneering in the development of instruments used to measure voltage and current.


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Weston, Edward (1886-1958), was an American photographer.


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Westward movement in America carried settlers across America, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean.


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Wetland is an area of land where the water level remains near or above the surface of the ground for most of the year.


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Weyerhaeuser, Frederick (1834-1914), was the leading American lumber executive of his time.


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Weymouth, Massachusetts (pop. 53,988), is on an inlet of Massachusetts Bay, about 12 miles (19 kilometers) southeast of Boston.


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Whale is a huge sea animal that looks much like a fish.


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Whampoa (1816-1880), a Chinese businessman, became wealthy by selling food to ships visiting Singapore harbor.


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Wharton, Edith (1862-1937), was an American author.


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Wheat is the world's most important food crop.


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Wheatley, Phillis (1753?-1784), was the first important black American poet.


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Wheatstone, Sir Charles (1802-1875), was a British physicist and inventor.


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Wheatstone bridge is a type of electric circuit used to determine an unknown resistance (see Electric circuit).


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Wheel and axle is a mechanical device used in lifting loads.


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Wheelbarrow is a device for moving loads.


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Wheeler, Burton Kendall (1882-1975), a Montana Democrat, served in the United States Senate from 1923 until 1947.


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Wheeler, Joseph (1836-1906), was an American soldier who served in campaigns against the Indians before he joined the Confederate Army in 1861.


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Wheeler, William Almon (1819-1887), served as Vice President of the United States from 1877 to 1881 under President Rutherford B. Hayes.


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Wheeling (pop. 31,419; met. area pop. 153,172) is an industrial city on the Ohio River in northern West Virginia.


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Wheelwright, William (1798-1873), an American businessman, did much to develop transportation and communication in South America.


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Whelk is a term for any of dozens of species of sea snail.


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Whetstone is any abrasive stone, natural or artificial, that is used for grinding and sharpening.


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Whig Party was a name applied to political parties in England, Scotland, and America.


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Whiplash is a term commonly used to describe a type of injury to the neck.


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Whippet is a medium-sized hound with great speed.


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Whipping post is a post to which persons are tied when being whipped as a form of punishment.


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Whipple, William (1730-1785), was a New Hampshire signer of the Declaration of Independence.


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Whippoorwill is a North American bird named for its odd, whistling call, which sounds like "whip-poor-will, whip-poor-will."


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Whirlpool is a mass of water which spins around and around rapidly and with great force.


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Whiskey is an alcoholic beverage made from such grains as barley, corn, rye, and wheat.


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Whiskey Rebellion of 1794 was brought about by a United States tax in 1791 on whiskey makers.


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Whiskey Ring was a group of whiskey distillers and United States government officials who cheated the government out of millions of dollars in federal liquor taxes during the 1870's.


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Whistle is a device that makes a sound when air or steam is forced through it.


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Whistler, James Abbott McNeill (1834-1903), was a famous American artist.


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White, Alfred Holmes (1873-1953), pioneered in the development of engineering as a profession in the United States.


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White, Bill (1934-...), served as president of the National Baseball League from 1989 to 1994.


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White, Byron Raymond (1917-2002), was an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1962 to 1993.


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White, E. B. (1899-1985), was an American author. He was known chiefly as an essay writer, but he also wrote poetry and children's books.


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White, Edward Douglass (1845-1921), served as chief justice of the United States from 1910 to 1921.


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White, Edward Higgins, II (1930-1967), in 1965 became the first United States astronaut to leave his craft while in outer space.


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White, Hugh Lawson (1773-1840), an American statesman and jurist, was a Whig Party candidate for President of the United States in 1836.


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White, Patrick (1912-1990), an Australian novelist, won the 1973 Nobel Prize for literature.


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White, Peregrine (1620-1703), was the first English child born in New England, on the Mayflower in Cape Cod Bay.


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White, Stanford (1853-1906), was a leading American architect.


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White, Walter Francis (1893-1955), was an American civil rights leader.


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White, William Allen (1868-1944), was a Kansas newspaper editor whose influence was felt throughout the United States.


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White dwarf is a kind of star that has run out of fuel.


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White-eye is the name of a group of small, active songbirds found mainly in Africa, southern Asia, Australia, and New Zealand.


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White House is the official residence of the president of the United States.


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White House conference is a national meeting that the President of the United States calls to discuss issues facing the American people.


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White House hostesses are the women who receive and entertain the guests of the president of the United States, in place of the president's wife.


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White Mountains are part of the Appalachian Mountain system.


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White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico, is the main missile testing site of the United States Army.


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White Sands National Monument is in southern New Mexico.


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White Sea is an arm of the Arctic Ocean.


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White shark, also called great white shark, is the most dangerous shark to humans beings.


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White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia (pop. 2,315), is a famous health resort, named for its mineral springs.


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Whitefield, George (1714-1770), was an Anglican preacher and evangelist.


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Whitefish is the name of a group of fishes that live in fresh water.


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Whitefly is the name of about 1,200 species of tiny insects that damage plants.


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Whitehead, Alfred North (1861-1947), was an English mathematician and philosopher.


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Whitehorse (pop. 19,157) is the capital and chief distribution and communication center of the Yukon Territory.


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Whitewash is a white mixture made from whiting, glue, water, common salt, flour, and unslaked lime.


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Whitman, Marcus (1802-1847), was an American pioneer, doctor, and missionary among Indians in what is now the Pacific Northwest of the United States.


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Whitman, Narcissa (1808-1847), was a missionary teacher to the Indians of the Pacific Northwest.


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Whitman, Walt (1819-1892), was an American poet who wrote Leaves of Grass.


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Whitman Mission National Historic Site is in southeastern Washington.


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Whitney, Eli (1765-1825), an American inventor, is best known for his cotton gin.


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Whitney Museum of American Art in New York City presents American art of all periods, with emphasis on the work of living artists.


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Whittier, John Greenleaf (1807-1892), was an American poet.


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Who, The, became one of the most popular British groups in rock history.


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Whooping, cough, also called pertussis, is a serious, highly contagious disease of the respiratory system.


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Whooping crane is one of the rarest birds of North America.


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Wichita, (pop. 344,284; met. area pop. 545,220), is the largest city in Kansas.


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Wichita, Falls, Texas (pop. 104,197; met. area pop. 140,518), is a center for services and trade in north-central Texas and southwestern Oklahoma and a headquarters for the oil and gas industry.


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Wicker is a small, flexible branch or twig, usually of willow, that can be woven to make baskets, furniture, and other objects.


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Wiener, Norbert (1894-1964), was an American mathematician who did fundamental work in the analysis of numerical information.


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Wiesbaden, (pop. 266,623), is a German resort city 6 miles (10 kilometers) northeast of Mainz.


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Wiesel, Elie, (1928-...), an American author, became a leading spokesman for people who survived Nazi concentration camps during World War II (1939-1945).


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Wiesenthal, Simon (1908-...), is an Austrian Jew who helped bring more than 1,100 Nazi war criminals to justice.


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Wig is a false covering of hair for the head.


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Wigeon, is the name of three species of medium-sized ducks that breed in temperate regions of Europe, North America, and South America.


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Wiggin, Kate Douglas (1856-1923), was an American writer of books for children.


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Wigglesworth, Michael (1631-1705), was a Puritan pastor, doctor, and poet of colonial New England.


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Wight, Isle of, lies off the southern coast of England.


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Wigner, Eugene Paul (1902-1995), was an American theoretical physicist.


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Wigwam is the name for a kind of dwelling used by the Algonquian-speaking Indians of the Eastern Woodlands.


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Wilberforce, Samuel (1805-1873), was an important figure in the Anglican Church in England.


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Wilberforce, William (1759-1833), was a leader in the fight to abolish the slave trade and slavery in the British Empire.


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Wilberforce University is a private coeducational liberal arts university in Wilberforce, Ohio.


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Wilbur, Richard (1921-...), is an American poet.


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Wild carrot, also called Queen Anne's lace, is a member of the carrot family that grows wild.


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Wild rice, also called Indian rice, is an aquatic grass that produces a cereal grain.


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Wildcat is a name generally given to small, wild members of the cat family.


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Wildcat bank was the name for unstable banking institutions that issued paper money called wildcat currency.


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Wilde, Oscar (1854-1900), was an author, playwright, and wit.


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Wilder, Billy (1906-2002), was a leading motion-picture director, producer, and writer.


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Wilder, L. Douglas (1931-...), the first elected black governor in the United States, was the chief executive of Virginia from 1990 to 1994. Wilder, a Democrat, defeated his Republican opponent, former state Attorney General J. Marshall Coleman, in the 19


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Wilder, Laura Ingalls, (1867-1957), was an American author of books for children.


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Wilder, Thornton Niven (1897-1975), was an American playwright and novelist.


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Wilderness Road was an important pioneer road.


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Wildlife conservation is the wise management of natural environments for the protection and benefit of plants and animals.


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Wilhelm, or in English, William, was the name of two German emperors.


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Wilhelmina, (1880-1962), became queen of the Netherlands in 1890 when her father, William III, died.


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Wilkes, Charles (1798-1877), was an American explorer and naval officer.


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Wilkins, Sir Hubert (1888-1958), was an Australian explorer, scientist, aviator, and photographer.


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Wilkins, Maurice Hugh Frederick (1916-...), is a British biophysicist.


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Wilkins, Roy (1901-1981), was a noted African American leader who was often called "Mr. Civil Rights."


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Will, in law, is a document that disposes of a person's property after the person's death.


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Will-o'-the-wisp is a ghostly, bluish light sometimes seen over marshes and graveyards.


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Willamette, River rises in the Cascade Mountains and Coast Range of west-central Oregon.


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Willard, Emma Hart (1787-1870), was an early American supporter of higher education for women.


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Willard, Frances Elizabeth Caroline (1839-1898), was an American educator and social reformer.


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Willemstad, (pop. 50,000), is the capital of the Netherlands Antilles.


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Willet is a large shore bird of North and South America.


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William I (1772-1843) was the first king of the present-day kingdom of the Netherlands.


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William I, Prince of Orange (1533-1584), was the father of the Dutch Republic.


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William I, the Conqueror (1027?-1087), was the first Norman king of England.


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William II (1057?-1100) became king of England in 1087.


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William III (1650-1702), also known as William of Orange, became King of England, Scotland, and Ireland in 1689.


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William IV (1765-1837) was king of the United Kingdom from 1830 to 1837.


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William and Mary, College of, is a coeducational, state-supported university in Williamsburg, Va.


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William of Ockham, (1284?-1347?), also spelled Occam, was an English philosopher and theologian.


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Williams, Bert (1874?-1922), was a great African American comedian.


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Williams, Daniel Hale (1856-1931), an American doctor, pioneered in surgery on the human heart.


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Williams, Emlyn (1905-1987), was a Welsh actor and playwright.


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Williams, Hank (1923-1953), was a country and western singer and composer.


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Williams, Roger (1603?-1683), was a clergyman, a founder of the colony of Rhode Island, and a strong supporter of religious and political liberty.


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Williams, Ted (1918-...), was one of the greatest hitters in baseball history.


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Williams, Tennessee (1911-1983), was an American playwright whose dramas portray the loneliness and isolation of life.


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Williams, William (1731-1811), was a Connecticut signer of the Declaration of Independence.


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Williams, William Carlos (1883-1963), was an important American poet.


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Williamsburg, Virginia (pop. 11,998), is a historic city that lies on a peninsula between the James and York rivers.


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Williamson, Hugh (1735-1819), a scientist, writer, doctor, and politician, was a North Carolina signer of the Constitution of the United States.


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Willingdon, Marquess, of (1866-1941), a British colonial official, served as governor general of Canada from 1926 to 1931.


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Willkie, Wendell Lewis (1892-1944), was the Republican candidate for President of the United States in 1940 when Franklin D. Roosevelt ran for a third term.


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Willow is a large group of graceful trees and shrubs that usually have slender branches and narrow leaves.


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Wills, Helen Newington (1906-1998), was a great tennis champion.


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Wilmington (pop. 72,664; met. area pop. 586,216) is the largest city and chief manufacturing and financial center of Delaware.


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Wilmot Proviso, was an amendment proposed in 1846 that would have banned slavery in any territory acquired by the United States from Mexico.


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Wilson, August (1945-...), is a leading African American playwright.


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Wilson, Edith Bolling (1872-1961), was one of the most influential first ladies in United States history.


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Wilson, Edmund (1895-1972), an American author, wrote about a wide variety of subjects.


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Wilson, Ethel (1890-1980), was a Canadian author.


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Wilson, Harold (1916-1995), served as prime minister of Britain from 1964 to 1970 and from 1974 to 1976.


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Wilson, Henry (1812-1875), served as Vice President of the United States from 1873 to 1875 under President Ulysses S. Grant.


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Wilson, James (1742-1798), a prominent Pennsylvania lawyer, was one of six people who signed both the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States.


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Wilson, Lanford (1937-...), is a notable American playwright.


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Wilson, Woodrow (1856-1924), led the United States through World War I and gained lasting fame as a champion of world peace and democracy.


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Wilt occurs when the stems and leaves of a plant droop because they are not receiving enough water.


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Winchell, Walter (1897-1972), an American newspaperman and commentator, became important for making the gossip column a regular newspaper feature.


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Winchester was the chief town of England in Anglo-Saxon times.


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Winchester College at Winchester, England, is one of the oldest and most prominent of the English public schools.


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Winckelmann, Johann Joachim, (1717-1768), was a German scholar who has been called the father of both archaeology and art history.


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Wind is air moving across the earth's surface.


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Wind Cave National Park is a park in the rolling hills of southwestern South Dakota which surrounds one of the most unusual caves in the United States.


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Wind chill is an estimate of the relationship between wind speed and temperature, with respect to the physical effects of the wind on living things.


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Wind power is the energy associated with the air that moves over the earth's surface.


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Wind shear is a sudden change of wind speed or direction over a short distance.


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Wind tunnel is a ground-based testing facility used to study the effects of wind, or airflow, on aircraft and other vehicles and structures.


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Windermere, is the largest lake in England.


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Windhoek, (pop. 160,000), is the capital and largest city of Namibia.


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Windlass, is a simple machine used to lift weights and pull loads.


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Windmill is a machine that is operated by wind power.


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Window is an opening in a wall or door to admit light and air into a closed space.


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Windsor, is the name of the present royal family of Britain.


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Windsor, Ont. (pop. 197,694; met. area pop. 278,685), is the southernmost city of Canada.


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Windsor Castle is the principal residence outside of London of the rulers of Britain.


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Windsurfing is a common term for two similar water sports--sailsurfing and sailboarding.


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Windward Islands are a group of islands that lie in the southeastern West Indies.


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Wine is an alcoholic beverage most often made from the juice of grapes.


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Winfrey, Oprah (1954-...), is an American host and producer of one of the highest-rated television talk shows.


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Wingate's Raiders were a group of Allied soldiers who fought behind Japanese lines in Burma (now Myanmar) during World War II.


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Winged Victory is a statue of Nike, the goddess of victory in Greek mythology.


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Winkelried, Arnold von, is the legendary national hero of Switzerland.


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Winnebago, Indians were an eastern woodland tribe.


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Winnemucca, Sarah (1844?-1891), was an American Indian who won fame for her criticism of the government's mistreatment of her people.


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Winnetka, Plan is a teaching plan designed to provide individualized instruction.


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Winnipeg, is the capital of Manitoba, and one of Canada's largest cities.


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Winnipeg River is part of the Saskatchewan-Nelson river system that empties into Hudson Bay.


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Winslow, Edward (1595-1655), was a founder of Plymouth Colony.


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Winston-Salem (pop. 185,776), is a world tobacco center.


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Winter is the coldest season of the year.


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Winterberry, sometimes called black alder, is a shrub related to the American holly.


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Wintergreen is a hardy woodland plant that bears white flowers.


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Winthrop, John (1588-1649), an American colonial leader, was a Puritan governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.


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Winthrop, John, Jr. (1606-1676), was a colonial governor of Connecticut. In 1662, he got a charter from King Charles II of England that gave Connecticut the right to govern itself and elect its own rulers.


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Wintun, Indians, also spelled Wintuan, are a group of three tribes from the Sacramento Valley of north-central California.


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Wire is a long, thin, flexible metal rod that has a uniform cross section.


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Wire fox terrier is a popular breed of small, sturdy dogs.


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Wirehaired pointing griffon is a hunting dog that originated in France and the Netherlands in the late 1800's.


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Wiretapping usually means the interception of telephone conversations by a listening device connected to the telephone wire or placed nearby.


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Wireworm is the name given to the hard-skinned larvae (young) of click beetles.


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Wisconsin is a Midwestern state of the United States that has long been famous for its dairy products.


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Wisconsin, University of, is a coeducational state-supported educational system.


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Wisconsin River is a beautiful stream that rises in Lac Vieux Desert on the Michigan-Wisconsin boundary.


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Wise, Isaac Mayer (1819-1900), a prominent American rabbi, is generally considered the pioneer of Reform Judaism in America.


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Wise, John (1652-1725), was a Congregational minister of colonial Massachusetts.


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Wise, Stephen Samuel (1874-1949), was one of the best-known American Jewish leaders.


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Wisteria, is the name of a group of thick-growing vines that bear large clusters of flowers.


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Witch hazel, is a shrub or small tree used to make a soothing lotion.


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Witchcraft is commonly defined as the use of supposed magical powers to influence people and events.


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Witenagemot, means a meeting of the witan (or wise men) of Anglo-Saxon England.


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Witherspoon, John (1723-1794), was a leader in American political, religious, and educational life.


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Witness is a person who gives testimony in a judicial, legislative, or administrative proceeding.


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Wittgenstein, Ludwig, (1889-1951), was one of the most important philosophers of the 1900's.


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Wodehouse, P. G. (1881-1975), was an English writer famous for his humorous novels and short stories. Nearly all his tales are set in England during the early 1900's.


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Wohler, Friedrich, (1800-1882), a German chemist, in 1828 became the first person to make an organic substance (in this case urea) from inorganic chemicals.


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Wolcott, Oliver (1726-1797), an American statesman, was a Connecticut signer of the Declaration of Independence.


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Wolf is one of the largest members of the dog family.


