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Heroin, is a drug made from morphine, an active chemical in opium.


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Heron, is any of about 60 species of wading birds, including egrets and bitterns.


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Herpes, Genital is the name of a widespread sexually transmitted disease.


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Herpesvirus, is the name of a group of viruses that cause a wide variety of diseases.


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Herpetology, is the branch of zoology concerned with the study of reptiles and amphibians.


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Herrera, Tomas, (1804-1854), was a soldier and statesman of Panama.


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Herrick, Robert (1591-1674), was one of England's finest lyric poets.


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Herring is one of the most important food fish in the world.


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Herriot, James (1916-1995), was the pen name of James Alfred Wight, a British veterinarian and author.


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Herschel, Caroline Lucretia (1750-1848), was the first noted woman astronomer.


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Herschel, Sir John Frederick William (1792-1871), was a noted British astronomer.


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Herschel, Sir William (1738-1822), was a British astronomer who founded stellar astronomy, the study of the region beyond the solar system.


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Hersey, John (1914-1993), an American novelist and journalist, became famous for his works about World War II.


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Hershey, Milton Snavely (1857-1945), was an American manufacturer and philanthropist who founded one of the world's largest confectionery companies, the Hershey Chocolate Company.


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Hertz, is the unit used to measure the frequency (rate of occurrence) of periodic waves and vibrations.


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Hertz, Gustav, (1887-1975), a German physicist, shared the 1925 Nobel Prize for physics for proving the validity of Niels Bohr's theory of the atom (see Bohr, Niels).


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Hertz, Heinrich, Rudolph (1857-1894), was a German physicist.


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Hertzog, James Barry Munnik (1866-1942), served as South Africa's prime minister from 1924 to 1939.


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Herzberg, Gerhard (1904-1999), a Canadian physicist, won the 1971 Nobel Prize in chemistry for determining the electronic structure of molecules.


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Herzen, Alexander Ivanovich (1812-1870), was a Russian journalist and one of the best-known revolutionaries of his day.


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Herzl, Theodor, (1860-1904), was an Austrian journalist and playwright and the chief leader of the Zionist movement.


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Hesburgh, Theodore Martin (1917-...), a Roman Catholic priest, served as president of the University of Notre Dame from 1952 until he retired in 1987.


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Heseltine, Michael Ray Dibdin (1933-...), was deputy prime minister of the United Kingdom from 1995 to 1997.


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Hesiod, was a Greek epic poet who probably lived during the 700's B.C.


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Hesperides, in Greek mythology, were the daughters of Hesperis (Evening) and Atlas, a member of a race of gods called Titans.


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Hesperornis, is the name given to numerous species of diving birds that lived primarily in North America about 70 million to 90 million years ago, during the late Cretaceous Period.


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Hess, Rudolf (1894-1987), served as deputy leader of the Nazi Party in Germany during the 1930's.


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Hesse, Hermann (1877-1962), a German novelist and poet, won the 1946 Nobel Prize for literature.


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Hessian, fly is a tiny, two-winged insect.


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Hessians, were German soldiers hired by the British to fight the colonists during the Revolutionary War in America (1775-1783).


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Hestia, was the Greek goddess of the hearth.


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Heteronym, is a word having the same spelling as another word or words but different pronunciation and meaning.


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Hewes, Joseph (1730-1779), was a North Carolina signer of the Declaration of Independence.


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Hexagon, is a plane figure that has six sides.


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Heydrich, Reinhard, (1904-1942), was one of the most feared men in Nazi Germany.


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Heyer, Georgette (1902-1974), was an English novelist who gained fame for her mystery stories and her historical fiction.


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Heyerdahl, Thor, (1914-2002), was a Norwegian ethnologist and author.


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Heyward, DuBose, (1885-1940), an American author, wrote poems and novels about the area around Charleston, South Carolina, his birthplace.


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Heyward, Thomas, Jr. (1746-1809), an American patriot, statesman, soldier, and judge, was a South Carolina signer of the Declaration of Independence. He served as a delegate to the Continental Congress from 1776 to 1778.


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Heywood, Thomas (1574?-1641), was a popular and productive English playwright of the Elizabethan Age.


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Hezekiah, was the king of Judah from about 727 to 698 B.C.


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HI-Y club is the general name for special teen-age and youth clubs sponsored by the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA).


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Hiawatha, was an Iroquois Indian leader in precolonial America.


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Hibbing(pop. 17,071), is a city in northeastern Minnesota.


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Hibernation is an inactive, sleeplike state that some animals enter during the winter.


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Hibiscus, is the name of a group of plants that belong to the mallow family.


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Hiccup, also called hiccough, is an abrupt, involuntary intake of air caused by a spasm of the diaphragm.


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Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii, is the headquarters of the Pacific Air Forces, which includes U.S. Air Force units in Japan and Korea.


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Hickey, James Aloysius Cardinal (1920-...), was appointed a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church by Pope John Paul II in 1988.


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Hickok, Wild Bill (1837-1876), was an American frontier army scout, peace officer, stagecoach driver, and gambler.


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Hickory is the name of a group of medium-sized to large broadleaf trees.


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Hicks, Edward (1780-1849), was an untrained American folk painter whose works reflect his Quaker religious beliefs.


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Hidalgo y Costilla, Miguel, (1753-1811), a Mexican priest, is called "The Father of Mexican Independence."


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Hideyoshi, (1536-1598) was a Japanese military and political leader.


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Hieroglyphics, is a form of writing in which picture symbols represent ideas and sounds.


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Higgins, Andrew Jackson (1886-1952), an American shipbuilder, designed and built landing craft to take troops and tanks ashore for amphibious assaults during World War II (1939-1945).


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High Desert is located in central Oregon between the Blue Mountains and the Basin and Range Region.


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High jump is a track and field event in which an athlete tries to jump over a bar supported by two posts 13 feet 11/2 inches (4 meters) apart.


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High priest was the head of the Jewish priesthood in later Biblical times.


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High school is a school that provides several years of education for young people beyond the elementary level.


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High seas are the areas of the oceans that lie outside the authority of any nation.


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Higuchi Ichiyo, (1872-1896) was the first modern woman writer in Japanese literature.


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Hijacking is the seizure of a commercial vehicle by force or the threat of force.


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Hiking is a healthful form of exercise and recreation.


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Hill is an elevation of the earth's surface that has a distinct summit.


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Hill, Graham (1929-1975), became a leading automobile racing driver.


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Hill, James Jerome (1838-1916), was a famous businessman.


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Hill, Joe (1879-1915), was a Swedish-born songwriter who popularized the goals of the American labor movement through his music.


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Hill, Octavia, (1838-1912), a British housing reformer, was equally interested in painting and social work when young.


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Hillary, Sir Edmund Percival (1919-...), a New Zealand mountain climber, became one of the first two men to reach the top of Mount Everest and return.


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Hillel, I (70 B.C.?-A.D. 10?) was the most prominent spiritual leader among the Jews of Palestine from 30 B.C. until his death.


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Hillerman, Tony (1925-...), is an American author whose works display a deep knowledge of Native American culture and tradition.


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Hillman, Sidney (1887-1946), an American labor leader, was the guiding spirit of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America.


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Hills, Carla Anderson (1934-...), served as United States secretary of housing and urban development from 1975 to 1977.


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Hillyer, Robert Silliman, (1895-1961), an American poet, won the 1934 Pulitzer Prize for poetry for his Collected Verse (1933).


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Hilo, (pop. 40,759) is the largest city and chief port on the island of Hawaii.


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Hilton, Conrad Nicholson (1887-1979), an American businessman, was sometimes called the "biggest hotel man in the world."


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Hilton, James (1900-1954), an English novelist, sprang to fame with Good-bye, Mr. Chips (1934).


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Himalaya, also called Himalayas, is the highest mountain system in the world.


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Himes, Chester (1909-1984), was an African-American writer best known for his detective fiction.


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Himmler, Heinrich (1900-1945), was one of the most powerful leaders of Nazi Germany.


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Hincks, Sir Francis (1807-1885), was joint premier of the Province of Canada from 1851 to 1854.


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Hindemith, Paul (1895-1963), was a German-American composer and music theorist.


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Hindenburg, Paul von (1847-1934), was a German soldier and statesman.


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Hindi, is one of the official languages of India.


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Hindu Kush, is a chain of mountains in Central Asia.


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Hinduism, the major religion of India, is one of the oldest living religions in the world.


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Hines, Earl (1903-1983), also called "Fatha" Hines, was an outstanding American jazz pianist and bandleader.


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Hingis, Martina (1980-...), became the youngest tennis player to win a Grand Slam singles championship since 1887.


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Hinton, S. E. (1948-...), is an American writer of novels for young adults. She writes about teen-agers who face such problems as violence, poverty, and alcohol and drug abuse.


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Hip is the region of the body between the trunk and the thigh.


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Hipparchus, (?-514 B.C.) was a son of Pisistratus, a ruler of Athens in the 500's B.C.


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Hipparchus, (180 B.C.?-125 B.C.?), an ancient Greek astronomer, is credited with discovering the precession (movement) of the equinoxes.


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Hippies were members of a youth movement of the 1960's and 1970's that started in the United States and spread to Canada, the United Kingdom, and many other countries.


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Hippocrates, (460?-380? B.C.) was a well-known ancient physician who practiced medicine on the Greek island of Cos.


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Hippodrome, is a place for horse and chariot races.


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Hippopotamus, is the third largest animal that lives on land.


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Hire purchase is a method of buying on credit.


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Hirohito, (1901-1989) was emperor of Japan from 1926 until his death in 1989.


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Hiroshige, (1797-1858) was a master painter and designer of Japanese color prints.


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Hiroshima, (pop. 1,085,705) is the Japanese city on which the first atomic bomb used in warfare was dropped.


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Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, in Washington, D.C., houses one of the world's major collections of modern and contemporary art.


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Hispanic Americans are Americans of Spanish-speaking descent.


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Hispaniola, is the second largest island in the West Indies.


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Hiss, Alger (1904-1996), became the center of a national controversy over Communist infiltration in the United States government during the Administration of President Harry S. Truman in the 1940's and 1950's.


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Histology, is the biological science that studies the structure of the tissues of organisms.


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Histoplasmosis, is a disease that attacks the lungs, mouth, throat, ears, bone marrow, spleen, liver, and lymphatic system.


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Historical Association, American, is an organization of about 15,000 historians, educators, and others interested in history.


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History is a branch of knowledge concerned with the study of past events.


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Hitchcock, Alfred (1899-1980), was an English motion-picture director and producer.


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Hitler, Adolf (1889-1945), ruled Germany as dictator from 1933 to 1945.


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Hittites, were the earliest inhabitants of what is now Turkey to be recorded in history.


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Hives are a form of skin rash that comes suddenly and disappears without leaving a trace.


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Hmong, also called Meo or Miao, are a mountain people from southern China and northern areas of Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam.


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Hnatyshyn, Ramon John (1934-...), was governor general of Canada from 1990 to 1995.


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Ho Chi Minh, (1890-1969) a Vietnamese revolutionary leader, served as president of North Vietnam from 1954 until his death.


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Ho Chi Minh, City (pop. 3,934,395) is Vietnam's largest city and most important economic center.


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Hoatzin, is an unusual-looking bird that lives in marshy areas near waterways in the northern part of South America.


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Hobart, (pop. 189,944) is the capital of the Australian island-state of Tasmania.


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Hobart, Garret Augustus (1844-1899), served as vice president of the United States under President William McKinley from 1897 to 1899.


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Hobbes, Thomas (1588-1679), was an English philosopher.


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Hobby can be any type of activity that people do during their leisure time.


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Hobby, Oveta Culp (1905-1995), became the first United States secretary of health, education, and welfare.


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Hobson, Laura Zametkin (1900-1986), was an American novelist who wrote about controversial subjects.


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Hochhuth, Rolf (1931-...), is a German playwright.


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Hockey, also called ice hockey, is a fast, exciting sport played by two teams on a sheet of ice called a rink.


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Hockney, David (1937-...), has become the most internationally famous British artist of his time.


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Hodgkin, Dorothy Crowfoot (1910-1994), a British biochemist and crystallographer, won the 1964 Nobel Prize for determining the highly complex structure of the vitamin B-12 molecule.


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Hodgkin's disease is a type of cancer in which the lymph nodes become enlarged (see Lymphatic system).


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Hoffa, James Riddle (1913-1975?), an American labor leader, was international president of the Teamsters Union from 1958 to 1971.


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Hoffer, Eric (1902-1983), was a former longshoreman who became widely known as a political and social philosopher.


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Hoffman, Dustin (1937-...), is an American actor best known for his offbeat character roles in unusual and demanding motion pictures.


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Hoffmann, Ernst Theodor Amadeus, (1776-1822), was a German writer.


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Hofmann, Hans (1880-1966), became famous for his abstract painting.


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Hofmannsthal, Hugo von (1874-1929), an Austrian poet and playwright, is best known for librettos (texts) for the operas of German composer Richard Strauss.


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Hog is a farm animal raised throughout the world.


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Hogan is a house of the Navajo Indians of the American Southwest.


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Hogan, Ben (1912-1997), an American golfer, was one of the greatest players in the history of the sport.


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Hogarth, William (1697-1764), was the leading English satirical painter of the 1700's.


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Hogg, Helen Sawyer (1905-1993), an American-born astronomer, became known for her research on variable stars.


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Hogrogian, Nonny (1932-...), is an illustrator and designer of children's books.


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Hohenstaufen, was the name of a princely family of medieval Germany which held the imperial throne from 1138 to 1254.


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Hohenzollern, is the name of the famous royal family that ruled Brandenburg, Prussia, and the German Empire.


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Hohokam Pima, National Monument is in south-central Arizona.


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Hokusai, (1760-1849) was a Japanese painter and designer of wood-block prints.


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Holbein, Hans, the Elder (1465?-1534?), was a painter who worked in southern Germany and the region of Alsace in what is now France.


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Holbein, Hans, the Younger (1497?-1543), ranks among the world's greatest portrait painters.


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Holberg, Ludvig, (1684-1754), was Scandinavia's first important playwright.


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Holding company is any company which holds a majority or a large enough minority of the stock in another corporation to control its policies.


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Holiday is any day on which people lay aside their ordinary duties and cares.


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Holiday, Billie (1915-1959), won recognition as the most moving jazz singer of her day.


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Holinshed's, Chronicles is a book of English, Scottish, and Irish history and geography that was first published in 1578.


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Holistic, medicine, also spelled wholistic medicine, is an approach to health care based on the observation that many factors affect a person's health.


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Holland (pop. 35,048) is a city in western Michigan that was named for the homeland of its Dutch settlers.


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Holland, John Philip (1841-1914), an Irish-American inventor, was mainly responsible for the development of the submarine.


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Holly is the common name for a group of shrubs and small trees.


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Holly, Buddy (1936-1959), was an American singer, composer, and electric guitarist.


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Hollyhock is a tall, hardy plant grown for its large spires of colorful flowers.


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Hollywood, California, is generally considered the motion-picture capital of the world.


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Holm, Hanya (1893-1992), was a dancer, choreographer (creator of dances), and dance teacher.


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Holmes, Oliver Wendell (1809-1894), was an American writer who won fame for his essays and poems.


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Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr. (1841-1935), was one of the best-known American judges of the 1900's. He served as a member of the Supreme Court of the United States for nearly 30 years.


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Holmes, Sherlock, is the most famous detective in fiction.


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Holmium, (chemical symbol, Ho) is one of the rare-earth metals.


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Holocaust, was the systematic, state-sponsored murder of Jews and others by the Nazis during World War II (1939-1945).


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Holocaust Memorial Museum, United States, is devoted to remembering the Holocaust--the mass murder of Jews and other minorities by the Nazis from 1933 to 1945.


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Holography, is a method for storing and displaying a three-dimensional image, usually on a photographic plate or another light-sensitive material.


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Holst, Gustav (1874-1934), was an English composer and teacher.


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Holtermann, Bernard Otto (1838-1885), a German-born Australian gold miner, was one of the discoverers of the largest nugget of gold found anywhere in the world.


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Holy Alliance was an agreement signed in Paris in September 1815, after the fall of Napoleon.


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Holy Grail, in its earliest form in medieval legend, was a mysterious food-producing vessel.


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Holy Roman Empire was a German-based empire in western and central Europe that began in A.D. 962 and lasted until 1806.


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Holy Week is the period between Palm Sunday and Easter when Christians remember the final events in the life of Jesus.


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Homage, during the Middle Ages, was a feudal ceremony by which one man became the vassal or follower of a lord.


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Home economics is a field of study that focuses on factors that affect the well-being of individuals and families, such as parenting, nutrition, and housing.


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Home rule is the management of the affairs of a country, county, or city by its own residents.


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Home schooling is a form of education in which most of a child's instruction is conducted in the home.


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Homelessness is the condition of people who have no permanent place to stay.


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Homeopathy, is a system of medical practice based on the attempt to "let like cure like."


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Homeostasis, is a term that refers to the ability of a living organism to maintain a stable set of conditions inside its body.


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Homer is traditionally considered the ancient Greek poet who composed the great epics the Iliad and the Odyssey.


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Homer, Winslow (1836-1910), was an American artist.


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Homestead Act was passed by Congress in May 1862.


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Homestead Strike of 1892 showed the power of American big business and was a major defeat for the union movement.


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Homicide is the killing of one person by another.


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Homing pigeon is a special type of pigeon developed for racing and carrying messages.


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Hominy, is a food made from hulled corn.


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Homo erectus, is regarded by most anthropologists as a species of human being that lived from about 1,800,000 to 300,000 years ago.


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Homo habilis, is considered by many anthropologists to be the oldest type of human being.


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Homologous, structures are structures that have an essential similarity and develop in the same general way.


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Homonym, is a word having the same spelling and pronunciation as another word or words, but a different meaning.


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Homosexuality is sexual attraction chiefly to individuals of the same sex.


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Honduras, is a small Central American country that is known for the production of bananas.


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Honecker, Erich, (1912-1994), was the leader of East Germany from 1971 until 1989.


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Honegger, Arthur (1892-1955), was a Swiss-French composer.


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Honey is a sweet, thick fluid made by bees from flower nectar, a sugar-filled, watery liquid.


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Honey locust is a medium-sized tree with spreading branches and handsome, finely divided leaves.


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Honeyeater is the name of a family of about 170 species of land birds.


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Honeysuckle is any one of a family of ornamental shrubs and vines.


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Hong Kong (pop. 6,566,000) is a special administrative region of China.


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Honiara, (pop. 30,499) is the capital and largest community of the Solomon Islands, an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean.


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Honolulu, is the capital, largest city, and chief port of Hawaii.


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Honorius, I (?-638) was elected pope in 625.


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Honorius, III (?-1227), was elected pope in 1216.


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Hood, John Bell (1831-1879), was a Confederate general who gained fame as a brigade and division commander in General Robert E. Lee's army.


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Hoof is a hard growth on the feet of mammals called ungulates.


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Hooghly, River, in Bengal, India, is one of the channels through which the Ganges River flows into the Bay of Bengal.


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Hooke, Robert (1635-1703), an English experimental scientist, stated the currently accepted theory of elasticity in Hooke's law.


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Hooker, Joseph (1814-1879), was a Union general during the Civil War (1861-1865).


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Hooker, Thomas (1586-1647), was a Congregational preacher and a founder of Connecticut.


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Hooks, Benjamin Lawson (1925-...), served as executive director of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) from 1977 to 1993.


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Hookworm is a small roundworm that enters the bodies of human beings and some animals through the skin.


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Hooper, William (1742-1790), was a North Carolina signer of the Declaration of Independence.


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Hoopoe, is a rose-buff colored bird with a showy crest of feathers on its head and black and white bars on its wings and tail.


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Hoosac, tunnel is a 25,081-foot (7,645-meter) tunnel through the Berkshire Hills in western Massachusetts.


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Hooton, Earnest Albert (1887-1954), was an American physical anthropologist.


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Hoover, Herbert Clark (1874-1964), was president when the United States was swept by the Great Depression.


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Hoover, J. Edgar (1895-1972), served as director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) for 48 years. He held the office from 1924 until his death.


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Hoover Commission was the popular name of two commissions that recommended ways to improve the administration of the United States government.


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Hoover Dam is one of the highest concrete dams in the world.


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Hop is the name of several species of vines.


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Hope, Bob (1903-...), is a popular American comedian and actor.


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Hope, John (1868-1936), was an African American educator.


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Hopi, Indians are one of the Pueblo Indian tribes.


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Hopkins, Gerard Manley (1844-1889), ranks as a major poet of Victorian England, though his work remained almost unknown until 1918, when it was first published.


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Hopkins, Harry Lloyd (1890-1946), was President Franklin D. Roosevelt's most influential adviser.


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Hopkins, Johns (1795-1873), was an American merchant, financier, and philanthropist.


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Hopkins, Stephen (1707-1785), an American statesman, was a Rhode Island signer of the Declaration of Independence in 1776.


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Hopkinson, Francis (1737-1791), a New Jersey signer of the Declaration of Independence, was an American statesman, artist, writer, lawyer, and judge.


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Hopper, Edward (1882-1967), was an American painter whose pictures of New York City and life in small New England towns are among the finest realistic works of his time.


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Hopper, Grace Murray (1906-1992), was an American computer scientist.


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Horace (65-8 B.C.) was one of the greatest poets of ancient Rome.


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Horehound is the name given to several plants in the mint family.


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Horizon is the distant, curved line where the earth and sky seem to meet.


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Hormone, is any of a number of chemical substances produced within an animal or a plant.


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Hormone replacement therapy restores a woman's supply of the sex hormones estrogen and progesterone after her ovaries stop producing them.


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Horn is a pointed, bony structure on the heads of many mammals.


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Horn is the general name for musical instruments of the brass family.


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Hornbill is the name of over 40 species of medium-sized to large birds with huge, often colorful, bills.


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Hornblende is any of a group of fairly hard rock-forming minerals.


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Hornbook. Paper was scarce and expensive during the Middle Ages and until the early 1800's.


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Horne, Lena (1917-...), is an American singer and actress.


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Horne, Marilyn (1934-...), is an American opera star known for her wide vocal range and technical agility.


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Horned lizard is the name of 14 species of North American lizards.


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Hornet is the name of any one of several large social wasps.


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Horney, Karen (1885-1952), was a German-born physician and psychoanalyst.


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Hornsby, Rogers (1896-1963), an American baseball player, is often called the greatest right-handed hitter of all time.


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Hornwort is the name of a group of small, nonflowering plants related to mosses and liverworts.


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Horoscope is a chart that supposedly reveals a person's character or future.


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Horowitz, Vladimir, (1904-1989), a Russian-born pianist, was one of the world's greatest musicians.


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Horse has been one of the most useful animals for thousands of years.


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Horse fly is a name for certain types of stout-bodied flies that live near water in pastures, fields, and forests.


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Horse latitudes are regions noted for their lack of winds.


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Horse racing is an internationally popular sport based on the speed of horses.


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Horsechestnut is the name of a group of trees and shrubs native to North America, Europe, and Asia.


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Horsehair worm is a long, thin worm that looks like a coiled hair from the mane or tail of a horse.


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Horsepower is a unit for measuring the power of an engine or motor in the customary system of measurement used in the United States.


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Horseradish is an herb whose root is used to make a sharp-food relish.


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Horseshoe crab is a large marine animal with a shell shaped something like a horse's hoof.


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Horseshoe pitching is a game played by throwing horseshoes at a stake.


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Horsetail is a plant with a hollow, jointed, and usually grooved stem.


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Horticulture, is a branch of agriculture that specializes in fruits, vegetables, flowers, and ornamental shrubs and trees.


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Horus, is the name for both the son of the Egyptian goddess Isis and of a number of ancient Egyptian sky gods.


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Hosea, Book of, is a book of the Hebrew Bible, or Old Testament, named for an Israelite prophet.


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Hospice, is a family-centered concept of health care for people dying of an incurable illness.


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Hospital is an institution that provides medical services for a community.


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Hostage is a person held prisoner to force fulfillment of a demand.


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Hot line is a two-way telegraph-teleprinter system that links Washington, D.C., and Moscow.


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Hot rod is usually an older automobile with an improved engine or body design.


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Hot Springs, Arkansas (pop. 35,750), is the only city in the United States that has almost all of a national park within its city limits.


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Hot springs are springs that discharge water heated by natural processes within the earth.


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Hot Springs National Park is a health and pleasure resort in the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas.


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Hot vent is a chimneylike structure on the ocean floor that discharges hot, mineral-rich water.


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Hotbed is a low, heated enclosure in which plants are grown during cold weather.


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Hotel is an establishment that provides overnight lodging for the public.


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Hotel Employees and Restaurant Employees International Union represents men and women employed in the public feeding and lodging industry.


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Houdini, Harry (1874-1926), was an American magician who won fame throughout the world as an escape artist.


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Houdon, Jean Antoine, (1741-1828), was probably the greatest French sculptor of the 1700's.


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Houphouet-Boigny, Felix, (1905?-1993), served as president of Cote d'Ivoire from 1960 until his death in 1993.


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Hourglass is a device that measures time.


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Housatonic, River is an important waterway of New England.


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House is a building that provides shelter, comfort, and protection for its inhabitants.


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House, in astrology, is a division of a chart that supposedly reveals a person's character or future.


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House, Edward Mandell (1858-1938), an American statesman, made secret missions to Europe during World War I (1914-1918) as the representative of United States President Woodrow Wilson.


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House of Burgesses, was the first representative legislative body in colonial America.


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House of Lords is one of the two houses of Parliament, the lawmaking body of the United Kingdom.


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House of Representatives is one of the two lawmaking bodies of many legislatures.


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House sparrow, also called English sparrow, is a dull-colored bird about 6 inches (15 centimeters) long.


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House spider is a common name for several spiders that often inhabit buildings.


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Houseleek, also called live-forever, is the name of about 40 species of plants native to the mountains of central and southern Europe, northern Africa, and western Asia.


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Housing includes any kind of building that provides shelter for people.


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Housing and Urban Development, Department of (HUD), is an executive department of the United States government.


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Housman, A. E. (1859-1936), a British poet and scholar, wrote melancholy lyrics about human suffering. His outlook on life was pessimistic, and his poems characteristically express the fleeting quality of love and beauty.


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Houston, is a large city in Texas and a leading commercial, cultural, and educational center of the Southwest.


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Houston, Sam (1793-1863), played a leading part in Texas's fight for independence from Mexico.


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Hovhaness, Alan (1911-2000), was an American composer.


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Howard, John (1726?-1790), a British prison reformer, was apprenticed to a London grocer as a young man and inherited a fortune at the age of 25.


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Howard, John Winston (1939-...), became prime minister of Australia in 1996.


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Howard, Sidney (1891-1939), was a playwright who helped bring social drama to maturity in the United States.


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Howard University, in Washington, D.C., is the largest predominantly African American university in the United States.


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Howe, Elias (1819-1867), an American inventor, constructed a practical sewing machine.


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Howe, Gordie (1928-...), was one of the greatest scorers in the history of the National Hockey League (NHL).


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Howe, Joseph (1804-1873), was a political leader and newspaper editor in the Canadian colony of Nova Scotia.


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Howe, Julia Ward (1819-1910), an American writer, lecturer, and reformer, was one of the most famous women of her time.


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Howe, Richard (1726-1799), Earl Howe, was a famous British naval officer who fought in the Revolutionary War in America.


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Howe, Samuel Gridley (1801-1876), was an American social and political reformer.


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Howe, William (1729-1814), Viscount Howe, commanded the British army in America during the early years of the Revolutionary War in America.


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Howells, William Dean (1837-1920), was an American fiction writer, editor, and critic.


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Howler is a type of large monkey noted for the exceptionally loud sound that it makes.


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Hoxha, Enver (1908-1985), established a Communist government in Albania in 1944 and ruled the country until his death.


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Hoyle, Edmond (1672-1769), was an English teacher of whist, a card game like bridge.


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Hu Yaobang, (1915-1989), also spelled Hu Yao-pang, was head of China's Communist Party from 1981 to 1987.


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Huang He, also spelled Huang Ho, is the second longest river in China.


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Hubble, Edwin Powell (1889-1953), was an American astronomer.


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Hubble Space Telescope is a powerful orbiting telescope that provides sharper images of heavenly bodies than other telescopes do.


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Huckleberry is a small, round fruit that grows on a shrub.


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Hudson, Henry (?-1611), was an English explorer and sea captain.


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Hudson, William Henry (1841-1922), was an English author and naturalist.


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Hudson Bay is a vast inland sea in northeast Canada.


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Hudson River is a major United States waterway.


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Hudson River School was the name of the first group of American artists to develop a characteristic style of landscape painting.


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Hudson River tunnels provide links between Manhattan Island and New Jersey.


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Hudson's Bay Company is a business firm that became famous for its role in western Canadian history.


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Hue, (pop. 362,696) is a city in central Vietnam.


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Hufstedler, Shirley Mount (1925-...), served from 1979 to 1981 as the first United States secretary of education.


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Hugh Capet, (940?-996) was king of France from 987 to 996.


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Hughes, Charles Evans (1862-1948), served as chief justice of the United States from 1930 to 1941.


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Hughes, Howard Robard (1905-1976), an American businessman, became known as one of the world's richest people.


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Hughes, Langston (1902-1967), was an African-American author.


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Hughes, Ted (1930-1998), was an English poet known for his violent and symbolic nature poems.


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Hughes, Thomas (1822-1896), was an English author.


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Hugo, Victor Marie (1802-1885), a French author, led the romantic movement in French literature.


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Huguenots, were a group of Protestants who became the center of political and religious quarrels in France in the 1500's and 1600's.


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Huizinga, Johan, (1872-1945), was a noted Dutch historian.


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Huizong, (reigned A.D. 1101-1126), also spelled Hui-tsung, the last emperor of the Northern Song dynasty of China, was the greatest imperial patron of art.


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Hull (pop. 252,200) has been one of England's leading industrial ports since it was founded by King Edward I in 1299.


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Hull (pop. 62,339) is an industrial city in southern Quebec.


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Hull, Bobby (1939-...), was one of the greatest scorers in the history of professional hockey.


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Hull, Clark Leonard (1884-1952), was an American psychologist known for his research on the learning process and for his mathematical approach to the study of behavior.


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Hull, Cordell (1871-1955), an American statesman, won the 1945 Nobel Peace Prize for his peace efforts while serving as United States secretary of state from 1933 to 1944.


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Hull, Isaac (1773-1843), commanded the United States warship Constitution when it defeated the British frigate Guerriere in the War of 1812.


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Hull, William (1753-1825), was an American army officer who served in the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812.


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Hull House became the most famous settlement house in the United States.


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Human being has the most highly developed brain of any animal.


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Human body. People sometimes call the human body a machine-the most wonderful one ever built.


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Human Genome Project, is an international scientific program to analyze the complete chemical instructions that control heredity in human beings.


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Human relations is a field of study that deals with group behavior.


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Human Rights, Universal Declaration of, is a document adopted by the United Nations (UN) General Assembly on Dec. 10, 1948.


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Humane society is a group dedicated to protecting children and animals from human cruelty.


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Humanism was a cultural movement that flourished in Europe from the 1300's to the 1500's.


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Humber, River, in England, flows eastward through the county of Humberside and empties into the North Sea.


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Humboldt, Baron von (1769-1859), a German scientist, was a founder of modern geography.


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Hume, David (1711-1776), a Scottish philosopher, was one of the most important figures in the history of philosophy.


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Humidifier, is a device that increases the amount of moisture in indoor air or a stream of air.


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Humidity is a term that describes the amount of water vapor in the air.


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Hummingbird is a family of birds that contains the smallest bird in the world.


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Humor. No one knows exactly why we laugh or why anything that is funny should cause us to make such a peculiar noise.


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Humpback whale is a baleen whale that lives in all the oceans.


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Humperdinck, Engelbert (1854-1921), was a German composer.


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Humphrey, Hubert Horatio (1911-1978), served as Vice President of the United States under President Lyndon B. Johnson, and was the Democratic presidential nominee in 1968.


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Humus, is a dark brown substance found in soil.


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Hun was a member of the wandering and warlike people that invaded the Roman Empire in the A.D. 400's.


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Hunchback is a nonmedical term for the forward bending of the spine.


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Hundred Years' War (1337-1453) extended over the reigns of five English and five French kings who fought for control of France.


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Hundredweight is a unit of weight in the inch-pound system of units customarily used in the United States.


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Hungary is a small, landlocked country in central Europe.


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Hunger is an unpleasant, often painful sensation caused by the body's need for food.


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Hunt, H. L. (1889-1974), an American oil producer, became one of the richest people in the world. He was noted both for his great wealth and for his extremely conservative political views.


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Hunt, Leigh (1784-1859), was an English journalist, essayist, and poet.


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Hunt, William Holman (1827-1910), an English painter, was a founder of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, a leading English art movement of the mid-1800's.


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Hunt, Richard Morris (1827-1895), was an American architect.


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Hunting is the attempt to capture or kill wild animals.


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Huntington (pop. 51,475) ranks as the second largest city in West Virginia.


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Huntington, Samuel (1731-1796), was a Connecticut signer of the Declaration of Independence.


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Huntington's disease is a severe hereditary disorder of the nervous system.


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Huntsville, Alabama (pop. 158,216; met. area pop. 342,376), is often called Rocket City, U.S.A. The Redstone Arsenal, the rocket and guided-missile center of the United States Army, lies just southwest of Huntsville.


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Hunza, is an area in the northern tip of Pakistan.


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Hurdling is a track and field race in which runners jump over fencelike obstacles called hurdles.


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Hurricane is a powerful, swirling storm that begins over a warm sea.


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Hurston, Zora Neale (1891-1960), was an African American writer known for her novels and collections of folklore.


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Hus, John (1369?-1415), was a Bohemian religious reformer.


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Hussars, were European light cavalrymen armed with carbines, swords, and sometimes pistols.


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Hussein, I (1935-1999) was king of Jordan from 1952 to 1999.


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Hussein, Taha (1889-1973), was an influential Egyptian novelist, short-story writer, critic, literary historian, and educator.


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Hussein, Saddam, (1937-...), has been president of Iraq since 1979.


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Huston, John (1906-1987), was an American motion-picture director.


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Hutchins, Robert Maynard (1899-1977), an American educator, became well known for his unconventional theories about higher education.


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Hutchinson, Anne Marbury (1591-1643), headed a group of Puritans whose religious beliefs were unacceptable to Puritan leaders of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.


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Hutchinson, Thomas (1711-1780), was one of the last royal governors of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.


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Hutterites, also called Hutterian Brethren, are members of a religious sect who believe in the common ownership of goods.


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Hutton, James (1726-1797), a Scottish philosopher and chemist, was a pioneer in the field of geology.


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Hutu, is the name of a group of black African people.


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Huxley, Aldous (1894-1963), an English writer, had one of the most varied literary careers of his time.


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Huxley, Sir Julian Sorell (1887-1975), was a noted British biologist.


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Huxley, Thomas Henry (1825-1895), was a famous British zoologist, lecturer, and writer.


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Huygens, Christiaan (1629-1695), was a Dutch physicist, astronomer, and mathematician.


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Hyacinth, is a favorite spring flower of the lily family.


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Hyaline, membrane disease, or respiratory distress syndrome, is a lung condition that affects premature babies.


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Hybrid is the offspring of parents of different breeds, varieties, or species.


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Hyderabad is a large historic region in India.


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Hyderabad, (pop. 2,964,638; met. area pop. 4,344,437) is one of India's largest cities.


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Hydra, was a many-headed serpent of Greek mythology.


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Hydra, is a tiny, slender animal that lives in ponds and lakes.


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Hydrangea, is the name of about 23 species of handsome shrubs.


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Hydrate, is a chemical compound made of a definite amount of water and another substance.


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Hydraulic, engine, or fluidic engine, is a machine that produces motion by means of pressure from water or some other fluid.


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Hydraulics, is the branch of physics that studies the behavior of liquids at rest and in motion.


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Hydrazine, is an important chemical compound used in jet and rocket fuels.


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Hydrocarbon, refers to the most important class of organic compounds.


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Hydrochloric acid is a dangerous chemical that has many important industrial uses.


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Hydrofluoric, acid is an extremely dangerous inorganic chemical.


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Hydrofoil is a boat whose hull can lift above the surface of the water when traveling at high speeds.


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Hydrogen is a tasteless, odorless, colorless gas and one of the most important chemical elements.


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Hydrogen iodide (chemical formula, HI) is a heavy, colorless gas with a strong odor.


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Hydrogen peroxide, is an important industrial chemical that consists of hydrogen and oxygen.


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Hydrogen sulfide is a colorless, extremely poisonous gas.


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Hydrogenation, is a chemical process that adds hydrogen to a substance.


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Hydrography, is the branch of physical geography that deals with the surface waters of the earth, especially with regard to navigation.


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Hydrology, is the study of the movement and distribution of the waters of the earth.


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Hydrolysis, is a chemical reaction involving water as one of the reacting substances.


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Hydrometer, is an instrument used to determine the density of liquids.


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Hydrophone is an instrument used to listen to sounds transmitted through water.


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Hydroplane is a high-speed motorboat that skims over the water almost in the way a flat skipping stone does when thrown.


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Hydroponics is a term that refers to the science and technology involved in growing plants without soil.


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Hydrosphere. When we think of the earth, we think mostly of areas of land.


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Hydrotherapy, is a method of treating muscle, joint, and skin disorders and injuries by using water.


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Hyena, is a mammal that is famous for its weird howl, which resembles a hysterical human laugh.


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Hygrometer, is an instrument used to measure the amount of water vapor in the air.


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Hyksos, were invaders from Palestine and nearby areas who settled in ancient Egypt in the 1700's B.C.


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Hypatia, (A.D. 355?-415) an Egyptian mathematician and philosopher, was the first noted woman in mathematics.


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Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is a medical treatment in which a patient breathes 100 per cent oxygen at pressures greater than atmospheric pressure.


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Hyperbola, is a curve with two branches formed by a plane that cuts through two right circular cones that are joined at their tips.


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Hypertension is the medical term for the disease commonly called high blood pressure.


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Hyperthermia, is a condition that occurs when the body becomes overheated.


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Hyperventilation is abnormally rapid, deep breathing.


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Hypnos was the god of sleep in Greek mythology.


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Hypnotism, is the scientific and clinical use of hypnosis.


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Hypochlorous, acid is a weak, inorganic acid that forms when chlorine is added to water.


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Hypochondria, is a state of mind in which people persistently and morbidly worry about their health, even though they have no disease.


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Hypodermic injection is a method for administering drugs under the skin.


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Hypoglycemia, is a condition that occurs when the blood does not contain enough glucose (sugar).


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Hypothalamus, is a small area at the base of the brain.


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Hypothermia, is a condition in which the temperature of the human body falls abnormally low, generally below 95 °F (35 °C).


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Hyrax, also called cony or coney, is the name of a family of rabbit-sized animals that resemble guinea pigs.


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Hyssop, is a bushy evergreen shrub of the mint family.


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Hysterectomy, is the surgical removal of a woman's uterus, the organ in which unborn babies develop.


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Hysteria, is a mental illness in which a person has physical complaints when no physical cause can be found.


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I Ching, also spelled Yijing, is the earliest and most important book of the ancient Chinese texts called the Five Classics.


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Iacocca, Lee (1924-...), was a noted American automobile executive.


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Ibadan, (pop. 1,060,000) is Nigeria's second largest city, after Lagos.


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Iberia, is the ancient name of the peninsula occupied today by Spain and Portugal.


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Ibert, Jacques, (1890-1962), was a French composer.


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Iberville, Sieur d' (1661-1706), was a French-Canadian trader, soldier, naval officer, and explorer.


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Ibex, is a wild goat found in the Alps of Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and the Himalaya of central Asia.


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Ibis, is any of more than 20 species of wading birds found in warm regions throughout the world.


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Ibizan, hound is a rare breed of dog from the island of Ibiza, off the eastern coast of Spain.


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Ibn Battuta, (1304-1377?) was a famous Arab traveler and writer.


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Ibn Khaldun, (1332-1406) was an Arab historian.


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Ibn Saud, (1880?-1953) became one of the most important absolute monarchs of his day.


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Ibsen, Henrik (1828-1906), a Norwegian playwright, is recognized as the father of modern drama.


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Ibuprofen, is a drug that reduces fever and relieves such common problems as headaches, muscle aches, and menstrual pain.


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Ice age is a period in the earth's history when ice sheets cover vast regions of land.


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Ice cream is a popular frozen dairy food.


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Ice plant is the common name for a group of hardy plants that live in dry regions.


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Ice skating is the act of gliding over a smooth surface of ice on ice skates-boots with attached metal blades.


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Iceberg. Huge masses of ice may break off the lower end of a glacier and fall into the sea.


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Iceboating, also called ice yachting, is a popular winter sport in northern regions of the United States and of European countries.


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Icebreaker is a ship designed to travel through ice-covered waters.


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Icecap is one of the thick layers of ice and snow that cover large areas of land in the polar regions.


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Iceland is an island country that lies just below the Arctic Circle in the North Atlantic Ocean.


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Ichneumon, wasp is an insect that lives as a parasite of other insects or spiders.


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Ichthyology, is the branch of zoology, or the science of animals, that deals with fishes.


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Ickes, Harold Le Claire, (1874-1952), served as United States secretary of the interior from 1933 to 1946.


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Icon, is a religious painting considered sacred in the Eastern Orthodox Churches.


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Iconoclast, has come to mean a person who attacks long-established beliefs.


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Iconoscope, was one of the first devices capable of converting light images into electric signals that could be used to produce a television image.


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Idaho is a Rocky Mountain state of the United States with exciting scenery and enormous natural resources.


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Idaho, University of, is a coeducational land grant school in Moscow, Idaho.


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Idaho Falls (pop. 50,730) is one of the largest cities in Idaho.


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Idaho State University is a state-supported coeducational liberal arts school in Pocatello, Idaho.


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Idealism, in philosophy, is a metaphysical theory--that is, a theory about the nature of reality.


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Ideology, is a system of thought based on related assumptions, beliefs, and explanations of social movements or policies.


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Idiom, is a phrase or expression whose total meaning differs from the meaning of the individual words.


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Idolatry, is the worship of a statue or image of a god or spirit.


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Idyl, also spelled idyll, is a kind of pastoral poem developed by the ancient Greeks.


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Ife, was an important center of black African culture for hundreds of years, beginning about A.D. 1000.


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Igbo, or Ibo, are one of the largest ethnic groups in Nigeria.


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Ignatius, Saint, was a bishop of Antioch and an early Christian martyr.


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Igneous, rock is rock formed by the hardening and crystallization of molten material that originates deep within the earth.


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Ignition is any system that sets fire to a mixture of fuel and air to create power in an engine.


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Iguacu, Falls is a spectacular system of waterfalls located on the Iguacu River at the border between Brazil and Argentina.


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Iguana, is the name of certain lizards found mainly in the Western Hemisphere.


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Ileitis, is a disease that involves inflammation of the ileum, the lower half of the small intestine.


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Iliad, is one of the oldest surviving Greek poems.


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Illegal alien, also called an undocumented alien, is a noncitizen living in a country without the proper immigration documents.


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Illicium, is the name of a group of fragrant shrubs and trees.


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Illinois, has more people than any other state in the Midwestern region of the United States.


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Illinois, University of, is a state-supported, coeducational institution with three campuses.


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Illinois Indians, were expert archers and continued to use bows and arrows long after most tribes had adopted guns.


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Illinois, River is the largest and most important water route in Illinois.


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Illuminated manuscript is a book written and decorated by hand.


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Illyricum, was one of the four prefectures (states) into which the Roman Empire was divided in A.D. 293, during the reign of Emperor Diocletian.


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Ilmenite, is a black, heavy mineral, important as a source of titanium (see Titanium).


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Iloilo, (pop. 365,820), is one of the chief ports of the Philippines.


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Image orthicon, is a vacuum tube used in some television cameras to take the television picture.


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Imagination is the capacity to consider objects or events in their absence or as they might be.


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Imago, is the fully developed insect which emerges from the pupa at the end of the third stage of metamorphosis in an insect life.


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Imhotep, was an ancient Egyptian architect, physician, and statesman who lived about 2650 B.C.


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Immaculate Conception, is a doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church.


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Immersion, foot, also known as trench foot, is a diseased condition of the lower limbs and feet that is caused by prolonged exposure to wet cold.


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Immigration is the act of coming to a foreign country to live.


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Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) is a United States government agency that administers and enforces U.S. immigration laws.


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Immortality is a term for the theory or belief that human life continues after death.


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Immortelle, are flowers that retain their natural form and color indefinitely after they have been dried.


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Immune system is a group of cells, molecules, and tissues that help defend the body against diseases and other harmful invaders.


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Immunization is the process of protecting the body against disease by means of vaccines or serums.


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Impala is an African antelope known for its swift, graceful jumping and running.


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Impatiens, is the scientific name for a large group of flowering plants noted for their explosive seed pods.


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Impeachment occurs when an authorized legislative body votes to bring a charge of serious misconduct in office against a government official.


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Imperial Valley is a rich irrigated region in the desert of south-central California just north of the Mexican border.


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Imperialism is the policy or action by which one country controls another country or territory.


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Impetigo, is a contagious skin infection that chiefly afflicts children.


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Impotence, is the inability to obtain or maintain an erection satisfactory for sexual activity.


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Impressionism is a style of art that presents an immediate impression of an object or event.


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Inca were a South American Indian people who ruled one of the largest and richest empires in the Americas.


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Incense is a mixture of sweet-smelling gums and balsams.


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Inch is the smallest unit of distance in the inch-pound system of measurement customarily used in the United States.


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Inchcape Rock is a dangerous reef in the North Sea, off the coast of Scotland.


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Inchon, (pop. 1,817,919) is a major industrial city in northwestern South Korea and the nation's second largest port.


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Incinerator is a furnace that burns waste materials to destroy them or reduce their volume.


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Inclined plane is a device used to raise heavy loads with relatively small forces.


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Inclinometer is a device for measuring angles formed with the plane of the horizon.


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Income is a term in economics that generally is defined in terms of consumption and wealth.


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Income tax is a tax on the earnings of individuals and corporations.


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Incompetence is a legal term most often applied to people who are mentally disabled due to retardation or mental or physical illness.


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Incontinence is the involuntary loss of urine or feces (solid waste matter) from the body.


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Incubation is the process in which fertilized eggs and young organisms are kept under proper conditions for growth and development.


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Incubator is an apparatus that maintains a favorable environment for growth and development.


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Indentured servant was someone who worked without wages for a period of time in exchange for passage to the American Colonies.


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Independence (pop. 113,288) is a historic city in western Missouri, just east of Kansas City.


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Independence Day is the birthday of a nation, marking the anniversary of its freedom from the rule of another country.


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Independence Hall, or Old State House, is the most famous building in Philadelphia, and the scene of some of the most important events in American history.


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Index is an alphabetical list of topics and subjects that appears at the end of many books.


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Index of Forbidden Books, commonly called the Index, was a list of books the Roman Catholic Church once forbade its members to read without special permission.


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India is a country in southern Asia that ranks as the second largest country in the world in population.


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Indian, American. The people now known as Indians or Native Americans were the first people to live in the Americas.


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Indian Affairs, Bureau of (BIA), is an agency of the United States Department of the Interior that works mainly to promote the welfare of the nation's Indians.


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Indian Claims Commission was an independent commission of the United States government.


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Indian Ocean ranks as the third largest ocean in the world.


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Indian paintbrush is any of about 200 species of handsome wildflowers that grow primarily in the western United States.


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Indian pipe is a plant that is often mistaken for fungus.


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Indian Rebellion was a major Indian revolt against British rule in India.


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Indian reservation, in the United States, is an area set aside for Indians to use.


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Indian summer is a short period of especially fair weather and mild days.


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Indian Territory was the region west of the Mississippi River that the government set aside for the residence of Indians from about 1830 to 1906.


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Indian wars were the struggles between Indians and white people for the rich lands that became the United States.


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Indiana is a small state of the United States with a large population.


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Indiana State University is a state-supported coeducational school in Terre Haute, Indiana.


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Indiana University is a state-supported coeducational institution.


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Indianapolis is the capital and largest city of Indiana.


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Indictment, in law, is a written statement accusing one or more persons of a particular crime.


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Indigestion is a discomfort in the abdomen that most commonly follows eating or drinking too much.


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Indigo, is a deep blue dye used to color cotton and wool.


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Indigo bunting is a North American songbird.


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Indium, a chemical element, is a rare, extremely soft, silver-white metal.


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Indochina is the eastern half of a long and curving peninsula that extends into the South China Sea from the mainland of Southeast Asia.


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Indonesia is a country in Southeast Asia that consists entirely of islands, more than 13,500 of them.


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Inductance is a property of an electric circuit that opposes any change in the current flowing in that circuit.


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Induction, Electric, is the process by which an electrically charged object charges another object without touching it.


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Induction coil is an electrical transformer that produces high-voltage alternating current from lower voltage current.


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Inductive method is the reasoning process by which a person starts from particular experiences and proceeds to generalizations.


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Indulgence, is a term used in the Roman Catholic Church.


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Indus River is the longest river in Pakistan.


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Indus Valley civilization was one of the world's first great civilizations.


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Industrial arts is an area of general education that deals with technology and industry.


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Industrial design is the process of planning and developing products and systems.


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Industrial psychology is concerned with people at work.


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Industrial relations involves dealings between employees and their employers.


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Industrial Revolution. During the late 1700's and early 1800's, great changes took place in the lives and work of people in several parts of the Western world.


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Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) was a radical labor organization founded in 1905 to oppose the conservative policies of the American Federation of Labor (AFL).


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Industry. An industry is a group of businesses that produce a similar product or provide a similar service.


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Inertial guidance is a method of guiding a submarine, missile, spacecraft, or other vehicle by continuously monitoring its position and acceleration, and adjusting its course.


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Infant mortality is a measure of the number of infants who die before reaching their first birthday.


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Infantry has been the largest combat branch of most armies for hundreds of years.


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Infertility, in human beings, is the inability of a man and a woman to produce children together.


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Infinitive, is the simple or base form of a verb, such as go, see, watch, or do.


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Infinity is a term commonly used to refer to a quantity or distance that is so large it cannot be counted or measured.


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Inflammation is a response by the body to injury or infection.


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Inflammatory bowel disease is the general term for two disorders that cause irritation, swelling, bleeding, and open sores in the digestive system.


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Inflation is a continual increase in prices throughout a nation's economy.


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Inflection is a set of word forms that show different functions or meanings in a sentence.


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Inflorescence, is the flowering region of a plant.


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Influenza is an infectious disease caused by the influenza virus.


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Information retrieval is a branch of computer and information science that develops systems to help people find the information they need.


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Information science is the study of the recording, storage, retrieval, and use of information.


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Information theory describes how messages are transmitted and received through such electronic information systems as radio, the telephone, and television.


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Infrared, rays, also called heat rays or thermal radiation, are a form of energy that resembles visible light, but cannot be seen by the human eye.


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Ingalls, John James (1833-1900), was an American editor, lawyer, and statesman.


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Inge, William (1913-1973), was an American playwright.


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Ingersoll, Jared, (1749-1822), was a Pennsylvania signer of the Constitution of the United States in 1787.


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Ingersoll, Robert Green (1833-1899), was an American lawyer, politician, lecturer, and writer.


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Ingold, Sir Christopher, (1893-1970), an English chemist, made fundamental contributions to the field of organic chemistry, the study of compounds that contain carbon atoms.


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Ingres, Jean Auguste Dominique, (1780-1867), was a leading French artist who painted in the style known as Neoclassicism.


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Inhalant is a breathable chemical vapor that produces mind-altering effects.


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Inheritance tax is paid on property passed on from a deceased person to those who are to inherit it.


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Initial teaching alphabet (i. t. a.) is a writing system designed to help people learn to read English.


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Initiative and referendum are actions that allow the voters of a city, state, or country a certain amount of direct control over lawmaking.


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Injunction is an order requiring a person or group of people to do, or not to do, something.


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Ink is a colored liquid, powder, or paste used for writing, drawing, or printing.


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Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) is a political party in South Africa.


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Inkjet printer is a device used to print text and illustrations created using a computer.


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Inland revenue refers to all taxes except those on foreign commerce.


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Inland waterway is a canal, river, or lake that may be used by boats, barges, or ships.


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Inlay is a type of decoration usually created by cutting a design into the surface of one material and filling the pattern with another, often contrasting, material.


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Inness, George (1825-1894), was an American landscape painter.


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Innocent III (1160?-1216) is often considered the greatest of the medieval popes.


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Innocent IV (1200?-1254) was elected pope in 1243.


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Inns of Court was the name given during the early Middle Ages to four groups of buildings in London where lawyers lived, studied, taught, and held court.


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Innsbruck, (pop. 118,112), a summer and winter resort, is the capital of the Austrian province of Tyrol.


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Inoculation, is the injection of a special preparation into the body in order to produce immunity.


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Inorganic chemistry is the study of the chemical elements and their compounds except most carbon compounds.


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Input-output analysis is a method of studying the complex relationships between the various parts of an economy.


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Inquest is an inquiry held by a group of people who have the legal right to make an investigation.


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Inquisition, was an effort by the Roman Catholic Church to seek out and punish heretics (persons who opposed church teachings).


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Insanity is a legal term for any severe mental disease or disorder that makes a person not responsible for his or her actions.


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Insecticide is a substance that kills insects.


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Insectivore, is the name of any one of a group of small mammals, such as the mole, which feed chiefly on insects.


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Inside Passage is a water transportation route from Seattle, Washington, to the Alaskan towns of Haines and Skagway.


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Insignia, are emblems of metal or cloth worn by a person in uniform.


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Insomnia, is the inability to sleep naturally.


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Inspector General is a fact-finding officer of an Inspector General's department.


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Installment plan is a method of buying on credit.


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Instinct is a term used to categorize behavior that appears to develop largely independent of experience.


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Institute for Advanced Study, in Princeton, N.J., is an independent community of scholars and scientists engaged in advanced research and study.


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Institute of France is a group of five learned societies that are encouraged and supported by the French government.


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Insulation is the restriction of heat, sound, or electricity within a specific area.


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Insulator, Electric, is a material that conducts almost no electricity.


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Insulin is a hormone that regulates the body's use of sugar and other food.


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Insurance is a means of providing protection against financial loss in a great variety of situations.


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Intaglio, is an artistic process in which a design is carved into the surface of a material.


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Intelligence is often defined as the ability to adapt to the environment.


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Intelligence quotient, also called IQ, is a number used to indicate a person's level of intelligence compared to other people.


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Intelligence service is an agency that chiefly gathers and evaluates information for a country's political and military leaders.


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Intensive care unit is a section of a hospital in which highly skilled health-care workers provide constant attention and extensive treatment for critically ill patients.


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Intercom is a system for communicating between a number of points that are close to each other.


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Interest is the price paid to lenders for the use of their money.


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Interference is an effect caused by two waves of the same kind passing through the same space.


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Interferometer, is an instrument that uses the interference of waves to make precise measurements.


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Interferon, is a protein produced by various body cells in response to viral infections.


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Interior, Department of the, is an executive department of the United States government that works to conserve and develop the nation's natural resources.


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Interior design, sometimes called interior decoration, is the art of creating rooms and other indoor areas that are attractive, comfortable, and useful.


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Interjection, is a word used in a sentence as an independent element, grammatically unrelated to the other words.


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Interleukin, is the name of a group of proteins that serve as messengers among the cells of the body's immune system.


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Interlingua, is an international language developed for scientific and medical writing.


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Interlude, in musical terms, is a piece of music played between scenes or acts of an opera or play.


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Intermezzo, is a type of musical composition that has had many functions during its history.


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Internal-combustion engine is a device in which the burning of a mixture of fuel and air produces mechanical energy to perform useful work.


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Internal medicine is a branch of medicine that deals with disorders of the internal body structures of adults.


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Internal revenue is the income a government derives from sources within the country, in contrast to income from export and import duties.


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Internal Revenue Service is the agency of the United States Department of the Treasury that collects income taxes.


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International Air Transport Association (IATA) is an organization of the world's scheduled international airlines.


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International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is an organization that promotes safe and peaceful uses of nuclear energy throughout the world.


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International Bureau of Weights and Measures is an international organization that standardizes units of measure.


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International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) is a specialized agency related to the United Nations that promotes the safe and orderly growth of civil aviation.


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International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) is an organization that promotes the interests of working people.


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International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) coordinates the activities of 20 international unions in the fields of the natural sciences.


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International Court of Justice, often called the World Court, is the highest judicial agency of the United Nations.


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International Council for Bird Preservation (ICBP) is an organization devoted to the conservation of birds and their habitats.


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International Date Line is an imaginary line which marks the spot on the earth's surface where each new calendar day begins.


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International Energy Agency (IEA) is an organization of over 20 nations that are major oil importers.


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International Finance Corporation (IFC) is an investment corporation owned and financed by about 125 countries.


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International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN).


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International Joint Commission settles questions about the use of boundary waters between Canada and the United States for water power, navigation, sanitation, irrigation, recreation, and scenic beauty.


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International law is the body of rules and general principles that nations are expected to observe in their relations with one another.


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International Maritime Organization, a specialized agency of the United Nations, promotes cooperation among governments in matters involving international shipping.


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International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an organization that provides short-term credit to its more than 175 member nations.


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International Peace Garden is a park that honors the long friendship between Canada and the United States.


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International relations traditionally have consisted of official contacts among the governments of independent countries.


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International Space Station is a large, inhabited Earth satellite that more than 15 nations are constructing in space.


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International standard book number is a group of 10 numbers identifying a book and its publisher.


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International Telecommunication Union (ITU) establishes regulations on the international use of radio, satellite, telegraph, and telephone communication services.


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International trade is the exchange of goods and services between countries.


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International Trade Commission, United States, is an independent agency of the United States government.


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Internationale, The, is the song traditionally used by Communist and Socialist revolutionaries.


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Internet is a vast network of computers that connects many of the world's businesses, institutions, and individuals.


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Internet service provider (ISP) is a company that connects a user's computer to the Internet, the global network of computers.


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Inter-Parliamentary Union is an organization made up of representatives of parliaments throughout the world.


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Interpol is an intergovernmental organization of police authorities from about 175 countries.


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Interstate commerce includes all commercial transactions that cross from one state to another in the United States.


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Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) was an independent agency of the United States government from 1887 to 1995.


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Intervention is an act in which one nation interferes in the internal affairs of another nation.


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Intestine is the muscular tube in the body through which food and the products of digestion pass.


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Intolerable Acts were five British laws to which the American colonists strongly objected.


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Intoxication is the condition in which the body is poisoned by a toxin or by a narcotic, alcohol, or some other drug.


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Intramural, sports provide recreation and athletic competition among students who attend the same school.


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Intravenous, injection is given into the blood inside a vein.


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Introvert, when used nontechnically, usually means a shy, unsociable person.


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Inuit, are a people who live in and near the Arctic.


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Inuvik, (pop. 3,206), is an administrative and commercial center in the northwestern part of Canada's Northwest Territories.


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Invention is the creation of a new device, process, or product.


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Inverness, is the most important city of the Highland Region of northern Scotland.


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Invertebrate, is an animal that lacks a vertebral column (backbone).


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Investment is the use of savings to produce future income.


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Investment banking is a business activity in which a company purchases newly issued securities, such as stocks and bonds, from businesses and governments.


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Invisible ink is a writing fluid intended for secret communication.


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Io, in Greek mythology, was a mistress of the god Zeus.


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Io, is a large moon of Jupiter that is more geologically active than any other satellite-or any planet-in the solar system.


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Iodine is a nonmetallic chemical element.


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Ion, is an atom or a group of atoms that has an electric charge.


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Ion microscope, also known as a field-ion microscope, is one of the most powerful magnifying instruments in scientific use.


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Ionesco, Eugene (1909-1994), was a Romanian-born French playwright.


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Ionian, Islands are a group of islands in the Ionian Sea that are part of Greece.


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Ionian, Sea is the deepest part of the Mediterranean Sea.


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Ionians, were a group of ancient Greeks.


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Ionosphere, is a part of the earth's atmosphere that has many ions (electrically charged atoms and groups of atoms) and free electrons.


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I.O.U. The words I owe you sound like the letters I O U. These letters serve as a brief form of that statement. People call a declaration or memorandum of debt an I.O.U. The usual wording is as follows:Chicago, January 1, 1986 
To Julie Brown.


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Iowa, is one of the greatest farming states in the United States.


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Iowa, University of, is a state-supported, coeducational research university in Iowa City, Iowa.


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Iowa Indians were a small Plains tribe of the United States.


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Iowa State University of Science and Technology is a coeducational land-grant school in Ames, Iowa.


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Ipecac, is a drug made from the dried root of a small shrub native to Brazil.


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Iphigenia, in Greek mythology, was the daughter of Clytemnestra and Agamemnon, the commander of the Greek forces in the Trojan War.


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Iqbal, Sir Muhammad (1873-1938), a Muslim Indian scholar, philosopher, and poet, is regarded as the spiritual founder of Pakistan.


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Iran, is an ancient country in the Middle East region of southwestern Asia.


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Iran-contra affair is the name of a major United States foreign policy scandal in the 1980's.


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Iraq, is an Arab country at the head of the Persian Gulf in southwestern Asia.


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Ireland is a small, independent country located in northwestern Europe.


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Irenaeus, Saint (A.D. 130?-202?), was one of the most important thinkers and leaders in the early Christian church.


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Iris, is a popular plant with large, beautifully colored flowers.


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Irish literature reflects the history and spirit of the Irish people better than any other art form.


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Irish moss, also called carrageen, is the name of several kinds of seaweeds that grow along rocky shores and that are collected for commercial use.


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Irish Republican Army (IRA) is a military organization that has long sought to unite the independent country of Ireland with Northern Ireland, a part of the United Kingdom.


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Irish Sea is a body of water between Ireland on the west and England and Wales on the east.


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Irish setter is an attractive dog with a brownish-red coat.


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Irish terrier is a medium-sized dog that originated in Ireland during the 1700's.


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Irish water spaniel is sometimes called the clown of the dog family.


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Irish wolfhound is the tallest of all dogs.


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Iritis, is an inflammation of the iris, the colored part of the eyeball.


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Irkutsk, (pop. 635,000), is a manufacturing, transportation, and cultural center in Russia.


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Iron is a silvery-white metal in its pure state.


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Iron Age is the period of history that began between 1500 and 1000 B.C. with the widespread use of iron for tools and weapons.


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Iron and steel are the world's cheapest and most useful metals.


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Iron and Steel Institute, American, is an association of producers of iron and steel in North and South America.


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Iron Curtain is a phrase made popular by Sir Winston Churchill in the 1940's.


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Iron lung is a device used to treat paralysis of the muscles and organs of breathing.


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Ironwood, or hornbeam, are names given to certain trees that have exceptionally hard wood.


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Ironwork, Decorative, usually consists of different lengths and thicknesses of iron rods that have been shaped into designs.


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Irony is a device used in speaking and writing to deliberately express ideas so they can be understood in two different ways.


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Iroquois, Indians formed a federation of tribes that once occupied upper New York state.


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Irradiation, is the exposing of matter to radiation, usually for the purpose of producing a specific biological, chemical, or physical change.


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Irrawaddy, River, also spelled Irawadi, is the chief river of Myanmar.


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Irrigation is the watering of land by artificial methods.


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Irving, John (1942-...), is an American novelist who has gained enormous popularity with readers and acclaim from critics.


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Irving, Washington (1783-1859), was one of the first American authors to win recognition in Europe as well as the United States.


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Irvington, New Jersey (pop. 60,695), is an industrial center on the Elizabeth River, west of Newark.


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Irwin, James Benson (1930-1991), a United States astronaut, piloted the lunar module Falcon on the Apollo 15 mission.


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Isaac, the second of the Hebrew patriarchs, was the son of Abraham and his wife Sarah (see Abraham; Ishmael).


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Isabella I (1451-1504), queen of Castile and Aragon, played one of the most important parts in the history of Spain.


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Isaiah, Book of, is a book of the Bible that is named for the Hebrew prophet Isaiah.


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Isfahan, (pop. 1,266,072), is one of the largest cities in Iran.


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Isherwood, Christopher (1904-1986), was an English-born novelist and dramatist best known for his descriptions of the petty boredom and aimless quality of life in Europe in the 1930's.


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Ishmael, in the Old Testament Book of Genesis, was the elder son of Abraham.


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Isinglass, is the purest form of animal gelatin.


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Isis, was the most popular goddess in ancient Egyptian mythology.


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Islam, is the name given to the religion preached by the Prophet Muhammad in the A.D. 600's.


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Islamabad, (pop. 204,364), is the capital of Pakistan.


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Islamic art is the art of the civilization based on the Islamic religion.


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Island is a body of land smaller than a continent and surrounded by water.


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Isle Royale National Park includes the large island for which the park was named and more than 200 small nearby islands.


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Isobar, is a line drawn on weather charts and maps to connect places that have the same atmospheric pressure.


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Isocrates, (436-338 B.C.), was an important Greek author and educator.


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Isolationism, is the doctrine of people who believe a nation should hold itself separate from other nations.


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Isomers, are two or more chemical compounds that have the same number of each kind of atom, but differ in the way the atoms are arranged.


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Isometrics, is a method of exercise that involves little or no visible movement.


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Isomorphism, in chemistry, is a close similarity in the crystal structure of certain substances that have different chemical formulas.


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Isoniazid, is one of the most effective drugs used in the treatment of tuberculosis.


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Isoptera, is an order of insects that live in colonies similar to those of ants and bees.


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Isotherm, is a line drawn on maps to connect places that have the same temperature.


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Isotope, is one of two or more atoms of the same element that differ in atomic weight.


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Israel is a small country in southwestern Asia.


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Istanbul, (pop. 6,620,600), the largest city of Turkey, is the only major city on two continents-Asia and Europe.


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Isthmian, Games were ancient Greek competitions that formed part of a religious festival for Poseidon, god of the sea.


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Isthmus, is a narrow strip of land which connects larger bodies of land.


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Italian greyhound is a breed of dog similar to the greyhound but much smaller.


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Italian language is the official language of Italy and one of the official languages of Switzerland.


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Italian literature includes many masterpieces written since the early 1200's.


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Italics is the style of type in which this sentence is printed.


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Italo-Ethiopian, War was fought between Italy and the African Empire of Ethiopia (formerly Abyssinia) from 1935 to 1936.


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Itch is a sensation caused by irritation of particular nerves in the skin.


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Iturbide, Agustin de, (1783-1824), a Mexican military leader, ruled Mexico from May 1822 to March 1823 as Emperor Agustin I. In 1821, Iturbide helped originate the "Plan of Iguala," which proposed that Mexico, then a colony of Spain, become an independent


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Ivan III, the Great (1440-1505), was grand prince of Moscow from 1462 to 1505.


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Ivan IV, the Terrible (1530-1584), in 1547 became the first Russian ruler to be crowned czar.


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Ives, Charles Edward (1874-1954), was a leading American experimental composer.


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Ivory is a hard substance that makes up the main part of the tusks and teeth of certain animals.


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Ivory black is a black pigment made by heating waste ivory dust and chips.


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Ivory palm is a short palm tree native to South America.


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Ivy is any one of a large number of creeping or climbing vines.


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Iwo Jima, is the middle island of the three Volcano Islands, or Kazan Retto, in the northwestern Pacific Ocean.


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Ixtacihuatl, is an inactive volcano about 35 miles (56 kilometers) southeast of Mexico City.


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Izaak Walton League of America is one of the oldest conservation organizations in the United States.


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Izmir, (pop. 1,757,100), is a Turkish port and trading center.


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J is the tenth letter of our alphabet, and was the last to be added.


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Jabiru, is a stork that lives in South America.


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Jacana, is a type of small wading bird found in tropical areas worldwide.


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Jacaranda, is the Brazilian name for a group of trees and shrubs native to tropical America.


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Jack Frost is the imaginary sprite who is supposed to trace the patterns that frost makes on trees, windows, and other objects.


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Jack-in-the-pulpit is any of several American wild flowers that grow in moist woodlands, flood plains, thickets, and swampy or boggy areas.


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Jack-o'-lantern is a name often given to a hollowed-out pumpkin which has eyes, nose, and a mouth carved in one side.


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Jack rabbit is a name for four kinds of large hares found in deserts and prairies in western North America.


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Jack the Ripper was an unknown murderer who terrorized London in 1888.


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Jackal is a wild dog that lives in Asia, Africa, and southeastern Europe.


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Jackdaw is a small crow that is common in Europe and North Africa.


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Jacks, also called jackstones, is the name of a children's game played with small metal objects called jacks.


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Jackson, Mississippi (pop. 184,256; met. area pop. 440,801), is the capital and largest city of the state.


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Jackson, Alexander Young (1882-1974), a Canadian landscape painter, was a founding member of a group of Canadian artists called the Group of Seven.


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Jackson, Andrew (1767-1845), was the first president born in a log cabin.


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Jackson, Helen Hunt (1830-1885), became best known for her efforts to secure justice for the American Indians.


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Jackson, Jesse Louis (1941-...), is an African American civil rights activist, political leader, and Baptist minister.


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Jackson, Mahalia (1911-1972), was the best-known gospel singer in the world.


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Jackson, Michael (1958-...), an American singer, dancer, and songwriter, has been one of the most popular and exciting performers of rock music.


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Jackson, Robert Houghwout (1892-1954), an American lawyer and judge, served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1941 until his death.


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Jackson, Shirley (1916-1965), was an American novelist and short-story writer known for her tales of psychological horror.


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Jackson, Shoeless Joe (1888-1951), was the most famous of eight Chicago White Sox players banned from baseball in 1920.


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Jackson, Stonewall (1824-1863), was one of the most famous Confederate generals and one of the best officers who fought under General Robert E. Lee.


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Jackson, William Henry (1843-1942), was an American photographer famous for his pictures of the Old West.


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Jacksonville is the largest city in Florida and the state's financial and insurance capital.


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Jacob, in the book of Genesis, was the son of Isaac and the father of 12 sons and at least 1 daughter by his wives Leah, Rachel, Zilpah, and Bilhah.


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Jacob, John Edward (1934-...), a civil rights leader, served as president of the National Urban League from 1982 to 1994.


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Jacobins, were members of the Jacobin Club, the most radical political society to rule during the French Revolution (1789-1799).


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Jacobs, Joseph (1854-1916), was a British scholar best known for his collections of folk tales for children.


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Jacquard, Joseph Marie (1752-1834), perfected the automatic pattern loom.


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Jade is a hard, tough, and highly colored stone widely used for fine carvings and jewelry.


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Jaeger, also called hunting gull, is the name of three species of sea birds that live in northern regions worldwide.


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Jaffa, Israel, is one of the world's oldest cities.


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Jaguar, is the largest, most powerful wild cat of the Western Hemisphere.


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Jaguarundi, is a wild cat of the Western Hemisphere.


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Jahn, Helmut (1940-...), is an American architect.


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Jai alai, is a fast and dangerous game that resembles handball.


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Jakarta, (pop. 6,761,886), is the capital, largest city, and chief economic center of Indonesia.


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Jamaica, is an island nation in the West Indies.


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James was the name of five kings of Scotland and two kings of both Scotland and England.


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James, Daniel, Jr. (1920-1978), was the first black four-star general in United States history. He achieved that rank in 1975 as a member of the U.S. Air Force.


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James, Cyril (1901-1989), was a distinguished black Trinidadian writer and social activist.


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James, Epistle of, is a book of the New Testament.


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James, Henry (1843-1916), was one of America's greatest writers.


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James, Jesse (1847-1882), became one of the most famous bank and train robbers in the history of the United States.


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James, P. D. (1920-...), is a popular English writer of detective stories. She created the character of Scotland Yard Commander Adam Dalgliesh.


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James, Saint, was one of the leaders of the Christian church in Jerusalem during the first years after it was founded.


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James, William (1842-1910), became the most widely read American philosopher of the 1900's.


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James Bay is the southern arm of Hudson Bay in northeast Canada.


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James River is the largest waterway lying wholly within the state of Virginia.


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James the Greater, Saint, was one of the 12 apostles of Jesus Christ.


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James the Less, Saint, was one of the 12 apostles of Jesus Christ.


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Jamestown, Virginia, was the first permanent English settlement in North America.


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Janacek, Leos, (1854-1928), was a Czech composer best known for his operas and works for male chorus.


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Janissaries, were a group of highly trained professional soldiers of the Ottoman Empire.


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Jansen, Cornelius (1585-1638), was a Roman Catholic bishop best known for his book Augustinus, published in 1640, after his death.


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Jansky, Karl Guthe (1905-1950), an American engineer, was the first person to detect radio waves whose source was outside the solar system.


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January is the first month of the year according to the Gregorian calendar, which is used in almost all the world today.


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Janus, in Roman mythology, was a god who had two faces that looked in opposite directions.


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Japan is an island country in the North Pacific Ocean.


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Japan, Sea of, separates the islands of Japan from Korea and the eastern coast of Russia.


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Japanese beetle is an insect that injures grasses, trees, crops, and garden plants.


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Japanese chin is a dainty, graceful toy dog.


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Japanese language is the native tongue of the people of Japan and the neighboring Ryukyu and Bonin islands.


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Japanese literature ranks as one of the world's great literatures.


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Japanese print is a type of Japanese illustration printed on paper from carved blocks of wood.


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Japanese spitz is a breed of dog developed in Japan.


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Jarrell, Randall (1914-1965), was an American poet and critic.


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Jaruzelski, Wojciech, (1923-...), was the top leader of Poland from 1981 to 1989.


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Jasmine, is the name of about 200 species of flowering shrubs or vines that grow in tropical and subtropical regions.


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Jason was a hero in Greek mythology who led a band of men called the Argonauts.


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Jasper is the name of a dark red variety of chalcedony.


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Jasper National Park lies in the Rocky Mountains of western Alberta.


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Jaspers, Karl (1883-1969), was a leading German existentialist philosopher.


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Jaundice, is a yellowish discoloration of the skin, the tissues, and the whites of the eyes.


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Java, fossils are the remains of a type of prehistoric human being that lived from about 1 million to 500,000 years ago, and perhaps as early as 1,600,000 years ago.


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Javelin, is a light, slender spear that is thrown for distance in track and field meets.


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Jay refers to several species of a large family of birds that includes ravens, crows, and magpies.


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Jay, John (1745-1829), was a distinguished statesman during the early days of the United States.


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Jay Treaty, signed in 1794, resolved disputes that arose between the United States and Great Britain after the Revolutionary War in America ended.


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Jaycees are organizations that stress individual development through leadership training and civic involvement.