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Wolfe, James (1727-1759), was the British general whose success in the Battle of Quebec in 1759 won Canada for the British Empire.


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Wolfe, Thomas Clayton (1900-1938), was an American author who won fame for his autobiographical novels.


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Wolfe, Tom (1931-...), is an American journalist, essayist, novelist, and social commentator.


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Wolffish is the name of five species of aggressive ocean fish.


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Wolfhound is the name of a family of dogs made up of three breeds--the Irish wolfhound, the borzoi or Russian wolfhound, and the Scottish deerhound.


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Wolfram von Eschenbach, (1170?-1220?), was a German knight and poet.


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Wolframite, is one of the two most important ores of tungsten.


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Wollongong, (pop. 177,009), is an important industrial city along the southeast coast of Australia.


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Wollstonecraft, Mary (1759-1797), a British author, was best known for her book A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792).


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Wolsey, Thomas Cardinal (1473?-1530), was an English statesman who served as the principal adviser to King Henry VIII from 1514 to 1529.


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Wolverine, is a fur-bearing animal that lives in the northern woods and tundras (cold, treeless plains) of Europe, Asia, and North America.


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Woman suffrage is the right of women to vote.


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Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) is a nonprofit organization that works to lessen social problems.


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Woman's Relief Corps, National, is the oldest woman's patriotic organization in the United States.


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Wombat is a stocky, burrowing mammal of Australia.


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Women's American ORT is an affiliate organization of the Organization for Rehabilitation through Training (ORT).


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Women's Bureau is an agency of the United States Department of Labor.


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Women's Clubs, General Federation of, is a women's volunteer service organization that trains women to be effective community leaders.


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Women's International Bowling Congress (WIBC) regulates women's organized bowling competition.


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Women's movements are group efforts, chiefly by women, that seek to improve women's lives or the lives of others.


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Wonder, Stevie (1950-...), is an American composer, singer, and musician.


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Wood is a tough substance under the bark of trees, shrubs, and certain other plants.


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Wood, Grant (1891-1942), was an American painter and printmaker known for his images of the rural Midwest.


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Wood, Leonard (1860-1927), was a United States soldier and colonial administrator.


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Wood duck is a colorful water bird that lives in forests of southern Canada and throughout wooded areas of the United States.


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Wood louse, also called sow bug, is a small invertebrate (animal without a backbone) that lives on land.


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Woodcarving is the act of creating figures or designs in wood by cutting or chiseling.


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Woodchuck, also called ground hog, is a small animal that belongs to the squirrel family.


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Woodcock is the name of several species of birds that live in moist woods and sheltered marshes in many parts of the world.


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Woodcock, Leonard (1911-2001), was an American labor leader and diplomat.


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Woodcut is a print or design made from a block of wood.


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Wooden, John (1910-...), was one of the greatest coaches in college basketball history.


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Woodhull, Victoria Claflin (1838-1927), was the first woman to run for president of the United States.


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Woodpecker is a bird that uses its long, chisellike bill for drilling into trees.


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Woodrat, also called pack rat or trade rat, is a native of North and Central America.


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Woods, Granville T. (1856-1910), was an African American inventor who obtained more than 50 patents. He made his most significant invention, a railway telegraph system, in 1887.


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Woods, Tiger (1975-...), an American golfer, created a sensation in the sports world with his brilliant play.


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Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution is a private, nonprofit research center for marine science on Cape Cod, at Woods Hole, Massachusetts.


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Woodson, Carter Goodwin (1875-1950), is widely regarded as the leading writer on black history of his time.


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Woodstock festival was the most famous outdoor rock music concert of the 1960's.


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Woodsworth, James Shaver (1874-1942), was a Methodist minister and one of Canada's leading social reformers of the 1900's.


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Woodworking is the forming and shaping of wood to make useful and decorative objects.


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Wool is a fiber that comes from the fleece of sheep and some other animals.


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Woolf, Virginia (1882-1941), was a major British novelist, critic, and essayist.


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Woolley, Sir Leonard (1880-1960), was a British archaeologist.


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Woolley, Mary Emma (1863-1947), was an outstanding American educator.


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Woolly monkey is a type of large monkey that lives in the Amazon River Basin of South America.


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Woollybear is a common name for the caterpillar stage of several species of tiger moths.


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Woolman, John (1720-1772), was a colonial American writer and Quaker minister.


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Woolworth is the family name of two American businessmen who were brothers.


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Worcester, (pop. 172,648; met. area pop. 511,389), is a leading New England industrial center and the second largest city of Massachusetts.


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Word processing is the use of computers to type, edit, and print letters, reports, articles, and other documents.


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Worden, Alfred Merrill (1932-...), a United States astronaut, was the command module pilot on the Apollo 15 mission.


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Wordsworth, William (1770-1850), is considered by many scholars to be the most important English romantic poet.


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Work, in physics, is a result of a force moving an object through a distance against a resistance.


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Workers' compensation is an insurance program that provides pay and medical help for workers who are injured on the job or become ill because of work conditions.


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Works Progress Administration, also called the WPA, was a United States government agency created in 1935 to provide paying jobs for unemployed workers.


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World is the planet earth viewed especially as the home of human beings and other living things.


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World, History of the. People have probably lived on the earth about 2 million years.


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World Bank is an international organization that provides loans to governments and private firms for development projects, such as irrigation, education, and housing.


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World Council of Churches is a worldwide organization of about 350 Protestant, Anglican, Old Catholic, and Orthodox churches.


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World government. Some people believe that a single authority should dispense justice and maintain law and order for the whole world.


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World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations.


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World Heritage List is an international registry of sites that have great natural or cultural value.


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World Intellectual Property Organization is an international agency that works to protect legal rights in artistic and literary works, inventions, trademarks, and other original creations.


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World Jewish Congress is an international association of Jewish communities and organizations from more than 80 countries.


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World Medical Association is an organization of national medical associations from about 45 countries.


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World Meteorological Organization (WMO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations.


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World Trade Organization is an international organization that promotes trade in goods and services among nations.


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World War I (1914-1918) involved more countries and caused greater destruction than any other war except World War II (1939-1945).


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World War II (1939-1945) killed more people, destroyed more property, disrupted more lives, and probably had more far-reaching consequences than any other war in history.


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World Wide Web is a system of computer files linked together on the Internet.


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World Wildlife Fund, known outside the United States and Canada as World Wide Fund for Nature, is one of the world's largest conservation organizations.


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World's fair is an international exposition that features exhibits dealing with commerce, industry, and science.


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Worm is any of several kinds of animals that have a soft, slender body and no backbone or legs.


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Worms, (pop. 71,827), is a historic town and river port in southern Germany.


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Worms, Edict of, was a decree that declared Reformation leader Martin Luther a heretic and cast him and his followers outside the protection of the law.


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Wormwood is a large group of plants that give off pleasant odors.


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Wouk, Herman (1915-...), is a popular American novelist and playwright.


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Wounded Knee, now a village on the Pine Ridge Sioux Indian Reservation of South Dakota, was the site of two famous events in American Indian history.


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Wovoka, (1856?-1932), a Paiute Indian religious leader, founded the Ghost Dance religion of 1890 among the Plains Indians.


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Wrangell-St. Elias, National Park is the largest national park in the United States. Located in southeastern Alaska, it covers about 8,332,000 acres (3,372,000 hectares), or about 13,000 square miles (34,000 square kilometers).


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Wrasse, is the name of a family of over 500 species of ocean fish.


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Wren is the name of a group of small, energetic birds found in most parts of the world.


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Wren, Sir Christopher (1632-1723), was an English architect, scientist, and mathematician.


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Wrestling, is a sport in which two opponents try to pin (hold) each other's shoulders to a mat on the floor.


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Wright, Frances (1795-1852), was a lecturer and journalist who worked to promote human rights in the United States.


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Wright, Frank Lloyd (1867-1959), was one of America's most influential and imaginative architects.


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Wright, James Claude, Jr. (1922-...), a Texas Democrat, served as speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1987 to 1989. Wright resigned as speaker and as a member of Congress after the House Committee on Standards of Official Conduct ac


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Wright, Richard (1908-1960), is often considered the most important African American writer of his time.


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Wright brothers-Wilbur (1867-1912) and Orville (1871-1948)-invented and built the first successful airplane.


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Wrist is the joint that connects the hand and the forearm.


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Writ is generally used in its legal meaning to describe the written orders of a court of law.


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Writ of assistance was a general search warrant that permitted customs officers to enter premises in the daytime, using force if necessary, to search for goods imported illegally.


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Writing, as a career, offers a range of personal rewards.


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Writing is a system of human communication by means of visual symbols or signs.


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Wroclaw, (pop. 643,600), is a city in Poland that serves as a rail center and river port.


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Wryneck, also called snakebird, is the name of two species of small birds.


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Wu, Chien-shiung, (1912-1997), an American experimental physicist, helped disprove the law of the conservation of parity (see Parity [physics]).


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Wu Daozi, (A.D. 700's), was a famous Chinese painter.


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Wuhan, (pop. 3,832,536), is the collective name for the adjacent cities of Hankou, Hanyang, and Wuchang in Hubei Province of China.


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Wundt, Wilhelm, (1832-1920), a German philosopher, became known as the father of modern psychology.


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Wupatki, National Monument is in northern Arizona.


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Wyatt, Sir Thomas (1503?-1542), was an English poet whose most important works are lyrics he wrote for lute accompaniment.


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Wycherley, William (1640?-1716), an English playwright, ranks with Sir George Etherege and William Congreve as a leading author of witty satires called comedies of manners during the Restoration period of English literature.


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Wycliffe, John (1328?-1384), was a leading English philosopher in religion and politics during the late Middle Ages.


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Wyeth, Andrew (1917-...), probably ranks as the most popular American painter of his time.


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Wyler, William (1902-1981), was a motion-picture director whose films have a high artistic quality and wide popular appeal.


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Wylie, Elinor (1885-1928), was an American poet.


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Wyoming is a state of the United States that is famous for the beauty of its mountains.


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Wyoming, University of, is a state-supported coeducational school in Laramie, Wyo.


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Wyoming Valley is a section of northeastern Pennsylvania 3 to 4 miles (5 to 6 kilometers) wide and about 20 miles (32 kilometers) long.


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Wyoming Valley Massacre, one of many tragedies of the American Revolutionary War, occurred in what is now Luzerne County, Pennsylvania.


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Wyss, family wrote The Swiss Family Robinson, a popular children's adventure story about a shipwrecked family.


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Wyszynski, Stefan Cardinal (1901-1981), was the head of the Roman Catholic Church in Poland from 1948 until his death.


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Wythe, George (1726-1806), an American statesman, was a signer of the Declaration of Independence.


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X rays are one of the most useful forms of energy.


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Xavier, Saint Francis (1506-1552), was a Jesuit missionary.


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Xenon, is a chemical element that makes up about 1 part in 20 million of the earth's atmosphere.


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Xenophon, (430?-355? B.C.), was a Greek soldier, historian, and writer.


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Xerox, Corporation is one of the world's largest manufacturing companies.


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Xerxes, I (519?-465 B.C.), ruled the Persian Empire from 486 B.C. until his death.


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Xhosa, are a black people whose ancestors moved into southern Africa by the 1500's.


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Xi Jiang, or West River, is a major transportation route in southern China.


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Xiamen, (pop. 639,436), is a seaport on the coast of Fujian Province in southeast China.


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Xi'an, (pop. 2,872,539), also spelled Xian or Sian, is the capital and largest city of the Shaanxi Province in China.


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Xinjiang, also spelled Sinkiang, is a region in western China.


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Xunzi, (340?-245? B.C.), also spelled Hsun Tzu, was an influential Chinese philosopher best known for his belief that human nature is basically evil.


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Xylophone, is a percussion instrument that consists chiefly of a number of bars arranged on a frame like the keys of a piano.


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XYZ Affair was the name given to a controversial exchange of diplomatic proposals between France and the United States in 1797.


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Y-Indian Guides is a national program of father-and-son clubs sponsored by the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA).


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Y-Indian Maidens is a program of clubs in the United States for girls 6 to 8 years old and their mothers.


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Y-Indian Princesses is a program of clubs in the United States for girls 6 to 8 years old and their fathers.


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Y-Teens is a program for members of the Young Women's Christian Association who are of junior high or high school age.


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Yablonovyy, Mountains lie in southeastern Siberia, in Russia.


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Yacht, is a vessel, usually a small one, that is used only for pleasure.


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Yale, Elihu, (1649-1721), was an official of the East India Company and a benefactor of Yale University.


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Yale, Linus, Jr. (1821-1868), an American inventor and manufacturer, developed key locks and combination locks whose methods of operation are used in today's locks. He specialized in bank locks and won fame as an authority on these devices by picking the


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Yale University is a coeducational, privately endowed, nonsectarian school in New Haven, Connecticut.


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Yalta, (pop. 89,000), is a city in Ukraine.


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Yalta Conference was one of the most important meetings of key Allied leaders during World War II (1939-1945).


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Yalu, River rises from the highest peak of the Changbai Shan, or Long White Mountains, in northeastern China.


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Yam is a major food crop in many tropical countries.


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Yamamoto, Isoroku, (1884-1943), commanded the Japanese combined fleet at the time of the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, during World War II.


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Yamashita, Tomoyuki, (1885-1946), a Japanese general in World War II, was executed for "violation of the laws of war."


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Yancey, William Lowndes, (1814-1863), an American statesman, was often called "The Orator of Secession."


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Yang, Chen Ning (1922-...), a Chinese-born physicist, shared the 1957 Nobel Prize in physics with Tsung Dao Lee (see Lee, Tsung Dao).


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Yangon, (pop. 1,315,964; met. area pop. 2,452,881), is the capital and largest city of Myanmar.


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Yangtze, River also called Yangtze Kiang, is the world's third longest river.


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Yankee. People of other countries often call any person from the United States a Yankee.


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Yankee Doodle is a song that has been popular in the United States since the 1700's.


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Yanomami, Indians of South America live in rain forests and scattered grasslands along the Brazil-Venezuela border.


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Yaounde, (pop. 653,670), is the capital of Cameroon.


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Yap, Islands is an island group in the western Pacific Ocean.


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Yaqui, Indians are a tribe that lives in Mexico, Arizona, and California.


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Yard is a unit of length in the inch-pound system of measurement customarily used in the United States.


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Yarra, an Australian sloop commanded by Lieutenant Commander R. W. Rankin, was escorting a convoy to Australia during World War II (1939-1945), when it encountered three Japanese cruisers and two destroyers south of Java on March 4, 1942.


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Yates, Elizabeth (1905-2001), was an American author.


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Yawata is an important center of Japan's heavy industry.


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Yawning is the act of opening the mouth wide, or gaping.


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Yaws, also called frambesia, is a disease that attacks chiefly children of humid tropical regions.


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Yazoo Fraud was a crooked land deal in Georgia in 1795.


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Yeager, Charles Elwood (1923-...), was the first person to fly an aircraft faster than the speed of sound.


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Year is the time the earth takes to make one complete revolution around the sun.


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Yeast is a single-celled organism that bakers put into dough to make it rise.


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Yeats, William Butler (1865-1939), an Irish poet and dramatist, won the 1923 Nobel Prize for literature.


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Yekaterinburg, (pop. 1,372,000), is a trading and manufacturing center in the Ural Mountains of Russia.


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Yellow fever is a virus disease carried by certain mosquitoes.


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Yellow jacket is a type of small wasp with black-and-yellow markings.


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Yellow-poplar, also called tuliptree and tulip-poplar, is the tallest broadleaf tree in the eastern United States.


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Yellow Sea is an arm of the Pacific Ocean that extends inland for about 400 miles (640 kilometers) between the east coast of China and Korea.


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Yellowhammer is a popular name for the yellow-shafted flicker, a North American woodpecker.


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Yellowknife (pop. 17,275) is the capital and largest city of Canada's Northwest Territories.


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Yellowlegs is the name of two species of shore birds that have black and white markings and long yellow legs.


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Yellowstone National Park, the oldest national park in the world, is famous for its many natural wonders.


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Yellowstone River rises near the Continental Divide in northwestern Wyoming and flows north into Yellowstone National Park.


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Yellowthroat is the name of a group of North American birds with bright orange-yellow throats.


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Yeltsin, Boris Nikolayevich (1931-...), was president of Russia from 1991 to 1999.


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Yemen is a country in the southern part of the Arabian Peninsula.


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Yenisey, River flows through Siberia, a part of Russia.


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Yeoman, was a retainer (dependent) of a feudal lord during the late Middle Ages in England.


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Yerevan, (pop. 1,114,000), is the capital and largest city of Armenia.


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Yerkes, Robert Mearns, (1876-1956), was an American psychologist known for his research on the behavior of apes.


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Yerkes, Observatory is an astronomical observatory operated by the University of Chicago in Williams Bay, Wis.


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Yevtushenko, Yevgeny, (1933-...), is a Russian poet.


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Yew is the name of a group of evergreen trees and shrubs.


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Yiddish language is a language of European Jews and their descendants.


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Yiddish literature is the literature of Jews who write and speak the Yiddish language.


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Yo-yo is a small toy that has been popular in the United States and Europe since the 1930's.


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Yogurt, also spelled yoghurt, is a smooth, semisolid dairy product made from milk.


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Yokohama, (pop. 3,220,331), is a Japanese port and a major center of commerce and industry.


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Yokuts, Indians are a group of tribes who once lived in south-central California, in the San Joachin Valley and the foothills of the Sierra Nevada mountains.


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Yom Kippur, is the Jewish day of atonement and the most important and sacred Jewish holy day.


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Yonkers, New York (pop. 196,086), part of the New York City metropolitan area, is an important manufacturing center.


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York was one of England's largest provincial cities from the Middle Ages until the Industrial Revolution of the 1700's and early 1800's.


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York is a branch of the English royal family of Plantagenet.


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York, Alvin Cullum (1887-1964), an outstanding American soldier of World War I (1914-1918), killed more than 20 Germans and forced 132 others to surrender on Oct. 8, 1918.


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Yorkshire terrier is a breed of toy dog that weighs 4 to 7 pounds (1.8 to 3.2 kilograms).


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Yorktown, Va., is a historic village on the York River.


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Yoruba, are a group of people who inhabit southwestern Nigeria and parts of Benin and Togo.


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Yosemite, Falls, in California's Yosemite National Park, is one of the world's highest waterfalls.


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Yosemite, National Park is a great wilderness in east-central California.


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Young, Andrew Jackson, Jr. (1932-...), was the first black to serve as United States ambassador to the United Nations (UN). He held the post from 1977 to 1979.


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Young, Brigham (1801-1877), led the Mormons from Illinois to what is now Utah, and established their church there.


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Young, Coleman Alexander (1918-1997), won election as the first African American mayor of Detroit in 1973.


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Young, Cy (1867-1955), was one of the greatest right-handed pitchers in the history of baseball.


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Young, Edward (1683-1765), was a poet of the Augustan age in English literature.


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Young, John Watts (1930-...), is a United States astronaut.


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Young, Lester Willis (1909-1959), a tenor saxophonist, developed one of the most imitated styles in jazz history.


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Young, Whitney Moore, Jr. (1921-1971), was an American civil rights leader. He served as the executive director of the National Urban League from 1961 until his death.


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Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) is one of the largest nonprofit voluntary organizations in the world.


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Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA) is one of the world's oldest and largest multiracial women's organizations.


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Youngstown (pop. 82,026) is an industrial city in northeastern Ohio.


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Youth for Christ International is a nonprofit organization specializing in teen-age evangelism.


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Youth club is a club for young people between the ages of 12 and 20, especially in the United Kingdom.


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Youth hostel, is an inexpensive overnight accommodation for travelers who belong to hosteling associations.


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Youville, Saint Marguerite d' (1701-1771), was the first native-born Canadian to be honored as a saint by the Roman Catholic Church.


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Ypres, (pop. 35,434), is a Belgian city in West Flanders, in the Dutch-speaking part of the country.


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Yttrium, is a silvery-white metallic element.


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Yucatan, Peninsula includes the southeastern Mexican states of Campeche, Quintana Roo, and Yucatan; Belize; and part of El Peten, a department of Guatemala.


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Yucca, is the name of a group of shrubs or trees of the agave family.


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Yugoslavia is a country on the Balkan Peninsula in southeastern Europe.


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Yukawa, Hideki, (1907-1981), a Japanese theoretical physicist, won the 1949 Nobel Prize for physics, the first Japanese to be honored with a Nobel Prize.


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Yukon River is one of the longest rivers in North America.


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Yukon, Territory is a region in northwest Canada.


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Yuma, (pop. 77,515; met. area pop. 160,026), is a commercial center in southwestern Arizona.


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Yurok, Indians originally lived in northern California, along the Klamath River and the Pacific coast.


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Z is the 26th and last letter in our alphabet.


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Zagreb, (pop. 950,000), is the capital and largest city of Croatia.


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Zaharias, Babe Didrikson, (1911?-1956), is generally considered the greatest woman athlete in sports history.


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Zambezi, River is the fourth longest river in Africa.


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Zambia, is a country in south-central Africa.


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Zamboanga, (pop. 443,279), is a port city on the southwestern tip of the Philippine island of Mindanao.


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Zangwill, Israel (1864-1926), was an English novelist and dramatist known for his works on Jewish themes.


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Zanzibar, (pop. 133,000), is a historic seaport city on the west coast of Zanzibar Island.


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Zapata, Emiliano, (1879-1919), was a leader of the Mexican Revolution, which began in 1910.


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Zapotec, Indians developed an empire in what is now the state of Oaxaca in southern Mexico from about 1500 B.C. to A.D. 750.


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Zebra is a striped member of the horse family.


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Zebra mussel is a freshwater, Eurasian shellfish that is a major pest in North America.


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Zebulun, was the name of one of the 12 tribes of Israel.


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Zechariah, Book of, is a book of the Old Testament or Hebrew Bible.


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Zedillo Ponce de Leon, Ernesto (1951-...), was president of Mexico from 1994 to 2000.


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Zeeman, Pieter, (1865-1943), a Dutch physicist, became known for his discoveries in spectroscopy, the study and analysis of spectra of light.


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Zeeman, effect is an influence that magnetism has on light.


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Zeffirelli, Franco (1923-...), is an Italian film, theater, and opera director and designer.


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Zenger, John Peter (1697-1746), gained the first major victory for freedom of the press in the American Colonies.


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Zenith, in astronomy, is any point directly above a person on the earth.


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Zeno of Citium, (335?-265? B.C.), was the founder of Stoic philosophy in Athens.


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Zeno of Elea, (490?-430 B.C.), was a Greek philosopher who lived in the Greek colony of Elea in southern Italy.


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Zeolite, is any of a group of crystalline mineral compounds whose framework of atoms forms microscopic tunnels and "rooms."


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Zephaniah, Book of, is a book of the Hebrew Bible, or Old Testament.


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Zeppelin, Ferdinand von (1838-1917), was a famous German pioneer in lighter-than-air vehicles.


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Zero, in arithmetic, is the name of the digit 0, sometimes called naught or a cypher.


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Zeus, was the ruler of the gods in Greek mythology.


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Zhao Ziyang, (1919-...), also spelled Chao Tzu-yang, served as general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party from November 1987 until June 1989.


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Zhou, dynasty, also spelled Chou, was a Chinese dynasty (family of rulers) that governed from about 1122 B.C. to 256 B.C.


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Zhou Enlai, (1898-1976), also spelled Chou En-lai, became premier and foreign minister of China in 1949, when the Communists won control of the country.


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Zhuangzi, also spelled Chuang Tzu, was a Chinese philosopher of the 300's B.C.


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Zhukov, Georgi Konstantinovich, (1896-1974), became a Soviet military hero during World War II (1939-1945).


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Ziegfeld, Florenz (1869-1932), was an American theater producer.


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Zimbabwe, is a landlocked country in southern Africa.


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Zinc, a chemical element, is a shiny, bluish-white metal.


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Zinjanthropus is the old name for a humanlike creature that lived about 1,750,000 years ago in Africa.


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Zinnemann, Fred (1907-1997), was a motion-picture director whose films are noted for their skillful character portrayal.


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Zinnia, is the name of a group of flowering plants, some of which are commonly grown in gardens.


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Zion, is a word with many different meanings.


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Zion National Park lies in southwestern Utah.


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Zionism is a movement to establish a Jewish national state in Palestine, the ancient Jewish homeland.


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ZIP Code is a code system used to speed the sorting and delivery of mail in the United States.


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Zipper is a term often used to mean any kind of slide fastener.


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Zircon, is a mineral composed chiefly of the elements silicon, oxygen, and zirconium.


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Zither is a stringed musical instrument commonly found in Austria and southern Germany.


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Zodiac, is a band-shaped section of the sky that contains 12 special constellations.


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Zodiacal, light is a cone-shaped glow of faint light that is seen soon after twilight and just before dawn.


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Zola, Emile, (1840-1902), made naturalism the leading form of literature in France in the late 1800's.


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Zone melting is a method of removing impurities from solid materials that are used in industry and in research.


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Zoning is a procedure that controls the use of land.


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Zoo is a place where people keep and display animals.


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Zoroastrianism, is a religion founded between 1400 and 1000 B.C. by a Persian prophet named Zoroaster.


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Zouaves, were soldiers of certain light infantry regiments in the French Army who wore distinctive Oriental-style uniforms.


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Zucchini, is a type of squash that resembles a cucumber.


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Zukerman, Pinchas, (1948-...), is an Israeli-born violinist, violist, and conductor of international fame.


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Zulu, are one of the main Bantu-speaking peoples of Africa.


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Zuni, Indians are a tribe that lives in northern New Mexico near the Arizona border.


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Zunz, Leopold (1794-1886), has been called the founder of modern Jewish scholarship.


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Zurayk, Constantine Kaisar (1909-2000), was an Arab scholar and diplomat.


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Zurbaran, Francisco de (1598-1664), was a famous Spanish artist.


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Zurich, (pop. 365,043; met. area pop. 940,180), is the largest city in Switzerland and the capital of the canton (state) of Zurich.


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Zweig, Stefan (1881-1942), was a well-known Austrian writer of psychological novels, stories, biographies, and poems.


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Zwilich, Ellen Taaffe, (1939-...), an American composer, became the first woman to win the Pulitzer Prize in music.


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Zwingli, Huldreich, (1484-1531), was a leader of the Protestant Reformation.


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Zworykin, Vladimir Kosma, (1889-1982), was a Russian-born American physicist and electronics engineer.


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Abbey Theatre, in Dublin, is considered the national theater of Ireland.


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Acclimatization, is the way in which an organism adjusts to changes in its environment (surroundings).


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Acculturation, is the process by which cultural traits of one group change through the people's contact with the culture of another group.


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Adams, Maude (1872-1953), was one of the most beloved and brilliantly successful actresses in the history of the American theater.


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Adams-Onis Treaty, or Transcontinental Treaty, was an agreement between the United States and Spain.


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Hagatna, (pop. 1,139), is the capital of the American island of Guam.


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Age is a term used for any stage in the life of a person, such as childhood, youth, adulthood, and old age.


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Aid to Families with Dependent Children, often called AFDC, was a United States federal-state government program created in 1935 to provide financial help to low-income families with children.


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Akhenaten, also called Ikhnaton, ruled ancient Egypt as pharaoh from about 1367 to 1350 B.C.


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Albright, Ivan (1897-1983), was an American painter with a style and method unlike those of other artists of his time.


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Aldrin, Buzz (1930-...), a United States astronaut, was the second person to set foot on the moon.


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Alcoa Inc. is the world's leading producer of aluminum products. It maintains operating facilities in more than 100 locations worldwide.


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Ambivalence, is a psychiatric term for contradictory feelings or thoughts about one's self, another person, or a situation.


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American Association for Adult and Continuing Education is an international organization that promotes learning as a lifelong process.


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AARP, is the largest private nonprofit membership organization in the world.


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Amis, Kingsley (1922-1995), was an English novelist best known for his witty satirical stories about British society.


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Anderson, John Bayard (1922-...), a Republican congressman from Illinois, ran as an independent candidate for President of the United States in 1980.


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Anderson, Judith (1898-1992), ranked among the leading English-speaking actresses of the 1900's.


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Arbus, Diane (1923-1971), was an American photographer known for her powerful pictures of society's outsiders.


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Arcturus, also called Alpha Bootes, is the fourth brightest star in the night sky.


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Argelander, Friedrich Wilhelm August, (1799-1875), was a Finnish-German astronomer, and professor of astronomy at Bonn, Germany.


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Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, United States, was an independent federal agency from 1961 to 1999.


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Association for the Study of African-American Life and History conducts and promotes research and study of the black person's role in world history.


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Aston, Francis William (1877-1945), was an English physicist.


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Astrakhan, (pop. 510,000), is a city in southwestern Russia, on the Volga River Delta.


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Atomizer, is a device used to break a liquid into a fine spray.


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Atoms for Peace Award honored people who made outstanding contributions to the peaceful uses of nuclear energy.


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Baer, Karl Ernst von, (1792-1876), a German biologist, is considered the founder of embryology.


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Bandar Seri Begawan, (pop. 75,000), is the capital of Brunei.


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Barrie, J. M. (1860-1937), was a Scottish playwright and novelist. Barrie wrote more than 35 plays.


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Beerbohm, Max (1872-1956), was an English comic writer and artist known for his brilliant wit.


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Betjeman, John (1906-1984), was probably the best-selling English poet of the 1900's.


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Beveridge, William Henry (1879-1963), Baron Beveridge of Tuggal, was a British economist and author.


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Big bang refers to the most widely held scientific theory of the origin of the universe.


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Black haw, also called sheepberry, nannyberry, or stagbush, is a shrub or small tree that grows in the Eastern and Southern United States.


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Black Shirt is a term for the armed squads who supported Benito Mussolini's Fascist movement in Italy.


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Blushing causes the face and neck to redden and become warm.


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Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus (A.D. 480?-524?), was a Roman philosopher.


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Boric acid, also called boracic acid, is a weak, inorganic acid best known for its use as an antiseptic.


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Girls and Boys Town is a private institution for homeless, abused, neglected, and disabled children of every race and religion.


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BP Amoco is one of the world's largest international oil companies.


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Brooks, Phillips (1835-1893), an American Episcopal clergyman and bishop, is best remembered for his Christmas carol "O Little Town of Bethlehem."


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Brouwer, Adriaen, (1605 or 1606-1638), was a Flemish painter.


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Browder, Earl Russell (1891-1973), helped organize the Communist Party in the United States, and served as its general secretary from 1930 to 1944.


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Bell Burnell, Jocelyn (1943-...), a British astronomer, was the first person to detect a pulsar.


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Bush, Vannevar (1890-1974), was a famous United States electrical engineer and scientific research administrator.


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Capacitance, is the property of a capacitor that determines the amount of electric charge it can store.


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Capella, is the brightest star in the constellation Auriga and the sixth brightest in the heavens, excluding the sun.


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Carabao, is a water buffalo of the Philippine Islands.


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Carbon disulfide, also called carbon bisulfide, is a colorless, poisonous, and highly flammable liquid.


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Caulking, also spelled calking, is a technique of sealing seams and joints to make them watertight.


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Caustic, is the common name for certain chemicals that can burn or eat away substances, especially organic material.


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Census Bureau, United States, is an agency of the United States Department of Commerce best known for its publication of population and housing statistics.


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Centime, is a minor coin used in some countries that use the franc.


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Chardonnet, Hilaire (1839-1924), was a French chemist and physiologist.


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Charon, was the ragged old boatman of the Underworld in Greek mythology.


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Chateau, is the French word for a castle or a large country house.


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Christie, Agatha (1890-1976), was an English writer of detective stories noted for their clever plots.


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Clark, Joe (1939-...), became the youngest prime minister in the history of Canada.


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Clark, Jim (1936-1968), became one of the world's greatest automobile racing drivers.


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Anasazi, sometimes called the cliff dwellers or Ancestral Puebloans, were the ancestors of the modern-day Pueblo Indians.


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Cohn, Ferdinand Julius (1828-1898), was a German botanist and pioneer in bacteriology.


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Collins, Michael (1930-...), was an astronaut on the Apollo 11 mission, which made the first landing on the moon.


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Compton-Burnett, Ivy (1892-1969), an English novelist, ranks among the most accomplished literary stylists of her time.


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Contralto, is the lowest voice a woman can sing, and falls in the lower register of an alto voice.


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Converter is a device used to convert electrical energy from alternating current to direct current.


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Convoy is a group of merchant ships traveling together for defense against attack.


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Cornell, Katharine (1893-1974), was an American stage actress.


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Coward, Noel (1899-1973), a British playwright, actor, and composer, became famous for his witty, sophisticated comedies.


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Decillion, is a thousand nonillions, or a unit with 33 zeros, in the United States and France.


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De la Mare, Walter (1873-1956), was an English author noted for his romantic works for both adults and children.


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Derby, is a stiff felt hat with a dome-shaped crown.


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De Valois, Ninette, (1898-2001), founded the United Kingdom's Royal Ballet and was its director until her retirement in 1963.


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Distance is the space between two points.


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Dnestr, River, also spelled Dnister and Nistru, rises in the Carpathian Mountains in western Ukraine.


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Dock is the water beside a wharf or pier (or between two wharves or piers) in which a ship floats.


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Dodds, Harold Willis (1889-1980), an American educator, served as president of Princeton University from 1933 to 1957.


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Dolin, Anton (1904-1983), became the first internationally famous English male dancer.


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Douglas, Lloyd Cassel (1877-1951), a Protestant minister, wrote the best-selling novels Magnificent Obsession (1929), The Robe (1942), and The Big Fisherman (1948).


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Doyle, Arthur Conan (1859-1930), a British writer, created Sherlock Holmes, the world's best-known detective.


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Drill, also called a seeder, is a tractor-drawn machine used to place seeds of small grains and grasses into soil.


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Du Bois, William Pene, (1916-1993), was an American writer and illustrator of books for children.


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Du Maurier, Daphne (1907-1989), was an English writer best known for her romantic novels.


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Duodecimal, system is a way of grouping numbers based on 12 instead of 10, as in the more commonly used decimal system.


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Dust explosion occurs when a cloud of burnable dust is ignited, causing an intense release of energy.


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Earl, Ralph (1751-1801), was one of America's finest primitive painters.


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Earth is a term used in Britain and other Commonwealth countries for electrical ground.


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Eden, Sir Anthony (1897-1977), Earl of Avon, succeeded Sir Winston Churchill as prime minister of the United Kingdom, serving in the post from 1955 to 1957.


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Electric furnace is a device for providing heat by electrical means.


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Electric measurement. Electricity itself cannot be observed.


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Electron gun is the heart of various electron devices.


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Elision, in poetry, means dropping or slurring a syllable to keep close to the meter of the poem.


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Elixir, is a sweetened alcoholic preparation used to disguise the taste of medicines.


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Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska, is the headquarters of the Alaskan Air Command of the United States Air Force.


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Engineering drawing is the term used in the United Kingdom and other countries of the Commonwealth of Nations for a mechanical drawing.


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Exxon Mobil Corporation is the largest petroleum company in the world.


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Feboldson, Febold, is a giant Swedish hero of many tall tales of Kansas and Nebraska.


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Field Museum, in Chicago, is one of the world's largest and best-known natural history museums.


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Firth is an arm of the sea or the opening of a river into the sea.


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Firth of Clyde is the broad, irregularly shaped mouth of the River Clyde in southwestern Scotland.


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Fischer, Emil (1852-1919), a German chemist, won the 1902 Nobel Prize in chemistry for his wide research.


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Fixed star is an expression often used in referring to the stars, because their places in the sky relative to one another do not seem to change.


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Fonteyn, Margot (1919-1991), is generally considered the greatest British ballerina of the 1900's.


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Franklin's gull is a gull that lives on the prairies during the summer.


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Frequency band, also called waveband, is a range of radio frequencies set aside for a single broadcasting station.


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Fringetree is a small tree or large shrub named for its fringelike white flower petals.


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Family, Career and Community Leaders of America is an organization for junior high and high school students interested in the family and in consumer sciences.


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Galvanometer, is a delicate instrument used primarily to detect and measure small electric currents.


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Geber, (721?-815?), had a reputation as a great Arab alchemist.