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Jazz is a kind of music that has often been called the only art form to originate in the United States.


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Jean Baptiste, de la Salle, Saint (1651-1719), a French priest, founded the Institute of Brothers of the Christian School, a Roman Catholic religious order devoted to teaching boys.


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Jeans are trousers that are usually made of denim, a heavy, coarse cotton cloth with a diagonal weave.


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Jeep is a small all-purpose vehicle used by the armed forces of many countries.


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Jeffers, Robinson (1887-1962), was an American poet.


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Jefferson, Joseph (1829-1905), became one of the most popular and respected American comic actors of the 1800's.


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Jefferson, State of, was the name of a proposed state in the United States.


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Jefferson, Thomas (1743-1826), is best remembered as a great president and as the author of the Declaration of Independence.


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Jefferson City (pop. 39,636) is the capital of Missouri.


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Jefferson Memorial, in Washington, D.C., is a shrine to the third President of the United States and author of the Declaration of Independence.


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Jefferson Territory was the name proposed in 1859 for the area that covered the present state of Colorado and large parts of what are now Nebraska, Utah, and Wyoming.


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Jeffries, James Jackson (1875-1953), won the world's heavyweight boxing championship in his 13th professional fight.


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Jehovah, is a form of Yahweh, the sacred Hebrew name for God.


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Jehovah's, Witnesses are members of a religious group that uses the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society as its corporate body.


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Jellicoe, John Rushworth (1859-1935), was a British naval officer during World War I (1914-1918).


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Jelly and jam are sweet, thick spreads made from fruit.


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Jellyfish is the common name of a type of sea animal that biologists call a medusa.


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Jemison, Mae Carol (1956-...), an American astronaut and physician, became the first black woman to travel in space.


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Jemison, Mary (1743-1833), was called "The White Woman of the Genesee."


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Jenifer, Daniel of St. Thomas (1723-1790), was a Maryland signer of the Constitution of the United States. He attended nearly every session of the Constitutional Convention in 1787.


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Jenkins, Roy Harris (1920-...), is a British political leader and author.


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Jenne, also called Djenne, is a small city in Mali.


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Jenner, Edward (1749-1823), a British physician, discovered vaccination as a means of preventing smallpox.


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Jenner, Sir William (1815-1898), a British physician, studied certain acute communicable diseases and did much to advance their treatment.


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Jenney, William Le Baron (1832-1907), was an American architect and engineer.


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Jensen, J. Hans (1906-1973), a German physicist, shared the 1963 Nobel Prize in physics with Maria Goeppert Mayer and Eugene Paul Wigner. Working independently, Jensen and Mayer prepared almost identical papers on the shell structure of atomic nuclei.


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Jenson, Nicolas (1415?-1480), was a French printer who perfected roman-style type.


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Jerboa, is a mammal that looks like a tiny kangaroo.


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Jeremiah, Book of, is a book of the Hebrew Bible, or Old Testament, named for an Israelite prophet.


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Jericho, (pop. 5,312), lies in the West Bank, a Middle Eastern territory inhabited chiefly by Palestinians.


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Jeroboam, is the name of two kings who ruled the northern kingdom of Israel.


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Jerome, Saint (about 340-420), was a great Biblical scholar of the Christian church.


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Jersey, is the largest of the Channel Islands.


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Jersey is a plain, knitted fabric without ribs (ridges).


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Jersey City, New Jersey (pop. 240,055; met. area pop. 608,975), is a major seaport and industrial and transportation center of the New York City metropolitan area.


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Jerusalem is the capital and largest city of Israel and one of the world's holiest cities.


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Jerusalem artichoke is a plant native to North America.


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Jester was a person whose duty it was often to amuse kings, queens, nobles, and their family and guests.


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Jesuits, are members of a Roman Catholic religious order of men.


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Jesus Christ was one of the world's greatest religious leaders.


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Jet is a kind of coal so hard and uniform that it can be carved and polished to look like black glass.


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Jet boat is a small craft propelled by a powerful jet of water.


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Jet propulsion is the production of motion in one direction by the release of a high-pressure stream of gas in the opposite direction.


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Jet Propulsion Laboratory is a center for the design of unmanned spacecraft and their control in space.


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Jet stream is a band of fast-moving air currents that occur at high altitudes.


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Jetty is a pier or wall built out from the shore of a river, lake, or ocean to control the flow of water.


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Jewel is a fashioned (cut) gemstone or a pearl.


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Jewel Cave National Monument, in western South Dakota, contains one of the longest cave systems in the United States.


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Jewelry refers to the ornaments people wear.


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Jewett, Sarah Orne, (1849-1909), was an American author.


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Jewish community centers are agencies that offer a wide variety of cultural, educational, recreational, and social activities for Jews of all ages.


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Jewish Theological Seminary of America is the academic center of Conservative Judaism.


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Jewish Women, National Council of, is a 100,000-member volunteer organization in the United States that sponsors educational and community service programs for children, teen-agers, and the aged.


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Jews are the descendants of an ancient people called the Hebrews.


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Jew's-harp is a small musical instrument that is used mainly in folk music and by children.


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Jiang Qing, (1914-1991), also spelled Chiang Ch'ing, was a Chinese political leader.


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Jiang Zemin, (1926-...), became general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party in 1989.


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Jicama, is a type of climbing vine grown for its fleshy, edible tubers (thick underground stems).


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Jidda, (pop. 2,046,251), is the chief seaport and air terminal of Saudi Arabia.


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Jim Crow refers to practices, institutions, or laws that result from or support segregation of blacks from whites.


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Jimenez, Juan Ramon (1881-1958), a Spanish poet, won the 1956 Nobel Prize for literature.


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Jimenez de Quesada, Gonzalo, (1497?-1579), was a Spanish conqueror.


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Jimmu Tenno, also called Jimmu, was supposedly the first emperor of Japan and founder of the family that has ruled Japan throughout its history.


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Jimson weed, also called thorn apple, is a large, bushy, poisonous plant.


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Jingoism is an attitude of boastful, warlike patriotism.


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Jinnah, Muhammad Ali (1876-1948), was a leader in India's struggle for independence and has been called the great leader and the founder of Pakistan.


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Jinrikisha, is a light two-wheeled cart once widely used as a taxicab in East Asian cities.


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Jivaro, Indians are a tribe famous for their fierceness and for their head shrinking.


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Joan of Arc, Saint (1412?-1431), was a French national heroine who became a saint of the Roman Catholic Church.


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Job Corps is a United States government program that provides job training, education, and other services for disadvantaged young men and women.


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Job's, Daughters is an organization for girls associated with the men's fraternal society of Masons.


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Jodl, Alfred, (1892?-1946), signed the unconditional surrender of Germany in Reims, France, in 1945.


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Jodrell, Bank Observatory, near Manchester, England, is one of the world's leading radio astronomy observatories.


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Joel, Book of, is a book of the Bible named for an Israelite prophet.


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Joffre, Joseph Jacques Cesaire, (1852-1931), commanded the French armies during the early part of World War I (1914-1918).


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Joffrey, Robert (1930-1988), was an American ballet teacher and choreographer (creator of dances).


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Jogging is a popular form of exercise and recreation in which a person runs at a steady, moderate pace.


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Jogues, Saint Isaac (1607-1646), was a Jesuit missionary who worked among the Huron Indians in Canada.


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John II (1455-1495) ruled as king of Portugal from 1481 until his death in October 1495.


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Johannesburg, , is South Africa's largest city.


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Johanson, Donald Carl (1943-...), an American anthropologist, is an authority on human origins.


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John Dory is a short, deep-bodied fish with a characteristic large black spot on each side.


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John o' Groats lies at the extreme northeastern tip of the mainland of Scotland.


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John (1167?-1216), often called John Lackland, is remembered as one of England's worst kings and as the king who granted Magna Carta, the famous charter of liberties.


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John III Sobieski, (1629-1696), was king of Poland when the threat to Christendom from the Ottoman Empire, based in what is now Turkey, was at its height.


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John VI (1767-1826), also known as Joao VI, was king of Portugal from 1816 to 1826.


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John XXII (about 1245-1334) was elected pope in 1316.


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John XXIII (about 1370-1419) was an antipope during a troubled period in church history called the Great Schism (1378-1417).


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John XXIII (1881-1963) was elected pope in 1958, succeeding Pius XII.


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John, Epistles of, are the 23rd, 24th, and 25th books of the New Testament.


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John, Saint, was one of the 12 apostles of Jesus Christ.


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John Bull is the name used for England and the English people, just as Uncle Sam stands for the United States and its people.


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John Day Fossil Beds National Monument includes three areas in north-central Oregon that contain fossils of animals and plants that lived from about 55 million to about 10 million years ago.


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John Howard Association is a private, nonprofit agency that works for fair and effective correctional programs in the United States.


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John of Gaunt, (1340-1399), Duke of Lancaster, was an English soldier and political leader.


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John Paul I (1912-1978) was elected pope of the Roman Catholic Church in 1978.


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John Paul II (1920-...) was elected pope of the Roman Catholic Church in 1978.


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John the Baptist, Saint (6 B.C.?-A.D. 28), in Christianity, was a prophet regarded as the forerunner of Jesus Christ.


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Johns, Jasper (1930-...), is an American artist famous for his paintings of common objects, such as flags, targets, numbers, and maps.


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Johns Hopkins University is a private coeducational institution based in Baltimore.


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Johnson, Andrew (1808-1875), the first President to be impeached, became chief executive upon the assassination of Abraham Lincoln.


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Johnson, Charles Spurgeon (1893-1956), was an American sociologist and educator who studied and wrote about the life of blacks in the United States.


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Johnson, Herschel Vespasian (1812-1880), was the Northern Democratic candidate for Vice President of the United States in 1860.


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Johnson, Hiram Warren (1866-1945), was governor of California from 1911 to 1917 and a United States senator from 1917 to 1945.


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Johnson, Hugh Samuel (1882-1942), was an American government administrator and soldier.


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Johnson, Jack (1878-1946), an American boxer, was the first black to win the world heavyweight championship.


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Johnson, James P. (1894-1955), was an American pianist and composer. Johnson made important contributions to ragtime, jazz, and popular music.


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Johnson, James Weldon (1871-1938), was an African American author.


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Johnson, John Harold (1918-...), is one of the leading publishers in the United States.


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Johnson, Lyndon Baines (1908-1973), like three other vice presidents in United States history, became chief executive upon the assassination of the president.


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Johnson, Magic (1959-...), ranks as one of the greatest players in basketball history.


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Johnson, Pauline (1861-1913), was a Canadian writer known for poetry about Indian life.


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Johnson, Philip Cortelyou (1906-...), is an American architect.


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Johnson, Richard Mentor (1780-1850), was Vice President of the United States from 1837 to 1841 under President Martin Van Buren.


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Johnson, Samuel (1709-1784), was the greatest English writer of his day and the subject of a famous biography by his friend James Boswell.


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Johnson, Walter (1887-1946), was one of the greatest fast ball pitchers in baseball history.


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Johnson, Sir William (1715-1774), was a British merchant, soldier, Indian agent, and landowner in colonial New York.


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Johnson, William Samuel (1727-1819), a lawyer, political leader, and scholar from Connecticut, was a signer of the Constitution of the United States.


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Johnson Space Center is the headquarters for all United States manned spacecraft projects conducted by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).


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Johnston, Albert Sidney (1803-1862), was a Confederate general in the American Civil War (1861-1865).


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Johnston, Joseph Eggleston (1807-1891), was a Confederate general in the American Civil War (1861-1865).


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Johnstown (pop. 23,906; met. area pop. 232,621) is a city in southwestern Pennsylvania.


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Joint is the place at which two or more bones meet in the skeleton of the body.


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Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) is the highest military advisory group in the United States.


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Joint-stock company was a form of business organization in which the funds to carry on business were obtained by selling shares of stock to a number of individuals.


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Joint tenancy is the ownership of a piece of property by two or more people.


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Jojoba, is an evergreen shrub that grows wild in desert regions of northwestern Mexico and the southwestern United States.


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Joliot-Curie, Irene, (1897-1956), was a French physicist known for her work with radioactivity, especially the production of artificial radioactive elements.


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Jolliet, Louis, (1645-1700), also spelled Joliet, was a French-Canadian explorer who led an expedition down the Mississippi River.


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Jolson, Al (1886-1950), was a popular American stage and motion-picture entertainer.


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Jonah, Book of, is one of a group of books of the Bible called the Prophets.


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Jones, Absalom (1746-1818), was a leader of the struggle to give black Americans control over their religious worship.


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Jones, Bobby (1902-1971), an American golfer, was one of the greatest players in the history of the sport.


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Jones, Casey (1863-1900), was an American railroad engineer who gave his life in a train crash to save his passengers and crew.


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Jones, Davy, in sailors' folklore, is a wicked spirit who rules over the souls in the ocean deep.


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Jones, Ernest (1879-1958), a British physician, helped introduce the principles of psychoanalysis in Britain, Canada, and the United States.


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Jones, Inigo (1573-1652), was the first major architect of the English Renaissance.


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Jones, John Paul (1747-1792), is often called the Father of the American Navy.


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Jones, Mary Harris (1830-1930), was a well-known figure in the United States labor movement in the late 1800's and early 1900's.


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Jones, Quincy (1933-...), is one of the most versatile talents in American music.


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Jonquil, is any of several yellow narcissuses that came from southern Europe and northern Africa.


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Jonson, Ben (1572-1637), was an English playwright and poet.


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Joplin, Scott (1868-1917), was the leading composer of ragtime, a lively, rhythmic kind of music written chiefly for the piano.


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Jordan is an Arab kingdom on the East Bank of the Jordan River in the heart of the Middle East.


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Jordan, Barbara Charline (1936-1996), became the first African American woman from a Southern state to serve in the United States Congress.


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Jordan, Ernst Pascual (1902-1980), was a German physicist.


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Jordan, Michael (1963-...), ranks among the greatest and most exciting players in the history of the National Basketball Association (NBA).


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Jordan, Vernon Eulion, Jr. (1935-...), is an American civil rights leader and lawyer. He was head of the National Urban League from 1972 to 1981, when he resigned and joined a private law firm.


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Joseph was the husband of Mary, the mother of Jesus, and a descendant of David, the second king of Israel.


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Joseph was the Hebrew boy who was sold into Egypt by his brothers and became the great prime minister of Pharaoh.


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Joseph, Chief (1840?-1904), was a Nez Perce Indian chief.


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Joseph of Arimathea, was a wealthy member of the Jewish Sanhedrin (ruling council) in Jerusalem at the time of Jesus.


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Josephine (1763-1814) was the beloved wife of Napoleon Bonaparte, one of French history's most important figures.


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Josephus, Flavius, (A.D. 37?-100?), was a Jewish historian.


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Joshua, a lieutenant of Moses, led Israel in the conquest of Canaan (later called Palestine) after Moses's death.


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Joshua Tree National Park is in southern California near the town of Twentynine Palms.


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Josiah, was one of the last and most unselfish rulers of Judah.


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Jouett, Jack (1754-1822), a Revolutionary War patriot, earned the nickname Paul Revere of the South.


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Joule, a unit in the metric system of measurement, is used to measure work or energy.


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Joule, James Prescott (1818-1889), a British physicist, helped prove the law of conservation of energy.


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Journalism is the gathering, writing, and editing of material for news sources, such as newspapers and television.


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Joyce, James (1882-1941), an Irish novelist, revolutionized the treatment of plot and characterization in fiction.


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Joyner-Kersee, Jackie (1962-...), an American athlete, became the first woman to win consecutive heptathlon championships at the Olympic Games.


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Juan Carlos, I (1938-...) is the king of Spain.


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Juan Fernandez, is the name of a group of three islands that lie about 400 miles (640 kilometers) west of Chile in the Pacific Ocean.


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Juana Ines de la Cruz, (1648-1695), was the greatest poet of the baroque movement in colonial Latin-American literature.


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Juarez, (pop. 1,217,818), is Mexico's largest city on the border with the United States.


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Juarez, Benito Pablo, (1806-1872), was one of the greatest Mexican political leaders.


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Judah, in the Old Testament, was the fourth son of Jacob and Leah.


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Judah Maccabee, was the leader of the Jews in their struggle for independence in the 100's B.C.


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Judaism, is the religion of the world's approximately 15 million Jews.


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Judas Iscariot, was the apostle who betrayed Jesus Christ.


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Jude, Epistle of, is a short letter that forms the 26th book of the New Testament.


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Jude, Saint, was one of the 12 apostles of Jesus Christ.


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Judea, was the name of a country in southern Palestine in ancient times.


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Judge is an officer of the government who presides over a law court.


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Judge advocate general is the officer in charge of legal matters in the United States Army, Navy, or Air Force.


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Judges, Book of, is a book of the Bible that describes the history of the tribes of Israel from about the 1100's to the 900's B.C.


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Judgment, in law, is the decision of a court.


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Judgment involves understanding and acknowledging how two or more ideas may be alike or how they may be different.


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Judicial Conference of the United States is the principal administrative body of the U.S. judicial system.


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Judicial review in the broadest sense refers to the power of a court to strike down any legislative or executive action that it finds in violation of a nation's constitution or other law.


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Judith is the heroine of the Book of Judith, one of the Apocryphal books of the Old Testament.


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Judo is a sport in which a person uses balance, leverage, and timing to pin or throw an opponent.


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Judson, Adoniram, (1788-1850), a Baptist clergyman, was largely responsible for the founding of the first American Congregationalist and Baptist foreign missionary societies.


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Juggernaut, is a famous wooden image of the Hindu god Krishna.


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Juggling is throwing and catching more than one object in one hand, or three or more objects in two hands.


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Jugular, vein is the name of each of four large veins that return blood to the heart from the head and neck.


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Juilliard, Augustus (1836-1919), an American merchant, financier, and philanthropist, was an outstanding patron of music.


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Juilliard, Musical Foundation supports the Juilliard School in New York City.


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Juilliard, School, in New York City, is a leading school for the performing arts.


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Julian (A.D. 331-363) was the last Roman emperor to oppose Christianity.


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Julian, Percy Lavon (1899-1975), was a famous American research chemist.


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Julian, calendar was devised in 46 B.C. by the order of Julius Caesar.


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Julian of Norwich (1342-early 1400's) was a religious mystic (person who claims to have knowledge or awareness of things beyond ordinary human experience).


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Juliana, (1909-...), was the queen of the Netherlands from 1948 to 1980.


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Julius II (1443-1513) was the most vigorous and forceful of all the Renaissance popes.


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July is the seventh month of the year, according to the Gregorian calendar, which most of the world uses today.


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July Revolution of 1830 took place in Paris when the French people revolted against King Charles X and brought Louis Philippe to the throne.


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Jumping bean, the seed of a Mexican shrub, is famous for its quick, jumping movements.


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Jumping mouse is a small animal that usually moves by hopping.


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Junco is a small bird related to the finches.


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June is the sixth month of the year according to the Gregorian calendar, which is used in almost all the world today.


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Juneau, (pop. 30,711), is the capital of Alaska.


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Junebug, also called June beetle or May beetle, is a name for several large brown beetles often seen in the United States during May and June.


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Jung, Carl Gustav (1875-1961), was a Swiss psychiatrist and psychologist who developed the field of analytical psychology.


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Jungfrau, an important mountain in the Swiss Alps, rises 13,642 feet (4,158 meters) above sea level.


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Jungle is an area of lush, tropical vegetation.


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Junglefowl is the name of a group of birds that live in southern Asia and the East Indies.


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Junior Achievement is an organization that educates young people about business and economics.


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Junior high school is a school designed mainly for students in the seventh, eighth, and ninth grades.


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Junior Leagues are community service organizations for women from age 18 through 45.


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Juniper, is the common name of a group of evergreen shrubs and small trees of the cypress family.


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Junk is a wooden sailing vessel used in China and other countries of the Far East.


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Junkers, were wealthy landowners of Prussia.


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Juno, was the sister and wife of Jupiter, king of the gods of Roman mythology.


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Junta, is a small group that takes over a government and rules by decree.


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Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system.


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Jupiter was king of the gods and ruler of the universe in Roman mythology.


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Jura, is a mountain range that lies between the Rhine and Rhone rivers.


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Jury is a group of citizens which hears the testimony in legal disputes and determines what it believes is the truth.


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Just, Ernest Everett (1883-1941), an American biologist, received the first Spingarn Medal, which is awarded annually to a black who has had outstanding achievement in his or her field.


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Justice, Department of, is an executive department of the United States government.


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Justice of the peace is an officer of a township, county, or other small unit of government in some states.


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Justin the Martyr, Saint (100?-165?), was the first prominent defender of the Christian faith against non-Christians.


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Justinian, I (A.D. 482-565), was the Byzantine (East Roman) emperor from A.D. 527 until his death.


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Justinian, Code was a collection of early Roman laws and legal principles.


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Jute, is a long, soft, shiny fiber that can be spun into coarse, strong threads.


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Jutes, were members of one of three tribes that conquered most of England between about A.D. 450 and the late 500's.


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Jutland, Battle of, was the only major fight between the fleets of Germany and Britain in World War I. On May 31, 1916, the British fleet, under Admiral John Jellicoe, and the German fleet, under Vice Admiral Reinhard Scheer, met off the coast of Denmark


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Juvenal, (A.D. 60?-130?), was a Roman poet known for his 16 biting satires.


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Juvenile court is a special court that handles cases involving children who have committed crimes or who need the care and protection of society.


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Juvenile delinquency usually refers to the violation of a law by a juvenile.


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K2, also called Mount Godwin Austen or Dapsang, is the world's second highest mountain.


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Kaaba, also spelled Caaba, is the most sacred shrine of Islam.


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Kabbalah, is the traditional name for the teachings of Jewish mysticism.


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Kabul, (pop. 1,036,407), is the capital and largest city of Afghanistan.


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Kachina, is the name of a religious ceremony of the Hopi Indians and of carved wooden dolls used in the ceremony.


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Kadar, Janos, (1912-1989), ruled Hungary from 1956 to 1988 as first secretary of the Communist Party.


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Kafir, is the name of a group of grain sorghums imported originally from Africa (see Sorghum).


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Kafka, Franz, (1883-1924), was a Czech writer who gained worldwide fame only after World War II.


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Kahlo, Frida (1907-1954), was an important Mexican painter known for her harsh, revealing self-portraits.


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Kahn, Louis Isadore (1901-1974), was a major American architect and teacher.


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Kaiser, was the title used by rulers of the German Empire.


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Kaiser, Georg, (1878-1945), was a German expressionist playwright.


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Kaiser, Henry John (1882-1967), an American industrialist, attracted national attention during World War II by the speed with which he built ships.


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Kala-azar, is a disease that affects humans and animals.


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Kalahari, Desert is a large, dry sandy basin that covers about 190,000 square miles (500,000 square kilometers) in southern Africa.


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Kalb, Johann, (1721-1780), was a German-born military officer who served in the American army during the Revolutionary War in America (1775-1783).


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Kale, is a vegetable somewhat like cabbage but with loose, curly leaves instead of a head.


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Kaleidoscope, is a small tube in which you can see beautiful colors and designs.


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Kaliningrad, (pop. 406,000), is the westernmost port city of Russia.


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Kamakura, period in Japanese history lasted from 1185 to 1333.


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Kamchatka, Peninsula extends southward from eastern Siberia, in Russia, between the Bering Sea and the Sea of Okhotsk.


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Kamehameha, I (1758?-1819), founded the Kingdom of Hawaii.


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Kamikaze, was a type of Japanese pilot who flew suicide missions during World War II (1939-1945).


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Kamloops (pop. 76,394) is a city at the junction of the north and south branches of the Thompson River in south-central British Columbia.


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Kampala, (pop. 773,463), is the capital and largest city of Uganda.


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Kanawha, River is one of the chief waterways of West Virginia.


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Kandinsky, Wassily, (1866-1944), was a Russian artist.


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Kane, Paul (1810-1871), was the first artist to paint an extensive record of Indian life in western Canada.


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Kanem, was one of the longest-lasting empires in history.


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Kangaroo is a type of furry mammal that hops on its hind legs.


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Kangaroo court is a slang term for an unauthorized gathering of people who take the law into their own hands by acting as a court.


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Kangaroo rat is a rodent that jumps around like a kangaroo on long, powerful hind legs.


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Kanishka, (?-A.D. 100?), was the greatest ruler of the Kushan Empire.


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Kano School was a group of Japanese painters whose members were all drawn from one family.


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Kanpur, (pop. 1,874,409; met. area pop. 2,029,889), is the largest city in Uttar Pradesh, a state in northern India.


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Kansa, Indians, or Kaw Indians, were a Plains tribe who lived along the Kansas River in eastern Kansas.


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Kansas leads all the states of the United States in wheat production.


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Kansas, University of, is a state-supported coeducational school with campuses in Kansas City, Lawrence, and Wichita.


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Kansas City, Kansas (pop. 146,866), is an industrial city in the northeast corner of the state.


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Kansas City, Missouri, is the state's largest city and a Midwestern center of commerce, industry, and transportation.


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Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed by Congress in 1854.


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Kant, Immanuel (1724-1804), was an important German philosopher.


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Kaolin, is a pure white clay made of feldspar that has decomposed.


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Kapok, is a light, soft, lustrous, cottonlike fiber.


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Kara, Sea, an arm of the Arctic Ocean, lies off the northern coast of Siberia, between the Kara Strait and the Severnaya Zemlya Islands.


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Karachi, (pop. 5,208,170), is the largest city and chief port of Pakistan.


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Karajan, Herbert von (1908-1989), was one of the leading symphony orchestra and opera conductors of the 1900's.


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Karakul, is a fat-tailed sheep from which we get pelts called broadtail, Persian lamb, and caracul.


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Karakum, is a large desert that occupies most of Turkmenistan.


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Karan, Donna (1948-...), is a leading American fashion designer who creates clothes primarily for executive businesswomen.


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Karate, is a form of unarmed combat in which a person kicks or strikes with the hands, elbows, knees, or feet.


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Karloff, Boris (1887-1969), was a British actor known for his chilling performances in American horror motion pictures.


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Karlovy Vary, also called Karlsbad (pop. 58,541), is a famous health resort in the Czech Republic.


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Karma, is an important concept in several Eastern religions, especially Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism.


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Karsh,Yousuf, (1908-...), a Canadian photographer, became famous for his portraits of leading international figures in politics, literature, and the arts.


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Kart racing is a sport involving small, open racing cars that seat one person.


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Kashmir, also spelled Cashmere, is a large area on the border between India and Pakistan.


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Kasparov, Garry (1963-...), a Russian chess player, became the youngest world champion in chess history at the age of 22.


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Kassebaum, Nancy Landon (1932-...), a Kansas Republican, served in the United States Senate from 1979 to 1997.


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Kathmandu, (pop. 420,000), also spelled Katmandu, is the capital and largest city of Nepal.


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Katmai, National Park is in southwestern Alaska.


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Katydid, is a large green or brown insect with long antennae (feelers).


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Kauffmann, Angelica (1741-1807), was a Swiss-born painter.


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Kaufman, George S. (1889-1961), was an American playwright. He wrote more than 40 plays and musical comedies, nearly all of which were collaborations with other authors.


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Kaunas, (pop. 428,745), is the second largest city of Lithuania.


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Kaunda, Kenneth David (1924-...), served as president of Zambia from 1964 to 1991.


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Kaurna were a group of about 300 Aborigines who inhabited the Adelaide Plains at the time British settlers arrived in South Australia in 1836.


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Kava, is the name of two shrubs related to the pepper plant.


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Kawasaki disease is a serious illness of young children.


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Kayak, is a light, narrow boat that has an enclosed deck.


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Kaye, Danny (1913-1987), a comedian, became noted for his lively pantomimes and his command of ingenious songs.


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Kaye, Nora (1920-1987), was an American ballerina.


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Kazakhstan, is a country that lies mostly in west-central Asia.


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Kazan, (pop. 1,103,000), is the capital of Russia's republic of Tatarstan.


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Kazan, Elia, (1909-...), became one of America's best-known stage and screen directors.


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Kazantzakis, Nikos, (1883-1957), was a Greek author.


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Kea, is a parrot that lives in New Zealand.


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Kean, Edmund (1787-1833), was considered the greatest and most influential English actor of his time.


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Kearny, Philip (1814-1862), was a Union general in the American Civil War (1861-1865).


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Kearny, Stephen Watts (1794-1848), an American general, commanded the western armies of the United States in the Mexican War (1846-1848).


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Keaton, Buster (1895-1966), was an American motion-picture actor.


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Keats, John (1795-1821), was an English poet of the romantic period.


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Keck Observatory is an astronomical observatory on Mauna Kea, a mountain on the island of Hawaii.


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Keeshond, is a Dutch dog of Arctic descent, related to the Samoyed, chow chow, and Pomeranian.


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Kefauver, Estes, (1903-1963), a United States congressman from Tennessee, won fame in 1950 as head of a U.S. Senate committee investigating organized crime.


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Keillor, Garrison (1942-...), is a popular American radio host, humorist, and writer.


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Keller, Gottfried, (1819-1890), was the most famous Swiss author who wrote in German before the 1900's.


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Keller, Helen Adams (1880-1968), is an outstanding example of a person who conquered physical disabilities.


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Kelley, Florence (1859-1932), was an American social reformer.


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Kellogg, Frank Billings (1856-1937), was an American lawyer, diplomat, and statesman.


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Kellogg, W. K. (1860-1951), was an American cereal manufacturer. He worked for many years for his brother, who ran a sanitarium (place for treating the sick) in Battle Creek, Michigan.


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Kellogg Foundation is a philanthropic organization that administers funds for educational and charitable purposes.


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Kelly, Gene (1912-1996), became a popular American dancer, choreographer (dance creator), actor, and director.


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Kelly, George Edward (1887-1974), an American playwright, became known for realistic, carefully constructed social comedies.


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Kelly, Grace (1929-1982), Princess Grace of Monaco, was a famous American motion-picture actress before she married Prince Rainier III of Monaco in 1956 (see Rainier III).


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Kelly, Sharon Pratt (1944-...), was the first black woman mayor of a major American city.


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Keloid is a mass of scar tissue that occurs at the site of a cut.


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Kelp is any of a variety of large, brown seaweeds that grow underwater and on rocky shores.


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Kelvin, Lord (1824-1907), was one of the great British physicists of the 1800's.


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Kemble, Fanny (1809-1893), a British author and actress, lived many years in the United States and became known for her strong antislavery beliefs.


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Kemp, Jack French (1935-...), became an important American political leader after a career as a professional football player.


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Kenai Fjords National Park lies in south-central Alaska.


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Kenna, John Edward (1848-1893), was an American statesman.


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Kennan, George Frost (1904-...), an American diplomat, is credited with developing the U.S. policy to prevent Soviet expansion after World War II.


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Kennebec, River flows for about 165 miles (266 kilometers) through southern Maine.


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Kennedy, Anthony McLeod (1936-...), became an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States in 1988.


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Kennedy, Edward Moore (1932-...), a Democrat from Massachusetts, has been a member of the United States Senate since 1962.


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Kennedy, John Fitzgerald (1917-1963), was the youngest man ever elected president of the United States, and he was the youngest ever to die in office.


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Kennedy, Robert Francis (1925-1968), served as attorney general of the United States from 1961 to 1964 and as U.S. senator from New York from 1965 to 1968.


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Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts is a national cultural center in Washington, D.C. Its full name is the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts.


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Kennedy Space Center, on the east coast of Florida, is the launch facility for all United States space missions that carry crews.


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Kenny, Elizabeth (1880-1952), an Australian nurse, developed a method of treating poliomyelitis (see Poliomyelitis).


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Kensington rune stone is a slab inscribed with early Germanic characters called runes.


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Kent, James (1763-1847), was an American legal authority.


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Kent, Rockwell (1882-1971), was an American artist and author.


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Kenton, Stan (1912-1979), was an American bandleader, pianist, and composer.


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Kentucky is one of the border states that lie between the North and the South of the United States.


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Kentucky, University of, is a coeducational state university in Lexington, Kentucky.


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Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions were declarations passed by the Kentucky and Virginia state legislatures.


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Kentucky coffeetree is a broadleaf tree of eastern North America.


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Kentucky Derby is the most famous horse race in the United States.


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Kentucky Lake is an artificially created lake in western Kentucky and Tennessee.


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Kenya, is a country on the east coast of Africa.


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Kenyatta, Jomo, (1890?-1978), was the first president of Kenya.


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Kepler, Johannes, (1571-1630), a German astronomer and mathematician, discovered three laws of planetary motion.


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Keratin, is a tough, insoluble protein found in the outer layer of the skin of human beings and many other animals.


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Kerensky, Alexander Feodorovich, (1881-1970), was an early leader in the Russian Revolution of 1917.


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Kermadec Islands are a group of rocky islands about 600 miles (965 kilometers) north of Auckland, New Zealand.


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Kern, Jerome (1885-1945), an American composer, wrote the music for many musical comedies and motion pictures.


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Kern, John Worth (1849-1917), was the Democratic candidate for vice president of the United States in 1908.


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Kerosene is an important petroleum product, used chiefly as fuel.


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Kerouac, Jack (1922-1969), was an American author and a leader of the beat movement of the 1950's and 1960's.


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Kerr, Sir John (1914-1991), was governor general of Australia from 1974 to 1977.


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Kerr's Hundredweight was a gold nugget found in 1851 at Meroo Creek, New South Wales, Australia.


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Kerry blue terrier is the national dog of Ireland.


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Kestrel, is the name of 13 species of small, brightly colored birds in the falcon family.


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Ketchikan, (pop. 7,922), is often called Alaska's First City or Gateway.


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Kettering, Charles Franklin (1876-1958), was an American engineer and inventor.


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Key is a musical term used to tell the tonal system in which a musical composition is written.


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Key, Francis Scott (1779-1843), was a well-known Washington lawyer and amateur verse writer.


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Key West, Florida (pop. 25,478), is the southernmost city in the continental United States.


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Keynes, John Maynard (1883-1946), was an influential British economist.


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KGB was, until 1991, a government agency of the Soviet Union.


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Khachaturian, Aram Ilich, (1903-1978), was an important Soviet composer.


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Khamenei, Ali, (1939-...), is the supreme leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran.


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Khan, is the word now used for mister in Afghanistan and other parts of central Asia.


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Kharkov, (pop. 1,618,000), is a machinery center in Ukraine.


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Khartoum, (pop. 476,218; met. area pop. 817,364), is the capital of Sudan.


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Khatami, Mohammad, (1943-...), was elected president of Iran in 1997 and won reelection in 2001.


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Khoikhoi, are a people of southern Africa.


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Khomeini, Ruhollah (1900?-1989), an Islamic religious leader, was the chief political figure of Iran from 1979 until his death in 1989.


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Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeyevich, (1894-1971), was the leader of the Soviet Union from 1958 to 1964.


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Khufu, was a king of ancient Egypt who lived about 2600 B.C.


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Khyber, Pass is one of the most famous mountain passes in the world.


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Kibbutz, (plural kibbutzim), is a form of Jewish community in Israel in which no one owns private property.


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Kickapoo Indians are a tribe who lived in the Great Lakes region of the United States before white settlers arrived there.


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Kickboxing is a form of martial art in which competitors can use their elbows, feet, hands, knees and shins to deliver blows.


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Kidd, William (1645?-1701), was a famous Scottish-born pirate and privateer.


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Kidman, Sir Sidney (1857-1935), was an Australian station (ranch) owner.


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Kidnapping is the act of seizing and holding a person against his or her will.


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Kidney is a complex organ in human beings and all other vertebrates.


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Kidney stone is a hard object that forms in the kidneys.


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Kiefer, Anselm, (1945-...), a German painter, is one of the most important artists to appear since the end of World War II in 1945.


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Kiel, Canal is a waterway that provides a short cut for ships sailing between the North Sea and the Baltic Sea.


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Kierkegaard, Soren Aabye, (1813-1855), a Danish philosopher and religious thinker, is considered one of the founders of existentialism.


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Kiev, (pop. 2,616,000), is the capital and largest city of Ukraine.


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Kigali, (pop. 156,650), is the capital and largest city of Rwanda.


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Kikuyu, are the largest ethnic group in Kenya, a nation in East Africa.


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Kilauea, is a volcano on the island of Hawaii.


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Kilimanjaro, is Africa's highest mountain.


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Killarney, (pop. 7,837), is a town in southwestern Ireland.


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Killdeer is a well-known plover (shore bird) that ranges from southern Canada to South America.


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Killer whale, also called orca, is a large marine mammal.


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Kilmer, Joyce (1886-1918), an American author, wrote many poems and essays, but is remembered for one short poem, "Trees."


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Kilogram, is the base unit of mass in the International System of Units (SI), the modern metric system.


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Kilohertz, is a unit used to measure the frequency of many kinds of vibrations and waves, such as radio and sound waves.


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Kilometer, is a unit of distance in the metric system.


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Kilowatt, is a unit of power in the metric system of measurement.


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Kim Il Sung, (1912-1994), headed the government of North Korea from 1948, when the country was established, until his death in 1994.


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Kim Jong Il, (1942-...), is the leader of North Korea.


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Kimberley, (pop. 80,082), a city in South Africa, is one of the world's major diamond centers.


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Kincaid, Jamaica (1949-...), is the pen name of Elaine Potter Richardson, a Caribbean writer known for her novels and stories about life on the Caribbean island of Antigua, where she was born.


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Kindergarten is the school grade before first grade.