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Geological Survey, United States, is a federal agency that conducts studies of public lands and offshore areas.


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Gielgud, John (1904-2000), was a leading English actor and director.


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Goldenseal is a perennial flowering plant of the Eastern United States.


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Golding, William (1911-1993), was an English novelist whose exciting adventure stories deal with the conflict between mind and instinct.


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Gorrie, John (1803-1855), an American physician, invented the first machine for mechanical refrigeration patented in the United States.


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Great Fall, one of the world's highest waterfalls, drops 1,600 feet (488 meters) in the wilderness of western Guyana (formerly British Guiana) near Mount Roraima.


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Great Sand Dunes National Monument, in southern Colorado, has the highest sand dunes in North America.


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Greaves, Captain, also called Red Legs, was a Scotch-Irish pirate in the 1670's.


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Gretna Green is a village in Scotland noted for the runaway marriages that were performed there.


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Guinness, Alec (1914-2000), was a famous English stage and motion-picture actor.


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Guizot, Francois Pierre Guillaume, (1787-1874), was a French historian and statesman.


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Gustav, I Vasa, (1496-1560), was the first king of independent Sweden.


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Guthrie, Tyrone (1900-1971), was an English director and producer who specialized in inventive productions of plays by William Shakespeare and other classics.


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Haggard, H. Rider (1856-1925), was one of the most successful English writers of popular fiction in the late 1800's. He wrote 58 volumes of fiction, and 7 volumes of economic, political, and social history.


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Hart, Gary Warren (1936-...), a Colorado Democrat, served as a United States senator from 1975 to 1987.


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Hathor, or Athyr, was an ancient Egyptian goddess of the sky.


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Heath, Edward (1916-...), a member of the Conservative Party, served as prime minister of the United Kingdom from 1970 to 1974.


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Hell Gate is a channel in New York City's East River.


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Heller, Walter Wolfgang (1915-1987), was an American economist who served as chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers from 1961 to 1964 under Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson.


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Hellespont, is the former name of the strait between the Sea of Marmara and the Aegean Sea.


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Heptarchy, was the name given to the seven most important English kingdoms established after the Anglo-Saxon conquest of Roman Britain, which occurred between about A.D. 450 and 600.


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Hess, Myra (1890-1965), was an English pianist.


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Hexahedron, in geometry, is a solid figure that has six faces.


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Douglas-Home, Sir Alec (1903-1995), was prime minister of the United Kingdom from October 1963 to October 1964.


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Hotchkiss gun is a type of automatic machine gun.


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Human rights are those rights that each person is entitled to simply because he or she is a human being.


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Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, near Idaho Falls, Idaho, is the leading center in the United States for testing the safety of nuclear reactors.


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Ides. In the old Roman calendar, the ides was a day near the middle of each month.


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Ikhwan, is an Arabic term meaning brothers or brotherhood.


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Intelsat, Ltd., is a private corporation that provides international satellite communications services. Intelsat maintains a network of communications satellites that enables telephone messages, television signals, and other forms of communication to be s


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International Labour Organization (ILO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) that promotes the welfare of workers.


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Cote d'Ivoire, , also known as Ivory Coast, is a country that lies along the Gulf of Guinea on the west coast of Africa.


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Goliath grouper is a large fish found in the western Atlantic and eastern Pacific oceans.


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John Birch Society is a conservative, anti-Communist organization in the United States.


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Johnson Foundation is one of the largest private charitable organizations in the United States and the largest one devoted to improving health and health care.


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Jordan River, the only important river of Israel and Jordan, rises in the springs of Mount Hermon in Syria.


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Yamuna River, in northern India, forms one of the most important branches of the Ganges River.


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Kellogg-Briand Pact, also called the Pact of Paris, condemned the use of war to solve international problems and called for peaceful settlement of disputes.


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Kettle hole is a bowl-shaped hollow in the loose rocks and other material that have been deposited by a melting glacier.


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Khalid, (1913-1982), served as king of Saudi Arabia from 1975 until his death.


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King, William (1768-1852), led the campaign to make Maine a state in the early 1800's.


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Kocher, Emil Theodor, (1841-1917), a Swiss surgeon, is best remembered for his pioneer work on the thyroid gland.


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Kresge Foundation is a private philanthropic institution.


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Kroeber, Alfred Louis (1876-1960), an American anthropologist, became noted for his studies of the Indians of California and his contributions to the theoretical study of human culture.


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Krumgold, Joseph (1908-1980), was an American author of children's books.


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Kuiper, Gerard Peter (1905-1973), was an American astronomer who made important studies of the planets.


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Community of Christ is a Christian denomination that originated in the 1830's.


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Lean, David (1908-1991), was a highly acclaimed English motion-picture director.


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Lions Clubs International, also called the International Association of Lions Clubs, ranks as the world's largest service club organization.


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Lupercalia, was an important religious festival in ancient Rome.


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Marietta (pop. 15,026), the oldest town in Ohio, is a major manufacturing and trading center.


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Markova, Alicia (1910-...), is considered the first great English ballerina.


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Marl, is the common name for calcareous mudstone, a type of rock that consists of almost equal amounts of clay and calcite or dolomite.


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Marsh, Ngaio, (1899-1982), was a famous New Zealand-born author of detective fiction.


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Martineau, Harriet (1802-1876), was a British writer and social reformer who wrote widely on economic, philosophic, and social issues.


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Maryland Day is a holiday that is observed on March 25 in the state of Maryland.


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Mazowiecki, Tadeusz, (1927-...), was prime minister of Poland from August 1989 until November 1990.


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McCollum, Elmer Verner (1879-1967), was an American biochemist known for his work on the influence of diet on health.


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McConnell Family Foundation is the largest private foundation in Canada.


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McKay, Alexander (1770?-1811), also spelled MacKay, was a Canadian fur trader and explorer.


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Meigs, Cornelia Lynde (1884-1973), an American author, wrote more than two dozen books for children.


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Melba, Nellie (1861-1931), was a famous Australian soprano.


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Mellon Foundation is an organization that grants funds to institutions in a number of fields.


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Merchandise Mart is a major wholesale buying center and one of the largest buildings in the world.


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Mines, Bureau of, was an agency of the United States Department of the Interior.


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Minot, George Richards (1885-1950), an American physician, was one of the world's greatest authorities on the functions of blood and on blood diseases.


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Mira, a giant red star, was one of the first stars of variable brightness to be discovered.


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Moment, in physics, is the product of a quantity multiplied by a particular distance from a fulcrum, or axis.


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Morike, Eduard, (1804-1875), was a German lyric poet.


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Mount Mitchell, in western North Carolina, is the highest point east of the Mississippi River.


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Mehmet II, (1432-1481), also spelled Mehmed II, was the seventh sultan (ruler) of the Ottoman Empire.


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Muller, Hermann Joseph (1890-1967), was an American geneticist.


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Muller, Paul Hermann (1899-1965), a Swiss chemist, won the 1948 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine for discovering the insect-killing properties of DDT (dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane).


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Murdoch, Iris (1919-1999), was a British novelist known for her philosophical novels.


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Mushet, Robert Forester (1811-1891), was an English metallurgist.


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Mutual company is a business owned by the users of the service it provides.


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Nashe, Thomas (1567-1601), was an author who wrote some of the first works of prose fiction in English literature.


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National Academy of Education is a private society devoted to furthering research in education.


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National Association for the Education of Young Children is a nonprofit organization dedicated to improving professional care and education of children through age 8.


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Smithsonian American Art Museum is a bureau of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. The museum has about 38,000 works, including paintings, sculptures, folk art, prints, drawings, photographs, and craft objects by American artists.


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Necromancy, is a term taken from two Greek words meaning corpse and divination.


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Necrosis, is the death of a group of body cells and tissues due to some disease or external cause.


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New Age movement is a popular cultural movement that began in the early 1970's.


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Newfoundland and Labrador, is Canada's newest province.


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Nummulite, is the name of a group of marine one-celled organisms.


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Nzinga Nkuwu, (?-1506), was the ruler of the Kongo kingdom in west-central Africa.


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Omnivore, is an animal that eats both animals and plants.


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Onassis, Aristotle Socrates, (1906-1975), a Greek shipowner and business executive, became one of the world's wealthiest individuals.


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Onomatopoeia, is a word whose sound suggests the sound it refers to.


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Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is an association of 11 nations that depend heavily on oil exports for their incomes.


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Ossietzky, Carl von (1889-1938), a German journalist, won the 1935 Nobel Peace Prize for promoting world disarmament.


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Osteology, is the science concerned with the structure and function of bones.


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Outboard motor is a gasoline engine or electric motor attached to the stern of a boat.


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Pageant is a spectacular entertainment, often held outdoors.


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Park, David (1911-1960), was an influential American painter and art teacher.


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Parks, Rosa Louise (1913-...), an African American civil rights activist, is best known for her role in a 1955 boycott of the Montgomery, Alabama, bus system.


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Pearce, Philippa (1920-...), is an English writer of children's books.


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Pharmacopeia, also spelled pharmacopoeia, is a book containing standards for drugs and drug products.


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Pinero, Arthur Wing (1855-1934), was a skillful and highly productive English playwright.


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Point Four Program was a foreign aid program of President Harry S. Truman.


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Poison control center provides advice over the telephone for treating emergencies that involve poisoning.


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Postal services, also called mail services, are the procedures involved in the collection, handling, and delivery of letters, messages, and packages.


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Praia, (pop. 62,000), is the capital and largest city of Cape Verde.


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Prairie-chicken is the name of two species of North American grouse.


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Prayer book is a collection of prayers in printed form for use in private devotions or public services.


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Preble, Edward (1761-1807), an American naval officer, bombarded Tripoli (now in Libya) in 1804.


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Premier, is the head of the cabinet in France and in various other countries.


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Princeton, N.J. (pop. 25,214), is the home of Princeton University, Princeton Theological Seminary, and Westminster Choir College of Rider University.


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Programming is the planning of operations to be performed by computers or other automatic machines.


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Gabriel (1776-1800), a slave and skilled workman, planned a major slave revolt in the United States in 1800.


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Ptomaine, poisoning is an outdated term for a type of food poisoning.


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Kandahar, also spelled Qandahar (pop. 191,345), is the second largest city in Afghanistan.


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Queens Midtown Tunnel runs 85 feet (26 meters) under the East River to connect midtown Manhattan and Queens.


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Queiros, Pedro Fernandes de (1565-1615), was a Portuguese explorer who sailed in the service of Spain.


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Quetzal, is the chief unit of money in Guatemala.


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Rack was an instrument of torture often used in the Middle Ages.


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Railroads, Association of American, is the central coordinating and research agency of the American railroad industry.


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Reade, Charles (1814-1884), was an English novelist and playwright.


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Rectangle is a four-sided plane figure with four right angles.


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Redshift is a stretching of the wavelengths of visible light or similar radiation sent out by a cosmic object.


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Redgrave, Michael (1908-1985), was an English actor who became known for his roles in the plays of William Shakespeare.


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Richelieu, River is a Canadian stream that flows through some of Quebec's most beautiful valleys.


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Rigel, is a blue-white star in the southwest corner of the constellation Orion.


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Rittenhouse, David (1732-1796), was a leading American astronomer and maker of clocks and mathematical instruments.


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Roberts, Charles George Douglas (1860-1943), was a Canadian author.


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Robinson, James Harvey (1863-1936), was an American historian and educator.


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Rowan, Andrew Summers (1857-1943), a U.S. Army lieutenant, brought information about the military situation in Cuba to the U.S. government from the Cuban rebel General Calixto Garcia Iniguez in 1898.


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Roy, Maurice Cardinal (1905-1985), a Canadian religious leader, was named a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church in 1965 by Pope Paul VI. At the time of his elevation, Roy was archbishop of Quebec and primate of Canada.


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Royal Academy of Arts is an association of artists in London.


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Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey has its main campus in New Brunswick, New Jersey.


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Salween River, also called Salwin, is an important river of Myanmar.


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Samos, is a Greek island in the Aegean Sea.


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Sandakan (pop. 73,815) is the largest city in Sabah, a state of Malaysia.


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Sandy Hook is a sandy spit (narrow piece of land) that reaches north from the New Jersey coast into New York Bay.


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School lunch is a noon meal served to children in school.


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Serkin, Rudolf (1903-1991), was a popular concert pianist.


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Servetus, Michael (1511-1553), was a Spanish physician and theologian.


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Sforza, Ludovico, (1451-1508), an Italian prince, was the ruler of Milan and the surrounding region of Lombardy from 1479 to 1499.


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Shadow play, also called shadow pantomime, is a kind of drama in which the figures of puppets or living actors are thrown in silhouette on a screen.


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Shafter, William Rufus (1835-1906), commanded United States land forces as a major general during the Spanish-American War (1898).


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Shepard, Ernest Howard (1879-1976), was a British painter and illustrator.


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Sholem Aleichem, (1859-1916), was the pen name of Sholem Rabinowitz, the most widely read of all Yiddish writers.


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Screen printing is a printmaking technique in which ink is forced through a piece of silk onto paper or other material.


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Sintering is the process of making metal parts from powdered metals.


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Sitwell, Edith (1887-1964), was an English poet, critic, and biographer.


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Smith, A. J. M. (1902-1980), was a Canadian poet and scholar. Smith's precise, often intellectual verse reflects the influence of the English metaphysical poets of the 1600's (see Metaphysical poets).


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Smith, Ian Douglas (1919-...), served as prime minister of Rhodesia--which is now called Zimbabwe--from 1964 to 1978.


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Snyder, Gary (1930-...), is an American poet whose works reflect his involvement with Zen Buddhism, his love of nature, and his interest in American Indian traditions.


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Spark chamber was a device invented to study electrically charged subatomic particles.


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Spender, Stephen (1909-1995), was an English poet.


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Spontaneous combustion is burning that may occur when heat generated by chemical changes within a substance becomes trapped inside the substance.


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Stepinac, Alojzije Cardinal (1898-1960), was a Croatian religious leader.


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Stroessner, Alfredo, (1912-...), served as president of Paraguay from 1954 until 1989.


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Strychnine, is a bitter and poisonous drug obtained from the seeds of plants such as the nux vomica tree, found in India and Indonesia.


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Suleyman I, (1494-1566), became known in the Western world as The Magnificent.


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Supermarket is a large store that sells food and various other products.


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Sutherland, Joan (1926-...), an Australian operatic soprano, won acclaim for her brilliant vocal technique.


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Tael, was a Chinese weight indicating a unit of value in silver.


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Taffeta, is a smooth, stiff cloth made of rayon, nylon, or silk.


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Tagore, Rabindranath, (1861-1941), was one of the most influential cultural and political figures in the history of modern India.


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Taira, was the name of a family that ruled Japan from about 1160 to 1185.


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Te Kanawa, Kiri, (1944-...), a New Zealand opera singer, is one of the most praised sopranos in the world.


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Tegu, also spelled teju, is the name of two species of ground-dwelling South American lizards.


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Tehran Conference was the first meeting of the main Allied leaders during World War II.


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Tehuantepec, Isthmus of, separates the Bay of Campeche from the Gulf of Tehuantepec in Mexico.


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Tehuelche, Indians lived in the southern part of what is now Argentina, from about the Negro River south to the Strait of Magellan.


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Teletypesetter (TTS) was a device used to transmit and typeset reports from news wire services.


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Teletypewriter was an electromechanical typewriter that transmitted impulses over a wire to a receiver that printed the message.


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Terry, Ellen (1847-1928), was a leading English actress especially noted for her performances in the plays of William Shakespeare.


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Tetrahedron, in geometry, is a regular pyramid whose sides consist of four equilateral triangles.


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Thalidomide, , is a drug that caused serious birth defects in babies born in the 1950's and early 1960's.


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Thimphu, also spelled Thimbu (pop. 40,000), is the capital of Bhutan.


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Tonto National Monument in south-central Arizona contains two pueblo cliff dwellings.


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Topelius, Zachris, (1818-1898), was a Finnish short-story writer and poet.


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Topiary, work is the art of training and cutting plants into ornamental shapes.


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Topography, is the natural and artificially created surface features of the land.


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Transactional analysis is a method of psychotherapy.


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Trilling, Lionel (1905-1975), was a major American literary critic.


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Triple Alliance was a defense agreement among Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Italy.


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Triple Entente, means triple, or three-way, agreement.


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Triton, was a sea god in Greek mythology.


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Triumph, in ancient Rome, was the highest honor given to a victorious general.


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U-235 is a radioactive isotope of uranium that is used in nuclear reactors and certain nuclear weapons.


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United Jewish Communities is a Jewish humanitarian organization with headquarters in New York City.


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Valens, (A.D. 328-378), was the Roman emperor who allowed large numbers of barbarians to settle south of the Danube River.


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Van Horne, Sir William Cornelius (1843-1915), was a railroad executive.


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Victoria Land is part of the Antarctic subcontinent.


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Virginius Affair was an incident in 1873 that almost started a war between the United States and Spain.


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Voltmeter is an instrument that measures the voltage (difference in potential) between two points of an electric current.


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Walpole, Hugh Seymour (1884-1941), was one of the most popular British novelists of the early 1900's.


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Watterson, Henry (1840-1921), an American newspaper editor, won the 1918 Pulitzer Prize for editorial writing.


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Weller, Thomas Huckle (1915-...), a research biologist, shared the 1954 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine with John F. Enders and Frederick C. Robbins (see Enders, John F.).


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Welsbach, Baron von (1858-1929), was an Austrian chemist and pioneer in artificial lighting.


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West, Rebecca (1892-1983), was a British novelist and literary critic and one of the greatest journalists of the 1900's.


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Wheeler, Earle Gilmore (1908-1975), a general in the United States Army, was chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff from 1964 to 1970.


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White, Paul Dudley (1886-1973), an American physician, was regarded as one of the world's great authorities on heart diseases.


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White paper is a British government report or policy statement on an important subject.


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Wilkes-Barre, (pop. 47,523), is a manufacturing and service center in northeastern Pennsylvania.


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Willys, John North (1873-1935), was an American automobile manufacturer.


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Wilson, Angus (1913-1991), was a British author of novels and satirical short stories.


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Wilson, Pete (1933-...), gained national attention in the United States during the 1990's as governor of California.


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Wilson cloud chamber was a device that made the paths of electrically charged subatomic particles visible.


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World Cup is a tournament held every four years to determine the world's soccer champion.


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Worsted, is a smooth, shiny, strong wool yarn.


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Zonta International is a worldwide service organization of executives in business and the professions.


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Brown, Edmund Gerald (1905-1996), was governor of California from 1959 to 1967.


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Aquarium, Home, is a place where people keep their collections of fish and other water animals.


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Aquarium, Public, or aquatic zoo, is an institution where people keep and display fish and other animals that live in water.


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Ross, Alexander (1783-1856), was a Scottish-born explorer, fur trader, and author.


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Estuary is a coastal river valley flooded by an ocean.


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Microsoft Corporation is the world's largest developer and publisher of software programs for personal computers.


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Chat room is a communications service available on computer networks.


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Beveridge, Albert Jeremiah (1862-1927), an American statesman and historian, won the 1920 Pulitzer Prize for his book The Life of John Marshall.


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Bothe, Walther (1891-1957), a German physicist, shared with Max Born the 1954 Nobel Prize in physics for the "coincidence method and his discoveries made with it."


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Busch, Fritz (1890-1951), was a German opera and symphony conductor.


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Colles, Abraham (1773-1843), was an Irish surgeon of the early 1800's.


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Cortot, Alfred (1877-1962), a French pianist, writer, and teacher, played many concerts in Europe and America.


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Craik, Dinah Maria Mulock (1826-1887), an English novelist and poet, became popular with young people as well as adults.


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Davis, Dwight Filley (1879-1945), an American statesman, established the Davis Cup in 1900.


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Dean, William Frische (1899-1981), was an American major general who won fame in the early days of the Korean War (1950-1953).


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Flanders, Ralph Edward (1880-1970), a Vermont Republican, served as a United States senator from 1946 to 1959.


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Fox, John William, Jr. (1863-1919), an American author, wrote novels about the Cumberland mountaineers of Kentucky. He often contrasted them with Kentucky Bluegrass aristocrats.


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Geddes, Norman Bel (1893-1958), was an American designer and producer.


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Heinz, Henry John, II (1908-1987), a grandson of the founder of the H. J. Heinz Company, served as president of the company from 1941 to 1959 and as chairman of the board from 1959 until his death.


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Hurst, Fannie (1889-1968), an American author, wrote popular novels and short stories.


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Jerome, Jerome Klapka (1859-1927), was a British author.


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Kerst, Donald William (1911-1993), an American physicist, was best known for the development of the betatron in 1940.


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Morgan, Charles Langbridge (1894-1958), was a British novelist, playwright, and critic.


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Nicolay, John George (1832-1901), an American newspaperman, served as President Abraham Lincoln's private secretary from 1860 to 1865.


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Rhodes, James Ford (1848-1927), an American historian, received a Pulitzer Prize in 1918 for A History of the Civil War, 1861-1865.


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Seven Wise Men of Greece is the name scholars give to various sages who lived in Greece and Asia Minor (now Turkey) about 600 B.C.


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Simonides, of Ceos (556?-469? B.C.) was a Greek lyric poet.


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Tiselius, Arne (1902-1971), a Swedish physical chemist, perfected new methods for analyzing proteins.


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Zeiss, Carl (1816-1888), was a German maker of optical instruments.


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American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII), is a code that computers use to process letters, numbers, and other character data.


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Bulletin board service is a communications feature available on computer networks.


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Circuit board is a small board containing electronic components that are connected to form a circuit.


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Computer file is a collection of electronic data, used to organize the storage and processing of data by computer.


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Computer keyboard is the main device for entering information into a computer.


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Computer language is a set of symbols in which operating instructions for a computer are written.


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Computer modeling is the creation of electronic representations of objects or ideas.


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Computer monitor is the device that displays words and images when we work, play, communicate, or learn with a computer.


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Computer network is a collection of computers that are interconnected to share information and processing resources.


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Computer security is the protection of computer systems, and the data stored on them, against unauthorized access.


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Computer simulation is the creation of electronic representations of objects or ideas that respond to changing factors.


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Computer storage disk is the standard medium for storing data.


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Data storage, in computer science, is the use of magnetic and optical devices to store information.


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Database management system (DBMS) is software that organizes, provides access to, and otherwise manages a body of information stored in a computer.


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Distributed computing is the sharing of computing tasks among connected computers.


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E-mail, or electronic mail, is a message sent from one computer to another over a computer network.


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Graphical user interface (GUI) pronounced GOO ee is a way of interacting with a computer using pictures and other visual elements displayed on a computer screen.


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Handwriting-recognition software is a computer program that translates handwritten letters, numbers, and other characters into individual computer codes.


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Hard drive is a device that stores information in virtually all desktop and laptop computers.


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Interactive program is a computer program that modifies its outcome in response to input from the computer user.


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Intranet is a private computer network that mimics the feel and features of the Internet.


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Laptop computer is a lightweight, portable, battery-operated computer that is usually little larger than a hardcover book.


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Laser printer is a computer-driven printer that uses lasers to produce output on paper.


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Mainframe computer is the largest type of computer.


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Memory chip is a device that stores information in a computer.


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Microprocessor is the device that does the actual computing in a computer.


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Multimedia encyclopedia is a collection of reference articles whose text, photographs, and diagrams are supplemented by videos, animations, interactive features, sound clips, and other content.


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Online service is a business that provides access to the Internet, a global computer network, and also offers a wide range of content not available on the Internet.


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Operating system is a program that controls all the functions of a computer.


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Optical character recognition (OCR) is a function by which special software converts printed text into a format that can be edited with a word-processing program.


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Pen-based computer is a computer that accepts input from a stylus (inkless pen) used directly on the computer screen.


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Personal computer (PC) is a computer used by one person at a time.


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Plotter is a printer used to draw large blueprints, schematic diagrams, and similar illustrations.


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Plug-in software consists of programs that increase a computer's ability to access files on the World Wide Web portion of the Internet (the global computer network).


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Presentation software consists of computer programs used to prepare text and illustrations for viewing on a motion-picture screen.


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Scanner is a machine that translates printed pages, photographs, and other materials into digital (numeric) code for use by computers.


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Search engine is a type of program used to find information that is stored on computers.


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Server is a central computer that provides processing services or data to an interconnected group of computers.


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Supercomputer is the fastest type of computer.


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Uniform resource locator (URL) is an address on the Internet.


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Voice-recognition software enables a computer to translate spoken words into digital format--that is, into the digits 0 and 1 that computers use to process data.


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Web browser is a software package used to access locations on the World Wide Web, part of the global computer network called the Internet.


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Web site is a collection of information at a specific address on the World Wide Web.


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Workstation is a set of computer equipment designed for use by one person at a time.


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Aramburu, Pedro Eugenio (1903-1970), was president of Argentina from 1955 to 1958.


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Baker, Sir Benjamin (1840-1907), was an English civil engineer.


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Billings, John Shaw (1838-1913), an American physician and librarian, was one of the most versatile men of his generation.


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Bowers, Claude Gernade (1878-1958), was an American journalist, diplomat, and historian.


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Burgess, Gelett (1866-1951), was an American writer and illustrator.


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Burke, Arleigh Albert (1901-1996), was an American naval officer in World War II.


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Cadman, Charles Wakefield (1881-1946), was an American composer.


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Carter, Caroline (1862-1937), an actress known professionally as Mrs.


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Celebrezze, Anthony Joseph (1910-...), was secretary of health, education, and welfare from 1962 to 1965.


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Charlot, Jean (1898-1979), was an illustrator, author, and painter.


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Coligny, Gaspard de (1519-1572), was one of the ablest French statesmen during the troubled period of religious wars.


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Condillac, Etienne Bonnot de (1715-1780), a French philosopher and psychologist, stressed the importance of the senses.


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Crouse, Russel (1893-1966), wrote and produced many popular plays with Howard Lindsay.


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Drew, John (1853-1927), an American actor, became noted for his outstanding light-comedy roles.


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Flemming, Arthur Sherwood (1905-1996), was secretary of health, education, and welfare under President Dwight D. Eisenhower from 1958 to 1961.


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Golschmann, Vladimir (1893-1972), a French American conductor, conducted the St. Louis Symphony Orchestra from 1931 to 1957.


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Goodspeed, Edgar Johnson (1871-1962), was an American Bible scholar.


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Hart, Albert Bushnell (1854-1943), an American historian, encouraged the study of history by investigating original sources.


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Hoover, Herbert Clark, Jr. (1903-1969), a mining engineer and government official, was the son of the 31st President of the United States. He served as an oil consultant to several South American countries.


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Jouhaux, Leon (1879-1954), a French socialist, labor leader, and worker for international cooperation, won the 1951 Nobel Peace Prize.


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Lewis, D. B. Wyndham (1894-1969), was a British essayist, humorist, and biographer. He joined the London Daily Express as a columnist, and later wrote weekly articles for the Daily Mail.


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McKim, Charles Follen (1847-1909), was an American architect.


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Paterson, William (1658-1719), a British economist and financier, helped found the Bank of England in 1694 and developed its early operations.


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Phelps, William Lyon (1865-1943), an American educator and literary critic, helped shape American literary tastes of his time.


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Pinza, Ezio (1892-1957), an Italian bass singer, became famous for his deep, melodious voice and his skillful acting.


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Rehan, Ada (1860-1916), an American actress, was famous for her portrayal of Katherine in William Shakespeare's Taming of the Shrew.


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Rodzinski, Artur (1894-1958), was a well-known American orchestra conductor.


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Ruzicka, Leopold (1887-1976), a Swiss chemist, shared the 1939 Nobel chemistry prize for his work on the structure of important vegetable products known as higher terpenes.


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Sevcik, Otakar, (1852-1934), was a Czech violinist and an eminent teacher.


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Sherrington, Sir Charles Scott (1861-1952), a British scientist, shared the 1932 Nobel Prize for physiology and medicine with Edgar D. Adrian.


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Sigsbee, Charles Dwight (1845-1923), was an American naval officer.


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Simeon Stylites, Saint (388?-459), was a famous saint who lived on top of a stone pillar for 36 years.


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Sloan, Alfred Pritchard, Jr. (1875-1966), an American industrialist, pioneered the development of roller bearings for automobiles. He was president and general manager of the Hyatt Roller Bearing Company from 1901 to 1916.


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Von Bekesy, Georg (1899-1972), an American physicist, won the 1961 Nobel Prize in medicine for his research on the cochlea (the spiral canal of the inner ear).


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Zsigmondy, Richard (1865-1929), an Austrian chemist, studied the manufacture of colored glass which contained finely divided gold particles.


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Adamic, Louis (1899-1951), was an American author who wrote about immigrants in the United States.


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Ananias, was a member of the early church at Jerusalem.


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Angell, Sir Norman (1874-1967), a British publicist and economist, worked for cooperation among nations.


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Baeyer, Adolph von (1835-1917), a German chemist, won the 1905 Nobel Prize for chemistry.


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Bagehot, Walter (1826-1877), was an English banker and writer.


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Bagley, William Chandler (1874-1946), was an influential American professor, editor, and writer.


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Bergen, Edgar (1903-1978), became one of the most popular ventriloquists of all time.


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Bing, Sir Rudolf (1902-1988), served as manager of the Metropolitan Opera Association of New York City from 1950 to 1972.


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Blennerhassett, Harman (1765-1831), was one of the principal supporters of Aaron Burr's colonizing expedition to the West (see Burr, Aaron).


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Brownell, Herbert, Jr. (1904-1996), served as attorney general under President Dwight D. Eisenhower from 1953 to 1957. He managed Thomas E. Dewey's campaigns and helped Eisenhower win the 1952 election.


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Caetano, Marcello (1906-1980), was premier of Portugal from 1968 to 1974.


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Carothers, Wallace Hume (1896-1937), was an American chemist.


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Carr, Harvey (1873-1954), a leading American psychologist, made important contributions in the fields of animal and educational psychology.


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Chase, Mary Ellen (1887-1973), an American author and teacher, wrote verse and short stories when only 16.


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Clark, Champ (1850-1921), an American politician, became one of the best-known Democratic Party leaders of his time.


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Clark, Joseph Sill (1901-1990), a Pennsylvania Democrat, served in the United States Senate from 1957 to 1969.


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Cripps, Sir Stafford (1889-1952), a noted English statesman and diplomat, held several important governmental posts.


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Croly, Herbert (1869-1930), was an American political philosopher.


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Davisson, Clinton Joseph (1881-1958), was an American physicist.


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Debre, Michel Jean Pierre (1912-1996), served as prime minister of France from 1959 to 1962.


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Dillon, Clarence Douglas (1909-...), was appointed secretary of the treasury in 1961 by President John F. Kennedy.


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Dohnanyi, Ernst von (1877-1960), a Hungarian composer and conductor, became one of the outstanding pianists of his time.


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Gaitskell, Hugh Todd Naylor (1906-1963), became the leader British Labour Party when Clement Attlee resigned in 1955.


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Gates, Doris (1901-1987), was an American writer for children.


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Gatti-Casazza, Giulio (1868-1940), directed the Metropolitan Opera Company in New York City from 1908 to 1935, leading it to artistic and financial success.


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Geikie, Sir Archibald (1835-1924), was a Scottish geologist.


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Gonzaga, Saint Aloysius (1568-1591), was an Italian Roman Catholic saint.


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Haworth, Sir Walter Norman (1883-1950), a British chemist, discovered many general principles concerning the structures of sugars and starches.


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Herter, Christian Archibald (1895-1966), became United States secretary of state in April 1959, after illness forced John Foster Dulles to resign.


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Hinshelwood, Sir Cyril (1897-1967), a British chemist, teacher, and author, shared the 1956 Nobel Prize for chemistry with Nikolai Semenov.


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Hubbard, Bernard Rosecrans (1888-1962), was a Jesuit priest, author, and Arctic explorer.


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Hudson, Manley Ottmer (1886-1960), an American law teacher and jurist, served on the International Permanent Court of Arbitration from 1933 to 1945 and as a judge of the Permanent Court of International Justice from 1936 to 1946.


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Jordan, David Starr (1851-1931), was an American naturalist, educator, and worked for world peace.


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Karrer, Paul (1889-1971), a Swiss chemist, shared the 1937 Nobel Prize for chemistry with British chemist Sir Walter Haworth.


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Katzenbach, Nicholas deBelleville (1922-...), served as undersecretary of state from 1966 until 1968.


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Knowland, William Fife (1908-1974), was a United States senator from California for 14 years, and the Republican party's Senate leader from 1953 to 1958.


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Kreuger, Ivar (1880-1932), achieved worldwide fame for his remarkable ability as a business promoter and international financier.


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Lipmann, Fritz Albert (1899-1986), an American biochemist, shared the 1953 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine with Hans Adolph Krebs.


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Moore, Anne Carroll (1871-1961), was an American librarian and editor of children's books.


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Mundt, Karl Earl (1900-1974), a South Dakota Republican, was a United States senator from 1949 to 1973.


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Pontoppidan, Henrik (1857-1943), a Danish novelist and short-story writer, shared the 1917 Nobel Prize in literature.


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Poole, Ernest (1880-1950), was an American novelist, playwright, and short-story writer.


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Rey, Jean (1902-1983), a Belgian statesman, served as chief administrator of the European Community (now the European Union) from 1967, when it was established, until 1970.


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Rose, Mauri (1906-1981), an automobile racing driver, won the Memorial Day Indianapolis Speedway 500-mile race in 1947 and 1948.


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Rosenthal, Moriz (1862-1946), a Polish pianist, became noted for the great technical skill, full tone, and brilliance of his playing.


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Sandow, Eugene (1867-1925), a German strong man, performed great feats of strength in Europe and the United States.


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Stern, Otto (1888-1969), an American physicist, received the 1943 Nobel Prize in physics.


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Stewart, Michael (1906-1990), served as British secretary of state for foreign and Commonwealth affairs from 1968 to 1970.


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Stock, Frederick August (1872-1942), conducted the Chicago Symphony Orchestra from 1905 to 1942.


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Synge, Richard Laurence Millington (1914-2000), a British biochemist, shared in 1952 Nobel Prize for chemistry for the invention of partition chromatography.


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Szent-Gyorgyi, Albert (1893-1986), a Hungarian-born American biochemist, discovered actin, a muscle protein.


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Szigeti, Joseph (1892-1973), was a famous Hungarian-born violinist.


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Turner, Richmond Kelly (1885-1961), was the leading American naval amphibious commander in the Pacific Ocean during World War II.


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Vardaman, James Kimble (1861-1930), a Mississippi Democrat, served as governor from 1904 to 1908 and as a United States senator from 1913 to 1919.


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Vargas, Getulio Dornellas (1883-1954), served as president of Brazil from 1930 to 1945 and from 1950 to 1954.


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Vico, Giovanni Battista (1668-1744), was an Italian scholar and philosopher.


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Wilfrid, Thomas (1889-1968), developed and demonstrated the clavilux (color organ).


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Williams, G. Mennen (1911-1988), served six terms as governor of Michigan from 1949 to 1960. Williams, a Democrat, was the first Michigan governor to serve more than three terms.


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Williams, John James (1904-1988), won recognition as a U.S. senator for exposing waste and corruption in the federal government.


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Young, Owen D. (1874-1962), was an American businessman. As chairman of the second committee of financial experts of the Allied Reparations Commission, he helped plan the settlement of Germany's World War I debts and reparations by "The Young Plan" of 192


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Young, Stark (1881-1963), an American author, became best known for So Red the Rose (1934), a historical novel.


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Zorn, Anders Leonhard (1860-1920), was a Swedish painter and etcher.


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Warmerdam, Cornelius (1915-2001), an American athlete, became the first great pole vaulter in track and field history.


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Abdulhamit II, (1842-1918), was the 34th sultan of the Ottoman Empire.


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Abel, I. W. (1908-1987), served as president of the United Steelworkers of America (USWA) from 1965 to 1977. The USWA is one of the largest labor unions in the United States.


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Abruzzi, Duke of the (1873-1933), Luigi Amadeo, Prince of Savoy-Aosta, was an Italian naval officer, mountain climber, and Arctic explorer.