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Kinesics, is the scientific study of the body movements involved in communication, especially as they accompany speech.


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King, Philip Gidley (1758-1808), was governor of New South Wales, Australia, from 1800 to 1806.


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King Country is an area covering about 10,000 square miles (25,900 square kilometers) in the central part of the North Island of New Zealand.


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King, B. B. (1925-...), is an American blues singer and guitarist. With his electric guitar named "Lucille," he developed the urban blues sound.


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King, Billie Jean (1943-...), an American tennis star, became one of the greatest women players in history.


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King, Coretta Scott (1927-...), is an African American supporter of civil rights and the widow of civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr.


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King, Karl (1891-1971), was an American bandmaster and composer.


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King, Martin Luther, Jr. (1929-1968), an African American Baptist minister, was the main leader of the civil rights movement in the United States during the 1950's and 1960's. He had a magnificent speaking ability, which enabled him to effectively express


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King, Rufus (1755-1827), was an American statesman and a signer of the Constitution of the United States.


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King, Stephen (1947-...), is a popular American author of horror fiction.


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King, Thomas Starr (1824-1864), was a Unitarian minister, humanitarian, and orator.


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King, William Lyon Mackenzie (1874-1950), served as prime minister of Canada three times between 1921 and 1948.


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King, William Rufus Devane (1786-1853), was elected vice president of the United States in 1852 to serve under President Franklin Pierce.


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King-Horn is the most important character in the first known English romance in verse, also named King-Horn.


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King Peak is one of the 10 highest mountains in North America.


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King Ranch is one of the largest privately owned ranches in the United States.


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Kingbird, also called bee martin, is a type of bird in the flycatcher family.


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Kingdom is the largest unit of biological classification.


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Kingfish is the name given to many different fishes.


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Kingfisher is the name of a large family of birds that have large heads and long, heavy, pointed bills.


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Kinglet is the name of several tiny songbirds found in the Northern Hemisphere.


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Kings, Books of, are two books in the Old Testament.


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Kings Canyon National Park is a scenic wilderness in east-central California.


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King's College, University of, was founded in Windsor, Nova Scotia, in 1789.


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Kingsbury, Bruce Steel (1918-1942), an Australian soldier, was awarded the Victoria Cross after his death in World War II (1939-1945).


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Kingsley, Charles (1819-1875), was a famous English author and clergyman.


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Kingsley, Mary Henrietta (1862-1900), was a British explorer, traveler, and pioneer social anthropologist.


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Kingsley, Sidney (1906-1995), was an American dramatist.


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Kingsnake is any one of a group of snakes, all of which prey on other snakes.


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Kingston (pop. 104,041; met. area pop. 524,638) is the capital and chief port of Jamaica, an island nation in the West Indies.


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Kingstown (pop. 18,830) is the capital and largest city of St. Vincent and the Grenadines.


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Kinkajou, is a member of the raccoon family that can hang from tree branches by its long tail.


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Kinnock, Neil Gordon (1942-...), served as leader of Britain's Labour Party from 1983 until 1992.


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Kino, Eusebio, Francisco (1645-1711), was a Roman Catholic priest and explorer who founded at least 24 missions in the area that is now southern Arizona and northern Mexico.


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Kinsey, Alfred Charles (1894-1956), an American biologist, was one of the first scientists to study human sexual behavior.


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Kinshasa, (pop. 2,222,981), is the capital and largest city of the Democratic Republic of Congo, also known as Congo (Kinshasa).


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Kiowa, Indians are a tribe that lives largely in Oklahoma and elsewhere in the Southwestern United States.


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Kipling, Rudyard, (1865-1936), was a leading English short-story writer, poet, and novelist.


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Kiribati, is a small country made up of 33 islands in the central Pacific Ocean.


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Kirilenko, Andrei Pavlovich, (1906-1990), was an official of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.


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Kiritimati, Atoll, also called Christmas Island, is one of the largest islands formed by coral in the Pacific Ocean.


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Kirkland, Lane (1922-1999), served as president of the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO) from 1979 to 1995.


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Kirkpatrick, Jeane Jordan (1926-...), served as U.S. ambassador to the United Nations (UN) from 1981 to 1985.


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Kirkwood, Samuel Jordan (1813-1894), a Republican, served as governor of Iowa and as a United States senator from that state.


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Kirlian, photography is the process of creating an image of an object by exposing the object to an electromagnetic field.


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Kirstein, Lincoln Edward (1907-1996), was an important figure in the history of American ballet.


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Kissinger, Henry Alfred (1923-...), served as secretary of state from 1973 to 1977.


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Kitaj, R. B. (1932-...), is an American painter who has worked for much of his career in England. Kitaj's work has been associated with the Pop Art movement.


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Kitchen Cabinet was a nickname the enemies of President Andrew Jackson gave to a group of his political advisers.


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Kitchen midden is a mound of garbage left behind by early inhabitants of an archaeological site.


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Kitchener, (pop. 178,420; met. area pop. 382,940), is a city in southern Ontario.


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Kitchener, Horatio Herbert (1850-1916), was a distinguished British soldier.


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Kite is a type of bird that preys on small animals.


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Kite is an object that is flown in the air at the end of a line.


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Kitimat, British Columbia (pop. 11,136), is a community that was carved out of low, wooded land at the head of Douglas Channel on the North Pacific Coast.


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Kittiwake, is a gull that gets its name from its mournful cry.


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Kiwanis, International is an organization of local clubs of business and professional men and women who are interested in community service.


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Kiwi, is a New Zealand bird that cannot fly.


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Kiwi, fruit is a berry with a brown, fuzzy skin and is similar in size and shape to an egg.


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Klaipeda, (pop. 191,000), is the third largest city in Lithuania.


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Klamath, Indians are a tribe of southwestern Oregon.


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Klammer, Franz (1953-...), an Austrian skier, was one of the greatest downhill skiers in the history of the sport.


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Klee, Paul (1879-1940), ranks among the greatest and most original masters of modern painting.


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Klein, A. M. (1909-1972), was a Canadian poet, novelist, short-story writer, and journalist. His Jewish heritage formed a key element in most of his writings.


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Klein, Calvin (1942-...), is an American fashion designer famous for his stylish yet casual designs aimed at the active woman.


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Klein, Lawrence Robert (1920-...), an American economist, won the 1980 Nobel Prize in economics.


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Kleist, Heinrich von, (1777-1811), was a German writer.


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Klemperer, Otto (1885-1973), was a famous conductor of opera and of symphony orchestras.


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Kleptomania, is a recurrent failure to resist the impulse to steal things.


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Klimt, Gustav (1862-1918), was an Austrian artist.


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Kline, Franz (1910-1962), was an American abstract expressionist artist noted for his large, starkly simple, black-and-white paintings.


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Klondike is a region in the Yukon Territory of northwestern Canada, where one of the world's greatest gold rushes took place.


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Knee is the joint where the thighbone meets the large bone of the lower leg.


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Kneller, Sir Godfrey (1646-1723), was a German-born painter famous for his portraits of the monarchs of Europe and of other important people of his time.


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Knife is a cutting instrument used as an eating utensil, a tool, or a weapon.


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Knight, Bob (1940-...), ranks among the most successful coaches in college basketball history.


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Knight, Eric (1897-1943), was an English-born author.


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Knighthood, Orders of. Knights of the Middle Ages banded themselves together in groups called orders.


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Knights and knighthood. The word knight comes from the Old English word cnight, which means a household retainer.


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Knights Hospitallers were members of the Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem, a religious and military order.


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Knights of Columbus (K. of C.) is an international organization of Roman Catholic men and their families. It was founded in 1882 by Michael J. McGivney, a Roman Catholic priest.


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Knights of Labor was one of the most important early labor organizations in America.


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Knights of Pythias, is a fraternal order to which members of any religion may belong.


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Knights of Saint John is a fraternal organization of Roman Catholics founded in New York in 1886.


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Knights Templars were members of a religious military order of Christian knighthood.


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Knitting is a method of making fabric by looping yarns around each other using one or more knitting needles.


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Knitting machine is a device that makes fabric by forming loops in yarn and linking them to one another by means of needles.


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Knopf, Alfred A. (1892-1984), was a leading American book publisher. Knopf published the work of hundreds of the most important authors of the 1900's, including 16 winners of the Nobel Prize for literature.


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Knossos, also spelled Cnossus, was the chief center of the Minoan civilization, which flourished on Crete and some Aegean Sea islands from about 3000 to 1150 B.C.


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Knot is a unit of speed used for ships and aircraft.


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Knots, hitches, and splices are methods used to tie ropes or to fasten them together.


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Knotweed is the name of a large group of weeds found in the northern part of the United States and in Canada.


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Know-Nothings were members of certain secret societies that flourished in the United States from 1852 to 1860.


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Knox, Frank (1874-1944), was a prominent American politician and publisher.


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Knox, Henry (1750-1806), was an American Revolutionary War general and the nation's first secretary of war.


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Knox, John (1514?-1572), led the Protestant Reformation in Scotland.


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Knoxville, (pop. 173,890; met. area pop. 687,249), is one of the largest cities in Tennessee.


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Koala, is an Australian mammal that looks like a teddy bear.


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Kobe, (pop. 1,477,410), is one of the most important seaports of Japan.


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Kobuk, Valley National Park is in northwestern Alaska.


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Koch, Robert (1843-1910), a German physician, played a key role in helping bacteriology develop as a science during the 1800's.


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Kodaly, Zoltan, (1882-1967), was a Hungarian composer, music historian, and educator.


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Koestler, Arthur (1905-1983), was a Hungarian-born novelist and essayist.


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Kofun era was the time in Japanese history from about A.D. 300 to 710.


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Koki is an important local market in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea.


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Kohl, Helmut, (1930-...), was chancellor of reunified Germany from 1990 to 1998.


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Kohler, Wolfgang (1887-1967), a psychologist, contributed to the development of Gestalt psychology.


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Kohlrabi, is a garden vegetable grown for its large, edible stem.


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Kokoda Trail is a footpath across the Owen Stanley Ranges in Papua New Guinea.


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Kokoschka, Oskar (1886-1980), was an Austrian painter associated with the expressionist movement.


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Kola nut, also spelled cola, is the seed of several types of evergreen trees that are native to West Africa.


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Kollwitz, Kathe, (1867-1945), was a German printmaker and sculptor who became known for her social protest themes.


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Komodo, dragon is the largest living lizard.


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Komondor, is a breed of dog that was raised for centuries to guard livestock on the Hungarian plains.


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Kongo, was an African kingdom that lasted from the 1400's to the early 1700's.


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Konigsburg, Elaine (1930-...), is an American children's author and illustrator.


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Kookaburra, is the name of a group of woodland kingfishers that live in Australia and New Guinea.


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Koontz, Dean (1945-...), is one of the most popular and productive American authors of suspense fiction.


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Koppel, Ted (1940-...), an English-born newsman, ranks among the most respected journalists in American television.


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Korea is a land in eastern Asia that consists of two states.


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Korean War was the first war in which a world organization, the United Nations (UN), played a military role.


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Korean War Veterans Memorial is a monument in Washington, D.C., that honors Americans who served in the Korean War (1950-1953).


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Kosciuszko, Tadeusz, (1746-1817), was a Polish patriot who fought for the independence of the United States and Poland.


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Kosher, also spelled kasher pronounced KAH shuhr, is a Hebrew word that means fit or proper.


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Kosice, (pop. 237,206), is the chief industrial center of Slovakia.


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Kosovo, also spelled Kosova, is a province in southern Serbia, one of the republics of Yugoslavia.


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Kossuth, Lajos, (1802-1894), a Hungarian national hero, led the unsuccessful Hungarian rebellion of 1848-1849.


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Kosygin, Aleksei Nikolaevich, (1904-1980), was premier of the Soviet Union from 1964 to 1980.


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Koufax, Sandy (1935-...), became one of the greatest pitchers in the history of baseball.


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Kouprey, is a type of wild cattle that lives in Cambodia, in Southeast Asia.


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Koussevitzky, Serge, (1874-1951), was a Russian-born symphony orchestra conductor.


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Krakatau, is a volcano that lies in the Sunda Strait of Indonesia, between the islands of Sumatra and Java.


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Krakow, (pop. 751,300), is a city that lies on the Vistula River in south-central Poland.


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Krebs, Sir Hans Adolf (1900-1981), a German biochemist working in England, shared the 1953 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine.


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Krebs, cycle is a series of chemical reactions through which tissues use carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to produce energy.


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Kreisler, Fritz (1875-1962), ranks as one of the best-loved violinists of all time.


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Kremlin, is a fortified enclosure within a Russian city.


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Kreps, Juanita Morris (1921-...), a labor economist, served as secretary of commerce from 1977 to 1979 under President Jimmy Carter.


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Krill are small, shrimplike animals that live in oceans throughout the world.


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Krishna is one of the most popular Hindu gods, worshiped throughout India.


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Kristallnacht, is a name given to the night of Nov. 9-10, 1938, when Nazis attacked Jews and destroyed Jewish businesses and synagogues throughout Germany and Austria.


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Krona is a standard coin of Iceland and Sweden.


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Kruger, Paulus (1825-1904), was a South African statesman and soldier.


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Kruger National Park in South Africa is one of the largest national parks in the world.


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Krupa, Gene (1909-1973), was the first jazz musician to popularize the drum as a solo instrument.


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Krupp was the name of one of Germany's leading industrial families.


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Krupskaya, Nadezhda Konstantinovna, (1869-1939), was a Russian revolutionary leader and the wife of V. I. Lenin.


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Krypton, is a chemical element that makes up only about one-millionth of the earth's atmosphere.


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Ku Klux Klan, is a group of white secret societies who oppose the advancement of blacks, Jews, and other minority groups.


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Kuala Lumpur, (pop. 1,145,342), is the capital and largest city of Malaysia.


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Kublai Khan, (1216-1294), the grandson of Genghis Khan, founded the Mongol, or Yuan, dynasty that ruled China from 1279 to 1368.


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Kubrick, Stanley (1928-1999), was an American motion-picture director.


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Kuchma, Leonid Danylovich, (1938-...), was elected president of Ukraine in 1994.


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Kudzu, is a fast-growing climbing vine common in the southern part of the United States.


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Kukui, also called candlenut, is the state tree of Hawaii.


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Kumquat, is a citrus fruit related to the mandarin.


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Kurds are a people of a mountainous region of southwest Asia.


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Kuril, Islands is a chain of islands that stretches 775 miles (1,247 kilometers) from the Kamchatka Peninsula of Russia to Hokkaido Island of Japan.


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Kurosawa, Akira, (1910-1998), became the first Japanese motion-picture director to gain worldwide fame.


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Kuroshio is a warm, dark-colored current in the western Pacific Ocean.


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Kush, also spelled Cush, was a kingdom along the Nile River in what is now northeastern Sudan.


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Kushan, Empire flourished in what is now Pakistan, Afghanistan, and northern India from about A.D. 50 to the mid-200's.


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Kutenai, Indians, also spelled Kootenai, formed a tribe in what is now southeastern British Columbia, northwestern Montana, and northern Idaho.


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Kuwait, is a small Arab country in southwestern Asia, at the north end of the Persian Gulf.


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Kuwait, (pop. 44,335), is the capital and chief port of the country of Kuwait.


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Kuznets, Simon (1901-1985), was an American economist who won the 1971 Nobel Prize in economics.


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Kwakiutl, Indians live on the northwest coast of North America.


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Kwanzaa, is an Afro-American holiday based on the traditional African festival of the harvest of the first crops.


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Kwashiorkor, is a disease caused by a severe lack of complete protein.


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Kyanite, is a pale-blue mineral commonly found in metamorphic rocks (see Metamorphic rock).


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Kyd, Thomas (1558-1594), was an English playwright who greatly influenced the development of Elizabethan drama.


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Kyoto, (pop. 1,461,103), is one of Japan's largest cities.


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Kyrgyzstan, is a mountainous country in central Asia.


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Kyzylkum, is a desert that lies in southern Kazakhstan and northern Uzbekistan in central Asia.


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Labor, Department of, is an executive department of the United States government that works to promote the welfare of wage earners.


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Labor Day is a holiday honoring working people.


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Labor force is the segment of a nation's population that works for pay or is actively seeking work.


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Labor movement is a term that refers to the efforts of workers as a group to improve their economic position.


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Labor Statistics, Bureau of (BLS), is an agency of the United States Department of Labor.


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Laboratory is a place equipped with apparatus for conducting experiments, investigations, and learning activities.


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Laboratory school is a school used for the observation and study of children, and for the evaluation of teaching methods.


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Laborers' International Union of North America, formerly called the Hod Carriers' Union, is a trade union affiliated with the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations.


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Labour Party is one of the two main political parties in the United Kingdom.


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Labrador is a large peninsula in northeastern Canada.


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Labrador Current is a cold ocean current that rises in the Arctic Ocean.


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Labrador retriever is a very popular breed of dog trained to bring back game that has been shot.


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Labrador tea is the name of five kinds of small evergreen plants in the heath family.


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La Brea, tar pits are one of the world's richest known sources of ice age fossils.


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La Bruyere, Jean de, (1645-1696), was a French satirist.


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Labuan, is an island in Brunei Bay off the coast of Sabah.


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Laburnum, is a small tree with bright yellow blossoms.


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Labyrinth, was a place with many confusing paths and passageways.


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Lac is a sticky substance given off by a kind of scale insect.


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Laccadive, Islands are a group of tiny coral islands off the southwestern coast of India.


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Lace is a decorative fabric that consists of an open, netlike pattern of threads.


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La Ceiba, (pop. 61,900), a chief Caribbean port of Honduras, lies 115 miles (185 kilometers) north of Tegucigalpa.


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Lacewing is an insect with thin and delicate wings.


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Lackland Air Force Base, Texas, provides six weeks of basic training for all men and women who enlist in the United States Air Force.


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Lacquer is a shiny, protective film used on metals, woods, and porcelain.


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Lacquerware is a decorative object made by coating an article, such as a box, dish, tray, or vase, with many layers of varnish.


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La Crosse, Wisconsin (pop. 51,818; met. area pop. 126,838), is a manufacturing and trading center at the junction of the La Crosse, Black, and Mississippi rivers in the southwestern part of the state.


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Lacrosse, is a fast team sport played with a ball and sticks with net pockets.


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Lactation, is the giving of milk by mammals.


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Lactic, acid is the common organic acid found in milk and other dairy foods that have turned "sour."


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Ladewig, Marion (1914-...), is recognized as the greatest woman bowler of all time.


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Lady is a member of the nobility or the wife of a nobleman.


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Ladybug, also called ladybird or lady beetle, is a small beetle with a round body shaped like half a pea.


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Lady's-slipper, also called moccasin flower, is any one of several showy wild flowers of the orchid family.


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Laennec, Rene Theophile Hyacinthe, (1781-1826), a French physician and surgeon, invented the stethoscope in 1816.


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Laetrile, is a drug that was popular in the 1970's as a treatment for cancer.


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La Farge, John (1835-1910), was an American painter.


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La Farge, Oliver (1901-1963), was an American author and anthropologist.


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La Fayette, Madame de (1634-1693), was a French novelist.


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Lafayette, Marquis de (1757-1834), was a French soldier and statesman.


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Laffite, Jean, (1780?-1826?), also spelled Lafitte, was a New Orleans smuggler, pirate, and patriot.


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La Follette, is the name of an American family that was prominent in politics and social reform.


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La Fontaine, Jean de, (1621-1695), a French poet, is famous for his Fables (1668-1694).


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LaFontaine, Sir Louis Hippolyte, (1807-1864), was a French-Canadian political leader.


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Lagerfeld, Karl (1938-...), is an important German-born fashion designer.


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Lagerkvist, Par Fabian, (1891-1974), a Swedish novelist, playwright, and poet, won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1951.


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Lagerlof, Selma (1858-1940), a Swedish writer, won the 1909 Nobel Prize for literature.


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Lagoon is a shallow body of water that is separated from the open sea.


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Lagos, (pop. 1,097,000), is the chief commercial center of Nigeria.


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Lagrange, Joseph-Louis (1736-1813), was a French mathematician.


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La Guaira, (pop. 26,154), is Venezuela's main port.


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La Guardia, Fiorello Henry (1882-1947), gained national fame as the mayor of New York City from 1934 to 1945.


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La Guardia, Airport, on Flushing Bay in Queens County, New York, serves the New York City metropolitan area.


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Lahore, (pop. 2,952,689), is the second largest city in Pakistan.


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Laird, Melvin Robert (1922-...), served as secretary of defense under President Richard M. Nixon from January 1969 to January 1973.


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Laissez faire, is a theory of economic policy which states that government generally should not interfere with decisions made in an open, competitive market.


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Lake is a body of water surrounded by land.


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Lake is a coloring substance that will not wash out.


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Lake Agassiz, was the largest glacial lake in North America.


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Lake Albano, lies in the crater of an extinct volcano in west-central Italy.


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Lake Albert, also called Albert Nyanza, is one of the sources of the Nile River.


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Lake Athabasca, is the fourth largest lake entirely within Canada's borders.


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Lake Baikal, also spelled Lake Baykal, is the deepest lake in the world.


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Lake Balkhash, is a large lake in the southeastern part of Kazakhstan.


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Lake Bangweulu, is a shallow depression about 50 miles (80 kilometers) long and 30 miles (48 kilometers) wide in northern Zambia (formerly Northern Rhodesia).


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Lake Chad is a large lake in north-central Africa.


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Lake Champlain, is a long, narrow lake on the border between New York and Vermont, with its northern tip extending into Quebec.


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Lake Charles (pop. 71,757; met. area pop. 183,577) is an industrial and shipping center in southwestern Louisiana.


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Lake Clark National Park is in southern Alaska, across Cook Inlet from Anchorage.


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Lake Como is one of the most beautiful sites in Europe.


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Lake Constance, called Bodensee in German, lies in a basin of the upper Rhine River Valley at the eastern end of the Swiss Plateau, where the borders of Germany, Switzerland, and Austria meet.


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Lake dwelling. Early peoples in Europe sometimes built dwelling places in lakes or at the edges of lakes or creeks.


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Lake Edward is one of the sources of the Nile River.


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Lake Erie, on the border between the United States and Canada, is the farthest south of the five Great Lakes of North America (see Great Lakes).


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Lake Eyre, is a large, shallow body of salt water in South Australia.


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Lake Forest College is a private, coeducational liberal arts college in Lake Forest, Ill.


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Lake Geneva, is one of the largest lakes in central Europe.


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Lake Huron, is one of the five Great Lakes of North America.


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Lake Ilmen, is a freshwater lake in the northwestern part of Russia.


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Lake Itasca, is the source of the Mississippi River.


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Lake Ladoga, in northwestern Russia, is the largest lake located entirely in Europe.


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Lake Louise, located in Banff National Park in southern Alberta, is called Pearl of the Canadian Rockies.


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Lake Lugano, lies in the southern foothills of the Alps.


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Lake Maggiore, lies northwest of Milan, Italy, in the foothills of the Alps.


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Lake Manitoba, lies in the south-central part of Manitoba.


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Lake Maracaibo, is the trade waterway of the farming and rich petroleum region of northwestern Venezuela.


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Lake Mead is the reservoir behind Hoover (Boulder) Dam.


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Lake Michigan is the largest body of fresh water in the United States.


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Lake Nasser was formed when waters of the Nile River were blocked by the Aswan High Dam in Egypt.


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Lake Nemi, lies about 15 miles (24 kilometers) southeast of Rome.


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Lake Nicaragua, lies in western Nicaragua, about 12 miles (19 kilometers) east of the Pacific Ocean and 70 miles (113 kilometers) west of the Caribbean Sea.


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Lake Nyasa, is the southernmost of a chain of large freshwater lakes in the Great Rift Valley of eastern Africa.


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Lake of Lucerne, lies in central Switzerland.


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Lake O' The Cherokees, is an artificially created lake in northeastern Oklahoma.


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Lake of the Ozarks, was formed by the completion of the Bagnell Dam on the Osage River in 1931.


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Lake of the Woods lies on the boundary between Canada and the United States.


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Lake of Thun, lies 1,830 feet (558 meters) above sea level in the Bernese Alps in central Switzerland.


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Lake Okeechobee, is the largest lake in the Southern United States.


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Lake Onega, is one of the largest lakes in Europe.


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Lake Ontario is the smallest and most eastern of the five Great Lakes.


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Lake Ouachita, is an artificially created lake near Hot Springs, Ark.


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Lake Peipus, lies on the border between Estonia and Russia.


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Lake Placid, is one of the small, beautiful lakes in the Adirondack Mountains of Essex County, New York.


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Lake Poets were William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Robert Southey.


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Lake Pontchartrain, is a beautiful lake of brackish water in southeastern Louisiana.


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Lake Powell is one of the largest artificially created lakes in the world.


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Lake Saint Clair, together with the St. Clair River on the north and the Detroit River on the south, forms a waterway connecting Lakes Huron and Erie.


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Lake Superior, one of the five Great Lakes of North America, is the largest body of fresh water in the world.


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Lake Tahoe, is a beautiful, oval-shaped, glacial lake that lies in a valley of the Sierra Nevada on the California-Nevada border.


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Lake Tana, also called Tsana pronounced TSAH nah lies in northwestern Ethiopia.


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Lake Tanganyika, in east-central Africa, is the world's longest freshwater lake and the second deepest.


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Lake Texoma is one of the largest artificially created lakes in the United States.


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Lake Titicaca, is the highest navigable lake in the world.


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Lake Torrens, is a shallow body of salt water in South Australia.


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Lake Turkana, is a long, narrow lake in east-central Africa.


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Lake Victoria, or, in Bantu, Victoria Nyanza, is the largest lake in Africa and the second largest freshwater lake in the world.


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Lake Volta, in central Ghana, is one of the world's largest artificially created lakes.


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Lake Winnebago, the largest lake in Wisconsin, covers 215 square miles (557 square kilometers) in the east-central part of the state.


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Lake Winnipeg, in south-central Manitoba, is the third largest lake lying entirely within Canada.


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Lake Winnipegosis, lies in the lowlands of southern Manitoba.


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Lake Xochimilco, was one of four lakes that filled the Valley of Mexico at the time of the Spanish conquest in 1521.


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Lakeland terrier is a breed of dog that originated in the 1800's in the Lake District of northern England.


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Lakes of Killarney, are three famous lakes of great beauty in County Kerry, in southwestern Ireland.


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La Leche League International, is an organization of women who offer information and encouragement to mothers who want to breast-feed their babies.


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Lalo, Edouard, (1823-1892), was a French composer.


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Lamaism, is a form of Buddhism practiced in Tibet and Mongolia.


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Lamar, Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus, (1825-1893), a Mississippi statesman and politician, worked for good feeling between the North and the South after the Civil War.


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Lamarck, Chevalier de, (1744-1829), was a French biologist and botanist.


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Lamartine, Alphonse de, (1790-1869), was a French writer and statesman.


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Lamb is meat obtained from sheep that are less than 1 year old.


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Lamb, Charles (1775-1834), was an English author.


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Lamb, Willis Eugene, Jr. (1913-...), an American atomic physicist, shared the 1955 Nobel Prize with Polykarp Kusch. Working independently, they discovered slight deviations from the Dirac theory on the behavior of the hydrogen atom (see Dirac, Paul Adrien


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Lamb's-quarters is a tall weed related to beets and spinach.


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Lame Duck Amendment is a popular name for Amendment 20 to the United States Constitution.


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Lamentations is a book of the Hebrew Bible, or Old Testament, that mourns the destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple in 587 or 586 B.C.


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Lamer, Antonio (1933-...), was chief justice of the Supreme Court of Canada from 1990 to 2000.


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Laminating, is a process of permanently bonding together two or more pieces of wood or other materials with glues, pressure, and sometimes heat.


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Lammergeier, is one of the largest vultures of the mountain regions of Africa, Asia, and Europe.


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L'Amour, Louis, (1908-1988), was a popular American author known for his exciting novels about Western frontier life in America.


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Lamp is any device made to produce light.


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Lampman, Archibald (1861-1899), was one of the leading Canadian poets of the late 1800's.


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Lamprey, is a fish with a long eellike body.


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Lancaster was the name of a branch of the Plantagenet royal family that ruled England from 1399 to 1461.


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Lancaster, Pennsylvania (pop. 56,348; met. area pop. 470,658), is the commercial center of Lancaster County, one of the richest farming regions in the United States and a popular tourist area.


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Lancelot, Sir, was a great knight in medieval legends of King Arthur's Round Table and the central figure in several romances.


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Lancewood is a tough, heavy wood used for such objects as archery bows, fishing rods, and tool handles.


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Land, Edwin Herbert (1909-1991), an American inventor, scientist, and business executive, invented the Polaroid Land camera, the first instant camera.


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Land-grant university is a school endowed under the Morrill, or Land-Grant, Act of 1862.


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Land Management, Bureau of, is a United States government agency that administers about 270 million acres (110 million hectares) of public land.


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Land reform is the breakup of large landholdings and the redistribution of the land to farmers who have little land or none.


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Landers, Ann (1918-...), is the pen name of Esther Lederer, who writes a popular newspaper column that gives advice and information to readers.


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Landes, Bertha Knight (1868-1943), was the first woman mayor of a major United States city.


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Landis, Kenesaw, Mountain (1866-1944), an American judge, served as the first commissioner of professional baseball.


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Landon, Alfred Mossman (1887-1987), was the Republican candidate for President in 1936.


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Landowska, Wanda (1879-1959), was a Polish pianist, composer, and harpsichordist.


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Land's End, a cape in Cornwall, is the westernmost point of land in England.


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Landscape architecture is a profession that involves the design and development of land for human use and enjoyment.


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Landslide, in geology, is a mass of earth or rocks that slides down a slope.


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Landsteiner, Karl (1868-1943), won the 1930 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine for his discovery of the main types of human blood--A, B, AB, and O. This discovery made safe blood transfusions possible for the first time.


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Lanfranc, (1005?-1089), was an important medieval teacher and scholar.


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Lang, Andrew (1844-1912), was a Scottish scholar and author.


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Lang, Fritz (1890?-1976), was a motion-picture director who made classic horror and suspense films in both Germany and the United States.


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Langdon, John (1741-1819), was a New Hampshire signer of the Constitution of the United States.


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Lange, David Russell (1942-...), served as prime minister of New Zealand from 1984 until 1989, when he resigned from office.


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Lange, Dorothea, (1895-1965), was an American photographer known for her pictures of migratory farmworkers of the 1930's.


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Langland, William (1330?-1400?), wrote Piers Plowman, a great English poem of the Middle Ages.


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Langley, Samuel Pierpont (1834-1906), was an American astronomer, physicist, and pioneer in aeronautics.


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Langley Air Force Base, Virginia, is the headquarters of the Air Combat Command (ACC) of the United States Air Force.


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Langton, Stephen Cardinal (1165?-1228), one of England's greatest archbishops of Canterbury, was a famous theologian, Biblical scholar, and statesman.


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Langtry, Lillie (1853-1929), was an English actress.


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Language is human speech, either spoken or written.


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Language arts is a term used in American elementary and secondary education to refer to training in reading, writing, and speaking, as distinguished from training in literary appreciation and scholarship.


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Langur, is any of about 15 species of monkeys that live throughout India and most of Southeast Asia.


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Lanier, Sidney (1842-1881), was an American poet.


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Lankester, Sir Edwin Ray (1847-1929), a British zoologist, did extensive research in comparative anatomy and embryology.


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Lanolin, is a substance obtained from the greasy coating found on sheep's wool.


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Lansdowne, Marquess, of (1845-1927), was a British colonial administrator who served as governor general of Canada from 1883 to 1888.


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Lansing (pop. 119,128) is the capital of Michigan and an automobile-manufacturing city.


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Lansing, Robert (1864-1928), served as United States secretary of state under President Woodrow Wilson from 1915 to 1920.


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Lanternfish is the name of a large group of small fish with pearllike organs that give off light.


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Lanthanum, is a soft, silvery-white metallic element.


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Lanzhou, (pop. 1,617,761), also spelled Lan-chou, is the capital of Gansu Province in north-central China.


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Laocoon, a Trojan priest, warned his people against the Greeks at Troy.


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Laos, is a landlocked country in Southeast Asia.


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Laozi, according to legends, wrote the Laozi, one of the basic books of the Chinese philosophy called Taoism, also spelled Daoism.


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Laparoscopy, is a surgical technique used to examine organs and to detect and treat certain diseases within the abdomen.


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La Paz, (pop. 976,800), is the largest city and chief commercial center of Bolivia.


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La Perouse, Jean Francois, (1741-1788), was a French navigator who sailed into Botany Bay, Australia, only six days after Arthur Phillip arrived in the bay with the First Fleet to establish a colony there (see Phillip, Arthur).


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Lapidary is the cutting and polishing of colored stones.


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Lapis lazuli, is a beautiful azure-blue stone used as an ornament.


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Laplace, Marquis de, (1749-1827), a French astronomer and mathematician, became famous for his theory regarding the origin of the solar system.


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Lapland is located in the extreme northern part of Europe, above the Arctic Circle.


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Lapwing is a crested bird that lives in western Europe and the British Isles.


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Laramie, (pop. 27,204), is the third largest city in Wyoming.


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Laramie, Jacques, (?-1821?), was an American fur trapper who explored southeastern Wyoming.


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Larceny, is the crime of stealing a person's money or other personal property.


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Larch is a tree that belongs to the pine family.


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Lard is a solid or semisolid fat obtained by melting the fatty tissues of hogs.


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Lardner, Ring (1885-1933), was an American journalist who achieved fame as the author of satirical short stories.


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Laredo, Texas (pop. 176,576; met. area pop. 193,117), on the Pan American Highway, is the chief port of entry on the United States-Mexico border.


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Lares and penates, were patron spirits of the home in the religion of ancient Rome.


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Lark is a type of small songbird found mainly in Europe, Asia, and Africa.


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Larkspur is the common name for a group of flowering plants that belong to the crowfoot family.


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La Rochefoucauld, Duc de (1613-1680), was a French writer famous for his Maxims (1665).


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La Rochelle, (pop. 73,744), is a city on the west coast of France that is famous for its historical religious importance.


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Larrazolo, Octaviano Ambrosio, (1859-1930), was the first Hispanic American to serve in the United States Senate.


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Larson, Gary (1950-...), an American cartoonist, became famous for his single-panel cartoon called "The Far Side."


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Larva, is an active, immature stage of an animal.


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Laryngitis, is an inflammation of the tissues of the larynx, or voice box.


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Larynx, is a section of the air passage in the throat.


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La Salle, Sieur de (1643-1687), was a French explorer.


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Las Casas, Bartolome de, (1474-1566), was an early Spanish missionary to Hispaniola, an island in the West Indies.


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Las Cruces, New Mexico (pop. 74,267; met. area pop. 174,682), is the trading center for the rich farmlands of the Mesilla Valley.


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Laser, is a device that produces a very powerful beam of light.


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Laski, Harold Joseph (1893-1950), a British political scientist, achieved fame as an educator and as a leader of the Labour Party.


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Lassen Peak (10,457 feet, or 3,187 meters) is a volcano in northern California, at the southern end of the Cascade Mountains.


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Lassen Volcanic National Park is located in northeastern California.


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Lasso, Orlando di (1532-1594), was a Flemish composer during the Renaissance.


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Las Vegas is the largest city in Nevada and one of the most popular tourist destinations in the United States.


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Latakia, (pop. 234,000), is one of the largest cities and leading trading centers of Syria.


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Latex, is a milky substance that serves as the source of natural rubber.


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Lathrop, Julia Clifford (1858-1932), was the first chief of the Children's Bureau of the United States Department of Labor.


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Latimer, Hugh (1485?-1555), was a leader of the English Reformation, a movement to establish Protestantism in England.


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Latimer, Lewis Howard (1848-1928), was an African American inventor and draftsman.


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Latin America is a large region that covers all the territory in the Western Hemisphere south of the United States.


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Latin-American literature consists of the literature of the Spanish-speaking countries of the Western Hemisphere, of Puerto Rico, and of Portuguese-speaking Brazil.


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Latin language was the principal language of western Europe for hundreds of years.


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Latin literature includes the essays, histories, poems, plays, and other writings of the ancient Romans.


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Latitude, describes the position of a point on the earth's surface in relation to the equator.


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Latium, was an area in the central part of ancient Italy.


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Latrobe, Benjamin Henry (1764-1820), was the first important professionally trained architect to practice in the United States.


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Latvia, is a country on the Baltic Sea in northeastern Europe.


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Laud, William (1573-1645), was the dominant figure in the Church of England during the disputes that led to the English Civil War (1642-1649).


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Laughton, Charles (1899-1962), was an English-born actor who won fame for his strong character roles.


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Launfal, Sir, was a knight of King Arthur's Round Table in British legend.


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Laura Ingalls Wilder Award is presented to an author or illustrator who has made "a lasting and substantial contribution" to children's literature.


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Laurel is a family of trees and shrubs that grow mostly in tropical and subtropical areas.


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Laurel and Hardy were the most popular comedy team in American motion-picture history.


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Lauren, Ralph (1939-...), is an American fashion designer who created a vast retailing network and successful marketing program to sell his designs.


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Laurence, Margaret (1926-1987), was a Canadian author.


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Laurencin, Marie (1885-1956), was a French painter and designer.


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Laurier, Sir Wilfrid (1841-1919), was the first French Canadian to become prime minister of Canada.


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Lausanne, (pop. 128,112; met. area pop. 294,604), is a city in western Switzerland, on the north shore of Lake Geneva.


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Lava is molten rock that pours out of volcanoes or from cracks in the earth.


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Lava Beds National Monument is in northern California.


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Laval, (pop. 330,393), is one of the largest cities in Quebec.


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Laval, Pierre (1883-1945), was a French politician who collaborated with the Germans during World War II.


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Laval de Montmorency, Francois Xavier de, (1623-1708), was the first Roman Catholic bishop of the city of Quebec.


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Laval, University, also called Universite Laval, is a coeducational school in Ste.-Foy, Quebec.


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Lavender is the name of about 20 species of small bushes that bear fragrant flowers and leaves.


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Lavender Pit, one of the world's largest open-pit copper mines, is located at Bisbee, Ariz.


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Laver, Rod (1938-...), became one of the leading tennis players of all time.


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Laveran, Charles Louis Alphonse (1845-1922), a French physician, discovered the parasite that causes malaria.


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La Verendrye, Sieur de (1685-1749), Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, was a French-Canadian fur trader and explorer.


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Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent (1743-1794), was a French chemist.


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Law is the set of enforced rules under which a society is governed.


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Law, Andrew Bonar (1858-1923), a British statesman, served as prime minister from 1922 to 1923.


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Law, Bernard Francis Cardinal (1931-...), was appointed a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church by Pope John Paul II in 1985.


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Law, John (1671-1729), a Scottish financier and gambler, tried to revive the French economy by opening a bank in 1716 to issue paper money.


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Law Day U.S.A. is celebrated throughout the United States on May 1 to emphasize the importance of law in American life. The American Bar Association and state and local bar associations sponsor Law Day U.S.A. Many schools, courts, churches, and organizati


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Law enforcement is the means by which a community, state, or country keeps order.


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Law of the Sea Convention is an international agreement that establishes nations' rights and obligations regarding the ocean.


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Lawless, Theodore Kenneth (1892-1971), a black American physician, became known for his work in the field of dermatology.


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Lawn is an area or plot of ground that has a thick covering of closely cut grass.


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Lawn bowling is a game in which the players roll wooden or plastic balls at a smaller target ball.


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Lawrence, D. H. (1885-1930), was an English writer known chiefly for his novels. His fiction shows deep concern for the complicated, often tortured relationships between men and women.


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Lawrence, Ernest Orlando (1901-1958), an American physicist, won the Nobel Prize in physics in 1939 for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it.


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Lawrence, Jacob (1917-2000), was an important African American painter.


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Lawrence, James (1781-1813), a United States naval officer, commanded the Chesapeake in an attack on the British ship Shannon during the War of 1812.


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Lawrence, T. E. (1888-1935), a British soldier and writer, became world famous as Lawrence of Arabia. He was one of the most adventurous personalities of World War I (1914-1918).


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Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, in Berkeley, California, is a leading center of research in basic energy and life sciences.


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Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, in Livermore, California, is a research facility involved primarily in developing national security systems for the United States.


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Lawrencium is an artificially produced radioactive element.


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Lawson, Ernest (1873-1939), was an American painter.


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Lawson, Robert (1892-1957), was an American author and illustrator of children's books.


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Lawyer is a man or a woman licensed to represent people in a court of law or to counsel them on matters of law.


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Laxative is a medicine that speeds the emptying of the bowels (intestines).


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Layton, Irving (1912-...), is a Canadian poet.


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Lazarus, in the account of John 11, was the brother of Mary and Martha of Bethany.


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Lazarus, Emma (1849-1887), was an American poet.


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Lazear, Jesse William (1866-1900), an American physician, became known for his work in controlling yellow fever.


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Leacock, Stephen Butler (1869-1944), is the most popular humorist in Canadian literature.


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Lead, a heavy, bluish-gray element, was one of the first metals used by human beings.


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Lead, South Dakota (pop. 3,027), is the site of the Homestake mine, one of the largest gold mines in the United States.


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Lead poisoning is an illness caused by excess lead in the body.


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Leadville, Colorado (pop. 2,821), is often called Cloud City because it is the highest incorporated city in the United States.


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Leaf is the main food-making part of almost all plants.


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Leaf insect is an insect that looks much like a green leaf or a twig.


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Leafhopper is one of a large group of small, slender insects that feed on plants.


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Leafminer is a tiny beetle, moth, fly, or wasp which, in the larval stage, tunnels between the upper and lower surfaces of leaves.


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League is a measure of length in the inch-pound system of units customarily used in the United States.


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League of Nations was an international association of countries created to maintain peace among the nations of the world.


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League of United Latin American Citizens is an organization of Spanish-speaking peoples in the United States.


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League of Women Voters is a nonpartisan organization in the United States that promotes informed, active public participation in government.


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Leakey, Louis Seymour Bazett (1903-1972), was a British anthropologist who convinced scientists that Africa was the most important place to search for evidence of the earliest human beings.


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Leakey, Mary Douglas (1913-1996), was a British archaeologist and anthropologist who found fossils, tools, and other evidence of prehistoric human beings in Africa.


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Leakey, Meave, Gillian (1942-...), is a British-born zoologist and paleontologist who helped identify some of the oldest known humanlike fossils.


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Leakey, Richard Erskine Frere (1944-...), is a Kenyan scientist who discovered many prehistoric human fossils at Lake Turkana, Kenya.


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Leaning Tower of Pisa is a bell tower at Pisa, Italy.


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Leap year has 366 days, or one more day than an ordinary year.


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Lear, Edward (1812-1888), an English writer and artist, became famous for his humorous poems for children.


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Learning is an important field of study in psychology.


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Learning disabilities are disorders that damage a child's ability to learn.


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Lease is an agreement that gives one person or company the right to possess property owned by another person or company.


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Lease, Mary Elizabeth (1850-1933), was an American orator and reformer.


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Leather is a tough, flexible material made from the skin of animals.


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Leathercraft is the art of making useful and decorative objects out of leather.


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Leavenworth, (pop. 35,420), is the oldest city in Kansas.


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Leavenworth, Prison is one of the six federal penitentiaries in the United States.


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Leavis, F. R. (1895-1978), was one of the most important English literary critics of the 1900's. His ideas about the relation between literature and society strongly influenced the study of English literature.


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Leavitt, Henrietta Swan (1868-1921), was an American astronomer.


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Lebanon, is a small country at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea and the western end of Asia.


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LeBlanc, Romeo, (1927-...), served as governor general of Canada from 1995 to 1999.


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Le Carre, John (1931-...), is the pen name of David John Moore Cornwell, an English novelist.


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Le Corbusier, (1887-1965), was the professional name of Charles Edouard Jeanneret-Gris, often considered the most important architect of the 1900's.


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Lederberg, Joshua (1925-...), an American geneticist, shared the 1958 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine.


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Lee, Charles (1731-1782), was an officer in the American army during the Revolutionary War (1775-1783).


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Lee, Doris Emrick (1905-1983), was an American artist.


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Lee, Francis Lightfoot (1734-1797), was a Virginia signer of the Declaration of Independence.


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Lee, Harper (1926-...), is an American author who became famous with her only novel, To Kill a Mockingbird (1960).


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Lee, Henry (1756-1818), was a noted American cavalry leader during the Revolutionary War in America (1775-1783).


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Lee, Jason (1803-1845), a Canadian-born Methodist missionary, is remembered as the first missionary to bring Christianity to the Indians of the Pacific Northwest.


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Lee, Richard Henry (1732-1794), was a Virginia signer of the Declaration of Independence.


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Lee, Robert Edward (1807-1870), was a great general who commanded the Confederate Army in the American Civil War.


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Lee, Spike (1957-...), is an American motion-picture director.


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Lee, Tsung Dao (1926-...), shared the 1957 Nobel Prize in physics with Chen Ning Yang.


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Lee Kuan Yew, (1923-...), was prime minister of Singapore from 1959 until 1990.


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Lee Teng-hui, (1923-...), served as president of the Republic of China (Taiwan) and chairman of the country's Nationalist Party from 1988 to 2000.


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Leech, also called bloodsucker, is a worm that has a disklike sucker at each end.


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Leeds (pop. 674,400; met. area pop. 1,984,700) is the center of the clothing industry of West Yorkshire in England, one of the four divisions of the United Kingdom.


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Leek is a vegetable related to the onion.


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Leeuwenhoek, Anton van (1632-1723), a Dutch amateur scientist, was one of the first people to record observations of microscopic life.


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Leeward, Islands lie in the West Indies.


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Left wing is a term that means a radical party or branch of a political group.


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Leg is the limb that supports the body of a human being or animal.


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Legacy, is a disposition of personal property made by the terms of a will.


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Legal aid is the name of any of several programs that provide legal service for people who cannot afford an attorney.


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Legal tender is any type of money that must, by law, be accepted in payment of a debt.


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Legation, is a diplomatic mission from one nation to another that is headed by a minister.


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Leger, Fernand, (1881-1955), was a French artist who developed a distinctive style that expresses the dynamics and tension of modern life in an industrialized society.


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Leger, Jules, (1913-1980), was governor general of Canada from 1974 to 1979.


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Legion was a division of the Roman army.


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Legionnaires' disease is an infection that most commonly occurs as pneumonia, with symptoms of fever, cough, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.


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Legislature is the lawmaking branch of a government.


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Le Guin, Ursula, K. (1929-...), is an American author of science fiction and fantasy for children and adults. Many critics consider her fantasy adventures, which are popular with both children and adults, as her best writing.


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Legume, is any of the plants that belong to the pea family.


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Lehar, Franz, (1870-1948), was the most important composer of operettas of the 1900's.


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Le Havre, (pop. 197,219; met. area pop. 253,627), is the second busiest seaport city in France--after Marseille--and a major industrial center.


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Lehmann, Lotte, (1888-1976), a German soprano, won fame as a concert and opera singer.


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Lehmbruck, Wilhelm, (1881-1919), was a German sculptor.


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Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, (1646-1716), was a German philosopher, mathematician, and scholar.


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Leicester, is an industrial and historic city in central England.


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Leicester, Earl of (1532?-1588), was an English nobleman and a key advisor to Queen Elizabeth I. He was the fifth son of the Duke of Northumberland.


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Leichhardt, Ludwig (1813-1848), was a German-born explorer.


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Leiden, also spelled Leyden (pop. 114,892; met. area pop. 194,051), lies 22 miles (35 kilometers) southwest of Amsterdam on the Rhine River.


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Leipzig, (pop. 511,079), a city in Germany, is a trade, industrial, and cultural center.


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Le Mans, (pop. 148,465; met. area pop. 189,107), is a city in northwestern France.


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LeMay, Curtis Emerson (1906-1990), commanded the Strategic Air Command of the United States Air Force from 1948 to 1957.


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Lemelin, Roger (1919-...), is a French-Canadian author and journalist.


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Lemieux, Mario (1965-...), ranks among the greatest players in the National Hockey League (NHL).


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Lemming, is a plump little animal related to the mouse.


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Lemon is a small, oval, yellow citrus fruit.


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Le Moyne, Charles, (1626-1685), Sieur de Longueuil, was a Canadian colonist and the first of a large family of French-Canadian heroes.


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Lemur, is a long-tailed mammal with fluffy fur.


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Lena, River is the chief waterway of a large district of eastern Siberia, in Russia.


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Lend-Lease was a plan developed by the United States early in World War II (1939-1945) to aid the countries that were then fighting the Axis powers.


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Lendl, Ivan, (1960-...), became one of the world's top tennis players.


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L'Enfant, Pierre Charles, (1754-1825), a French engineer and architect, became the first modern city planner in the United States.


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L'Engle, Madeleine (1918-...), is an American author best known for her children's books.


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Lenin, V. I. (1870-1924), founded the Communist Party in Russia and set up the world's first Communist Party dictatorship. He led the October Revolution of 1917, in which the Communists seized power in Russia.


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Lennon, John (1940-1980), was a founding member of the Beatles, the most popular group in the history of rock music.


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Lenoir, Jean Joseph Etienne, (1822-1900), a Belgian-born French inventor, built the first practical internal combustion engine in 1860.


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Le Notre, Andre, (1613-1700), a French landscape designer, created many of the famous gardens of his day.


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Lens is a piece of transparent material that creates an image of an object by bending light.


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Lent is a religious season observed in the spring by most Christians.


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Lenticel, is a round or long swelling on the bark of woody stems and roots that functions as a breathing pore.


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Lenz's, law is a principle that relates magnetism to electric current, describing the direction of a current produced by a changing magnetic field.


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Leo I, Saint (400?-461), was elected pope in 440.


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Leo III, Saint (?-816), was elected pope in 795.


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Leo IX, Saint (1002-1054), was elected pope in 1049.


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Leo X (1475-1521), was pope during the climax of the Renaissance in Rome, but he also faced the beginnings of the Protestant Reformation.


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Leo XIII (1810-1903), was elected pope in 1878.


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Leon, (pop. 83,693), is the chief intellectual center and an important farm produce market in Nicaragua.


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Leonard, Elmore (1925-...), is an American author best known for his crime novels.


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Leonard, Sugar Ray (1956-...), an American boxer, won world professional boxing titles in five weight classes.


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Leonardo da Vinci, (1452-1519), was one of the greatest painters and most versatile geniuses in history.


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Leoncavallo, Ruggiero, (1857-1919), was an Italian opera composer.


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Leonidas, I (?-480 B.C.) was a king of ancient Sparta.


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Leonids, are meteors that seem to come from the constellation Leo.


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Leopard is a large member of the cat family.


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Leopardi, Giacomo (1798-1837), was an Italian lyric poet.


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Leopold, Aldo (1887-1948), was an American naturalist, wildlife biologist, and conservationist.


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Leprosy, also called Hansen's disease, is a chronic infectious disease.


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Lepton, is one of the three major families of elementary particles.


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Lerner, Alan Jay (1918-1986), was one of the greatest lyricists of the American musical theater.


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Lesage, Alain Rene, (1668-1747), was a French novelist and dramatist.


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Lesbos, also spelled Lesvos, is a mountainous Greek island in the Aegean Sea.


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Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is a rare hereditary disease that can cause mental retardation.


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Lesotho, is a rugged, mountainous country that is completely surrounded by the Republic of South Africa.


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Lespedeza, is the name of a group of herbs and shrublike plants that grow in Asia, Australia, and North America.


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Lessing, Doris (1919-...), is an English writer noted mainly for her novels.


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Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim, (1729-1781), was a German playwright, critic, and philosopher.


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Le Sueur, Pierre-Charles, (1657?-1704), was a French explorer and trader.


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Lethal injection of drugs is the most frequently used method of executing criminals in the United States.


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Lethbridge (pop. 63,053) is a city in southern Alberta.


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Lethbridge, University of, is a coeducational provincially funded university in Lethbridge, Canada.


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Lethe, was one of five rivers in the underworld in Greek and Roman mythology.


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Letter writing is a way of communicating a message in written words.


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Lettuce is a popular vegetable used chiefly in salads.


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Leucippus, was a Greek philosopher who lived in the 400's B.C.


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Leukemia, is a kind of cancer in which abnormal white blood cells multiply in an uncontrolled manner.


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Leutze, Emanuel Gottlieb (1816-1868), gained fame as a painter of American historical subjects.


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Levee, is a wide wall built along the banks of rivers to keep them from flooding over the land.


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Level is an instrument used by carpenters, plumbers, and others to determine if a surface is perfectly horizontal.


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Levellers were political radicals in England during the mid-1600's who believed that all people deserved a voice in government.


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Lever, is one of the six simple machines for performing work.


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Levesque, Rene, (1922-1987), served as premier of the Canadian province of Quebec from 1976 to 1985.


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Levi-Strauss, Claude (1908-...), a French anthropologist, developed structuralism in the study of human culture.


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Levine, Jack (1915-...), is an American artist who has won fame as a critic of life in the United States.


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Levine, James (1943-...), is an American conductor and pianist.


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Levinson, Barry (1942-...), is an American motion-picture director and screenwriter.


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Levites, were a tribe of ancient Israel.


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Leviticus, is the third book of the Hebrew Bible, or Old Testament.


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Levitt, William Jaird (1907-1994), was a pioneer in the development of large-scale suburbs in the United States.


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Levittown, New York (pop. 53,067), is an unincorporated residential community on Long Island.


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Lewin, Kurt (1890-1947), was a leading child and social psychologist.


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Lewis, Sir Arthur (1915-1991), a British economist, became the first black person to win the Nobel Prize in economics.


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Lewis, C. S. (1898-1963), a British author, wrote more than 30 books, including children's stories, science fiction, and literary and religious works. Most of his writings teach moral lessons.


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Lewis, Carl (1961-...), an American athlete, ranks among the greatest sprinters and long jumpers in track and field history.


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Lewis, Francis (1713-1802), a New York signer of the Declaration of Independence, spent most of his fortune in support of the patriot cause during the Revolutionary War in America.


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Lewis, John Aaron (1920-2001), was an American pianist and composer.


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Lewis, John L. (1880-1969), was a powerful American labor leader. He served as president of the United Mine Workers of America (UMW) from 1920 to 1960.


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Lewis, Meriwether (1774-1809), was an American explorer.


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Lewis, Sinclair (1885-1951), gained international fame for his novels attacking the weaknesses he saw in American society.


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Lewis and Clark expedition was an early exploration of the vast wilderness of what is now the northwestern United States.


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Lewiston (pop. 35,690) is the second largest city of Maine.


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Lexington (pop. 260,512; met. area pop. 479,198) is Kentucky's largest city.


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Leyden, jar was one of the first devices used to store an electric charge.


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Leyster, Judith, (1609-1660), was a Dutch painter.


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Lhasa, (pop. 139,822), is the capital and holy city of Tibet.


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Lhasa apso, is a dog that came originally from Lhasa, the capital of Tibet.


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Li Bo, (701-762), was one of China's greatest poets.


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Li Peng, (1928-...), is one of China's top leaders.


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Li Yuan, (A.D. 566-635), a Chinese emperor, founded the Tang dynasty (A.D. 618-907).


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Liana, is the name for various vines found chiefly in tropical rain forests.


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Libel is a written or printed statement that harms a person's reputation.


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Liberal arts are the organized bodies of knowledge considered essential for a free human being.


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Liberal Democrats is the name of a political party in the United Kingdom.


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Liberal Party is a major political party of Canada.


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Liberal Republican Party was a United States political party formed in 1872 to oppose the reelection of President Ulysses S. Grant.


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Liberalism is a political and economic philosophy that emphasizes freedom, equality, and opportunity.


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Liberation theology is a movement that seeks to involve the Roman Catholic Church in struggles for social reform and human rights.


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Liberia is the oldest black republic in Africa.


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Libertarian Party is an American political party that favors increasing individual liberties by limiting government activities.


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Liberty Bell is a treasured relic of the early days of American independence.


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Liberty Island is an island in Upper New York Bay on which the Statue of Liberty stands.


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Liberty League, also called the American Liberty League, was an organization that tried to rally public opinion against President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal.


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Liberty Party was the first political party in the United States to give most of its attention to the slavery question.


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Libido, is a psychoanalytic term referring mainly to the energy of natural instincts or urges that motivate behavior.


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Libra, is the seventh sign of the zodiac.


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Library is a collection of books, periodicals, films, recordings, computer databases, or other media.


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Library of Congress, located just east of the United States Capitol, is one of the largest and most valuable research libraries in the world.


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Library of Congress Classification is a system for arranging materials in a library.


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Libreville (pop. 350,000) is the capital and largest city of Gabon.


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Libya is an Arab country in northern Africa.


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Lichen, is an organism that consists of an alga and a fungus living as a single unit.


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Lichtenstein, Roy (1923-1997), an American painter, was one of the first artists in the pop art movement.


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Lick Observatory is an astronomical observatory on top of Mount Hamilton, 50 miles (80 kilometers) southeast of San Francisco.


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Licorice, is an herb that contains both a valuable flavoring and compounds of medicinal value.


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Lidice, was a village in Czechoslovakia that German military forces destroyed in an act of revenge during World War II (1939-1945).


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Lidocaine, is a drug that can block pain sensation in a specific part of the body.


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Lie, Trygve, (1896-1968), a Norwegian statesman, served as the first secretary-general of the United Nations.


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Lie detector is a device that helps determine whether a person is telling the truth.


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Liechtenstein, is a tiny country in south-central Europe.


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Liege, (pop. 195,389), is a city in eastern Belgium.


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Lien, is a legal claim that one person has on the property of another as security for debt.


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Lieutenant governor is a government official in the United States and Canada.


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Life. People generally have little difficulty distinguishing living things from nonliving things.


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Life cycle is the sequence of changes that a living thing passes through from a particular form in one generation to the development of the same form in another generation.


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Life expectancy is a statistical measure of the average number of years that a group of people of a certain age may expect to live.


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Life jacket is a device that is worn to keep afloat in water.


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Lift is the term used in Britain and other Commonwealth countries for an elevator.


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Ligament is fibrous tissue that holds organs of the body in place and fastens bones together.


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Ligature is a thread that is used in surgery to tie a bleeding blood vessel.


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Light is so common that we often take it for granted.


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Light meter is an instrument used to measure the brightness of light.


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Light-year is a unit used by astronomers to describe the distance to and between stars.


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Lighthouse is a tower with an extremely strong light that serves as a navigational aid for mariners.


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Lighting is a term that generally refers to artificial light-in most cases, electric light.


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Lightning is a giant electrical spark in the sky.


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Lightning rod is a device that protects homes and other buildings from damage by lightning.


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Lignin, is a complex substance formed by certain plant cells.


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Lignite, also called brown coal, is a low-quality coal.


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Lignum-vitae, is the name of two species of trees that produce extremely hard wood.


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Ligurian, Sea is a broad portion of the Mediterranean Sea located between the Italian region of Liguria and the island of Corsica.


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Lilac is a beautiful shrub that is loved throughout the world for its fragrant flowers.


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Lilienthal, David Eli, (1899-1981), was the first chairperson of the United States Atomic Energy Commission.


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Liliuokalani, Lydia Kamekeha, (1838-1917), reigned as queen of Hawaii from 1891 to 1893.


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Lille, (pop. 178,301; met. area pop. 950,265), is an industrial city in northern France.


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Lillie, Beatrice (1898-1989), a Canadian-born actress, won fame as one of the brightest and most natural comediennes of her time.


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Lilly Endowment is one of the largest private foundations in the United States.


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Lilongwe, (pop. 186,000) is the capital of Malawi, in southeast Africa.


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Lily is one of the largest and most important plant families.


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Lily of the valley is a fragrant garden flower.


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Lim Bo Seng (1909-1944), a Chinese major general, became a hero during World War II (1939-1945).


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Lima, (pop. 5,706,127; met. area pop. 6,414,500) is the capital and largest city of Peru.


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Lima, bean is the most nutritious member of the pea family.


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Limavady, (pop. 29,144) is a local government district in Northern Ireland.


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Limbo, in Roman Catholic theology, is the home of souls who belong neither in heaven nor in hell.


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Limbourg, Pol de, (?-1416), and his brothers Herman and Jean were noted manuscript painters called illuminators.


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Lime is a rounded fruit that is pointed at both ends.


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Lime is an important industrial chemical.


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Limerick, (pop. 56,279) is the third largest city of the Republic of Ireland.


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Limestone is a type of rock made up mostly of calcite, a mineral form of calcium carbonate.


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Limited company is a business organization in which each shareholder is responsible only for the shares he or she holds.


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Limnology, is the scientific study of lakes, streams, ponds, and other bodies of fresh water.


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Limon, Jose, (1908-1972), was an American dancer and choreographer (dance creator).


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Limonite, is a yellowish or brownish mineral deposit.


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Limpet is a sea animal with a protective shell.


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Limpopo, River is an important river that flows for about 1,000 miles (1,600 kilometers) in southeastern Africa.


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Lin Biao, (1907-1971), also spelled Lin Piao, was defense minister of China from 1959 to 1971.


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Lin Yutang, (1895-1976) was a Chinese scholar and writer.


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Lincoln (pop. 78,200) is a city in east-central England.


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Lincoln (pop. 225,581; met. area pop. 250,291) is the capital of Nebraska and the state's second largest city.


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Lincoln, Abraham (1809-1865), was one of the truly great men of all time.


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Lincoln, Mary Todd (1818-1882), the wife of President Abraham Lincoln, was the daughter of Robert S. Todd, a banker of Lexington, Kentucky, and his wife, Eliza Parker Todd.


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Lincoln, Robert Todd (1843-1926), the oldest son of President Abraham Lincoln, became a well-known statesman and lawyer.


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Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, in New York City, is the home for some of the nation's most important cultural activities.


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Lincoln Highway stretches 3,385 miles (5,448 kilometers) between New York City and San Francisco.


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Lincoln Memorial is a beautiful monument in Washington, D.C., that honors Abraham Lincoln.


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Lincoln Park, Michigan (pop. 40,008), is a residential city in the southwestern part of the Detroit metropolitan area.


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Lincoln Tunnel is a tunnel for motor traffic under the Hudson River.


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Lincoln University was the first institution in the United States chartered to provide higher education for blacks.


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Lincoln's Birthday is a legal holiday in about 30 states of the United States.


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Lind, Jenny (1820-1887), a Swedish soprano, became one of the most famous singers of the 1800's.


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Lindbergh, Anne Morrow (1906-2001), was an American poet and essayist.


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Lindbergh, Charles Augustus (1902-1974), an American aviator, made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean on May 20-21, 1927.


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Linden is any of a group of graceful shade trees that grow in many parts of the Northern Hemisphere.


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Lindner, Richard (1901-1978), was a German-born American painter.


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Lindsay, Howard (1889-1968), was an American playwright best known for the many plays and stories for musical comedies he wrote with Russel Crouse.


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Lindsay, John Vliet (1921-2000), served as mayor of New York City from 1966 through 1973.


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Lindsay, Vachel (1879-1931), was an American poet.


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Line Islands, also called the Equatorial Islands, consist of 11 isolated, low coral islands in the central Pacific Ocean.


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Line of Demarcation was an imaginary line drawn by Pope Alexander VI to settle land claims.


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Linear electric motor is a device that generates motion along a straight path.


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Linen, is the yarn or cloth made from fibers of the flax plant.


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Lingonberry is a small fruit related to the cranberry.


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Linguistics is the scientific study of language.


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Liniment, is a liquid preparation that is used to treat certain aches and pains in the body.


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Link, Edwin Albert (1904-1981), an American inventor and businessman, developed the mechanical trainer, a machine that imitates many of the conditions of aircraft flight, yet is permanently attached to the ground.


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Linnaeus, Carolus, (1707-1778), a Swedish naturalist and botanist, established the modern scientific method of naming plants and animals.


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Linnet, is a small bird in the finch family.


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Linoleum, is a smooth-surfaced floor covering made from linseed oil.


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Linotype, is the brand name of a machine used to produce metal type for printing.


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Linseed oil is an oil derived from the seeds of the flax plant.


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Linsey-woolsey is a rough cloth made of linen and wool.


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Linton, Ralph (1893-1953), was an American anthropologist.


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Lip reading is the technique by which one person understands the speech of another without hearing any sounds.


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Lipchitz, Jacques, (1891-1973), was a sculptor whose work represents many of the major movements in modern sculpture.


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Lipid, is one of a large group of oily or fatty substances essential for good health.


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Lippi, Filippino, (1457?-1504), was an important painter of the Italian Renaissance.


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Lippi, Filippo, (1406?-1469), was a leading painter of the Italian Renaissance.


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Lippmann, Walter (1889-1974), was an American journalist who won worldwide fame as a political writer and philosopher.


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Lippold, Richard (1915-...), is an American sculptor.


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Lipton, Sir Thomas Johnstone (1850-1931), a British tea merchant, became famous as a yachtsman.


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Liquid is one of the three basic states in which matter exists.


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Liquid air is a product made by greatly reducing the temperature of air until it turns into a fluid.


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Liquid crystal is a substance that has the properties of both a liquid and a crystal.


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Lira, is the name of a unit of money in Italy and Turkey.


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Lisbon (pop. 663,315) is the capital and largest city of Portugal.


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Lisgar, Baron (1807-1876), a British administrator, served as governor general of Canada from 1869 to 1872.


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Lister, Sir Joseph (1827-1912), founded antiseptic surgery.


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Liszt, Franz, (1811-1886), was a Hungarian pianist, composer, and teacher.


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Litchi, is an evergreen tree that bears red fruit.


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Liter, is a commonly used measure of capacity and volume in the metric system.


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Literacy, is the ability to read and write.


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Literature, in its broadest sense, is everything that has ever been written.


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Literature for children consists of the huge body of literature that has appeal for individuals from infancy through the teens.


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Litharge, also called lead monoxide (chemical formula, PbO), is a poisonous yellow or reddish-yellow solid, a compound of lead and oxygen.


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Lithium, is a soft, silvery-white metallic element, the lightest known metal.


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Lithography is a printing process that has an important part in the fine arts and in commercial printing.


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Lithuania, is a country on the Baltic Sea in northeastern Europe.


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Litmus is a substance that is commonly used in chemistry to indicate whether a solution is an acid or a base.


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Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument is in southeastern Montana.


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Little League Baseball is an organization of baseball and softball programs for boys and girls 5 to 18 years of age.


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Little Rock (pop. 183,133; met. area pop. 583,845) is the capital and largest city of Arkansas.


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Little Sisters of the Poor is a religious congregation of women in the Roman Catholic Church.


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Little Turtle (1752-1812) was a Miami Indian chief in what is now Indiana and Ohio.


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Littlewood, Joan (1914-...), is a British theater director who was artistic director of the experimental Theatre Workshop, founded in 1945.


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Liturgy, is a term that refers to acts of worship that are performed by the members of a religious group.


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Liu Bang, also spelled Liu Pang (248?-195 B.C.), was a Chinese emperor who founded the Han dynasty (202 B.C.-A.D. 220).


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Live oak is a beautiful evergreen oak that grows chiefly along the southeastern coast of the United States.


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Liver is the largest gland in the human body and one of the most complex of all human organs.


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Liverpool (pop. 448,300; met. area pop. 1,376,800) is a large commercial and manufacturing city in England.


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Livestock are domestic animals that are used to produce food and many other valuable products.


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Living will is a document that states the kind of medical care an individual would prefer if, due to injury or disease, the person could not communicate his or her wishes.


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Livingston, Philip (1716-1778), an American statesman, was a New York signer of the Declaration of Independence in 1776.


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Livingston, Robert R. (1746-1813), an American statesman, helped write the Declaration of Independence in 1776. He was a member of the New York convention that ratified the United States Constitution in 1788, and he helped draft the New York state Constit


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Livingston, William (1723-1790), was a New Jersey signer of the Constitution of the United States.


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Livy, (59 B.C.-A.D. 17), was one of the greatest Roman historians.


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Lizard is a reptile closely related to snakes.


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Ljubljana, (pop. 276,133), is the capital and largest city of Slovenia.


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Llama, is the largest South American member of the camel family.


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Llanfairpwllgwyngyll, is a village in northwestern Wales.


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Llanos, meaning level lands, is most often used to mean a great savanna (grassland with scattered trees) region in Venezuela and Colombia.


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Lliw Valley (pop. 61,700) is a local government area in West Glamorgan, Wales.


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Lloyd, Clive (1944-...), a Guyanese cricketer, was captain of the West Indies cricket team 74 times, achieving 36 victories.


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Lloyd, Harold Clayton (1894-1971), was a comedian who won fame in silent motion pictures.


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Lloyd, Henry Demarest, (1847-1903), an American writer, won fame for revealing unfair business practices in the United States during the late 1800's.


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Lloyd George, David (1863-1945), a British Liberal Party leader, served as prime minister during the last half of World War I (1914-1918).


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Lloyd-Webber, Andrew (1948-...), became the most popular composer of his time in English music theater.


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Lloyd's is an insurance society that was originally known as Lloyd's of London.


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Loach is any of about 175 species of small, slender, freshwater fish.


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Loam is a soil that is between sandy soil and clay soil in texture.


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Loan company is an organization that lends money to individuals.


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Lobbying is an attempt to influence the decisions of government officials.


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Lobel, Arnold (1933-1987), was an American illustrator and writer of books for young children.


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Lobelia, is the name of a large genus (group) of plants that vary in form from small herbs to trees.


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Lobster is the name of a number of animals that live on the bottom of the ocean.


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Local government generally refers to the government of an area smaller than a country, state, or province.


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Local option refers to the right of any political division, such as a city or state, to choose the conditions under which a law should apply in its own jurisdiction.


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Locarno, Conference resulted in the Rhineland Security Pact and six other treaties.


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Loch Lomond, is the largest and one of the most famous of the Scottish lakes.


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Loch, Ness monster is a large animal that some people believe lives in Loch Ness, a lake in northern Scotland.


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Lochaber, (pop. 20,803) a local government area in Highland Region, Scotland, takes in the areas of Fort William, Ballachulish, Kinlochleven, and Ardnamurchan.


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Lochner, v. New York was a 1905 case in which the Supreme Court of the United States upheld the right of employer and employee to contract for working hours without government interference.


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Lock is a device that prevents a door or other object from being opened, moved, or operated.


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Locke, Alain LeRoy (1885-1954), was an African American educator, philosopher, and writer.


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Locke, John (1632-1704), was an English philosopher.


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Lockout occurs when an employer closes a plant in order to keep employees from working.


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Lockwood, Belva Ann Bennett (1830-1917), was a reformer and woman-suffrage leader.


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Locofocos was a nickname given in 1835 to radical members of the New York Democratic Party.


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Locomotion, in zoology, is the act of animals moving.


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Locomotive is a machine that moves trains on railroad tracks.


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Locoweed is the name of a large group of poisonous herbs that grow in western North America.


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Locust is any of about 20 plants native to North America.


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Locust is a name that can refer to any short-horned grasshopper--that is, a grasshopper that has short antennae (feelers).


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Lodestone, also spelled loadstone, is a hard black rock that exhibits magnetic properties.


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Lodge, Henry Cabot (1850-1924), led Republican members of the Senate in a successful fight to keep the United States from joining the League of Nations after World War I. He opposed President Woodrow Wilson, the chief planner of the League.


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Lodge, Henry Cabot, Jr. (1902-1985), served as a diplomat under four United States Presidents. In 1960, he was the vice presidential running mate of Richard M. Nixon on the Republican ticket.


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Lodge, Sir Oliver Joseph (1851-1940), an English physicist, investigated the nature of oscillations and electric waves in wires and in wireless telegraphy.


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Lodz, (pop. 844,900), is the second largest city in Poland.


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Loeb, Jacques, (1859-1924), an American physiologist, made important studies of the chemistry and physics underlying the activities of living organisms.


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Loess, is a kind of silt that forms a fertile topsoil in some parts of the world.


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Loesser, Frank (1910-1969), an American composer, wrote the music and lyrics for many musical comedies and films.


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Loffler, Friedrich August Johannes, (1852-1915), a German bacteriologist, identified the diphtheria bacillus in 1884, with the help of bacteriologist Edwin Klebs.


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Lofting, Hugh (1886-1947), was the creator of Doctor Dolittle, a well-known character in children's fiction.


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Log is an instrument that measures the speed of a ship.


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Log cabin was one of the earliest dwellings built by European settlers in North America.


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Logan (1725?-1786?), a Cayuga Indian chief, won fame for a stirring speech in 1774.


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Logan, John Alexander (1826-1886), gained fame as a Union general and political leader.


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Logan, Joshua (1908-1988), was an American director and dramatist.


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Logan, Sir William Edmond (1798-1875), a Canadian geologist, gained fame for his pioneer work researching coal, glacial action, early fossil evidence of life, and ancient rocks.


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Logan Act is a United States law that prohibits private citizens from opening negotiations with a foreign government on a dispute between that government and the United States.


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Loganberry is a small, reddish-purple fruit that grows on a trailing blackberry plant.


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Logarithms, are numbers that are known in algebra as exponents.


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Logbook is the official or legal written record of the events that take place during a ship's voyage.


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Logic is a branch of philosophy that deals with the rules of correct reasoning.


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Logistics, is the practical art of providing and maintaining soldiers, equipment, and supplies for military operations.


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Logrolling is the trading of votes as commonly practiced in legislative bodies.


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Logwood comes from the core of a tree belonging to the pea family.


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Loire, River, is the longest river in France.


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Loki, was a god of Norse mythology who was known as a troublemaker and trickster.


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Lollards, were followers of the English religious reformer John Wycliffe.


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Lombard, Peter (1095?-1160), was a medieval theologian who wrote an important theological textbook, The Four Books of Sentences.


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Lombardi, Vince (1913-1970), became one of the most successful coaches in National Football League (NFL) history.


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Lombards, were members of a Germanic tribe that conquered much of Italy in the late A.D. 500's, and threatened the political power of the popes.


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Lombardy, is a region in northern Italy.


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Lome, (pop. 366,476) is the capital and largest city of Togo.


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Lon Nol, (1913-1985) headed the government of Cambodia from 1970 to 1975.


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London is the capital of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, which is usually called simply the United Kingdom or Britain.


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London, Ont. (pop. 311,805; met. area pop. 381,522), is a distributing, financial, manufacturing, medical, and transportation center in the southern part of the province.


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London, Jack (1876-1916), was an American author, journalist, and political activist.


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London, Treaties of. Throughout history, many international treaties have been signed in London.


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London, University of, is the largest traditional university in Britain.


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London Bridge is one of 15 bridges in London that span the River Thames.


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London Company was an association of "noblemen, gentlemen, and merchants" during the early days of the American Colonies.