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Adams, James Truslow (1878-1949), an American historian, wrote The Epic of America, a best seller in 1931.


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Aiken, George David (1892-1984), a Vermont Republican, served in the United States Senate from 1941 to 1975.


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Andric, Ivo (1892-1975), a Yugoslav writer, won the 1961 Nobel Prize for literature.


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Archer, William (1856-1924), was a Scottish-born drama critic and playwright.


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Arrau, Claudio (1903-1991), a Chilean pianist and teacher, became known for his many concerts and recordings.


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Aulard, Francois Victor Alphonse, (1849-1928), a noted French historian, made a great reputation by his work on source material of the French Revolution.


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Babcock, Stephen Moulton (1843-1931), an American agricultural chemist, devised in 1890 a test to show the amount of butterfat in milk.


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Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1832-1918), an American publisher and historian, is remembered for History of the Pacific States (1875-1890) in 39 volumes.


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Bartolozzi, Francesco (1725?-1815?), an Italian engraver, perfected a method of engraving known as stipple.


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Bessey, Charles Edwin (1845-1915), an American botanist, was a great teacher whose ideas on plant evolution influenced botanical progress.


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Bevin, Ernest (1881-1951), rose from a job as a truck driver to become a British labor leader and a member of the Cabinet.


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Billroth, Albert Christian Theodor (1829-1894), a German-born surgeon, became noted for his work in pathology, wound infections, and gastrointestinal tract surgery.


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Bodenstein, Max (1871-1942), was a German physical chemist.


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Bohlen, Charles Eustis (1904-1974), a U.S. diplomat, was an expert on Soviet affairs.


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Bore, Etienne de (1741-1820), made sugar production a major United States industry.


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Brennan, Francis Cardinal (1894-1968), was appointed a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church in 1967 by Pope Paul VI. He was an authority on moral theology and canon law, and was dean of the Roman Rota at the Vatican at the time of his appointment.


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Brown, Joseph Rogers (1810-1876), was an American inventor and manufacturer of mechanical devices.


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Burckhardt, Jakob (1818-1897), a Swiss historian, wrote History of the Renaissance in Italy (1867).


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Burke, Kenneth (1897-1993), was an American writer of literary criticism and philosophy.


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Busoni, Ferruccio Benvenuto, (1866-1924), was an Italian pianist, conductor, and composer.


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Byrd, Harry Flood (1887-1966), a Virginia Democrat, gained fame for his opposition in the United States Senate to government spending.


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Canby, Henry Seidel (1878-1961), an American editor, author, and educator, became a leading figure in literary criticism.


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Carey, James Barron (1911-1973), an American labor leader, gained wide recognition for his fight against Communist influence in unions.


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Chalmers, Thomas (1780-1847), a Scottish preacher and philanthropist, founded the Free Church of Scotland in 1843.


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Churchill, Winston (1871-1947), an American author, wrote historical novels and novels about political and economic issues of his time.


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Coke, Sir Edward (1552-1634), was a brilliant English courtroom lawyer.


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Commons, John Rogers (1862-1945), pioneered in the development of many applied fields of economics.


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Courtois, Bernard (1777-1838), a French chemist, discovered the element iodine in 1811.


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Couzens, James Joseph (1872-1936), a Michigan Republican, served as mayor of Detroit from 1919 to 1922, and as a United States senator from 1922 to 1936.


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Coverdale, Miles (1488?-1568), a bishop of Exeter, England, became famous for his English translation of the Bible in 1535.


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Creel, George (1876-1953), a newspaperman and author, served as chairman of the Committee on Public Information, the United States information agency in World War I (1914-1918).


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Daniels, Jonathan Worth (1902-1981), first became known for A Southerner Discovers the South (1938).


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Daniels, Josephus (1862-1948), served as secretary of the Navy from 1913 to 1921, and as ambassador to Mexico from 1933 to 1942.


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Davis, Owen (1874-1956), was one of the most successful American playwrights of the early 1900's.


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De Koven, Reginald (1859-1920), an American composer, became known for his light operas.


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Dillon, George (1906-1968), an American poet and editor, won the 1932 Pulitzer Prize for poetry.


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D'Indy, Vincent (1851-1931), was a French composer, organist, and conductor.


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Ditmars, Raymond Lee (1876-1942), was a noted American authority on reptiles.


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Dollfuss, Engelbert (1892-1934), became chancellor of Austria in 1932, at a time of political and economic trouble.


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Drummond, Henry (1851-1897), a Scottish evangelist and author, became known for his books Natural Law in the Spiritual World (1883) and The Ascent of Man (1894).


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Drury, Allen (1918-1998), was an American novelist and journalist.


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Eccles, Marriner Stoddard (1890-1977), was an American financier.


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Estournelles de Constant, Paul Henri d' (1852-1924), Baron d'Estournelles, was a French diplomat, political leader and author.


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Evans, Maurice (1901-1989), an actor and theatrical manager, became noted for such Shakespearean roles as Richard II, Falstaff in Henry IV (Part I), and Macbeth.


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Evans, Robley Dunglison (1846-1912), was an American naval officer known as Fighting Bob.


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Fadiman, Clifton (1904-1999), became well known as a master of ceremonies for several radio and television programs.


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Farmer, Fannie Merritt (1857-1915), an American cooking expert, was called the Mother of Level Measurements.


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Fisher, Carl Graham (1874-1939), helped originate the Indianapolis Motor Speedway.


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Franck, James (1882-1964), a German scientist, collaborated with Gustav Hertz in 1914 to prove the Niels Bohr theory of atomic structure.


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Frank, Ilya M. (1908-1990), a Russian theoretical physicist, shared the 1958 Nobel Prize for physics with P. A. Cherenkov and I. Y. Tamm. Frank, a professor at Moscow University, and Tamm explained the effects of a discovery that Cherenkov made in 1934.


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Frick, Henry Clay (1849-1919), was an American industrialist.


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Galatea, was a beautiful sea nymph in Greek mythology.


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Giannini, Amadeo Peter (1870-1949), an American businessman, founded one of the largest commercial banks in the United States.


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Giauque, William Francis (1895-1982), an American chemist, won the 1949 Nobel Prize in chemistry for pioneer work in the field of very low temperatures.


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Gieseking, Walter (1895-1956), a German pianist, became famous for his ability to play both massive works by such composers as Ludwig van Beethoven of Germany and delicate pieces as those by Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel of France.


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Gonzalo de Cordoba, Hernandez (1453?-1515), was a Spanish general.


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Goyen, Jan Van (1596-1656), was a Dutch artist who specialized in painting landscapes.


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Graf, Urs (1485?-1529), a Swiss printmaker and professional soldier, became known for his woodcuts and etchings.


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Grignard, Francois Auguste Victor (1871-1935), a French organic chemist, discovered the most widely used method for making carbon compounds.


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Grote, George (1794-1871), wrote his famous 12-volume History of Greece (1846-1856) after he had retired as a London bank manager.


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Hall, Charles Martin (1863-1914), made possible the industrial use of aluminum.


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Hampden, Walter (1879-1955), was an American actor.


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Hall, James (1811-1898), an American paleontologist (specialist in fossils), was one of the most influential scientists of his time.


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Harkness, Edward Stephen (1874-1940), was an American philanthropist.


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Hays, Will (1879-1954), was a Republican politician who became known as the "czar" of the American motion-picture industry.


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Hero, also called Heron, a scientist of Alexandria, Egypt, lived during the first century A.D.


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Hobbema, Meindert (1638-1709), a Dutch landscape painter, is best known for landscapes in which farmhouses or water mills are seen through scattered groups of trees.


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Holt, Harold (1908-1967), became prime minister of Australia in January 1966.


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Hood, Clifford Firoved (1894-1978), was president of the United States Steel Corporation from 1953 until 1959.


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Hood, Raymond Mathewson (1881-1934), was the architect of some of America's largest and most striking skyscrapers.


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Hood, Thomas (1799-1845), was an English poet and humorist.


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Hopper, De Wolf (1858-1935), an American actor and singer, excelled in comedy roles.


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Hrdlicka, Ales (1869-1943), an American physical anthropologist, gained fame for his studies of American Indians.


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Hubbard, Elbert (1856-1915), was an American lecturer, publisher, editor, and essayist.


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Hurley, Patrick Jay (1883-1963), an American statesman and soldier, served as secretary of war from 1929 to 1933.


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Inonu, Ismet, (1884-1973), was one of Turkey's leading statesmen of the 1900's.


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Jacob, Francois (1920-...), a French geneticist, shared the 1965 Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine with Andre Lwoff and Jacques Monod.


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James, Henry (1879-1947), was an American writer, philanthropist, and businessman.


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James, Marquis (1891-1955), an American author, wrote about American leaders and institutions.


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Jeritza, Maria (1887-1982), a Czech dramatic soprano, became popular with audiences of two continents because of her versatility and personality.


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John, Augustus Edwin (1878-1961), a British painter, became known principally for his portraits of prominent people.


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Jones, Henry Arthur (1851-1929), was an English dramatist and critic.


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Joplin, Janis (1943-1970), was an American blues and rock music singer of the 1960's.


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Judd, Charles Hubbard (1873-1946), was a leading American psychologist and educator.


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Kelly, Colin (1915-1941), a captain in the United States Army Air Forces, received the Distinguished Service Cross posthumously, for heroism early in World War II.


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Kendall, Edward Calvin (1886-1972), an American biochemist, won the 1950 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine, with Philip S. Hench and Tadeus Reichstein, for his discovery of cortisone and his research on the hormones of the adrenal glands.


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Kesselring, Albert (1885-1960), was a German field marshal of World War II.


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Kilpatrick, William Heard (1871-1965), became one of the leading educational philosophers of the 1900's.


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Kirk, Norman Eric (1923-1974), was a prime minister of New Zealand from 1972 until his death in 1974.


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Kittredge, George Lyman (1860-1941), was an American educator and an authority on Shakespeare and early English literature.


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Kornberg, Arthur (1918-...), an American biochemist, shared the 1959 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine.


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Krutch, Joseph Wood (1893-1970), was a drama critic, teacher, and writer.


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Landau, Lev Davidovich (1908-1968), a Russian physicist, won the Nobel Prize in physics in 1962.


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Landor, Walter Savage (1775-1864), an English poet, essayist, and novelist, won fame for his graceful but forceful style.


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Leaf, Munro (1905-1976), was an American author and illustrator of children's books.


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Le Bel, Joseph Achille (1847-1930), a French industrial chemist, discovered that molecules are three-dimensional.


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Low, Archibald M. (1888-1956), a British engineer and research physicist, won fame for inventions including a radio signaling system, and a radio control for torpedoes, antiaircraft, and antitank rockets. In 1914, Low demonstrated the principles of televi


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Lowell, Abbott Lawrence (1856-1943), president of Harvard University from 1909 to 1933, had great influence on college education through his writings, speeches, and leadership.


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Manship, Paul (1885-1966), was an American sculptor.


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Martin, Glenn Luther (1886-1955), was an American aircraft designer and manufacturer.


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McAdoo, William Gibbs (1863-1941), served as secretary of the treasury in President Woodrow Wilson's Cabinet from 1913 to 1918.


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Merriam, Clinton Hart (1855-1942), was an American physician and zoologist.


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Mommsen, Theodor (1817-1903), a German historian, won the 1902 Nobel Prize for literature.


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Monroney, A. S. Mike (1902-1980), an Oklahoma Democrat, served in the United States Senate from 1951 to 1969. He served six terms in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1939 to 1951.


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Mott, John Raleigh (1865-1955), was an international religious leader.


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Nageli, Karl Wilhelm (1817-1891), a Swiss botanist and philosopher, studied the growth of roots, stems, and pollen grains.


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Naguib, Muhammad (1901-1984), was a leader in the Egyptian revolution of 1952 that forced King Faruk to abdicate.


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Nathan, Robert (1894-1985), was an American novelist and poet.


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Nestor was the hero son of Neleus and Chloris, rulers of Pylos, Messenia, in Greek mythology.


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Nevin, Ethelbert Woodbridge (1862-1901), an American composer, was known for his songs and piano pieces.


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Nicodemus, was a Pharisee and a member of the Sanhedrin, the Jewish court in Jerusalem.


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Nikisch, Arthur (1855-1922), was a Hungarian conductor, violinist, and pianist.


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Noel-Baker, Philip John (1889-1982), British statesman and author, won the 1959 Nobel Peace Prize for his work in promoting international disarmament.


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Nye, Gerald Prentice (1892-1971), a North Dakota Republican, served in the United States Senate from 1925 to 1945.


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Oates, Titus, (1649-1705), was a conspirator who, in 1678, made up the story of a plot by Roman Catholics to assassinate the king of England and destroy Protestantism.


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Pachmann, Vladimir de (1848-1933), was a Russian pianist.


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Perkins, Lucy Fitch (1865-1937), an American writer and illustrator, became well known for her series of 25 "Twin" books for children.


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Polybius, (204?-122? B.C.), was a Greek historian.


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Polycrates, (?-522? B.C.), ruled the Greek island of Samos from about 540 to 520 B.C.


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Porter, Gene Stratton (1863-1924), was an American writer of sentimental outdoor stories.


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Powell, Cecil Frank (1903-1969), a British physicist, won the 1950 Nobel Prize in physics for developing a simple technique to photograph the action of high-speed particles.


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Pugachev, Emelian Ivanovich (1742?-1775), a Russian soldier, led a revolt against Russian landowners in 1773 and 1774.


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Reger, Max, (1873-1916), was a German composer and organist.


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Richter, Johann Paul Friedrich (1763-1825), was an outstanding humorous writer of the German Romantic movement.


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Richthofen, Baron (1833-1905), Ferdinand von Richthofen, a German geologist and geographer, pioneered in the study of geomorphology (land forms).


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Robinson, Boardman (1876-1952), was an American artist, mural painter, and illustrator.


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Roebling, John Augustus (1806-1869), was an American civil engineer who pioneered in designing suspension bridges.


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Roebling, Washington Augustus (1837-1926), became chief engineer on the Brooklyn Bridge in 1869, succeeding his father, John A. Roebling.


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Rogers, William Pierce (1913-2001), served as secretary of state under President Richard M. Nixon from 1969 to 1973.


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Saavedra Lamas, Carlos (1878-1959), received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1936.


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Salten, Felix (1869-1945), was an Austrian author best known for his children's novel Bambi (1923).


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Saltonstall, Leverett (1892-1979), served as U.S. senator from Massachusetts from 1945 to 1967.


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Saxbe, William Bart (1916-...), served as attorney general of the United States in 1974 and early 1975.


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Schacht, Hjalmar (1877-1970), was a German financial statesman.


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Schwab, Charles Michael (1862-1939), was a founder and president of both the United States Steel Corporation and the Bethlehem Steel Corporation.


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Seferis, George (1900-1971), a Greek poet, won the 1963 Nobel Prize for literature.


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Smoot, Reed (1862-1941), served as a Republican United States senator from Utah from 1903 to 1933.


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Soderblom, Nathan (1866-1931), a Swedish archbishop and professor, was a leader of the ecumenical movement among the churches of the world.


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Staudinger, Hermann (1881-1965), a German chemist, pioneered in organic chemistry.


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Stedman, Edmund Clarence (1833-1908), was an American poet and journalist.


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Stone, Irving (1903-1989), was an American biographer and novelist.


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Stone, Melville Elijah (1848-1929), one of the great newspapermen of his day, founded the Chicago Daily News in 1876.


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Talmadge, Eugene (1884-1946), a Democrat, served three terms as governor of Georgia, from 1933 to 1937 and from 1941 to 1943.


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Talmadge, Herman Eugene (1913-2002), a Democrat, was governor of Georgia from 1948 to 1955.


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Taylor, Laurette (1884-1946), was an American actress.


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Tenggren, Gustaf (1896-1970), was a painter and illustrator of children's books.


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Theorell, Hugo (1903-1982), a Swedish biochemist, made valuable contributions to our knowledge of enzymes and the combustion of alcohol in the body.


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Thomas, Augustus (1857-1934), was a dramatist whose plays have a strong American flavor.


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Tree, Herbert Beerbohm (1852-1917), was a leading English actor and theater manager.


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Trench, Richard (1807-1886), was a noted British churchman and scholar of the 1800's.


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Twining, Nathan Farragut (1897-1982), in 1957 became the first United States Air Force officer to be appointed chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.


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Virtanen, Artturi Ilmari (1895- 1973), a Finnish biochemist, won the 1945 Nobel Prize in chemistry for his researches and inventions in agricultural and nutritive chemistry.


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Vollmer, August (1876-1955), was a police administrator, consultant, author, and criminologist.


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Wallach, Otto (1847-1931), a German chemist, worked out the nature of the complex mixtures found in ethereal oils of plants.


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Waller, Edmund (1606-1687), was an English poet.


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Warwick, Earl of (1587-1658), was an English colonial administrator.


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Weeks, Sinclair (1893-1972), an American businessman, served as secretary of commerce from 1953 to 1958 under President Dwight D. Eisenhower.


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Wiley, Harvey Washington (1844-1930), an American chemist, campaigned against dishonest practices in food processing.


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Wilson, William Bauchop (1862-1934), was the first secretary of labor of the United States.


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Wirtz, William Willard (1912-...), was secretary of labor from 1962 to 1969.


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Wissler, Clark (1870-1947), an American anthropologist, was noted for his studies of the American Indians.


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Wister, Owen (1860-1938), was an American novelist.


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Wolseley, Garnet Joseph (1833-1913), Viscount Wolseley, was a British soldier.


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Woollcott, Alexander (1887-1943), an American journalist and taleteller, became well known for his unusual personality and his sharp tongue.


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Wright, Russel (1904-1976), an American industrial designer, created some of the most successful dinnerware designs of the 1930's and 1940's.


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Wylie, Philip Gordon (1902-1971), was an American novelist and a critic of contemporary life.


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Zhivkov, Todor (1911-1998) was premier of Bulgaria from 1962 to 1971 and president from 1971 to 1989.


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Agricola, Georgius, (1494?-1555), was a German physician and scientist.


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Ashley, William Henry (1778?-1838), an American fur trader and explorer, began fur trading in 1822.


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Badoglio, Pietro, (1871-1956), was an Italian soldier and statesman.