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Londonderry, (pop. 95,300) is Northern Ireland's second largest city.


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Long is the name of the most powerful political family in Louisiana history.


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Long, Crawford Williamson (1815-1878), became, in 1842, the first doctor to use ether as an anesthetic for surgery.


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Long, Jane (1798-1880), was called the Mother of Texas because of her spirited defense of her children during pioneer days.


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Long, Stephen Harriman (1784-1864), was an American explorer and railroad engineer.


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Long Beach (pop. 461,522) is a major industrial center and seaport in southern California, near Los Angeles.


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Long Island (pop. 7,448,618) is an island that forms the southeastern part of New York.


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Long Island Sound is a busy waterway that extends southwest between Connecticut and Long Island.


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Long jump is a track and field contest in which athletes compete to see who can jump the farthest.


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Long Parliament refers to a session of the English Parliament that lasted without a break from 1640 to 1653.


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Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth (1807-1882), was the most widely published and most famous American poet of the 1800's.


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Longinus, is the name given to the unknown author of On the Sublime, an ancient Greek treatise (long essay) on literary criticism.


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Longitude. If one person on the equator travels directly north, and another person 69 miles (111 kilometers) west also travels directly north, their paths will meet at the North Pole.


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Longstreet, James (1821-1904), was a Confederate general in the Civil War (1861-1865).


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Loon is a type of water bird with a sleek body for swimming and diving.


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Loosestrife is the common name of certain flowering plants in either the primrose family or the loosestrife family.


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Lopez, Nancy (1957-...), became one of the greatest and most popular players in the history of women's golf.


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Lopez Portillo, Jose, (1920-...), served as president of Mexico from 1976 to 1982.


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Loquat, is an orange or yellow fruit that has the shape and size of an egg.


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Loran, stands for long range navigation.


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Lord is a title added to a person's name or to his office.


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Lord's Prayer is the most widely said Christian prayer.


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Lorelei, is a high cliff that towers about 430 feet (131 meters) above the Rhine River between Mainz and Koblenz in southwestern Germany.


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Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon, (1853-1928), was a Dutch physicist.


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Lorenz, Konrad Zacharias, (1903-1989), an Austrian naturalist, was one of the founders of ethology, the study of animal behavior.


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Loris, is a slow-moving animal that lives in trees.


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Lorne, Marquess, of (1845-1914), served as governor general of Canada from 1878 to 1883.


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Los Alamos National Laboratory, in Los Alamos, N. Mex., is a leading research institution in the United States.


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Los Angeles is a huge city in southern California.


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Lost Colony is the name given to a settlement established in 1587 on Roanoke Island, off the coast of what is now North Carolina.


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Lost Generation is a term that has come to define a group of American writers who lived and rose to prominence in Europe during the 1920's.


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Lot, in the Book of Genesis, was the nephew of the patriarch Abraham.


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Lott, Trent (1941-...), who represents Mississippi in the United States Senate, became the Senate Republican leader in June 1996.


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Lottery is a popular form of gambling in which drawings are held for cash prizes.


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Lotus is the common name for many different kinds of plants.


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Lotus-eaters made up a race of people who were thought to live in North Africa.


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Lotze, Rudolf Hermann (1817-1881), was a German philosopher.


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Lough Neagh, in Northern Ireland, is the largest lake in the British Isles.


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Louis, I (778-840), also called Louis the Pious, succeeded his father, Charlemagne, as ruler of a vast European empire in 814.


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Louis, IX (1214-1270), was a French king known for his piety and judicial reforms.


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Louis, XI (1423-1483), was king of France.


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Louis, XII (1462-1515), became king of France in 1498 after the death of his cousin King Charles VIII.


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Louis, XIII (1601-1643), became king of France in 1610 when his father, King Henry IV, was assassinated.


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Louis, XIV (1638-1715), was king of France for 72 years, the longest reign in modern European history.


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Louis, XV (1710-1774), was a king of France who contributed to the decline of royal authority.


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Louis, XVI (1754-1793), was king of France until he was overthrown by the French Revolution in 1792.


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Louis, XVII (1785-1795), a son of King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, was regarded as king of France by supporters of the French monarchy for two years during the French Revolution (1789-1799).


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Louis, XVIII (1755-1824), was the king of France known as "the Restoration King" because his reign restored the monarchy after the French Revolution.


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Louis, Joe (1914-1981), an American boxer, held the world heavyweight championship from 1937 to 1949.


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Louis Philippe, (1773-1850), was king of France from 1830 to 1848.


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Louisbourg, Nova Scotia (pop. 1,355), was the site of an important French fortress in the 1700's.


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Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, (1776-1810) ruled Prussia, with her husband Frederick William III, from 1797 to 1810.


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Louisiana, a southern state of the United States, lies where the mighty Mississippi River empties into the Gulf of Mexico.


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Louisiana Purchase was the most important event of President Thomas Jefferson's first Administration.


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Louisiana State University (LSU) is a coeducational state-supported university system.


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Louisville, is the second largest city in Kentucky and a major industrial center of the Southeast United States.


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Lourdes, (pop. 16,581) is a town in southwestern France near the Pyrenees foothills.


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Louse is a small, wingless insect that lives on birds and mammals, including human beings.


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Louvre, is one of the largest and most famous art museums in the world.


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Love, Nat (1854-1921), was an African American cowboy of the Old West.


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Lovebird is any one of several kinds of small parrots.


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Lovebug is an insect that forms huge swarms when mating.


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Lovecraft, H. P. (1890-1937), an American author, was one of the major writers of supernatural and horror fiction of the 1900's. Lovecraft's novels and stories show his fascination with dark forces in New England settings that sometimes seem realistic and


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Lovejoy, Elijah Parish (1802-1837), was an American clergyman and newspaper editor noted for his opposition to slavery.


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Lovelace, Richard (1618-1657), was a member of a group of English lyric poets called the Cavalier poets.


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Lovell, Sir Bernard (1913-...), an English astronomer, built the world's first completely steerable radio telescope.


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Lovell, James Arthur, Jr. (1928-...), was a United States astronaut. In 1965, Lovell and Frank Borman established a space endurance record by spending 14 days in earth orbit aboard the Gemini 7 spacecraft.


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Low, Juliette Gordon (1860-1927), founded the Girl Scouts in America.


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Low Countries are coastal regions located between France and Germany.


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Lowell, , Massachusetts (pop. 105,167; met. area pop. 301,686) is a city in the northeastern part of the state.


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Lowell, Amy (1874-1925), was an American poet, critic, and biographer.


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Lowell, Francis Cabot (1775-1817), an American textile manufacturer, founded the first mill that carried through the entire cotton-manufacturing process from raw material to finished cloth.


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Lowell, James Russell (1819-1891), was an American author who played an important part in the cultural life of the United States during the 1800's.


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Lowell, Percival (1855-1916), an American astronomer, became best known for his belief in the possibility of life on Mars and in the existence of canals there.


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Lowell, Robert (1917-1977), was a leading American poet.


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Lowry, Lois (1937-...), is an American author whose fiction for young adults explores serious issues.


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Lowry, Malcolm, (1909-1957), was an English author best known for his novel Under the Volcano (1947).


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Loyola, Saint Ignatius, (1491-1556), was a Roman Catholic religious leader who founded the Society of Jesus.


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LSD is an extremely powerful drug that causes distortions in thinking and feeling.


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Luanda, (pop. 1,200,000) is the capital and largest city of Angola, and the country's chief industrial center and port.


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Luba, are an important ethnic group in the African country of Congo (Kinshasa).


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Lubbock, Texas (pop. 199,564; met. area pop. 242,628), is the world's leading manufacturer of cottonseed products.


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Lubeck, (pop. 210,318) is the most important German port serving shipping on the Baltic Sea.


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Lubitsch, Ernst (1892-1947), a German-born film director and producer, became famous for his comedies and farces.


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Lucas, George (1944-...), is an American motion-picture producer, director, and writer.


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Luce, Clare Boothe (1903-1987), became famous for her activities in American politics and government.


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Luce, Henry Robinson (1898-1967), was a noted American publisher and editor.


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Lucerne, (pop. 61,034; met. area pop. 177,734) is a tourist center and historic city in central Switzerland.


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Lucid, Shannon Wells (1943-...), a United States astronaut and biochemist, set the world record for time in space by a woman and the record for an American of either sex.


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Lucifer, is a name commonly used for the devil.


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Lucknow (pop. 1,642,134) is a city in north-central India.


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Lucretius, (99?-55? B.C.) was a Roman poet and philosopher.


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Ludendorff, Erich Friedrich Wilhelm, (1865-1937), a German general, served as chief of staff to Paul von Hindenburg during World War I (1914-1918).


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Ludington, Sybil (1761-1839), was a heroine of the Revolutionary War in America (1775-1783).


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Ludwig II (1845-1886), king of Bavaria, became known for constructing elaborate palaces and other buildings.


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Luftwaffe, has been the name of the German Air Force since 1935.


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Luge, is a winter sport in which one or two people lie on their back on a sled and race feet first down an ice-covered course.


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Lugworm is a small sea worm with a soft body.


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Luisetti, Hank (1916-...), an American basketball player, revolutionized the game with his one-handed jump shot.


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Lujan, Manuel, Jr. (1928-...), served as United States secretary of the interior from 1989 to 1993 under President George H. W. Bush. He was the first Hispanic American to head the U.S. Department of the Interior.


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Luke, Saint, was an early Christian who was a friend of Saint Paul.


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Luks, George Benjamin (1866-1933), was an American painter and illustrator.


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Lully, Jean-Baptiste, (1632-1687), an Italian-born composer, wrote the first significant French operas.


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Lumbee Indians are the largest Indian tribe in the United States east of the Mississippi River.


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Lumber includes boards and larger pieces of wood that have been sawed from logs.


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Lumiere, brothers were two French brothers who became noted scientists.


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Luminescence, is the giving off of light by means other than heat.


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Lumpfish is a fish that lives near the shore in the cold ocean waters of northern regions.


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Luna, was the goddess of the moon in Roman mythology.


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Lunda, are a people who live in Congo (Kinshasa), Angola, and Zambia.


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Lundy, Benjamin (1789-1839), was an American editor and a pioneer of the antislavery movement in the United States.


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Lung is the breathing organ of mammals, birds, and reptiles.


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Lung cancer is an uncontrolled, extremely deadly division of cells in the lung.


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Lungfish is a type of fish that can breathe out of water.


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Lungwort is a name given to several different plants.


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Lunt, Alfred (1892-1977), was one of the outstanding American actors of his generation.


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Lupine, is the name of a group of plants in the pea family.


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Lupus, is the name of any of a group of diseases that affect the skin.


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Luray, Caverns are a group of caves near Luray, Virginia.


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Lusaka, (pop. 818,994), is the capital and largest city of Zambia.


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Lushun, lies near the tip of the Liaodong Peninsula in northern China.


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Lusitania, was a British passenger ship that sank near Ireland after the German submarine U-20 torpedoed it on May 7, 1915, during World War I. A total of 1,198 people died, including 128 Americans.


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Lute is an ancient stringed musical instrument.


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Lutetium, (chemical symbol, Lu), is one of the rare-earth metals.


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Luther, Martin (1483-1546), was the leader of the Reformation, a religious movement that led to the birth of Protestantism.


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Lutheran Church--Missouri Synod is one of the largest Lutheran church bodies in the United States.


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Lutherans make up the largest Protestant denomination in the world.


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Luthuli, Albert John (1898-1967), won the 1960 Nobel Peace Prize for his peaceful efforts to end racial segregation in South Africa.


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Lutyens, Sir Edwin Landseer (1869-1944), was one of the most important English architects of the early 1900's.


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Luxembourg, is one of Europe's oldest and smallest independent countries.


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Luxembourg (pop. 75,377) is the capital and largest city of the country of Luxembourg.


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Luxemburg, Rosa (1871-1919), was a German socialist writer and revolutionary.


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Lvov, (pop. 798,000), is a major city of Ukraine.


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Lyceum, is an organization that sponsors lectures, concerts, and other adult educational programs.


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Lyceum, was a school founded by the Greek philosopher Aristotle in 335 B.C.


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Lydia, was a country in ancient Asia Minor.


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Lye, also called caustic soda, is an important industrial chemical.


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Lyell, Sir Charles (1797-1875), was a British geologist whose writings established uniformitarianism as the basis of modern geology.


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Lyly, John (1554?-1606), was an English writer.


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Lyme disease is a bacterial infection transmitted by certain ticks.


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Lymphatic, system is a network of small vessels that resemble blood vessels.


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Lynch, Thomas, Jr. (1749-1779), was a South Carolina signer of the Declaration of Independence. He served in South Carolina's first General Assembly and in the Second Continental Congress.


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Lynching usually means the killing, generally by hanging, of a person by a mob in defiance of law and order.


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Lynen, Feodor (1911-1979), a German biochemist, studied how cells produce cholesterol and other fatty substances known as lipids.


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Lynn, James Thomas (1927-...), served as U.S. secretary of housing and urban development from 1973 to 1975.


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Lynx, is the name of three kinds of wild cats with sturdy bodies.


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Lyon, (pop. 422,444; met. area pop. 1,087,367), is the third largest city in France.


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Lyon, Mary (1797-1849), pioneered in providing higher education for women.


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Lyra, also called the Harp, is a small constellation that can be seen from the Northern Hemisphere.


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Lyre, is an ancient stringed musical instrument that resembles a small harp.


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Lyrebird, is one of the most unusual Australian birds.


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Lysander, (?-395 B.C.), was a statesman and general of the ancient Greek city-state of Sparta.


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Lysenko, Trofim Denisovich, (1898-1976), was the most important biologist in the Soviet Union from the mid-1930's to the late 1950's.


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Lysias, (459?-380? B.C.), was a great orator of ancient Greece.


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Lysippus, (380's?-306? B.C.), revolutionized sculpture in ancient Greece.


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Lyte, Henry Francis (1793-1847), a British clergyman, is best remembered for the hymns he wrote.


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Ma Yuan, was the most famous member of an honored family of painters.


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Maasai, are an African people famous for their skill as warriors and their strongly independent ways.


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Maazel, Lorin, (1930-...), has conducted several major orchestras throughout the world.


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Macadamia, nut is a large, round edible seed that grows on two species of trees.


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Macao, also spelled Macau (pop. 436,000), is a special administrative region of China and a former territory of Portugal.


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Macaque, is the name of a group of large, powerful monkeys.


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MacArthur, Douglas (1880-1964), was a leading American general of World War II and the Korean War.


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MacArthur Foundation is a private, independent organization that funds a variety of charitable and public service projects.


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Macaulay, Thomas Babington (1800-1859), was the most widely read English historian of the 1800's.


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Macaw, is the name of about 18 species (kinds) of large, long-tailed parrots that live in forested areas of South America, Central America, and Mexico.


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Macbeth, (?-1057), seized the throne of Scotland in 1040 after defeating and killing King Duncan I. He based his claim to the crown on his victory and his wife's royal ancestry.


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MacDonald, Flora (1722-1790), became a Scottish heroine by helping Prince Charles Edward Stuart to escape to the island of Skye after his defeat at Culloden, Scotland, in 1746.


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MacDonald, J. E. H. (1873-1932), was a member of the Group of Seven, a famous Canadian school of landscape painters. MacDonald is best known for his large, boldly designed and brightly colored paintings of the Algoma wilderness region of Ontario.


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MacDonald, James Ramsay (1866-1937), led Britain's first Labour Party government.


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Macdonald, Sir John Alexander (1815-1891), was the first prime minister of the Dominion of Canada.


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MacDonald, John D. (1916-1986), was an American mystery writer best known for his 21 novels featuring Travis McGee, an amateur detective. He wrote more than 65 novels and over 500 short stories.


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MacDonald, Malcolm (1901-1981), was the United Kingdom's administrator and chief representative in Southeast Asia in the years following World War II (1939-1945).


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Macdonald, John Sandfield (1812-1872), served as joint prime minister of the Province of Canada from 1862 to 1864.


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Macdonald, Ross (1915-1983), was the pen name of Kenneth Millar, an American writer of detective novels.


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Macdonough, Thomas (1783-1825), an American naval officer, became a hero of the War of 1812.


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MacDowell, Edward Alexander (1861-1908), was an American composer and pianist.


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Mace is a liquid tear gas that can be sprayed from a pressurized container.


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Mace is a club-shaped staff used as a symbol of authority.


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Macedonia is a historic region on the Balkan Peninsula of southeastern Europe.


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Macedonia is a country in southeastern Europe.


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Mach, Ernst (1838-1916), was an Austrian physicist and psychologist.


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Machado de Assis, Joaquim Maria (1839-1908), was a Brazilian author.


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Machaut, Guillaume de, (1300?-1377), was a medieval French composer and poet.


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Machiavelli, Niccolo (1469-1527), was an Italian statesman and writer whom many people consider the father of modern political science.


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Machine gun is an automatic weapon that can fire from 400 to 1,600 rounds of ammunition each minute.


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Machine tool is a power-driven machine used to shape metal.


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Machinists and Aerospace Workers, International Association of, is a labor union affiliated with the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations.


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Machu Picchu, is an Inca archaeological site in Peru that probably served as a royal estate.


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Macintosh, Charles (1766-1843), a Scottish chemist and inventor, is best known as the inventor of waterproof fabrics.


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Mack, Connie (1862-1956), became one of the greatest managers in baseball history.


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Mackay, John William (1831-1902), was an American miner and financier.


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Mackenzie, Alexander (1822-1892), served as prime minister of Canada from 1873 to 1878.


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Mackenzie, Sir Alexander (1764-1820), was a Canadian explorer, trader, and businessman.


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Mackenzie, Roderick (1760?-1844), was a Canadian frontiersman and fur trader.


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Mackenzie, William Lyon (1795-1861), was a Canadian political leader and journalist.


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Mackenzie River, in the Northwest Territories, is the longest river in Canada.


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Mackerel, is the name of a number of valuable food fish that live in coastal areas of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans.


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Mackinac, Straits of, is an important link in the water route between Lake Michigan and the Atlantic Ocean.


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Mackinac, Island is a north Michigan island summer resort in the Straits of Mackinac.


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MacLeish, Archibald (1892-1982), was an American poet, dramatist, and critic.


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MacLennan, Hugh (1907-1990), was a Canadian author known for his novels about historic events and public issues in Canada.


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Maclennan, Robert (1936-...), a Scottish politician, became the last leader of the United Kingdom's Social Democratic Party (SDP) in 1987.


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Macleod, Iain (1913-1970), was a Conservative Party politician in the United Kingdom.


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MacMahon, Maurice de (1808-1893), was president of France from 1873 to 1879 and a distinguished soldier.


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MacMillan, Donald Baxter (1874-1970), an American polar explorer, added much to our knowledge of Greenland and the Canadian Arctic.


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Macmillan, Harold (1894-1986), served as prime minister of Britain from 1957 to 1963.


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Macon, (pop. 97,255; met. area pop. 322,549), is a center of manufacturing and trade and one of the largest cities in Georgia.


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Macphail, Agnes Campbell (1890-1954), was the first woman ever elected to the Canadian House of Commons.


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Macrame, is the art of creating practical and decorative articles by knotting cord, rope, or string.


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Macready, William Charles (1793-1873), was a famous English tragic actor.


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Mad cow disease is a brain disease in cattle that causes odd behavior, difficulty walking, and then death.


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Madagascar is an African country made up of one large island and many tiny nearby islands.


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Madder is a plant that was once commonly grown in Europe and Asia for use in making dyes.


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Maddux, Greg (1966-...), became the first pitcher in baseball history to win the Cy Young Award four consecutive seasons.


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Madeira, Islands are a group of islands that belong to Portugal.


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Madeira, River is a large branch of the Amazon River and an important trade waterway of South America.


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Madero, Francisco Indalecio, (1873-1913), led the Mexican Revolution of 1910 and was president of Mexico from 1911 to 1913.


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Madison (pop. 208,054; met. area pop. 426,526) is the capital and second largest city of Wisconsin.


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Madison, Dolley Payne (1768-1849), a famous Washington hostess, was the wife of United States President James Madison.


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Madison, James (1751-1836), the fourth president of the United States, is often called the Father of the Constitution.


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Madonna (1958-...), an American singer, dancer, and actress, is one of the world's best-known rock music performers.


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Madonna and Child are the Virgin Mary and the infant Jesus in works of art.


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Madrid, (pop. 2,909,792), is the capital and largest city of Spain.


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Madrigal, is a type of music in which two or more voices sing separate melodies to a literary text.


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Madrona, also called madrone, is a small tree with white, urn-shaped flowers and leathery evergreen leaves.


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Maelstrom, is a swift and dangerous current in the Arctic Ocean.


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Maeterlinck, Maurice, (1862-1949), was a Belgian dramatist, poet, naturalist, and philosopher.


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Maeve, Queen, was the legendary warrior queen of Connacht in Ireland.


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Maffei, galaxies, often called Maffei 1 and Maffei 2, are two large star systems.


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Mafia, is a secret criminal society in Sicily.


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Magarac, Joe, is a legendary hero of steelworkers.


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Magazine is a collection of articles or stories-or both-published at regular intervals.


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Magazine is a military and naval term for a protected building or storage room for ammunition.


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Magellan, Ferdinand (1480?-1521), was a Portuguese sea captain who commanded the first expedition that sailed around the world.


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Magellan, Strait of, is a narrow, rough waterway that separates the islands of Tierra del Fuego from the mainland of South America.


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Magellanic, Clouds are two galaxies visible in the Southern Hemisphere as small, hazy patches of light.


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Maggot, is the larva, or young, of many kinds of flies.


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Magherafelt, (pop. 35,884) is a local government district in Northern Ireland that lies northwest of Lough Neagh.


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Magi, were the hereditary members of a priestly class from Media, an ancient kingdom located in what is now northern Iran.


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Magic is the supposed use of unnatural or superhuman power by a person to try to control human actions or natural events.


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Magician is an entertainer who performs tricks that seem impossible.


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Maginot, Line is a fortified line of defense along the eastern border of France.


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Magna Carta, is a document that marked a decisive step forward in the development of constitutional government and legal ideas in England.


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Magnesia, is a white, tasteless substance.


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Magnesium, a silver-white metal, is the lightest metal that is strong enough to use in construction.


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Magnetic amplifier, also called a saturable reactor, is a device used to control large amounts of electric power.


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Magnetic equator is an imaginary band that circles the earth near the geographic equator.


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Magnetic levitation train, also called maglev train, is a vehicle that uses magnetic forces to travel at high speeds.


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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a technique used in medicine for producing images of tissues inside the body.


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Magnetic storm is a strong fluctuation in the earth's magnetic field.


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Magnetism is the force that electric currents exert on other electric currents.


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Magneto, is an electric generator that provides spark ignition in some internal-combustion engines.


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Magnetohydrodynamics, often abbreviated MHD, is the study of the ways in which electric and magnetic fields interact with fluids that conduct electricity.


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Magnetometer, is a device that measures magnetic fields.


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Magnifying glass is a lens which makes close objects appear larger.


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Magnitogorsk, (pop. 443,000), is the principal steel center of Russia.


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Magnitude is the scale used by astronomers to measure the brightness of objects in space.


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Magnolia is the name of a group of trees and shrubs that grow in the Americas and in Asia.


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Magpie is a bird that belongs to the same family as crows, ravens, and jays.


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Magritte, Rene, (1898-1967), was a Belgian surrealist painter.


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Maguey, is the name given to several kinds of agave plants that grow in Mexico.


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Magyars, are a group of people usually called Hungarians.


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Mah-jongg, also spelled mah jongg or mah-jong, is a Chinese game that developed in the 1800's.


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Mahabharata, is an outstanding sacred writing of Hinduism and one of the two great epic poems of India.


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Mahan, Alfred Thayer (1840-1914), an American admiral, wrote many books on naval strategy and the influence of sea power on international affairs.


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Mahathir bin Mohamad (1925-...) has been the prime minister of Malaysia since 1981.


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Mahican, Indians were important in the fur trade in North America during the 1600's.


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Mahler, Gustav (1860-1911), was a Bohemian-born composer of the romantic period.


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Mahogany has long been considered one of the finest cabinet woods of the world, because it has most of the qualities desired for furniture making.


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Mahony, Roger Michael Cardinal (1936-...), was appointed a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church by Pope John Paul II in 1991.


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Maidu, Indians are a group of tribes in north-central California who speak related languages.


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Mail-order business is an industry involving the sale of products by mail.


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Mailer, Norman (1923-...), is an American author.


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Maillol, Aristide, (1861-1944), was a French sculptor.


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Maimonides, Moses (1135-1204), was the most important Jewish philosopher of the Middle Ages.


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Maine. The sinking of the United States battleship Maine helped cause the Spanish-American War.


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Maine forms the northeastern corner of the United States.


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Maine, University of, is a coeducational, state-supported system of higher education.


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Maintenon, Marquise de, (1635-1719), was the second wife of King Louis XIV of France.


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Mainz, (pop. 179,486), is a commercial and industrial city in southwestern Germany.


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Mair, Charles (1838-1927), was a Canadian poet and journalist.


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Maitland, Frederic William (1850-1906), an English historian, pioneered in the study of early English legal history.


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Majolica, is a type of pottery glazed with tin oxide to produce a soft white color.


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Major, John (1943-...), was prime minister of the United Kingdom from 1990 to 1997.


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Majorca, also called Mallorca pronounced mah YAWR kuh (pop. 534,511), is the largest island of the Balearic group.


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Majority rule is a principle of democratic government that requires a decision to be approved by a majority of voters before it may take effect.


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Makarios, III (1913-1977), a Greek Orthodox clergyman, became the first president of Cyprus in 1959.


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Malabo, (pop. 15,253), is the capital of Equatorial Guinea.


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Malacca, Strait of, is a channel between the Malay Peninsula and the island of Sumatra.


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Malachi, Book of, is a book in the Hebrew Bible or Old Testament.


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Malachite, is a beautiful green copper mineral.


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Malamud, Bernard (1914-1986), was an American author.


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Malaria is a dangerous parasitic disease common in tropical and subtropical areas.


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Malawi, is a small scenic country in southeastern Africa.


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Malaya, is a former name of Peninsular Malaysia--a region of the nation of Malaysia.


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Malays, are a group of Southeast Asian peoples.


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Malaysia, is a country in Southeast Asia that is divided into two parts.


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Malcolm X (1925-1965) was one of the most influential African American leaders of the 1950's and 1960's.


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Maldives, is the smallest independent country in Asia and one of the smallest in the world.


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Maldon (pop. 50,800) is a local government district in eastern Essex, England.


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Male, (pop. 56,060), is the capital and chief port of the Maldives.


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Malenkov, Georgi Maximilianovich, (1902-1988), became premier of the Soviet Union after the death of Joseph Stalin in March 1953.


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Malevich, Kasimir, (1878-1935), was a Russian artist who pioneered abstract painting in Russia.


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Malherbe, Francois de, (1555-1628), was a French poet who became a haughty critic of French poetic language and style.


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Mali, is a large country in western Africa.


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Mali, Empire was a black empire that flourished in west Africa from about 1240 to 1500.


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Malignancy, is the tendency of a disease to be severe and possibly cause death.


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Malinowski, Bronislaw, (1884-1942), was a British anthropologist.


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Mallard is one of the most common wild ducks.


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Mallarme, Stephane, (1842-1898), a French poet, became the master of a group of poets who began a movement called Symbolism.


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Malleability, is the ability of many metals to be pressed or hammered into thin sheets.


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Mallory, Stephen Russell (1813?-1873), was secretary of the Confederate Navy during the Civil War (1861-1865).


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Mallow, is the popular name of a large family of plants.


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Malmo, (pop. 237,438), is the third largest city in Sweden.


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Malnutrition, is an unhealthy condition caused by a poor or inappropriate diet or by the body's inability to absorb or use nutrients.


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Malory, Sir Thomas (?-1471?), was the author of the book Le Morte Darthur.


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Malpighi, Marcello, (1628-1694), an Italian anatomist, physician, and botanist, became famous for his research on animal tissues and his mastery of the use of the microscope in his work.


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Malpractice suit is a lawsuit in which a professional person is accused of injuring a patient or client through negligence or error.


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Malraux, Andre, (1901-1976), was a French author who combined intellectual achievement with political activity.


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Malt is a food product that results when barley and certain other grains are specially treated.


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Malta is an island country in the Mediterranean Sea, about 60 miles (97 kilometers) south of Sicily.


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Maltese was probably the world's first lap dog.


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Malthus, Thomas Robert (1766-1834), was an English economist.


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Maltose, is the chemical term for malt sugar.


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Malvern Hills (pop. 87,000) is a local government district centered on the upland area of the Malvern Hills in Hereford and Worcester, England.


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Mamba, is the name of three deadly snakes of central and southern Africa.


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Mamelukes, were a military group that ruled Egypt from about A.D. 1250 to 1517.


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Mamet, David (1947-...), is a leading American playwright.


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Mammal is an animal that feeds its young on the mother's milk.


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Mammary glands are special glands found in all mammals.


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Mammoth, was a prehistoric animal closely related to present-day elephants.


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Mammoth, Cave National Park surrounds Mammoth Cave, part of the world's longest known cave system.


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Man, Isle of, is an island in the Irish Sea.


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Management and Budget, Office of (OMB), is a United States government agency that assists the President in preparing the federal budget and evaluating government programs and organization.


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Management information systems are computer systems designed to aid the executives who run businesses, government agencies, and other organizations.


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Managua, (pop.701,466), is the capital, largest city, and chief commercial center of Nicaragua.


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Manakin, is a type of small, tropical bird.


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Manama, (pop. 121,986), is the capital, largest city, and chief port of Bahrain, an island nation in the Persian Gulf (see Bahrain).


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Manatee, sometimes called sea cow, is a large water mammal.


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Manchester (pop. 397,400; met. area pop. 2,445,200) is one of the largest cities in England, one of the political divisions of the United Kingdom.


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Manchester, New Hampshire (pop. 107,006; met. area pop. 198,378), is the largest city and chief manufacturing and financial center of the state.


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Manchester terrier is a breed of dog that originated in Manchester, England, in the 1800's.


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Manchuria, is the historical name of a region in northeastern China.


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Manchus, were a people who conquered China in the 1600's.


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Mandalay, (pop. 472,512), is Myanmar's second largest city and chief inland river port.


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Mandamus, is a court order that requires a person, lower court, government official, or an officer of a corporation to do a legal duty.


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Mandan Indians are a tribe that has lived in western North Dakota, along the Missouri River, for more than 500 years.


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Mandarin, English-speaking people used the name mandarin for any high military or civil official of the Chinese Empire.


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Mandarin, is a citrus fruit that has a sweet, juicy pulp.


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Mandated territory. After World War I ended in 1918, certain colonies and territories were taken from the defeated nations and placed under the administration of one or more of the victorious nations.


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Mandela, Nelson (1918-...), was president of South Africa from 1994 to 1999.


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Mandible, or lower jawbone, is shaped like a horseshoe.


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Mandingo, is the name of a group of west African people.


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Mandolin, is a stringed musical instrument.


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Mandrake is the name of two similar plants that belong to the nightshade family.


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Mandrill, is a colorful monkey that lives in the forests of Cameroon and other parts of western Africa.


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Manet, Edouard, (1832-1883), a French painter, helped break tradition by using his subject matter in unexpected ways.


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Manganese, is a brittle, silver-gray metallic element.


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Mange, is a contagious skin disease that certain types of mites cause in dogs, cats, sheep, horses, goats, and swine.


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Mango is a fruit that grows in tropical regions throughout the world.


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Mangosteen, is a tree that grows in Southeast Asia.


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Mangrove, is a tree that grows along tropical coasts in salty ocean water.


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Manhattan Island is one of the commercial, financial, publishing, and cultural centers of the world.


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Manhattan Project was created by the United States government in 1942 to produce the first atomic bomb.


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Manichaeism, is a philosophical and religious system based on the teachings of a Babylonian prophet named Mani, who lived during the A.D. 200's.


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Manifest destiny was a term used to describe the belief in the 1840's in the inevitable territorial expansion of the United States.


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Manila (pop. 1,581,082; met. area pop. 9,932,560) is the capital and largest city of the Philippines.


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Manila Bay is the entrance to the city of Manila on Luzon, a northern island in the Philippines.


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Manitoba, is one of Canada's three Prairie Provinces.


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Manitoba, University of, is western Canada's oldest university and the largest school in Manitoba.


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Manitoulin, Island (pop. 9,823), in Lake Huron, is famed for its resorts.


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Mann, Horace (1796-1859), played a leading role in establishing state-supervised, state-funded, mandatory-attendance school systems in the United States.


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Mann, Thomas (1875-1955), a German novelist, won the 1929 Nobel Prize for literature.


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Manna, in the Old Testament, was the food given by God to the Israelites during their 40 years of wandering in the wilderness (Exod. 16 and Num. 11).


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Mannerism was a style of European art that flourished from about 1520 to 1600.


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Mannheim, (pop. 294,984), is a city in southern Germany.


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Manning, Preston (1942-...), was leader of Canada's Reform Party from 1987 to 2000.


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Manometer, is an instrument used to measure the pressure of a gas or vapor.


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Manorialism was the economic system of Europe from the end of the Roman Empire to the 1200's.


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Mansa Musa, (?-1337?), was the ruler of the Mali Empire in Africa from 1312 to about 1337.


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Mansfield, Arabella Babb (1846-1911), was the first woman admitted to the practice of law in the United States.


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Mansfield, Katherine (1888-1923), a British author, wrote symbolic short stories about everyday human experiences and inner feelings.


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Mansfield, Mike (1903-2001), a Montana Democrat, served as majority leader of the United States Senate from 1961 to 1977, longer than any other person.


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Mansfield, Richard (1854-1907), was the leading actor in the American theater from the 1880's to the early 1900's.


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Manslaughter is the legal term for the wrongful unplanned killing of another person.


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Manson, Sir Patrick (1844-1922), a Scottish physician, was called the father of tropical medicine.


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Mantegna, Andrea, (1431-1506), was a leading painter of the Italian Renaissance.


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Mantid is an insect that is sometimes called praying mantis because it usually holds its front legs as if it were praying.


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Mantle is the layer of rock between Earth's crust and core.


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Mantle, Mickey (1931-1995), ranks among the leading home run hitters in baseball history.


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Manu, in Hindu mythology, was the man who systematized the religious and social laws of Hinduism.


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Manuelito, (1818?-1893), was a leader of the Navajo Indians.


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Manufacturing is the industry that makes automobiles, books, clothing, furniture, paper, pencils, and thousands of other products.


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Manure is any substance produced by animals or plants that is used as fertilizer.


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Manuscript is a term for any document written by hand or by a machine such as a typewriter or a personal computer.


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Manzanita, is the name of a group of evergreen shrubs that grow chiefly from British Columbia to California.


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Manzoni, Alessandro, (1785-1873), ranks as one of Italy's greatest novelists on the basis of his only novel, The Betrothed.


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Mao Dun (1896-1981) was a Chinese editor and writer.


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Mao Zedong, (1893-1976), also spelled Mao Tse-tung, led the long struggle that made China a Communist nation in 1949.


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Maori, are a Polynesian people of New Zealand.


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Map is an image that represents a geographic area in a way that helps people find places or understand the area's features.


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Maple is any of about 120 species of broadleaf trees and shrubs common in forests of the Northern Hemisphere.


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Maple syrup is a sweet, flavorful liquid obtained from the sap of certain maple trees.


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Maputo, (pop. 1,006,765; met. area pop. 1,551,457), is the capital and largest city of Mozambique.


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Maquis, were French patriots who formed a secret army to fight German occupation forces in France during World War II (1939-1945).


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Mar del Plata, (pop. 532,845), is one of the most popular resort cities in Argentina.


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Marabou, is one of the largest birds in the stork family.


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Maracaibo, (pop. 1,207,513; met. area pop. 1,363,863), is Venezuela's chief coffee-exporting port and second largest city.


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Maradona, Diego Armando (1960-...), an Argentine soccer star, became famous in the 1980's.


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Maraschino, cherry is a preserved cherry.


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Marat, Jean-Paul, (1743-1793), was one of the most radical leaders of the French Revolution (1789-1799).


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Marathon, a coastal plain in Greece, was the site of one of the most important battles in the history of Western civilization.


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Maravich, Pete (1947-1988), was one of the greatest scorers in basketball history.


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Marble is a rock widely used in buildings, monuments, and sculptures.


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Marbles is a children's game played with small balls, usually made of glass.


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Marbury v. Madison marked the first time the United States Supreme Court declared a federal law unconstitutional.


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Marceau, Marcel (1923-...), is the best known of modern mime artists.


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Marcel, Gabriel (1889-1973), was a French philosopher.


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March is a highly rhythmic musical composition that is performed mainly to accompany marching.


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March is the third month of the year, according to the Gregorian calendar, which is used in most of the world today.


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March, Peyton, Conway (1864-1955), was chief of staff of the United States Army during World War I. He directed the operations that landed about 2 million American troops in France.


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March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation is a health agency that supports research, education, and medical and social services for children and pregnant women.


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Marciano, Rocky (1923-1969), was the world heavyweight boxing champion from 1952 to 1956.


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Marconi, Guglielmo, (1874-1937), was an Italian inventor and electrical engineer who gained international fame for his role in developing wireless telegraphy, or radio (see Radio).


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Marcos, Ferdinand Edralin (1917-1989), served as president of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986.


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Marcus Aurelius, (A.D. 121-180), was a Roman emperor and philosopher.


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Mardi Gras, is a lively, colorful celebration held on Shrove Tuesday, the day before Lent begins.


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Marduk, was the chief god of the ancient Babylonians.


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Marfan syndrome is a genetic disorder affecting the body's connective tissues.


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Margarine, also called oleomargarine, is a butterlike food made from vegetable oils or animal fats, or both.


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Margay, is a wildcat that lives in Central and South America from northern Mexico to Bolivia and Brazil.


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Margin in a stock exchange refers to funds that speculators deposit with their brokers to protect the brokers against loss.


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Margrethe, II (1940-...) is queen of Denmark.


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Maria Theresa (1717-1780) was Holy Roman empress, queen of Hungary and Bohemia, and archduchess of Austria.


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Mariana, Islands are formed by the summits of 15 volcanic mountains in the Pacific.


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Marie Antoinette, (1755-1793), was the beautiful queen of France who died on the guillotine during the French Revolution.


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Marie de Medicis, (1573-1642), was the second wife of King Henry IV and the mother of King Louis XIII of France.


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Marie Louise (1791-1847) was the second wife of Napoleon Bonaparte and the daughter of Emperor Francis I of Austria.


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Marigold is a hardy flowering plant commonly grown in gardens.


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Marijuana, also spelled marihuana, is a drug made from the dried leaves and flowering tops of the hemp plant.


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Marimba, is a percussion instrument that consists of a number of bars arranged on a frame like the keys of a piano.


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Marin, John (1870-1953), was one of the first American artists to paint in a modern style.


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Marine is a soldier who serves at sea and in special missions on land and in the air.


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Marine biology is the study of organisms that live in the sea.


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Marine Corps, United States, is a branch of the U.S. armed forces that is especially trained and organized for military expeditions and amphibious operations.


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Marino, Dan (1961-...), was one of the greatest quarterbacks in football history.


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Marino, Eugene Antonio (1934-2000), became the first African American to be named an archbishop of the Roman Catholic Church.


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Marion, Francis (1732?-1795), was an American military leader from South Carolina whose shrewd, daring raids in the Revolutionary War in America won him the nickname of The Swamp Fox.


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Mariposa, lily is a group of about 60 species of spring-blooming flowers of the lily family.


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Maris, Roger (1934-1985), held the major league record for home runs in one season from 1961 to 1998.


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Marisol, (1930-...), is an American sculptor known for her witty, life-sized wooden figures.


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Maritain, Jacques, (1882-1973), was a French philosopher and one of the most influential Roman Catholic scholars of the 1900's.


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Maritime, Administration is an agency of the United States Department of Transportation.


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Maritime law regulates commerce and navigation on the high seas or other navigable waters, including inland lakes and rivers.


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Marius, Gaius, (157-86 B.C.), was a Roman general and statesman.


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Marivaux, Pierre (1688-1763), was a French playwright and novelist.


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Marjoram, is the name of a group of fragrant plants that belong to the mint family.


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Mark, Saint, sometimes called John Mark, was an early Christian who accompanied Saint Paul on his first missionary journey.


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Market research is the process of gathering and analyzing information to help business firms and other organizations make marketing decisions.


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Marketing is the process by which sellers and buyers find each other and by which goods and services move from producers to consumers.


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Markham, Edwin (1852-1940), was an American poet.


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Marlborough, Duke of (1650-1722), was one of England's greatest generals.


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Marley, Bob (1945-1981), was a Jamaican musician and composer who popularized a style of music called reggae.


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Marlin, is the name of a group of large, powerful game fishes that have a long, pointed bill.


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Marlowe, Christopher (1564-1593), was the first great Elizabethan writer of tragedy.


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Marmara, Sea of, is part of the trade waterway that links the Black Sea with the Mediterranean Sea.


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Marmoset, is one of the world's smallest kinds of monkey.


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Marmot, is the largest member of the squirrel family.


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Marne, River is the largest branch of the Seine River in France.


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Marot, Clement, (1496-1544), was a French poet who served in the households of King Francis I and Marguerite de Navarre.


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Marquand, John Phillips (1893-1960), an American novelist, pictured the decayed aristocratic society in Boston with gentle but effective satire.


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Marquesas, Islands are a group of about 10 volcanic islands in the South Pacific Ocean.


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Marquess, is a degree of nobility in the British peerage.


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Marquette, Jacques, (1637-1675), was a French explorer and Roman Catholic missionary in North America.


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Marquette University is an independent coeducational school in Milwaukee.


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Marquis, Don (1878-1937), was an American humorist and journalist.


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Marrakech, (pop. 672,506), is one of the largest cities in Morocco.


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Marriage is the relationship between a man and a woman who have made a legal agreement to live together.


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Marryat, Frederick (1792-1848), was an English author whose novels about life at sea were widely read during the 1800's.


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Mars was the god of war in Roman mythology.


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Mars Pathfinder was a United States spacecraft that transmitted images and other data from the surface of Mars for nearly three months in 1997.


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Marsalis, Wynton (1961-...), an American trumpeter and composer, has won acclaim both as a jazz and a classical musician.


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Marseillaise, is the national hymn of France.


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Marseille, (pop. 807,726; met. area pop. 1,087,376), is the second largest city in France and the country's main seaport.


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Marsh is a type of wetland where nonwoody plants such as cattails grow.


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Marsh, Reginald (1898-1954), was an American artist famous for his realistic pictures of New York City life.


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Marsh mallow is a plant that grows in meadows and marshes of eastern Europe.


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Marshal is the highest title in the armies of many countries.


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Marshall, Alfred (1842-1924), was a British educator and the most influential economist of his day.


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Marshall, George Catlett (1880-1959), an American soldier and statesman, served as chief of staff of the United States Army during World War II (1939-1945).


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Marshall, James Wilson (1810-1885), discovered gold in California on Jan. 24, 1848.


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Marshall, John (1755-1835), the fourth chief justice of the United States, established the Supreme Court as an important branch of the federal government.


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Marshall, Thomas Riley (1854-1925), served as vice president of the United States from 1913 to 1921, under President Woodrow Wilson.


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Marshall, Thurgood (1908-1993), was the first African American justice on the Supreme Court of the United States.


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Marshall Islands is a country in the North Pacific Ocean.


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Marshall Plan encouraged European nations to work together for economic recovery after World War II (1939-1945).


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Marston, John (1576-1634), was an English playwright.


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Marsupial is a mammal whose young are born in an extremely immature state.


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Marsupial mouse is the name European settlers gave to various small Australian mammals.


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Marten is a slim, fur-covered mammal that looks like an oversized weasel.


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Martha's Vineyard, an island 4 miles (6 kilometers) off the southeastern coast of Massachusetts, is a popular summer resort.


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Marti, Jose Julian (1853-1895), was a Cuban political activist, journalist, and author.


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Martial, (A.D. 40?-104?), was an ancient Roman writer.


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Martial, arts is a general term for various types of fighting arts that originated in Asia.


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Martial, law is a temporary, emergency form of government under military rule.


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Martin is the name for several birds in the swallow family.


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Martin V (1368-1431) was elected pope in 1417.


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Martin Luther King, Jr., Day is a United States national holiday honoring the birthday of civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr. The holiday is observed each year on the third Monday in January.


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Martin of Tours, Saint (316?-397), is the patron saint of France.


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Martinique, is a French island in the West Indies.


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Martins, Peter (1946-...), is a Danish-born dancer and choreographer (dance creator).


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Marvell, Andrew (1621-1678), was perhaps the finest of the English metaphysical poets of the mid-1600's.


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Marx, Karl (1818-1883), ranks among the most important thinkers of the 1800's.


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Marx brothers were three American brothers who became famous for their zany antics in motion pictures.


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Mary I (1516-1558) was queen of England from 1553 until her death in 1558.


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Mary II (1662-1694) was the queen of England from 1689 to 1694.


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Mary, Queen of Scots (1542-1587), was the only surviving child of King James V of Scotland.


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Mary Magdalene, a follower of Jesus, was called Magdalene because she was reputed to be from the village of Magdala.


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Maryland is an important industrial and shipping state of the United States.


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Maryland System, University of, is a coeducational, state-assisted system of higher education.


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Masaccio, (1401-1428), an Italian painter, was one of the first great masters of the Italian Renaissance.


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Masada, was a historic Jewish fortress that stood on a huge rock in Judea (now southern Israel).


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Masaryk, was the family name of two Czech statesmen, father and son.


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Mascagni, Pietro, (1863-1945), was an Italian opera composer.


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Masefield, John (1878-1967), was an English poet, novelist, critic, and playwright.


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Maser, is a device that generates or amplifies microwaves.


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Maseru, (pop. 109,382), is the capital of Lesotho.


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Mask is a covering that disguises or protects the face.


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Maslow, Abraham Harold (1908-1970), was an American psychologist whom many people consider the founder of a movement called humanistic psychology.


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Mason, George (1725-1792), was a Virginia statesman who wrote the first American bill of rights, the Virginia Declaration of Rights of 1776.


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Mason, James Murray (1798-1871), served as Confederate commissioner to Britain during the American Civil War (1861-1865).


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Mason, Lowell (1792-1872), was an influential American music educator and composer of hymn tunes.


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Mason and Dixon's Line is usually thought of as the line that divides the North and the South.


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Masonry, also called Freemasonry, is the name of one of the oldest and largest fraternal organizations in the world.


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Masque, was an elaborate form of entertainment presented at European courts.


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Mass is often defined as the amount of matter in an object.


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Mass is the name used by several Christian churches for the celebration of the sacrament of the Eucharist, or Lord's Supper.


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Mass production is the production of machinery and other articles in standard sizes in large numbers.


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Mass spectroscopy, also called mass spectrometry, is a method of separating ionized atoms or molecules according to their mass (m) and electric charge (z).


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Massachusetts is the sixth smallest state of the United States, but it stands among the leaders in many fields.


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Massachusetts, University of, is a state-supported coeducational university.


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Massachusetts Bay Colony was the largest and most successful early New England settlement.


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Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private coeducational university in Cambridge, Massachusetts.


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Massage, is a method of manipulating the skin to produce healthful effects on the skin and underlying tissues. "Western massage" consists of stroking, rubbing, kneading, and striking the skin, usually with the hands or fingers. "Eastern massage" includes


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Massasoit, (1580?-1661), was a chief of the Wampanoag tribe of Indians who lived in what is now southern Massachusetts and Rhode Island.


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Massenet, Jules, (1842-1912), was a French composer best known for his operas.


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Massey, Vincent (1887-1967), was the first Canadian-born governor general of Canada.


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Massine, Leonide, (1896-1979), was a great Russian dancer and choreographer (dance creator).


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Massinger, Philip (1583-1640), an English playwright, is best known for his comedy A New Way to Pay Old Debts (1621 or 1622).


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Masson, Andre, (1896-1987), a French painter, was an important member of the surrealism art movement during the 1920's.


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Mastectomy, is the surgical removal of a breast.


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Masters, Edgar Lee (1868-1950), was an American author.


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Masters and Johnson, two American researchers, made important contributions to the understanding of human sexual behavior.


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Masterson, Bat (1853-1921), was a famous frontiersman and peace officer in the American West.


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Mastic is a resin drawn from Pistacia lentiscus, a tree or shrub native to the Mediterranean region.


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Mastication, is the first process in the digestion of food.


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Mastiff, also called Old English mastiff, is a large, short-haired breed of dog developed in the Middle East during ancient times.


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Mastodon, was an animal much like the elephant.


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Mastoid, is one of the five parts of the temporal bone of the skull.


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Masur, Kurt (1927-...), is a German conductor who specializes in music of the classical and romantic periods.


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Mata Hari, (1876-1917), a Dutch dancer, was executed by the French on charges of being a German spy during World War I. She began her stage career after an unhappy marriage.


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Matanuska, Valley lies in south-central Alaska, near Anchorage.


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Match is a slender piece of cardboard or wood with a tip made of a chemical mixture that burns easily.


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Mate is the title of a merchant marine officer or naval petty officer.


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Mate, also called Paraguay tea, is a drink made from the dried leaves and shoots of a plant that grows in South America.


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Materialism is a philosophical position that states that everything is material, or a state of matter.


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Materials are solid substances of which manufactured products are made.


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Mathematics is one of the most useful and fascinating divisions of human knowledge.


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Mather, Cotton (1663-1728), was a leading Puritan minister and theologian in colonial New England.


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Mather, Increase (1639-1723), was the most influential pastor and theologian among the second generation of Puritan ministers in colonial New England.


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Mather, Richard (1596-1669), was an important Puritan minister among the first generation of English settlers in the Massachusetts Bay Colony.


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Mathewson, Christy (1880-1925), was one of baseball's greatest right-handed pitchers.


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Matisse, Henri, (1869-1954), a French painter, was one of the most influential artists of the 1900's.


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Matra, James Mario (1745?-1806), an American seaman, served as a midshipman-that is, an assistant to the officers-on the ship Endeavour, commanded by the British explorer James Cook.


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Matter is the substance of which all objects are made.


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Matterhorn, is a famous mountain peak in the Pennine Alps.


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Matthew, Saint, was one of the 12 apostles of Jesus Christ.


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Matthias, Saint, was an early Christian.


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Matzeliger, Jan Ernst (1852-1889), invented a machine that revolutionized the shoe industry.


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Mau Mau, was a secret movement that included Africans who wanted to end European colonial rule in Kenya.


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Maugham, W. Somerset (1874-1965), was a fiction and drama writer who became one of the most popular British authors of the 1900's. However, Maugham's reputation stood far higher with the public than with critics.


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Mauldin, Bill (1921-...), is an American editorial cartoonist.


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Mauna Kea, is a volcano on the island of Hawaii.


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Mauna Loa, a volcanic mountain on the island of Hawaii, rises 13,677 feet (4,169 meters) above sea level in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park.


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Maundy, Thursday, also called Holy Thursday, is observed on the Thursday during Holy Week in the Christian calendar.


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Maurer, Ion Gheorghe, (1902-2000), served as prime minister of Romania from 1961 until he resigned in 1974.


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Mauriac, Francois, (1885-1970), a French author, won the 1952 Nobel Prize for literature.


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Mauritania, is a country in western Africa.


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Mauritius, is an island nation in the Indian Ocean.


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Maurois, Andre, (1885-1967), was the pen name of Emile Herzog, a French novelist and biographer.


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Maury, Matthew Fontaine (1806-1873), was a United States naval officer and scientist who did much to improve ocean travel.


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Mauryan, Empire was the first empire to provide a single government for almost all of India.


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Mauve, is a delicate pale purple or violet dye.


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Maverick, Samuel Augustus (1803-1870), was a prominent Texas pioneer and statesman.


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Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science is the principal organization for scientific research in Germany.


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Maxim, Sir Hiram Stevens (1840-1916), was an inventor who developed an automatic weapon called the Maxim gun.


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Maxim, Hudson (1853-1927), was an American inventor and explosives expert.


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Maximilian, (1832-1867), ruled as emperor of Mexico from 1864 to 1867.


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Maximilian, I (1459-1519) reigned as Holy Roman Emperor from 1493 to 1519.


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Maxwell, James Clerk (1831-1879), a Scottish scientist, was one of the greatest mathematicians and physicists of the 1800's.


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May is the fifth month of the year, according to the Gregorian calendar, which is used in most of the world today.


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May Day (May 1) is celebrated as a spring festival in many countries.


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Maya, were an American Indian people who developed a magnificent civilization in Central America and south Mexico.


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Mayapple is a plant that grows wild in wooded areas of the eastern half of the United States, as far west as Texas.


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Maybach, Wilhelm, (1846-1929), was a German inventor, engineer, and designer.


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Mayer, Julius Robert von (1814-1878), was a German physician and physicist.


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Mayer, Maria Goeppert, (1906-1972), a German-born physicist, shared the 1963 Nobel Prize in physics with J. Hans Jensen of Germany and Eugene Paul Wigner of the United States.


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Mayflower was the ship that carried the first Pilgrims to America, in 1620.


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Mayflower Compact was a written agreement for self-government signed by 41 members of the Plymouth Colony.


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Mayfly is a dainty insect with lacy wings and a slender, forked tail that trails behind it in flight.


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Mayhem, in law, is the offense of making a person less capable of self-defense by maiming the body or by destroying or injuring one of its members.


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Maynor, Dorothy (1910-1996), a black American singer, gained fame for her pure, sweet soprano voice.


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Mayo, Charles Horace (1865-1939), was a prominent American surgeon.


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Mayo, William James (1861-1939), an American physician, helped found the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, along with his father and his younger brother, Charles (see Mayo Clinic).


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Mayo, William Worrall (1819-1911), a surgeon, made important contributions to American medicine.


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Mayo Clinic, in Rochester, Minnesota, is one of the world's largest medical centers.


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Mayor is the head of a city government in the United States and many other countries.


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Mays, Benjamin Elijah (1894-1984), was an American Baptist minister, educator, and public speaker.


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Mays, Willie (1931-...), became one of the most exciting players in baseball history.


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Mazarin, Jules Cardinal (1602-1661), was, in effect, the ruler of France from 1643 until his death.


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Mazzei, Philip (1730-1816), was an Italian physician and merchant who supported the American Colonies during the Revolutionary War (1775-1783).


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Mazzini, Giuseppe, (1805-1872), was an Italian patriot who played an important part in uniting Italy in 1861.


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Mbabane, (pop. 38,636), is the administrative capital of Swaziland, a country in southern Africa.


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Mbeki, Thabo, (1942-...), became president of South Africa in 1999.


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McAdam, John Loudon (1756-1836), a Scottish engineer, originated the macadam type of road surface.


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McAfee, Mildred Helen (1900-1994), an American educator, commanded the WAVES during World War II.


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McAuliffe, Christa (1948-1986), was chosen to become the first schoolteacher to travel in space.


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McBain, Ed (1926-...), is the pen name of Evan Hunter, a leading American writer of detective fiction.


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McCarthy, Eugene Joseph (1916-...), served as a United States senator from Minnesota from 1959 to 1971.


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McCarthy, Joseph Raymond (1908-1957), a Republican United States senator from Wisconsin, was one of the most controversial figures in American politics.


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McCarthy, Mary (1912-1989), was an American author.


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McCarthyism is a term for the widespread accusations and investigations of suspected Communist activities in the United States during the 1950's.


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McCartney, Paul (1942-...), is a famous English singer, songwriter, and musician.


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McClellan, George Brinton (1826-1885), served for a time as the general in chief of the Union Army during the American Civil War (1861-1865).


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McClintock, Barbara (1902-1992), an American geneticist, won the 1983 Nobel Prize for physiology or medicine.


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McCloskey, John Cardinal (1810-1885), was the first American to be named a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church.


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McClung, Nellie (1873-1951), was a leading Canadian feminist and an author.


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McClure, Sir Robert John Le Mesurier (1807-1873), also spelled M'Clure, was a British explorer who led the first expedition to cross the Northwest Passage.


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McClure, Samuel Sidney (1857-1949), was an American editor and publisher.


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McCord, David (1897-1997), an American writer, was best known for his poetry for young children.


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McCormack, John (1884-1945), was perhaps the most famous of Irish tenors.


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McCormack, John William (1891-1980), a Democrat from Massachusetts, served as speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1962 to 1971.


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McCormick, Cyrus Hall (1809-1884), invented a reaping machine that revolutionized grain harvesting in the United States.


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McCormick, Robert Rutherford (1880-1955), an American editor and publisher, made the Chicago Tribune one of the nation's most important newspapers.


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McCoy, Elijah, (1843-1929), was a black American engineer and inventor who developed the automatic lubricator.


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McCrae, John (1872-1918), was a Canadian physician, soldier, and poet.


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McCullers, Carson (1917-1967), was an American novelist known for her stories of small-town life in the South.


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McCulloch v. Maryland resulted in one of the most important decisions in the history of the U.S. Supreme Court.


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McEnroe, John (1959-...), became one of the world's best tennis players.


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McGill, James (1744-1813), a wealthy Canadian merchant known for his philanthropy (charity), founded McGill University in Montreal, Quebec.


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McGill University is a coeducational university in Montreal, Canada.


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McGillivray, Alexander (1759?-1793), was an influential Creek Indian leader around the time of the Revolutionary War in America (1775-1783).


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McGillivray, William (1764?-1825), served as director of the North West Company, in what is now Canada, from 1804 to 1821.


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McGinley, Phyllis (1905-1978), was a leading American author of light verse.


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McGovern, George Stanley (1922-...), was the Democratic presidential nominee in 1972.


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McGuffey, William Holmes (1800-1873), was an American educator and clergyman.


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McGwire, Mark (1963-...), was one of the greatest home-run hitters in baseball history.


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McHenry, James (1753-1816), a doctor and politician, was a Maryland signer of the Constitution of the United States.


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McKay, Claude (1890-1948), was a black poet and novelist.


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McKay, Donald (1810-1880), was a Canadian master craftsman who designed and built more than 90 clipper ships.


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McKean, Thomas (1734-1817), an American statesman, was a Delaware signer of the Declaration of Independence.


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McKinley, William (1843-1901), helped shape the modern presidency and set the United States on a path toward world leadership.


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McKissick, Floyd Bixler (1922-1991), was a black American civil rights leader.


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McKuen, Rod (1933-...), is a popular American poet and composer.


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McLaughlin, Audrey Marlene (1936-...), served as leader of Canada's New Democratic Party (NDP) from 1989 to 1995.


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McLoughlin, John (1784-1857), a Canadian-born trader, is sometimes called the father of Oregon.


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McLuhan, Marshall (1911-1980), was a Canadian professor and writer whose theories on mass communication have caused widespread debate.


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McMillan was the family name of two American-born sisters who were social reformers in the United Kingdom.


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McMurtry, Larry (1936-...), is an American novelist whose fiction reflects his Southwestern heritage.


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McNally, Terrence (1939-...), is an American playwright who writes in a variety of styles.


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McNamara, Robert Strange (1916-...), was United States secretary of defense from 1961 to 1968.


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McNary, Charles Linza, (1874-1944), served as a United States senator from Oregon from 1917 until his death.


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McNaughton, Andrew George Latta, (1887-1966), was a noted Canadian soldier of World Wars I and II.


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McPherson, Aimee Semple (1890-1944), a colorful American evangelist, founded the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel.


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Mead, Margaret (1901-1978), was an American anthropologist known for her studies of how culture influences the development of personality.


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Meade, George Gordon (1815-1872), was a Union general in the Civil War (1861-1865).


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Meadowlark is the common name of two similar species of North American birds that inhabit grassy fields, meadows, and prairies.


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Mean, in statistics, is the sum of a series of numbers divided by the number of cases.


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Meany, George (1894-1980), served as the first president of the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO).


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Measles is a disease that causes a pink rash all over the body.


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Measuring worm is a moth caterpillar that moves by looping its body forward.


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Meat is animal flesh that is eaten as food.


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Meat extract is a paste with a highly concentrated meaty flavor.


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Meat packing is the business of slaughtering cattle, hogs, and sheep, and preparing the meat for transportation and sale.


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Mecca, (pop. 965,697), is the holiest city of Islam, the religion of the Muslims.


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Mechanical drawing is a drawing that provides the exact information needed to produce an architectural structure or a manufactured object.


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Mechanics is a science that studies the effects of forces on solids, liquids, and gases at rest or in motion.


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Mechanist, philosophy states that physical phenomena must be explained in terms of laws of cause and effect that describe the motion of matter.


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Medals, decorations, and orders are honors that are awarded to people for bravery or merit.


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Medea, was a woman in Greek mythology who had magical powers.


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Medeiros, Humberto S. Cardinal (1915-1983), was appointed a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church by Pope Paul VI in 1973. Medeiros was born on Sao Miguel Island in the Azores.


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Medellin, (pop. 1,834,881), is the second largest city of Colombia.


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Media, was an ancient country that flourished in the 500's B.C. in what is now northern Iran.


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Median, in statistics, is the middle value in a group of numbers arranged in numerical order.


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Medic Alert is a metal emblem that identifies its wearer as someone who has a certain medical problem.


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Medicaid, is a United States government program that works in cooperation with state governments to partly finance medical assistance to needy people.


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Medical ethics is the field of study concerned with moral problems created by the practice of modern medicine.


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Medical examiner is a public official who investigates suspicious or unnatural deaths.


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Medicare is a United States government health insurance program that covers nearly all people age 65 or older.


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Medici, was the name of a ruling family of Florence, Italy.


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Medici, Cosimo de', (1389-1464), was a wealthy banker who ruled Florence, Italy.


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Medici, Lorenzo de', (1449-1492), ruled Florence, Italy, from 1469 until his death.


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Medicine is the science and art of preserving health and treating illness.


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Medicine Hat (pop. 46,783) is a city on the South Saskatchewan River in southeastern Alberta.


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Medill, Joseph (1823-1899), a crusading American editor and publisher, made the Chicago Tribune one of the world's most successful newspapers.


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Medina, (pop. 608,295), is a city in western Saudi Arabia.


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Medina, Harold Raymond (1888-1990), an American judge, won international fame for his fair conduct of the trial of 11 American Communist Party leaders in 1949.


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Mediterranean fruit fly is an insect that destroys fruits, nuts, and vegetables.


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Mediterranean, Sea has been one of the world's chief trade routes since ancient times.


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Medusa, was one of the three Gorgons, and the only mortal Gorgon (see Gorgons).


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Meeker, Ezra (1830-1928), was an American pioneer and author.


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Meerkat is a small burrowing animal of Africa.


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Meerschaum, is a soft, whitish fibrous or flaky clay.


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Megalithic, monuments are structures built of large stones by prehistoric people for burial or religious purposes.


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Megalopolis, is a region made up of two or more metropolitan areas.


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Megaphone, is a hollow, cone-shaped device used to make a voice sound louder.


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Mehta, Zubin, (1936-...), is a symphony orchestra conductor.


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Meier, Richard (1934-...), is an American architect who is famous for his design of geometric buildings.


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Meighen, Arthur (1874-1960), served as prime minister of Canada two times during the 1920's.


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Meiji, Emperor (1852-1912), reigned in Japan from 1867 to 1912.


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Meir, Golda (1898-1978), served as prime minister of Israel from 1969 to 1974.


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Meistersinger was one of a group of German poetmusicians who treated literary art as a sort of craft or trade.


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Meitner, Lise, (1878-1968), was an Austrian-born physicist who played an essential role in the discovery of nuclear fission (the splitting of the nucleus of an atom).


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Meitnerium is an artificially produced radioactive element with 109 protons--that is, with an atomic number of 109.


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Mekong, River is the longest river on the Indochinese peninsula.


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Melaka, also spelled Malacca (pop. 88,073), is the capital of Melaka, a state of Malaysia.


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Melanchthon, Philipp (1497-1560), a German humanist and scholar, was Martin Luther's chief associate in starting and leading the Protestant Reformation.


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Melbourne (pop. 3,138,147) is the second largest city of Australia.


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Melcher, Frederic Gershom (1879-1963), won the Regina Medal in 1962 for his contributions to children's literature.


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Mellon, Andrew William (1855-1937), was an American financier.


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Mellophone is a curved brass musical instrument that resembles a French horn.


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Melon is the name of the fruit of several plants that belong to the gourd family.


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Melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid.


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Melville, Herman (1819-1891), ranks among America's major authors.


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Melville Island is one of a group of Canadian islands in the Arctic Ocean, north of Canada's mainland.


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Membrane is a term used to describe biological structures that cover surfaces and separate spaces in organisms.


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Memling, Hans (1430?-1494), was a Flemish painter.


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Memorial may take the form of a statue, monument, building, or park.


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Memorial Day, also called Decoration Day, is a patriotic holiday in the United States.


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Memory is the ability to remember something that has been learned or experienced.


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Memphis was the first capital of ancient Egypt.


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Memphis is the largest city in Tennessee.


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Menander, (342?-291? B.C.), was a Greek playwright who wrote more than 100 comedies.


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Menchu, Rigoberta, (1959-...), a Guatemalan Quiche Indian, won the 1992 Nobel Peace Prize for her work to gain respect for the rights of Guatemala's American Indian peoples.


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Mencius, (390?-305? B.C.), was one of the most influential figures in the development of the Chinese philosophy called Confucianism.


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Mencken, H. L. (1880-1956), was an American journalist, critic, and editor. His robust, often savagely witty style and his tremendous productivity as a writer brought him distinction in almost every literary form he attempted.


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Mendel, Gregor Johann, (1822-1884), an Austrian botanist and monk, formulated the basic laws of heredity.


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Mendeleev, Dmitri Ivanovich, (1834-1907), was a Russian chemist who developed a form of the periodic law, a basic principle in chemistry.


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Mendelevium, is an artificially produced radioactive element.


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Mendelsohn, Eric (1887-1953), was a German architect noted for his bold geometric style.


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Mendelssohn, Felix (1809-1847), was a German composer who was widely known and respected in his time.


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Mendelssohn, Moses (1729-1786), was a Jewish philosopher and scholar, and one of the most learned men of his time.


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Menelaus, a king of Sparta, was the husband of Helen of Troy.


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Menelik II (1844-1913) was one of the greatest emperors of Ethiopia.


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Menendez de Aviles, Pedro, (1519-1574), a Spanish naval captain, founded St. Augustine, the first permanent European settlement in what would become the United States.


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Mengele, Josef (1911-1979), a German doctor, personally selected over 400,000 prisoners to die in gas chambers at Auschwitz, a Nazi concentration camp during World War II (1939-1945).


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Menhaden, is a fish that lives in the Atlantic Ocean off the Americas from Nova Scotia to Brazil.


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Meningitis, is a disease that affects the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord.


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Menninger, Karl Augustus (1893-1990), was an American psychiatrist whose writings influenced public attitudes toward mental illness.


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Menninger, William Claire (1899-1966), was a leading American psychiatrist.


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Menninger, Clinic, a nonprofit organization in Topeka, Kansas, is one of the world's leading psychiatric centers.


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Mennonites, belong to a Protestant group that emphasizes a simple style of life and worship.


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Menominee, Indians are a tribe that has lived in the Wisconsin and Upper Michigan region for over 5,000 years.


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Menopause, is the time in a woman's life when her menstrual periods stop.


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Menotti, Gian Carlo, (1911-...), an American composer, wrote some of the most popular operas of the mid-1900's.


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Mensheviks, were members of a group in the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party.


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Menstruation, is the loss of blood and cells that occurs about once a month in most women of childbearing age.


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Mental illness is any disease of the mind or brain that seriously affects a person's thoughts, emotions, personality, or behavior.


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Mental retardation is a condition in which people have substantial limitations in their intellectual abilities.


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Menthol, is a soft, white substance with a mint odor and a fresh, cool taste.


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Mentor was the elderly friend and adviser of Odysseus, the hero of the Odyssey, an ancient Greek epic.


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Menuhin, Yehudi, (1916-1999), was an American-born violinist who had spectacular success as a child prodigy.


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Mephistopheles, is the Devil in a German legend about a magician named Faust.


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Mercantilism, was an economic system followed by England, France, and other major trading nations from the 1500's to the late 1700's.


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Mercator, Gerardus, (1512-1594), was a Flemish geographer who became the leading mapmaker of the 1500's.


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Mercenary, is a person who serves for pay in the armed forces of a foreign country.


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Mercer, Johnny (1909-1976), was one of the greatest lyric writers in the history of American popular music.


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Merchant marine is a fleet made up of a nation's commercial ships and the men and women who operate them.


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Mercier, Desire, Joseph Cardinal (1851-1926), was a Belgian cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who became a national hero during World War I (1914-1918).


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Mercouri, Melina (1925-1994), was a Greek actress and politician.


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Mercosur, is an association of several South American countries that work to increase trade among themselves.


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Mercurochrome is the trade name for a weak antiseptic that is used in a water solution.


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Mercury, a silver-colored metal, is one of the chemical elements.


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Mercury was the messenger of the gods and the god of roads and travel in Roman mythology.


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Meredith, George (1828-1909), was an English novelist and poet.


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Meredith, James Howard (1933-...), was the first African American to attend the University of Mississippi.


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Merganser, is the name of a group of ducks that eat fish.


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Mergenthaler, Ottmar, (1854-1899), invented the Linotype typesetting machine.


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Merger is a combination of two or more independent businesses into a single corporation.


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Merimee, Prosper, (1803-1870), a French author, is best known for his novelettes (long short stories).


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Merlin was a magician and prophet who was an adviser to the legendary King Arthur.


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Mermaid was a mythical creature that lived in the sea.


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Merovingian, dynasty was a line of Frankish kings who conquered Gaul and surrounding lands beginning in A.D. 486 and ruled until 751.


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Merrill, James (1926-1995), was an American poet whose favorite theme is memory.


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Merrill, Robert (1919-...), an American baritone, became one of the world's leading opera stars.


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Merrill's Marauders, sometimes called Merrill's Raiders, were about 3,000 United States infantrymen who fought under Brigadier General Frank Merrill during World War II (1939-1945).


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Merrimack River flows through southern New Hampshire and northeastern Massachusetts.


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Merry-go-round is a popular children's ride at amusement parks, carnivals, and theme parks.


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Mersey, River is an important trade waterway in northwest England.


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Merton, Robert King (1910-...), is an American sociologist.


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Merton, Thomas (1915-1968), a Roman Catholic monk, was the most popular spiritual writer of his time.


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Merwin, W. S. (1927-...), is an American poet and translator. He won the 1971 Pulitzer Prize in poetry for his collection The Carriers of Ladders (1970).


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Mesa, is an isolated hill or mountain that has a flat, tablelike top and steep sides.


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Mesa, (pop. 396,375), is one of the largest cities in Arizona.


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Mesa Verde, National Park. Hundreds of years ago, Indians known as the Anasazi built high cliff dwellings of stone along the canyon walls of a huge plateau in southwestern Colorado.


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Mesabi, Range is a chain of hills in northeastern Minnesota.


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Mescaline, is a powerful drug that distorts what a person sees and hears and intensifies the emotions.


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Meshed, (pop. 1,887,405), is one of Iran's largest cities and a leading religious center.


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Mesmer, Franz Anton (1734-1815), an Austrian physician, pioneered in the practice of hypnotism.


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Meson, is any of about 150 kinds of unstable subatomic particles.


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Mesopotamia, was an ancient region in which the world's earliest civilization developed.


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Mesosphere, is a layer of the earth's atmosphere.


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Mesquite, is the name of a group of thorny, low shrubs that grow in dry climates.


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Messenia, is a department (political division) of Greece.


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Messiaen, Olivier, (1908-1992), was a French composer.


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Messiah, is a person who is thought of as a savior or liberator by his or her followers.


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Messier, Charles, (1730-1817), was a French astronomer.


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Messina, (pop. 231,693), is one of the largest cities in Sicily, an Italian island in the Mediterranean Sea.


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Mestizo, is a Spanish word that comes from the Latin mixtus, meaning mixed.


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Mestrovic, Ivan (1883-1962), was an internationally known Croatian sculptor.


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Metabolism, is the sum of the chemical processes by which cells produce the materials and energy necessary for life.


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Metal forms a large part of the earth on which we live.


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Metal detector is an instrument used to locate hidden or lost metal objects.


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Metal fatigue is the gradual weakening of metal after extensive use.


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Metallography, is the study of the internal structure of metals and alloys.


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Metallurgy, is the science of separating metals from their ores (the minerals or rocks in which they are found), preparing them for use, and improving their performance.


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Metamorphic, rock is one of the three main types of rock in the earth's crust.


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Metamorphism, is the set of processes by which rocks are changed in form.


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Metamorphosis, is a Greek word that means transformation.


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Metaphor, a figure of speech, is an expression taken from one field of experience and used to say something in another field.


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Metaphysical, poets is the name given to certain English poets of the 1600's who were influenced by John Donne, the most important member of the group.


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Metaphysics, is the branch of philosophy concerned with the basic nature of reality.


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Metcalfe, Charles Theophilus (1785-1846), Baron Metcalfe, a British statesman, served as governor-general of Canada from 1843 to 1845.


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Metchnikoff, Elie, (1845-1916), was a Russian biologist.


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Meteor is a bright streak of light that appears briefly in the sky.


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Meteorology, is the study of the earth's atmosphere and the variations in atmospheric conditions that produce weather.


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Meter, also spelled metre, is the base unit of length in the metric system.


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Meter, in poetry, refers to the pattern of rhythm in a poem.


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Methadone is a drug used in experimental programs that help people overcome addiction to such narcotics as heroin, morphine, or opium.


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Methamphetamine, is a powerful drug nicknamed "speed."


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Methane, is an important industrial compound that makes up a large part of natural gas.


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Methanol, is a type of alcohol used for many industrial purposes.


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Method acting is the general approach to acting used by many modern American actors.


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Methodists belong to those Protestant denominations that trace their beginnings back to John Wesley, a clergyman of the Church of England.


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Methuselah, was the son of Enoch, the father of Lamech, and the grandfather of Noah in the Old Testament.


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Metis, refers to people of mixed white and American Indian ancestry.


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Metonymy, is a figure of speech by which a phrase or word is used for a related phrase or word.


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Metric system is a group of units used to make measurements in science and engineering, in commerce, and in everyday life.


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Metronome, is an instrument that beats time for musicians.


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Metropolitan is the title of a high-ranking clergyman in the Anglican, Eastern Orthodox, and Roman Catholic churches.


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Metropolitan area consists of a central city and the developed area that surrounds it.


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Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City is the largest art museum in the United States.