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Bailey, Carolyn Sherwin (1875-1961), an American author, won the Newbery medal in 1947.


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Barnard, Henry (1811-1900), served as the first United States commissioner of education from 1867 to 1870.


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Beebe, Lucius Morris (1902-1966), an American author and newspaperman, became known for his books about Nevada and the West.


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Bennett, William Andrew Cecil (1900-1979), served as premier of British Columbia from 1952 to 1972.


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Berg, Patty (1918-...), an American golfer, became the top tournament winner in the history of women's golf.


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Borromeo, Saint Charles (1538-1584), cardinal-archbishop of Milan, founded the Oblate Fathers, and was a leader of the Counter Reformation.


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Bowles, Samuel (1826-1878), gave the Springfield (Massachusetts) Republican, a small-city newspaper, a national reputation.


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Burns, William John (1861-1932), was a prominent American detective.


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Costain, Thomas Bertram (1885-1965), a Canadian-American novelist and historian, began writing books at the age of 54.


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Cyrus, the Younger (424?-401 B.C.), a Persian prince, was a son of King Darius II, ruler of the Achaemenid Empire.


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De Lee, Joseph Bolivar (1869-1942), an American obstetrician and gynecologist, was noted for his work in improving obstetrical methods.


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Ebbinghaus, Hermann (1850-1909), was a German experimental psychologist who performed highly original work in the study of memory and association.


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Fibiger, Johannes Andreas Grib, (1867-1928), was a Danish bacteriologist.


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Filene, Edward Albert (1860-1937), an American merchant, pioneered in improving retail distribution.


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Fisher, Dorothy Canfield (1879-1958), an American novelist, became noted for her stories about the problems of normal married couples and of children.


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Fuller, Alfred Carl (1885-1973), founded the Fuller Brush Company.


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Geiger, Abraham (1810-1874), was a Jewish theologian and a leader of Reform Judaism.


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Girard, Stephen (1750-1831), was an American businessman and philanthropist.


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Giraud, Henri Honore, (1879-1949), a French professional soldier, served as high commissioner of North Africa in 1942 and 1943, and as chief of the French armed forces from 1942 to 1944.


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Gruenther, Alfred Maximilian (1899-1983), an American Army officer, won fame for his work with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).


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Guido D'Arezzo, (995?-1050?), a Benedictine monk, was an Italian music teacher.


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Gullstrand, Allvar (1862-1930), a Swedish ophthalmologist, won the 1911 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine for his work on the refraction of light through the eye.


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Gunther, John (1901-1970), an American journalist, became famous for a series of books that drew on his observations as a foreign correspondent.


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Haakon, VII (1872-1957) was chosen king by the Norwegian people and parliament in 1905 after the separation of Norway from Sweden.


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Hakluyt, Richard (1552?-1616), was an English geographer, editor, and clergyman.


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Haley, Gail E. (1939-...), a children's book author and illustrator, won the 1971 Caldecott medal for her pictures for A Story--A Story. She created colorful woodcuts to illustrate this African folk tale and also wrote the text.


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Harris, William Torrey (1835-1909), an American educator, helped establish the first public school kindergarten in the United States in St. Louis in 1873.


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Hilbert, David (1862-1943), was a German mathematician.


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Hines, Duncan (1880-1959), an American businessman and author, became an authority on eating and lodging establishments.


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Holyoake, Sir Keith Jacka (1904-1983), served as prime minister of New Zealand from 1960 to 1972.


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Hough, Emerson (1857-1923), an American author, wrote many stories about the American West.


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Iturbi, Jose (1895-1980), was a pianist and conductor.


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Lehmann, Lilli, (1848-1929), was a German soprano.


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Li Hung-Chang, (1823-1901), was a Chinese statesman.


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Libby, Willard Frank (1908-1980), an American chemist, received the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1960.


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MacCormick, Austin H. (1893-1979), was an American expert on prison reform. He became known for his surveys on prisons and juvenile institutions.


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McIntyre, James Francis Cardinal (1886-1979), served as the Roman Catholic archbishop of Los Angeles from 1948 until he resigned in 1970.


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Melchior, Lauritz Lebrecht Hommel, (1890-1973), was a Danish operatic tenor.


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Mikoyan, Anastas, (1895-1978), was an important official of the Communist Party and the government of the Soviet Union.


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Moniz, Antonio Caetano de Abreu Freire Egas (1874-1955), shared the 1949 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine.


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Morrow, Honore Willsie, (1880?-1940), was an American historical novelist.


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Motley, John Lothrop, (1814-1877), an American historian and diplomat, won recognition chiefly for his historical writings on the Netherlands.


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Newcomb, Simon (1835-1909), was an American astronomer.


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Numa Pompilius, the second of the seven legendary kings of Rome, reigned from 715 to 673 B.C.


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Page, Walter Hines (1855-1918), was an American editor and diplomat.


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Poincare, Jules Henri (1854-1912), a French scientist, was one of the greatest mathematicians of modern times.


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Roberts, Frederick Sleigh (1832-1914), Earl Roberts of Kandahar, Pretoria, and Waterford, was a famous British general.


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Roe, Sir Alliott Verdon- (1877-1958), was the first Englishman to design, build, and fly an airplane.


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Ruyter, Michel Adriaanszoon de (1607-1676), also spelled Ruiter, was one of the greatest fighting seamen of the Netherlands.


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Schlesinger, James Rodney (1929-...), held two Cabinet offices.


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Seeger, Alan (1888-1916), an American poet, wrote one of the most memorable poems of World War I (1914-1918), "I Have a Rendezvous with Death."


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Sloane, Sir Hans (1660-1753), was a British physician and botanist.


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Slobodkin, Louis (1903-1975), was an American sculptor and author-illustrator of children's books.


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Smith, Theobald (1859-1934), was an American investigator of diseases in both human beings and domestic animals.


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Smith, William (1769-1839), an English geologist and engineer, was the first scientist to use fossils to identify and also determine the relative age of rock strata (layers).


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Sprague, Frank Julian (1857-1934), was an American electrical engineer and inventor.


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Stoddard, William Osborn (1835-1925), was an American author, journalist, and inventor.


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Swedenborg, Emanuel (1688-1772), was a Swedish scientist, inventor, and mystical religious leader.


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Taussig, Frank William (1859-1940), was a leading American economist.


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Teller, Henry Moore (1830-1914), of Colorado, served five terms in the United States Senate.


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Thomas, Seth (1785-1859), was an American clock manufacturer.


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Togo, Heihachiro (1847-1934), was one of Japan's greatest admirals and naval heroes of the 1900's.


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Ustinov, Dimitriy Fedorovich (1908-1984), was an important leader in the Soviet Union.


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Van't Hoff, Jacobus Henricus, (1852-1911), was a Dutch chemist who received the first Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1901.


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Ward, Artemas, (1727-1800), an American Revolutionary War commander, was the first commander in chief of the Massachusetts troops.


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Werfel, Franz, (1890-1945), was an Austrian writer.


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Wieland, Heinrich Otto, (1877-1957), a German chemist, developed basic theories of the mechanism by which living cells produce energy by oxidation.


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Wieniawski, Henri, (1835-1880), one of the most celebrated violinists of the 1800's, has often been called the Chopin of the violin.


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Wiese, Kurt (1887-1974), an American artist and writer, illustrated more than 100 books.


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Winsor, Justin (1831-1897), was an American historian and librarian.


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Adams, Roger (1889-1971), was an American chemist who became known for his work in the field of organic chemistry.


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Andrews, Charles McLean (1863-1943), an American historian, received a Pulitzer Prize in 1935 for the first volume of his four-volume The Colonial Period of American History (1934-1938).


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Arlen, Michael (1895-1956), was a British novelist and short-story writer.


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Arno, Peter (1904-1968), an American cartoonist, drew cartoons for The New Yorker magazine which most exactly paralleled the tone and smartness associated with the magazine.


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Arrhenius, Svante August (1859-1927), was a Swedish chemist and physicist.


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Artzybasheff, Boris (1899-1965), was an American artist and writer of both adult and children's books.


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Beatty, David (1871-1936), First Earl Beatty of the North Sea and Brooksby, was a famous British naval officer.


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Becker, Carl Lotus (1873-1945), was an American historian and political thinker.


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Behring, Emil von (1854-1917), a German bacteriologist, won the 1901 Nobel prize in medicine for his discovery in 1890 of diphtheria antitoxin.


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Bergius, Friedrich (1884-1949), a German chemist, shared the 1931 Nobel prize for chemistry.


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Bethmann-Hollweg, Theobald von (1856-1921), a German jurist and statesman, was the fifth chancellor of the German Empire from 1909 until 1917.


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Blake, Edward (1833-1912), a Canadian statesman and lawyer, became a leader in the legal profession and won recognition as an authority on constitutional law.


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Bode, Boyd Henry (1873-1953), was a leading American educational philosopher.


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Bosco, Saint John (1815-1888), an Italian priest, became famous for his devoted care of homeless boys.


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Boult, Sir Adrian (1889-1983), a British conductor, founded the British Broadcasting Corporation Symphony Orchestra, and directed it from 1930 to 1950.


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Boumedienne, Houari, (1925?-1978), was head of Algeria's government from 1965 until his death in 1978.


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Bridges, Styles (1898-1961), a New Hampshire Republican, served in the U.S. Senate from 1937 until his death.


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Buchman, Frank Nathan Daniel (1878-1961), an American clergyman, founded the Oxford group in the 1920's.


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Carnot, Nicolas Leonard Sadi (1796-1832), a French engineer, is considered the founder of the science of thermodynamics.


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Cauchy, Augustin Louis (1789-1857), a French mathematician, became famous for introducing logical and modern ideas into calculus.


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Chittenden, Thomas (1730-1797), the first governor of Vermont, did much to secure the admission of that state to the Union in 1791.


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Cobb, Irvin Shrewsbury (1876-1944), an American humorist, was a novelist, short-story writer, dramatist, and newspaperman.


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Craig, Edward Gordon (1872-1966), an English stage designer, producer, and author, strongly influenced theater production and the art of stage settings after 1910.


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Crawford, Thomas (1813?-1857), an American sculptor, designed the Statue of Freedom on the dome of the Capitol in Washington, D.C. He also designed the bronze doors for the main eastern entrances of the Senate and House wings.


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Crerar, Henry Duncan Graham (1888-1965), distinguished himself as commander of the First Canadian Army in the invasion of the Rhineland and western Netherlands in World War II.


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Cushing, Richard Cardinal (1895-1970), an American religious leader, was named a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church in 1958 by Pope John XXIII.


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Dahlgren, John Adolphus Bernard (1809-1870), an American naval officer and inventor, developed the Dahlgren gun that became famous during the Civil War.


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Dana, James Dwight (1813-1895), was an American geologist, mineralogist, and zoologist.


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Dana, John Cotton (1856-1929), was an American librarian.


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Drexel, Anthony Joseph (1826-1893), was an American financier and philanthropist.


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Erhard, Ludwig (1897-1977), served as chancellor of West Germany from 1963 to 1966.


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Erigena, Johannes Scotus (810?-877?), an Irish philosopher and theologian, became famous throughout Europe for his learning.


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Finney, Charles Grandison (1792-1875), was a Presbyterian and Congregationalist revival preacher.


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Gambetta, Leon Michel (1838-1882), was one of the founders of the Third Republic of France, and served briefly as his country's premier.


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Granados, Enrique (1867-1916), a Spanish pianist and composer, became known for his charming piano works, Goyescas, inspired by the famous painter Francisco Goya.


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Graves, Robert James (1796-1853), an Irish doctor, reported in 1835 on the thyroid gland disorder known as hyperthyroidism.


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Grosseteste, Robert (1175?-1253), was an English scholar, teacher, and bishop.


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Harvey, William Henry (1811-1866), an Irish botanist, was an authority on the plants of South Africa.


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Hathaway, Anne (1555 or 1556-1623), was the wife of William Shakespeare.


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Havelok the Dane was the hero of several English stories which appeared about 1290.


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Hawes, Charles Boardman (1889-1923), was an American author of sea-adventure books for boys.


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Herriot, Edouard (1872-1957), was a French statesman and leader of the Radical Socialist Party.


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Holmes, Burton (1870-1958), an American photographer and lecturer, made travel his profession.


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Jensen, Johannes Vilhelm (1873-1950), a Danish author, won the 1944 Nobel Prize for literature.


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Konev, Ivan Stepanovich (1897-1973), rose to fame as a Soviet marshal in World War II.


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Larreinaga, Miguel (1771-1847), a jurist and a leader of the Central American independence movement, revised the civil code of Guatemala.


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Leech, Margaret (1893-1974), was an American author who specialized in United States history.


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Lochner, Stephen (1390?-1451), was one of the most important German painters of the 1400's.


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Ludwig, Emil (1881-1948), a German-born biographer, won both fame and criticism for his biographies.


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Makemie, Francis (1658?-1708), a minister and a businessman, founded the first Presbyterian presbytery in America in Philadelphia in 1706.


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Martha was a friend of Jesus and the sister of Mary and Lazarus of Bethany.


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Massys, Quentin (1465?-1530), was the leading painter in Antwerp, Belgium, in the early 1500's.


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Mihajlovic, Draza (1893?-1946), was a Yugoslav resistance leader during World War II.


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Mulock, Sir William (1844-1944), was a leader in Canadian law, politics, and education for more than 60 years.


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O'Boyle, Patrick Aloysius Cardinal (1896-1987), was named a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church in 1967 by Pope Paul VI. Cardinal O'Boyle served as archbishop of Washington, D.C., from 1947 until he resigned in 1973.


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Olney, Richard (1835-1917), held two Cabinet posts under President Grover Cleveland.


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Patri, Angelo (1877-1965), an American educator, won fame for his writings on child training and for his experiments in teaching.


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Patti, Adelina (1843-1919), a coloratura soprano, won fame as one of the world's greatest operatic singers.


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Petty, Sir William (1623-1687), is best remembered as a political economist and a pioneer statistician.


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Phaedra, in Greek mythology, was the wife of Theseus, a great king of early Athens.


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Pitman, Sir Isaac (1813-1897), a British schoolmaster, invented phonetic shorthand.


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Reagan, John Henninger (1818-1905), an American statesman, worked for government regulation of railroads.


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Redmond, John Edward (1851-1918), an Irish leader, succeeded Charles Stewart Parnell as the political champion of Irish home rule.


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Ritschl, Albrecht (1822-1889), a German theologian, influenced many liberal European, British, and American preachers and teachers.


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Ritter, Joseph Cardinal (1892-1967), archbishop of St. Louis, became a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church in January 1961.


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Ritter, Karl (1779-1859), a German geographer, did much to make geography a scientific study.


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Rojankovsky, Feodor (1891-1970), was a Russian-American artist and illustrator of books for children.


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Ruml, Beardsley (1894-1960), an American financial expert and merchant, proposed the withholding tax, a system of income tax payments.


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Say, Jean Baptiste (1767-1832), a French economist, did much to spread the doctrines of Adam Smith.


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Servius Tullius, the sixth of the seven legendary kings of Rome, reigned from 578 to 534 B.C.


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Simpson, Sir James Young (1811-1870), a Scottish doctor, specialized in the problems of childbirth, or obstetrics.


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Sinclair, Harry Ford (1876-1956), was an American oil producer and refiner.


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Sperry, Armstrong (1897-1976), was an American author and illustrator of children's books.


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Sumner, James Batcheller (1887-1955), an American biochemist, crystallized the first enzyme.


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Tanguy, Yves (1900-1955), a surrealist artist, painted with exacting technique a strange world where objects like bones and rocks are grouped in fantastic structures.


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Ticknor, George (1791-1871), an American scholar, became noted for his learned work, History of Spanish Literature (1849).


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Tirpitz, Alfred von (1849-1930), a German statesman and naval officer, was active in building up the German Navy.


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Volstead, Andrew John (1860-1947), a Minnesota Republican congressman from 1903 to 1923, introduced the National Prohibition Act of 1919, also known as the Volstead Act.


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Wanamaker, John (1838-1922), was an American merchant and philanthropist.


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Wickersham, George Woodward (1858-1936), an American lawyer, served as attorney general from 1909 to 1913 in the Cabinet of President William Howard Taft.


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Wren, Percival Christopher (1885-1941), was a British novelist.


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Alvarez, Luis Walter (1911-1988), an American physicist, won the Nobel Prize in 1968 for his contributions to the study of subatomic particles (particles that make up atoms).


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Arbuthnot, May Hill (1884-1969), was an American educator, writer, and lecturer who influenced the field of children's literature.


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Bayle, Pierre (1647-1706), a French philosopher, wrote a well-known dictionary.


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Bowdoin, James (1726-1790), was a merchant and political leader in Massachusetts during the Revolutionary War.


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Burton, Virginia Lee (1909-1968), was an American painter, designer, author, and illustrator.


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Camp, Walter (1859-1925), is often called the father of American football.


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Cartwright, Peter (1785-1872), was a circuit rider (traveling preacher) on the American frontier and a Methodist Church official.


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Case, Clifford Philip (1904-1982), a New Jersey Republican, served in the United States Senate from 1955 to 1979.


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Cattell, James McKeen (1860-1944), an American scientist, professor, editor, and publisher, pioneered in the field of experimental psychology.


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Chaliapin, Feodor Ivanovich, (1873-1938), a Russian opera singer, became a leading interpreter of bass roles in Russian, French, and Italian opera.


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Chance, Frank (1877-1924), was an outstanding major league baseball player and manager.


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Channing, William Ellery (1780-1842), an American clergyman, was a leader of the Unitarian Church, which emphasizes the Oneness of God rather than the Trinity.


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Chernenko, Konstantin Ustinovich (1911-1985), served as general secretary, or head, of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from February 1984 until his death in March 1985.


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Clay, Lucius Dubignon (1897-1978), served as commander in chief of the United States armed forces in Europe and as military governor of the U.S. zone in Germany from 1947 to 1949.


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Custis, George Washington Parke (1781-1857), grandson of Martha Washington, became the adopted son of George Washington.


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Driver, William (1803-1886), a sea captain, gave the name Old Glory to the United States flag.


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Eastland, James Oliver (1904-1986), a Mississippi Democrat, served in the United States Senate for more than 35 years--from 1943 to 1979.


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Evelyn, John (1620-1706), an English writer, became famous for the diary that he kept from 1641 until the year he died.


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Flammarion, Camille (1842-1925), was one of the most imaginative and colorful writers of science books.


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Gaius, was a leading authority on Roman law during ancient times.


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Gargantua and Pantagruel, by Francois Rabelais, is a comic narrative on French society of the 1500's.


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Gibbons, James Cardinal (1834-1921), was one of the leading American religious figures of his time.


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Green, Hetty (1834-1916), was regarded at the time of her death as the richest woman in the world.


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Howard, Bronson Crocker (1842-1908), was the first professional playwright who was neither a theater manager nor an actor.


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Hyderabad, Nizam, of (1886-1967), Sir Usman Ali, ruled the region of Hyderabad from 1911 to 1948.


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Iredell, James (1751-1799), served on the first Supreme Court of the United States.


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Ives, Burl (1909-1995), was an American folk singer and actor.


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Kapitsa, Pyotr, (1894-1984), a Soviet physicist, became well known for his work in low-temperature physics and in magnetism.


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Keitel, Wilhelm, (1882-1946), served as chief of the high command of the German armed forces during World War II (1939-1945).


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Kravchuk, Leonid Makarovich (1934-...), was president of Ukraine from 1991 to 1994.


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Macleod, John James Rickard (1876-1935), was a Scottish physiologist.


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MacMechan, Archibald McKellar (1862-1933), was a Canadian essayist and educator.


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MacMillan, Sir Ernest Campbell (1893-1973), was a Canadian conductor, composer, organist, and educator.


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Magsaysay, Ramon, R. (1907-1957), became president of the Philippines on Dec. 30, 1953. He served as president until his death in a plane crash in 1957.


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Malibran, Maria Felicita (1808-1836), was a famous Spanish opera singer.


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Mannerheim, Carl Gustaf Emil von (1867-1951), a Finnish military and political leader, helped found the Republic of Finland in 1919.


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Manning, Timothy Cardinal (1909-1989), was appointed a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church by Pope Paul VI in 1973.


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Martin du Gard, Roger, (1881-1958), a French novelist and dramatist, won the 1937 Nobel Prize for literature.


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Michel, Robert Henry (1923-...), an Illinois Republican, served as minority leader of the United States House of Representatives from 1981 until 1995.


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Olav, V (1903-1991) became king of Norway in 1957 when his father, King Haakon VII, died.


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Parrington, Vernon Louis (1871-1929), was an American educator and historian.


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Perse, Saint-John (1887-1975), was the pen name of Alexis Leger, a French poet and diplomat.


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Pirenne, Henri, (1862-1935), was a Belgian historian.


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Podgorny, Nikolai Viktorovich, (1903-1983), served as the chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet from 1965 to 1977.


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Romains, Jules, (1885-1972), was the pen name of Louis Farigoule.


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Ross, Sir Ronald (1857-1932), a British physician, won the 1902 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine for work that led to the discovery of how to combat malaria.


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Scott, David Randolph (1932-...), a United States astronaut, commanded the Apollo 15 mission that made the fourth manned landing on the moon.


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Stark, Johannes (1874-1957), a German physicist, won the 1919 Nobel Prize in physics for his discovery of the Stark effect, an influence that an electrical field exerts on the emission of light and other electromagnetic radiation by atoms.


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Stefansson, Vilhjalmur, (1879-1962), an Arctic explorer and author, emphasized that the Arctic region is of great military and strategic importance.


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Steig, William (1907-...), an American cartoonist and children's author, won the 1970 Caldecott Medal for Sylvester and the Magic Pebble.


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Stimson, Henry Lewis (1867-1950), was an American statesman who held Cabinet posts under four Presidents.


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Suslov, Mikhail Andreyevich, (1902-1982), was a leading Soviet Communist Party official.


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Svedberg, Theodor, (1884-1971), a Swedish chemist, became famous for developing the ultracentrifuge.


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Tawney, Richard Henry (1880-1962), was a noted British historian and social philosopher.


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Terman, Lewis Madison (1877-1956), was an American psychologist who became known for his studies of intelligence.


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Vaughan, Henry (1622-1695), was one of the leading poets of the 1600's.


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Whiteman, Paul (1890-1967), was a famous American orchestra conductor.


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Whitlam, Gough, (1916-...), served as prime minister of Australia from 1972 to 1975.


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Whittaker, Charles Evans (1901-1973), was a justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1957 to 1962.


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Woodward, Robert Burns (1917-1979), an American chemist, won the 1965 Nobel Prize in chemistry for his work in synthetic organic chemistry.


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Woolrich, Cornell (1903-1968), was an American author of suspense fiction.


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Young, Ella Flagg (1845-1918), was the first American woman to serve as superintendent of schools in a large city.


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Abbas, Ferhat (1899-1985), served as president of Algeria's first elected legislature.


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Anderson, Clinton Presba (1895-1975), a New Mexico Democrat, served in the U.S. Senate from 1949 to 1973.


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Anza, Juan Bautista de, (1735-1788?), a Spanish frontiersman from Mexico, discovered an overland route between Sonora and Upper California.


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Armer, Laura Adams (1874-1963), was an American author of children's books, and a painter of Navajo Indian life.


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Armstrong, Anne Legendre (1927-...), was the first woman to serve as United States ambassador to Britain.


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Bainbridge, William (1774-1833), was a United States naval officer in the war with Tripoli and the War of 1812.


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Bartram, John (1699-1777), a botanist, planted the first botanical garden in America in 1728 near Philadelphia.


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Berthelot, Marcelin, (1827-1907), was a French chemist.


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Bethe, Hans Albrecht, (1906-...), an American physicist, won the Nobel Prize for physics in 1967.


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Betti, Ugo, (1892-1953), was one of the leading Italian playwrights of the 1900's.


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Bosch, Carl (1874-1940), was a German chemist and industrialist.


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Bowles, Chester (1901-1986), a government official, served under four American presidents.


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Boyd, Alan Stephenson (1922-...), was secretary of transportation from 1967 to 1969.


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Boyd Orr, Lord (1880-1971), a British nutrition and agricultural scientist, won the 1949 Nobel Peace Prize.


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Boyden, Seth (1788-1870), an American inventor, developed a type of patent leather in 1819 and a process for making malleable iron in 1826.


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Brainerd, David (1718-1747), was a mystical, saintly missionary to the American Indians.


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Bryant, Gridley (1789-1867), was the supervising engineer for one of the first corporations to build and operate a railway in the United States.


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Bullins, Ed (1935-...), is a black American playwright.


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Calvin, Melvin (1911-1997), an American chemist, received the 1961 Nobel Prize in chemistry for his studies of photosynthesis.


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Campbell, Sir John (1779-1861), an English lawyer, politician, and writer, played a major part in reforming English law.


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Canas, Jose Simeon (1767-1838), was a scholar and statesman who took part in the Central American independence movement.


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Carberry, John Joseph Cardinal (1904-...), served as the Roman Catholic archbishop of St. Louis from 1968 until he resigned in 1979.


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Carrel, Alexis (1873-1944), a French surgeon and biologist, proved that tissues could survive apart from their organs if properly nourished.


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Carter, Gerald Emmett Cardinal (1912-...), was appointed a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church in 1979 by Pope John Paul II.


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Chamberlain, Owen (1920-...), an American physicist, shared the 1959 Nobel Prize in physics with Emilio Segre.


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Chanute, Octave, (1832-1910), an American civil engineer, became famous as a scientific student of gliding.


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Clark, Ann Nolan (1898-1995), was an American author of children's books.


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Cochrane, Mickey (1903-1962), rose to baseball fame as a catcher for the Philadelphia Athletics and catcher-manager for the Detroit Tigers.


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Collamer, Jacob (1791-1865), an American statesman, was postmaster general in the administration of President Zachary Taylor, who held office from March 1849 to July 1850.


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Cubberley, Ellwood Patterson (1868-1941), an American educator, helped develop the profession of school administration in the United States.


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Currie, Sir Arthur William (1875-1933), a Canadian soldier, won fame as a courageous officer and successful field commander during World War I (1914-1918).


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Danilova, Alexandra (1904?-1997), was a great Russian ballerina.


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De Gasperi, Alcide, (1881-1954), leader of the Italian Christian Democratic Party, was premier of Italy from 1945 to 1953.


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DeJong, Meindert,  (1906-1991), was an author of children's books.


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Del Rey, Lester (1915-1993), was an American author of science fiction.


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Denis, Saint (A.D. 200's), is the patron saint of France.


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Dodd, Thomas Joseph (1907-1971), a Connecticut Democrat, served in the United States Senate from 1959 to 1971.


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Doisy, Edward Adelbert (1893-1986), an American chemist, determined the nature of vitamin K, which helps the liver produce prothrombin, one of the clotting factors in blood.


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Douglas, Donald Wills (1892-1981), an American aircraft manufacturer, organized the Douglas Company in 1921.


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Duarte, Jose Napoleon, (1926-1990), served as the elected president of El Salvador from 1984 to 1989.


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Estes, Eleanor (1906-1988), an American children's author, based most of her plots on her childhood experiences in a small town.


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Fairburn, William Armstrong (1876-1947), an American businessman and inventor, found methods to remove the poisonous effect of phosphorus used in match heads and the hazard of afterglow in the wood of matches.


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Finch, Robert Hutchison (1925-1995), was United States secretary of health, education, and welfare (HEW) under President Richard M. Nixon in 1969 and 1970.


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Forssmann, Werner, (1904-1979), a German surgeon and urologist, shared the 1956 Nobel Prize for medicine for his work on cardiac catheterization.


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Fowler, Henry Hamill (1908-2000), served as secretary of the treasury of the United States from 1965 to 1968 under President Lyndon B. Johnson.


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Francescatti, Zino (1905-1991), a French violinist, became noted for his concert performances in Europe and America.


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Ganz, Rudolph (1877-1972), was a Swiss-American pianist, composer, and conductor.


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George, Walter Franklin (1878-1957), served as a Democratic United States senator from Georgia from 1922 to 1957.


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Gesell, Arnold Lucius, (1880-1961), an American psychologist, became known for his studies of the behavior of infants and children.


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Gierek, Edward (1913-2001), was first secretary of the Communist Party of Poland from 1970 to 1980.


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Glaser, Donald Arthur (1926-...), an American physicist, won the Nobel Prize in physics in 1960 for inventing the bubble chamber.


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Goble, Paul (1933-...), is an English author and illustrator of children's books.


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Grew, Joseph Clark (1880-1965), served as the United States ambassador to Japan during the years before the 1941 Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.


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Griffin, Robert Paul (1923-...), a Michigan Republican, served as assistant minority leader of the U.S. Senate from 1969 to 1977.


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Haywood, William Dudley (1869-1928), was a leader of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), which advocated socialism through industrial unionism.


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Henry, Marguerite Breithaupt (1902-1997), an American author of children's books, won the Newbery medal in 1949 for King of the Wind, a story about an Arabian horse.


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Hevesy, Georg von, (1885-1966), won the 1943 Nobel Prize for chemistry.


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Humphreys, David (1752-1818), served General George Washington as aide-de-camp (field secretary) during the Revolutionary War in America (1775-1783).


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Hunsaker, Jerome Clarke (1886-1984), was one of the pioneer aeronautical scientists in the United States.


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Insull, Samuel (1859-1938), was an American public utilities executive.


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Irving, Sir Henry (1838-1905), was one of the greatest actors and most successful theater managers of his time.


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Jackson, Henry Martin (1912-1983), served as United States senator from the state of Washington from 1953 to 1983.


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Jeans, Sir James Hopwood (1877-1946), contributed to the understanding of the behavior of molecules, especially to the kinetic theory of gases.


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Jenkins, Charles Francis (1867-1934), contributed to the development of the motion-picture projector.


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Joseph, Mother (1823-1902), was a Roman Catholic nun and architect.


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Kantor, MacKinlay (1904-1977), an American author and journalist, won the 1956 Pulitzer Prize for fiction for his novel Andersonville (1955).


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Kekkonen, Urho Kaleva, (1900-1986), served as president of Finland from 1956 to 1981.


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Kendrew, Sir John Cowdery (1917-1997), a British molecular biologist, shared the 1962 Nobel Prize for chemistry with fellow British molecular biologist Max Perutz.


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Kennedy, David Matthew (1905-1996), served as U.S. secretary of the treasury under President Richard M. Nixon from 1969 to 1971.


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King, Ernest Joseph (1878-1956), commanded the United States Fleet during World War II.


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Kitasato, Shibasaburo, (1852-1931), was a Japanese bacteriologist famous for his experiments with diphtheria and tetanus antitoxins.


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Knudsen, William S. (1879-1948), an American industrialist, directed American war production during World War II. His main contributions to American industry were his ideas on mass production, such as the use of the conveyor belt in automobile manufacturi


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Koffka, Kurt (1886-1941), was an early exponent of Gestalt psychology.


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Konoye, Prince Fumimaro (1891-1945), was premier of Japan from 1937 to 1939 and from 1940 to 1941.


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Kress, Samuel Henry (1863-1955), was an American businessman and art collector.


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Krol, John Joseph Cardinal (1910-1996), was appointed a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church in 1967 by Pope Paul VI. He served as archbishop of Philadelphia from 1961 until his retirement in 1988.


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Kubelik, Rafael, (1914-1996), was a Czech-born conductor.


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Kuhn, Richard (1900-1967), a German chemist, won the 1938 Nobel Prize for chemistry.


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Langmuir, Irving (1881-1957), won the 1932 Nobel Prize in chemistry for his work in surface chemistry and in the electron theory of matter.


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Lashley, Karl Spencer (1890-1958), was an American psychologist known for his research on the function of the brain in relation to behavior.


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Latham, Jean Lee (1902-1995), an American writer for young people, received the Newbery Medal in 1956 for her book Carry On, Mr. Bowditch (1955).


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Lathrop, Dorothy P. (1891-1980), an American artist and writer for children, won the first Caldecott Medal for Animals of the Bible in 1938. In creating her drawings of animals, Lathrop worked from live models, and her household included many animal pets.


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Lathrop, Rose Hawthorne (1851-1926), was the main founder of a Roman Catholic nursing order of nuns.


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Laubach, Frank Charles (1884-1970), an American missionary, preacher, and educator, won fame for teaching illiterate peoples to read.


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Laue, Max Theodor Felix von, (1879-1960), a German physicist, received the 1914 Nobel Prize in physics for his research in X-ray diffraction.


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Legendre, Adrien Marie, (1752-1833), a French mathematician, influenced the teaching of geometry in America.


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Leger, Paul-Emile, Cardinal (1904-1991), became archbishop of Montreal, Canada, in 1950.


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Leisler, Jacob (1640-1691), served as governor of the English colony of New York from 1689 to 1691.


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Leontief, Wassily, (1906-1999), an American economist, won the 1973 Nobel Prize in economics for the development of input-output analysis.


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Leverhulme, Viscount (1851-1925), founded Lever Brothers Company, one of the world's largest soap manufacturers (now a subsidiary of Unilever).


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Lewis, Gilbert Newton (1875-1946), an American chemist, helped develop the modern electron theory of valence, a theory that explains the forces that hold atoms together in molecules.


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Liebig, Baron von, (1803-1873), helped found organic chemistry, the study of compounds that contain carbon.


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Liu Shaoqi, (1900?-1969?), also spelled Liu Shao-ch'i, succeeded Mao Zedong as chairman of the People's Republic of China in 1959.


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Lwoff, Andre, (1902-1994), a French microbiologist, shared the 1965 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine with Francois Jacob and Jacques Monod.


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MacManus, Seumas, (1869?-1960), was an Irish author of stories, poems, memoirs, and plays.


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Martin, Archer John Porter (1910-...), is a noted English biochemist.


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Martin, Joseph William, Jr. (1884-1968), a Republican from Massachusetts, served in the United States House of Representatives from 1925 to 1967. He was speaker of the House from 1947 to 1949 and from 1953 to 1955.


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Martinelli, Giovanni (1885-1969), sang as a leading tenor with the New York Metropolitan Opera Company in more than 50 opera.


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McCarran, Patrick Anthony (1876-1954), served as United States senator from Nevada from 1933 to 1954.


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Medawar, Sir Peter Brian (1915-1987), an English zoologist, shared the 1960 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine with Sir Macfarlane Burnet.


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Mills, Wilbur Daigh (1909-1992), a Democratic congressman from Arkansas, served as chairman of the powerful House Ways and Means Committee from 1958 to 1974.


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Mitchell, Edgar Dean (1930-...), a United States astronaut, was the lunar module pilot on the Apollo 14 space flight.


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Mohl, Hugo von (1805-1872), a German botanist, helped develop the cell theory.


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Mooney, Edward Francis Cardinal (1882-1958), was named a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church by Pope Pius XII in 1946.


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Moore, Sir John (1761-1809), was a British soldier.


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Moorer, Thomas Hinman (1912-...), an admiral in the U.S. Navy, became chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in 1970.


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Morton, Rogers Clark Ballard (1914-1979), held three Cabinet-level offices under Presidents Richard M. Nixon and Gerald R. Ford.


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Moszkowski, Moritz, (1854-1925), was a Polish-German pianist and composer.


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Murphy, John Benjamin (1857-1916), an American surgeon, was internationally famous as a teacher and a doctor.


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Murray, Sir John (1841-1914), was a British naturalist, oceanographer, and deep-sea explorer.


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Necker, Jacques, (1732-1804), was a statesman in France under King Louis XVI. When he was appointed French finance minister in 1777, the nation had an unbalanced treasury.


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Nectar was the drink of the gods in Greek mythology.


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Neville, Emily Cheney, (1919-...), is an American author.


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Newberry, Walter Loomis (1804-1868), was an American businessman and philanthropist.


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Nier, Alfred Otto Carl (1911-...), an American physicist, won distinction for his development of a mass spectrograph and his use of it in nuclear research.


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O'Hara, John Francis Cardinal (1888-1960), archbishop of Philadelphia, was named a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church in 1958 by Pope John XXIII.


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Page, William Tyler (1868-1942), wrote The American's Creed, a statement of political faith that the United States House of Representatives adopted in 1918.