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Metternich, (1773-1859), served as Austrian minister of foreign affairs from 1809 to 1848.


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Meuse, River rises in the Langres Plateau of eastern France, and flows north past Verdun through the Ardennes highlands.


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Mexicali, (pop. 764,902), is the capital and one of the largest cities of the Mexican state of Baja California Norte.


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Mexican hairless is a dog that has no coat of hair.


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Mexican War (1846-1848) was fought between the United States and Mexico over disagreements that had been accumulating for two decades.


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Mexico is the northernmost country of Latin America.


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Mexico, National Autonomous University of, is the largest university in Mexico.


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Mexico City is the capital of Mexico and one of the largest cities in the world.


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Meyer, Julius Lothar (1830-1895), a German chemist, showed the relation between the atomic weights and properties of the elements.


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Meyerbeer, Giacomo (1791-1864), was one of the most popular opera composers of his day.


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Mfume, Kweisi, (1948-...), became president and chief executive officer of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1996.


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Miami, Florida (pop. 362,470; met. area pop. 2,253,362), is a world-famous resort city.


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Miami, Beach, Florida (pop. 87,933), is one of North America's most famous resort centers.


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Miami Indians are a tribe that lived in several areas near the Great Lakes.


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Mica, is the name of a group of minerals that contain atoms of aluminum, oxygen, and silicon bonded together into flat sheets.


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Micah, Book of, is a book of the Hebrew Bible, or Old Testament, named for a Hebrew prophet.


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Michael, Saint, is one of the four archangels in both Jewish and Christian scriptures.


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Michaelmas, is a festival held on September 29 in the Roman Catholic and Anglican churches, and on November 8 in the Greek, Armenian, and Coptic churches.


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Michelangelo, (1475-1564), was one of the most famous artists in history.


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Michelson, Albert Abraham (1852-1931), was the first American citizen to win a Nobel Prize in science.


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Michener, James Albert (1907-1997), an American author, won the 1948 Pulitzer Prize for fiction for his collection of stories, Tales of the South Pacific (1947).


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Michener, Roland (1900-1991), was governor general of Canada from 1967 to 1974.


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Michigan is an important industrial, farming, tourist, and mining state in the Great Lakes region of the United States.


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Michigan, University of, is a state-controlled coeducational university.


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Michigan State University is a state-supported coeducational school in East Lansing, Michigan.


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Micmac, Indians are a tribe of eastern Canada.


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Microbiology, is the study of microscopic organisms.


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Microcrystalline wax is widely used in making special types of paper for packaging.


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Microencapsulation is the process of enclosing a substance in a capsule so that the substance can be easily released.


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Microfilm is a kind of photographic film on which reduced images of printed and other materials are recorded.


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Micrometer, is a mechanical device that measures small distances or angles.


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Micrometer, also called micron, is a metric unit of length.


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Micronesia, Federated States of, is a country in the North Pacific Ocean.


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Microphone is a device that changes sound into electric energy.


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Microscope is an instrument that magnifies extremely small objects so they can be seen easily.


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Microtome, is a device used to cut materials very thin so that they can be seen in cross section under a microscope.


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Microtomy, originally meant microscopic cutting.


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Microwave oven is an appliance that heats food by penetrating it with short radio waves.


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Midas, was a character in Greek mythology.


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Middle age refers to an arbitrary period in a person's life between early adulthood and old age.


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Middle Ages were the period between ancient and modern times in western Europe.


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Middle America is a term geographers sometimes use for the area between the United States and South America.


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Middle Atlantic States are New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania.


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Middle class is a group of people between the upper and lower classes in a society.


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Middle East is a large region that covers parts of northern Africa, southwestern Asia, and southeastern Europe.


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Middle school is a school designed for students in sixth, seventh, and eighth grade.


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Middleton, Arthur (1742-1787), was a South Carolina signer of the Declaration of Independence.


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Midge is any of a large family of small flies.


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Midnight sun is a term used for the sun when it can be seen 24 hours a day in the earth's polar regions.


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Midway Island lies 1,300 miles (2,090 kilometers) northwest of Honolulu in the Pacific Ocean.


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Midwestern States are Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin.


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Midwife is a person who helps women give birth.


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Midwife toad is the name of certain small frogs of central and southwestern Europe.


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Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig (1886-1969), was one of the most influential architects of the 1900's.


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Mifflin, Thomas (1744-1800), represented Pennsylvania at the Constitutional Convention of 1787 and signed the Constitution of the United States.


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Mignonette, is an attractive garden plant of North America and Europe.


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Migraine is a type of headache that causes a severe, throbbing pain, often on only one side of the head.


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Migrant labor is a farm labor force that moves into a region temporarily to help harvest and process crops.


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Migration, in biology, is the movement of animals to a place that offers better living conditions.


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Mikado, is a term once used to refer to the emperor of Japan.


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Mikan, George (1924-...), became the most famous--and perhaps the dominant--basketball player of the 1940's and early 1950's.


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Miki, Takeo (1907-1988), served as prime minister of Japan from December 1974 to December 1976.


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Milan, (pop. 1,369,231), is the second largest city in Italy.


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Milan Cathedral is a large church in Milan, Italy.


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Milan Decree was a fundamental step in the Continental System, a plan of French Emperor Napoleon I to destroy Britain by ending British trade with continental Europe.


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Mildew is the name of several kinds of fungi that attack plants and some products made from plants and animals.


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Miles, Nelson Appleton (1839-1925), a noted American military officer, served in the American Civil War, the Indian wars, and the Spanish-American War.


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Milhaud, Darius, (1892-1974), was a French-born composer noted for his works for the stage.


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Milhous, Katherine (1894-1977), was an American author and illustrator of children's books.


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Military discharge ends a person's period of service in the armed forces.


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Military police are the trained police maintained by a nation's armed forces.


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Military school is an institution that educates people and trains them in military arts and sciences.


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Military science is the study of scientific principles that control the conduct of war.


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Military training is training in the art and science of war.


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Militia, includes all able-bodied persons who are liable to be called into the armed forces in time of national emergency.


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Milk is the most nourishing of all foods and a favorite drink of people throughout the world.


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Milk snake is a type of kingsnake that farmers once believed took milk from cows.


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Milking machine is a device that milks cows.


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Milkweed is the name of more than 100 kinds of plants that have tufts of silky hairs on the seeds and contain a milky juice.


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Milky Way is the galaxy that contains the sun, Earth, and other objects in our solar system.


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Mill was the family name of three British writers-father, son, and the son's wife.


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Millais, Sir John Everett (1829-1896), an English painter, helped found the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood in 1848.


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Millay, Edna St. Vincent (1892-1950), was an American poet. Many of her poems have romantic themes.


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Millennium, in science, is any period of 1,000 years.


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Millennium, in religion, has traditionally been used to refer to a 1,000-year period in which holiness will prevail throughout the world.


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Miller, Arthur (1915-...), is a leading American playwright.


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Miller, Dorie (1919-1943), was a famous African American hero of World War II (1939-1945).


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Miller, Glenn (1904-1944), was a popular American dance band leader, arranger, and trombonist.


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Miller, Henry (1891-1980), became one of the most controversial American authors of his time.


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Miller, Joaquin, (1837-1913), was an American poet who wrote about the West.


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Miller, Samuel Freeman (1816-1890), served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1862 until his death.


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Miller, William Edward (1914-1983), was the Republican nominee for Vice President of the United States in the 1964 election.


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Milles, Carl (1875-1955), was a Swedish-American sculptor.


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Millet, is any one of a group of grasses that produce small, edible seeds.


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Millet, Jean Francois, (1814-1875), a French artist, was the most significant painter of peasant life of the 1800's.


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Millikan, Robert Andrews (1868-1953) was a distinguished American physicist.


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Millipede, also spelled millepede, is a wormlike, many-legged animal.


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Mills, Robert (1781-1855), was one of the first Americans trained as an architect and engineer.


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Milne, A. A. (1882-1956), an English author, became famous for his children's stories and poems. Two of Milne's books, Winnie-the-Pooh (1926) and The House at Pooh Corner (1928), have become masterpieces of children's literature.


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Milne, David Brown (1882-1953), was an important Canadian painter.


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Milnes, Sherrill (1935-...), is an American operatic baritone known for his rich voice and great range.


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Milos, or Melos, is a Greek island in the Aegean Sea.


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Milosevic, Slobodan, (1941-...), was president of Yugoslavia from 1997 to 2000.


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Milstein, Nathan (1904-1992), was a well-known and beloved violinist.


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Miltiades, (540?-488? B.C.), was a famous general of ancient Athens.


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Milton, John (1608-1674), was an English poet and political writer.


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Milwaukee, is the largest city in Wisconsin and one of the major industrial centers of the United States.


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Mimicry, is the condition in which one living organism closely resembles, or mimics, its surroundings or another animal or plant.


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Mimosa, is the name of a group of trees, shrubs, and herbs that have featherlike leaves.


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Minamoto Yoritomo, (1147-1199), was the greatest leader of early medieval Japan.


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Minaret, is a tall, usually slender, tower attached to the Muslim house of worship, called a mosque.


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Minch, The, is a broad strait that separates the island of Lewis with Harris, in the Outer Hebrides, from the west coast of Scotland.


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Mind. Psychologists, psychiatrists, and philosophers have held many views on the nature of the mind.


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Mind reading is a term loosely applied to various forms of extrasensory perception (ESP), especially telepathy and clairvoyance.


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Mindszenty, Joseph Cardinal (1892-1975), a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church, was a religious leader in Hungary.


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Mine warfare is the use of explosive devices called mines to kill enemy troops and destroy their ships, tanks, and other equipment.


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Miner, Jack (1865-1944), was a Canadian bird conservationist and researcher of North American bird migrations.


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Mineral is the most common solid material found on the earth.


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Mineral oil is a clear, colorless, oily liquid with almost no taste or odor.


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Mineral water, also called aerated water, is spring water that has a high content of mineral matter or of gas. (The term aerated means charged with gas.) The mineral matter includes salt, Epsom salt, lime, magnesia, iron, silica, boron, fluorine, and many


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Minerva was one of the most important goddesses in ancient Roman mythology.


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Minesweeper is a ship or helicopter that clears away or destroys underwater explosives.


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Ming dynasty ruled China from A.D. 1368 to 1644, a period of Chinese rule between two foreign conquests.


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Miniature bull terrier is a small, muscular dog.


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Miniature pinscher, is a toy dog of the terrier family.


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Miniature schnauzer, is a breed of dog that originated in Germany in the 1800's.


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Minim, is the smallest unit of fluid measure in the apothecaries' system of measurement.


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Minimal art was a style of painting and sculpture that developed in the 1960's, particularly in the United States.


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Minimata disease is the name of a type of mercury poisoning.


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Minimum wage is the smallest amount of money per hour that an employer may legally pay a worker.


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Mining is the process of taking minerals or coal from the earth.


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Minister, in international relations, is a diplomatic agent who represents his or her country in a foreign land.


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Minister, in religion, is one who serves.


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Ministry, in government, is a body of executive officers who advise the head of a country or directly control a nation's affairs.


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Mink is a small mammal prized for its fur.


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Minke, whale is a relatively small whale that lives in all oceans from the polar regions to the tropics.


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Minneapolis, is the largest city in Minnesota and a major Midwestern center of finance, industry, trade, and transportation.


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Minnehaha, Falls is a waterfall on Minnehaha Creek in Minneapolis, Minn.


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Minnesinger, was one of a group of German love poets who flourished from the late 1100's to the late 1300's.


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Minnesota is a large state in the Midwestern United States.


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Minnesota, University of, is a state-supported coeducational institution.


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Minnesota River is a large branch of the Mississippi River.


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Minnow is a common name for fish in the carp and minnow family.


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Minor is a person who is under legal age.


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Minorca, also spelled Menorca, is the second largest island of the Balearic Islands, which lie off the east coast of the mainland of Spain (see Balearic Islands).


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Minority group is a group of people who differ in some ways from the principal group in a society.


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Minos, was a king of Crete in Greek mythology.


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Minotaur, in Greek mythology, was a monster that was half man and half bull.


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Minsk (pop. 1,613,000) is the capital of Belarus.


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Minstrel is a term most broadly used to refer to professional entertainers who flourished in Europe during the Middle Ages.


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Minstrel show was the first uniquely American form of show business.


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Mint is the name of a large family of plants that grow mostly in temperate regions.


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Minto, Earl of (1845-1914), was a British colonial administrator who served as governor general of Canada from 1898 to 1904.


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Mintoff, Dom (1916-...), a leader of the Maltese Labour Party, was prime minister of Malta from 1955 to 1958, when Malta was a colony of the United Kingdom.


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Minuet was the leading couple dance of the European royal courts and high society from the late 1600's to the late 1700's.


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Minuit, Peter (1580-1638), was a Dutch colonial governor who bought Manhattan Island from the Indians in 1626.


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Minute is a unit that is used to measure both time and angles.


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Minutemen were volunteer soldiers who fought for the American Colonies against Britain at the beginning of the Revolutionary War in America (1775-1783).


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Mir was the longest-lasting space station ever built.


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Mirabeau, Comte de (1749-1791), was a French statesman, orator, and leader of the French Revolution (1789-1799).


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Miracle is an event that cannot be explained through the known laws of nature.


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Miracle play is a form of religious drama which was popular in the Middle Ages.


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Miramichi, River is an important waterway in New Brunswick.


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Miranda, Francisco de (1750-1816), was a Venezuelan patriot, professional soldier, and gifted statesman.


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Miranda, v. Arizona was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States limited the power of police to question suspects.


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Miro, Joan, (1893-1983), was a Spanish painter who developed an imaginative and extremely personal style.


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Mirror is any smooth surface that reflects most of the light striking it.


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Miscarriage, also called spontaneous abortion, is the accidental or natural ending of a pregnancy before a baby can live outside its mother's body.


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Misdemeanor is any violation of the law which is less serious than a felony.


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Miskolc, (pop. 189,655), is a city in Hungary.


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Missile boat is a small, fast warship that can fire guided missiles.


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Mission life in America thrived for more than 250 years in a belt of North America known as the Spanish Borderlands.


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Missionary is a person sent by a religious group to convert others to his or her faith.


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Mississauga, (pop. 544,382), is one of the largest cities in Ontario, Canada.


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Mississippi is a state that is going through a period of great change.


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Mississippi, University of, is a state-supported coeducational school with campuses in Oxford and Jackson, Miss.


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Mississippi River is one of the chief rivers of North America and the second longest river in the United States.


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Mississippi Scheme was a wild financial project formulated in France in 1717.


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Mississippi State University is a coeducational school in Mississippi State, Miss.


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Mississippi University for Women is a state-controlled coeducational school in Columbus, Miss.


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Mississippian Period was the early part of the Carboniferous Period in the Paleozoic Era of geologic history.


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Missoula, (pop. 57,053), is one of the largest cities in Montana.


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Missouri, is an important industrial and farming state of the Midwest region of the United States.


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Missouri, University of, is a coeducational state university system.


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Missouri Compromise was a plan agreed upon by the United States Congress in 1820 to settle the debate over slavery in the Louisiana Purchase area.


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Missouri River is the longest river in the United States.


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Mistletoe is a plant that grows as a parasite on the trunks and branches of various trees.


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Mistral, Frederic, (1830-1914), was a famous French poet who won the 1904 Nobel Prize for literature.


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Mistral, Gabriela, (1889-1957), was the pen name of Lucila Godoy Alcayaga, a Chilean poet and educator.


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Mitanni, was an ancient kingdom in northern Mesopotamia.


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Mitchel, John Purroy (1879-1918), was elected reform mayor of New York City in 1913.


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Mitchell, Arthur (1934-...), was the first black American to dance with a major classical ballet company.


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Mitchell, Billy (1879-1936), a United States Army general, was one of the most controversial figures in American military history.


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Mitchell, George John (1933-...), was a United States senator from Maine from 1980 to 1995.


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Mitchell, Joan (1926-1992), an American painter, was a major figure in the artistic movement known as abstract expressionism.


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Mitchell, John Newton (1913-1988), served as attorney general of the United States from 1969 to 1972.


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Mitchell, Margaret (1900-1949), an American author, wrote Gone with the Wind (1936), one of the most popular novels of all time.


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Mitchell, Maria (1818-1889), an American astronomer, became known for her studies of sunspots and of satellites of planets.


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Mitchell, Wesley Clair (1874-1948), was an American economist known for his studies of the rise and fall in business activity.


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Mite is the common name for a type of small animal related to ticks.


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Mithra, was a god of the tribes of the Aryans who settled in ancient Persia.


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Mithridates, VI (120?-63 B.C.) was king of Pontus, an area in what is now Turkey.


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Mitral valve prolapse, sometimes called MVP, is a common heart valve disorder.


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Mitropoulos, Dimitri (1896-1960), was a symphony orchestra and opera conductor.


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Mitterrand, Francois Maurice (1916-1996), served as president of France from 1981 to 1995.


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Miwok, Indians is the name of three groups in northern California who speak related languages.


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Mix, Tom (1880-1940), became one of America's most famous motion-picture cowboys.


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Mixtec, Indians maintained one of the most important cultures in central Mexico from about A.D. 900 until about 1520.


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Moa, is any one of about 13 species (kinds) of extinct birds that once lived on the North Island and the South Island of New Zealand.


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Moabite stone. This ancient stone bears some of the earliest writing in Hebrew-Phoenician characters.


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Mobile, (pop. 198,915; met. area pop. 540,258), is one of Alabama's largest cities and its only seaport.


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Mobile, is a sculpture that achieves its expression through movement.


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Mobile home is a movable, factory-built house.


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Mobile, River is a short river that helps drain the delta at the head of Mobile Bay in southwestern Alabama.


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Mobius strip is a continuous loop with a half-twist in it.


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Mobutu Sese Seko, (1930-1997), was president of Zaire from 1965 to 1997.


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Moccasin, is a soft, slipperlike shoe originally worn by North American Indians.


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Moche, was an American Indian culture that flourished in the coastal desert of what is now northern Peru from the A.D. 100's to the 700's.


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Mock orange is the name of a group of shrubs native to North America, eastern Asia, and Europe.


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Mockingbird is the name of more than 30 species of birds native to the Western Hemisphere.


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Mode, in statistics, is that value in any group that occurs most frequently.


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Model Parliament was the name given in the 1800's to the parliament that met at Westminster, in England, in 1295.


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Modeling is a profession in which people display clothing and other products or illustrate various situations.


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Modem, is a device that enables computers to transmit and receive information over the telephone network.


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Modigliani, Amedeo, (1884-1920), was an important Italian artist of the early 1900's.


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Modoc, Indians are a small tribe closely related to the Klamath Indians.


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Moffat, Tunnel is one of the longest railroad tunnels in the world.


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Mogadishu, (pop. 750,000), is the capital and largest city of Somalia.


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Mogollon, is the name of prehistoric Indians who lived in southeastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico from about 500 B.C. to A.D. 1200.


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Mohair is the name given to the hair of the Angora goat.


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Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, (1919-1980), was the shah (king) of Iran from 1941 to 1979.


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Mohave, Indians are a tribe who live in California, Arizona, and Nevada along the Colorado River.


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Mohawk Indians are a tribe of Iroquois Indians who once occupied an area near the Mohawk River in central New York.


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Mohawk River is the largest tributary of the Hudson River.


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Mohawk Trail was a route westward along the Mohawk River from the Hudson River to the Great Lakes.


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Mohegan Indians became a powerful tribe in New England during colonial times.


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Moi, Daniel Toroitich arap (1924-...), became president of Kenya in 1978.


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Moire, pattern is a pattern of lines formed when two regularly spaced patterns overlap but are not aligned.


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Moiseiwitsch, Benno (1890-1963), was a talented Ukrainian-born pianist.


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Mojave, Desert, in southeastern California, is a vast desert wasteland covering about 25,000 square miles (64,700 square kilometers).


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Molasses is a thick, sweet, sticky syrup.


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Molasses Act was a British law passed in 1733 to change a pattern of trade in the American Colonies.


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Mold is a type of fungus that often grows on food.


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Moldova, is a country in southeastern Europe.


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Mole is a small, thick-bodied mammal that lives underground.


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Mole is a unit used to measure the amount of a substance.


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Mole cricket is a type of large insect that burrows in the ground like a mole.


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Molecular biology is the study of those molecules that direct molecular processes in cells.


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Molecule is one of the basic units of matter.


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Moliere, (1622-1673), was the stage name of Jean Baptiste Poquelin, the greatest French writer of comedy.


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Mollusk, is any of a large group of soft-bodied animals that have no bones.


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Molly is the name of a group of small, colorful fish popular in home aquariums.


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Molly Maguires was the popular name for members of a secret society of immigrant Irish coal miners in the United States.


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Molnar, Ferenc, (1878-1952), became the most widely known Hungarian dramatist of his time.


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Molotov, Vyacheslav Mikhailovich, (1890-1986), became widely known during two terms as foreign minister of the Soviet Union.


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Molting is the process by which an animal sheds worn hair, skin, scales, feathers, or fur and grows a new body covering.


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Moltke, Helmuth Karl von (1800-1891), was a Prussian military genius.


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Molybdenum, is a hard, silvery-white metallic element.


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Mombasa, (pop. 442,369), is the second largest city of Kenya, after Nairobi.


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Moment magnitude is a number that indicates the strength of an earthquake.


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Momentum, is a measure of the motion of an object.


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Monaco, is one of the smallest countries in the world.


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Monarchy is a form of government in which one person who inherits, or is elected to, a throne is head of state for life.


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Monasticism, is a special form of religious community life.


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Monazite, is a heavy, yellow-brown mineral.


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Monck, George (1608-1670), was an English general and naval commander.


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Monck, Viscount (1819-1894), was the first governor general of the Dominion of Canada.


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Moncton, New Brunswick (pop. 59,313), is eastern Canada's main transportation and distribution center.


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Mondale, Walter Frederick (1928-...), was vice president of the United States from 1977 to 1981 under President Jimmy Carter.


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Mondrian, Piet, (1872-1944), was a Dutch painter.


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Monel, metal is an important alloy of nickel and copper.


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Monet, Claude (1840-1926), a French painter, was a leader of the Impressionist movement.


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Money is anything that is generally accepted by people in exchange for the things they sell or the work they do.


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Money market fund is a mutual fund that invests only in short-term securities.


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Money order is a document directing that a sum of money be paid to a certain person.


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Mongol Empire was the biggest land empire in history.


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Mongolia, is a country in east-central Asia.


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Mongoose, is the name of several closely related small animals that live in Africa and southern Asia.


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Monitor is the name of a group of about 30 kinds of lizards that live in the Solomon Islands, New Guinea, Australia, the East Indies, southern Asia, and Africa.


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Monitor and Merrimack fought a famous naval battle in the American Civil War (1861-1865).


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Monitoring station receives and measures signals from radio transmitters.


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Monk is a man who has separated himself from ordinary ways of life to devote himself to his religion.


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Monk, Thelonious, (1917-1982), was an American composer, pianist, and bandleader.


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Monkey is one of many kinds of small, lively mammals that rank among the most intelligent animals.


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Monkey flower is the name of a large group of herbs and small shrubs.


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Monkey puzzle tree, also known as the Chile pine, is a large evergreen tree with sharp, scaly leaves.


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Monmouth, Duke of (1649-1685), was an Englishman who led an unsuccessful rebellion against King James II.


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Monnet, Jean, (1888-1979), a French businessman and statesman, led the movement to unify Western Europe in the 1950's and 1960's.


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Monoclonal antibody is a specialized type of protein molecule produced in the laboratory.


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Monocotyledon, is a type of flowering plant that has one cotyledon (leafy structure within the plant's seed).


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Monomer, is any molecule that can combine with identical molecules or certain other molecules to form a long, chainlike molecule called a polymer.


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Monongahela, River provides river transportation between the rich coal fields of southwestern Pennsylvania and the steel factories at Pittsburgh.


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Mononucleosis, also called infectious mononucleosis, is a mild infectious disease.


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Monopoly and competition are two kinds of business conditions.


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Monorail is a railroad that has only one rail.


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Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a white, crystalline substance used in the preparation and processing of many foods.


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Monotype is a machine used to produce metal type for printing.


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Monroe, Harriet (1860-1936), was an American poet and editor.


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Monroe, James (1758-1831), is best remembered for the Monroe Doctrine, proclaimed in 1823.


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Monroe, Marilyn (1926-1962), was an American motion-picture actress whose great beauty made her a world-famous sex symbol.


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Monroe Doctrine was set forth by President James Monroe in a message he delivered to the Congress of the United States on Dec. 2, 1823.


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Monrovia, (pop. 421,058), is the capital and chief city of Liberia.


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Monsignor, is an honorary title given to certain clergymen of the Roman Catholic Church.


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Monsoon, is a seasonal wind that blows over the northern part of the Indian Ocean, especially the Arabian Sea, and over most of the surrounding land areas.


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Mont Blanc, is the highest mountain in the Alps.


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Mont Pelee, is an active volcano on the north end of Martinique in the French West Indies.


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Mont-Saint-Michel, is a large, steep granite rock that lies off the coast of Normandy, a region in northern France.


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Montagnais, Indians are a tribe that once hunted and fished throughout the southern Labrador Peninsula in Canada.


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Montaigne, Michel Eyquem de, (1533-1592), a French writer, is considered by many the creator of the personal essay.


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Montale, Eugenio, (1896-1981), was an Italian lyric poet and literary critic.


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Montana is the fourth largest state of the United States.


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Montana, Joe (1956-...), was one of the greatest quarterbacks in professional football history.


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Montana, University of, is a coeducational state-supported school in Missoula, Montana.


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Montana State University is a state-assisted coeducational school with campuses in Billings, Bozeman, and Havre, Montana.


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Montcalm, Marquis de, (1712-1759), a French general, was killed in one of the last great battles between the French and British in America.


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Monte Alban, was the capital and largest city of the empire of the Zapotec Indians.


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Monte Carlo, (pop. 11,599), is the tourist region of the principality of Monaco.


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Monte Cassino, is an abbey in Italy, located between Rome and Naples.


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Monte Cristo, is a small, barren Italian island in the Mediterranean Sea.


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Montenegro, is one of the two republics of Yugoslavia.


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Monterey, California (pop. 29,674), is a port city that lies along the southern end of Monterey Bay.


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Monterrey, (pop. 1,108,499; met. area pop. 3,273,332), is one of Mexico's largest cities.


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Montesquieu, (1689-1755), was a French philosopher.


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Montessori, Maria (1870-1952), was an Italian educator and physician.


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Montessori, method is an educational system designed to aid children in the development of intelligence and independence.


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Monteux, Pierre (1875-1964), was a leading French conductor of the 1900's.


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Monteverdi, Claudio, (1567-1643), was an Italian composer.


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Montevideo, (pop. 1,303,182), is the capital, largest city, and chief port of Uruguay.


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Montezuma, II (1466?-1520) was an Aztec emperor who ruled in what is now Mexico from 1502 to 1520.


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Montezuma, Castle National Monument is in central Arizona.


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Montfort, Simon de, (1208?-1265), an English statesman and soldier, contributed to the growth of parliamentary government in England.


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Montgolfier, brothers were French papermakers who invented the hot-air balloon.


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Montgomery, (pop. 201,568; met. area pop. 333,055), is Alabama's state capital and second largest city.


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Montgomery, Bernard Law (1887-1976), was a British Army commander in World War II.


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Montgomery, Lucy Maud (1874-1942), was a Canadian author best known for her novel Anne of Green Gables (1908).


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Month. The calendar year is divided into 12 parts, each of which is called a month.


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Monticello, is the home Thomas Jefferson designed and built for himself on a hilltop just outside Charlottesville, Virginia.


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Montmorency, River is a short, swift river in Quebec.


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Montpelier, (pop. 8,035), is the capital of Vermont.


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Montreal, is the second largest city in Canada, after Toronto, and the largest city in the province of Quebec.


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Montreal, University of, or Universite de Montreal, is a private, coeducational university in Montreal, Quebec.


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Monts, Sieur de (1560?-1630?), was a French explorer and colonizer who settled the region of Acadia in Canada.


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Montserrat, is one of the Leeward Islands in the West Indies.


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Montserrat, is a famous Benedictine monastery about 30 miles (48 kilometers) northwest of Barcelona, Spain.


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Monument is a structure, usually a building or statue, built in memory of a person or an event.


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Mood is a person's state of mind or outlook on life.


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Mood, or mode, is a term applied to verb forms that distinguish among certain kinds of meaning.


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Moodie, Susanna (1803-1885), was a Canadian author.


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Moody, Dwight Lyman (1837-1899), was an American evangelist.


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Moody, William Vaughn (1869-1910), was an American dramatist, poet, teacher, and literary historian.


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Moody Bible Institute, in Chicago, is an independent school that trains pastors, missionaries, and church-related workers.


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Moon is the earth's nearest neighbor in space.


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Moonflower is an attractive flower in the morning-glory family.


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Moonstone is a whitish variety of the mineral called feldspar (see Feldspar).


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Moore, Clement Clarke (1779-1863), an American scholar, is generally considered the author of the popular Christmas ballad "An Account of a Visit from St. Nicholas."


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Moore, Douglas Stuart (1893-1969), was an American composer, best known for his operas on American subjects.


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Moore, G. E. (1873-1958), a British philosopher, thought of philosophy as a rational approach to practical questions about the real world. In ethics, the branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of right and wrong, he was interested in how we know


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Moore, George Augustus (1852-1933), was an Irish author.


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Moore, Henry (1898-1986), is considered the greatest English sculptor of the 1900's.


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Moore, Marianne (1887-1972), ranks with Emily Dickinson among America's finest woman poets.


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Moore, Thomas (1779-1852), an Irish poet, wrote the words for some of the best-loved songs in the English language.


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Moors is a term that commonly refers to Muslims who speak Arabic and live in northwestern Africa.


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Moose is the largest member of the deer family.


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Moose International, Inc., is a fraternal and service organization. It has more than 1,700,000 members in over 3,900 lodges and chapters throughout the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Bermuda.


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Moose Jaw (pop. 32,973) is a center for service industries and manufacturing in southern Saskatchewan.


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Mora, Juan Rafael (1814-1860), served as president of Costa Rica from 1849 to 1859.


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Moraine, is the earth and stones that a glacier carries along and deposits when the ice melts.


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Moral education is instruction focused on questions of right and wrong.


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Morale is the general attitude or outlook of an individual or a group toward a specific situation.


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Morality play is a form of drama that flourished in the 1400's.


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Moratin, Leandro Fernandez de (1760-1828), was a Spanish writer and scholar.


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Moratorium, is a postponement of the time for payment of debts or financial obligations.


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Moravia, is a geographic region of the Czech Republic.


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Moravian, Church is a Protestant denomination that was formed after the death of religious reformer John Hus in Bohemia.


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Mordant, is a chemical that combines with dyes to prevent them from dissolving easily.


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More, Saint Thomas (1477?-1535), was a great English author, statesman, and scholar.


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Mores, are customs that reflect a society's ideas about right and wrong.


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Morgagni, Giovanni Battista, (1682-1771), an Italian anatomist and pathologist, became known as "the father of pathological anatomy."


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Morgan is the family name of three great American bankers.


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Morgan, Daniel (1736-1802), served as an American officer in the Revolutionary War.


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Morgan, Garrett Augustus (1877-1963), was an American inventor.


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Morgan, Sir Henry (1635?-1688), was the most famous English buccaneer (pirate).


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Morgan, John Hunt (1825-1864), a Confederate general, led a famous group of soldiers called Morgan's Raiders during the American Civil War (1861-1865).


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Morgan, Julia (1872-1957), was one of the first prominent American female architects.


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Morgan, Justin (1748-1798), owned and gave his name to a horse that was the original stallion of the breed of Morgan horses.


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Morgan, Lewis Henry (1818-1881), was an American anthropologist who founded the comparative scientific study of kinship systems.


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Morgan, Thomas Hunt (1866-1945), an American geneticist, won the 1933 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for his work on heredity described in The Theory of the Gene (1926).


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Morgantown, West Virginia (pop. 25,879), is the home of West Virginia University.


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Morgenthau, Henry, Jr. (1891-1967), served as United States secretary of the treasury from 1934 to 1945 under Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman. Morgenthau was one of Roosevelt's most trusted economic advisers, and he helped formulate i


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Morison, Samuel Eliot (1887-1976), was an American historian, teacher of history, and winner of two Pulitzer Prizes.


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Morisot, Berthe, (1841-1895), was a French painter and an important member of the impressionist movement.


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Morley, Thomas (1557 or 1558-1602), was an English composer of the Renaissance period.


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Mormon cricket is not really a cricket but belongs to the family of katydids and long-horned grasshoppers.


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Mormons is the name commonly given to members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.


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Morning-glory is the name of a family made up mainly of climbing plants.


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Morocco, is a country in the northwestern corner of Africa.


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Moroni (pop. 26,000) is the capital and largest city of Comoros.


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Morpheus, was a god of dreams in Greek mythology.


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Morphine is a drug used to relieve severe pain and to treat several other medical problems.


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Morphology, is the branch of science that deals with the structure of animals, plants, and nonliving matter.


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Morrill, Justin Smith (1810-1898), was a United States political leader.


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Morris, Desmond (1928-...), is a British zoologist.


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Morris, Esther Hobart (1814-1902), led the fight for women's suffrage in Wyoming.


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Morris, Gouverneur, (1752-1816), was an American statesman and diplomat.


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Morris, Lewis (1726-1798), was a signer of the Declaration of Independence from New York.


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Morris, Robert (1734-1806), a Pennsylvania merchant and banker, was one of six people who signed both the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States.


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Morris, William (1834-1896), was an English poet, artist, and socialist reformer.


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Morrison, Toni (1931-...), a black American novelist, won the 1993 Nobel Prize for literature.


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Morse, Samuel Finley Breese (1791-1872), was a famous American inventor and painter.


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Morse, Wayne Lyman (1900-1974), served as United States senator from Oregon, first as a Republican, then as a Democrat.


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Morse code is a system of sending messages that uses short and long sounds combined in various ways to represent letters, numerals, and other characters.


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Mortar is a short-range weapon that is used to reach nearby targets that are protected by hills or other obstacles.


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Mortgage is a loan agreement that enables a person to borrow money to purchase a house or other property.


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Morton, Jelly Roll (1890-1941), was the first important jazz pianist and the first great jazz composer.


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Morton, John (1724-1777), was a Pennsylvania signer of the Declaration of Independence.


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Morton, Julius Sterling (1832-1902), an American political leader and nature lover, established the first United States observance of Arbor Day, a day for planting trees (see Arbor Day).


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Morton, Levi Parsons (1824-1920), served as Vice President of the United States from 1889 to 1893 under President Benjamin Harrison.


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Morton, Oliver Perry (1823-1877), served as governor of Indiana during the Civil War and as a Republican United States senator from 1867 until his death.


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Morton, William Thomas Green (1819-1868), an American dentist, made the first public demonstration of ether in 1846.


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Mosaic, is an art form in which small pieces of colored glass, stone, or other material are set into mortar.


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Mosaic, disease is the name of a group of plant diseases caused by certain viruses.


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Mosby, John Singleton (1833-1916), was a famous Confederate ranger during the Civil War.


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Moscow, is the capital of Russia and one of the largest cities in the world.


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Moscow Art Theater became one of the most influential theaters of the 1900's.


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Moseley, Henry Gwyn-Jeffreys, (1887-1915), was a British physicist noted for his research on X rays and atomic structure.


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Moseley-Braun, Carol (1947-...), was the first black woman elected to the United States Senate.


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Moselle, River a branch of the Rhine River, rises in the Vosges Mountains in eastern France.


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Moses was the principal leader and teacher of the Israelites and one of the most important characters in the Bible.


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Moses, Grandma (1860-1961), was an American folk artist.


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Mosque, is a building used for Muslim worship.


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Mosquito is an insect that spreads some of the worst diseases of people and animals.


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Mosquito Coast, also called Mosquitia, is a strip of land that lies along the east coast of Nicaragua and the northeast coast of Honduras.


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Moss is any of a variety of small, green, nonflowering plants found throughout the world.


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Mossbauer, Rudolf Ludwig (1929-...), a German physicist, shared the 1961 Nobel Prize in physics for research into gamma rays.


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Motel is an establishment that provides overnight lodging, chiefly for automobile travelers.


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Moth is any of a wide variety of insects closely related to butterflies.


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Mother Goose is a name that has been associated with children's literature for hundreds of years.


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Mother-of-pearl. Certain shellfish, such as pearl oysters, abalones, and freshwater mussels produce shells lined with a lustrous, rainbow-colored material.


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Mother's Day is set apart every year in honor of motherhood.


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Motherwell, Robert (1915-1991), an American painter, was a leading member of the abstract expressionist school.


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Motion occurs when an object changes its location in space.


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Motion picture is a series of images recorded on film or tape that appear to move when played through a film projector or a video entertainment system.


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Motion sickness is a condition in which motion causes extreme nausea.


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Motivation commonly refers to anything that causes people to behave as they do.


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Motivation research tries to learn why people choose things they buy.


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Motmot, is the name of a family of birds related to kingfishers.


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Moton, Robert Russa, (1867-1940), was an African American educator.


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Motorboat racing is an exciting, competitive sport that tests the performance of motorboats and the skill of drivers.


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Motorcycle is a two- or three-wheeled vehicle powered by a gasoline engine mounted midway between the front and rear wheels.


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Mott, Lucretia, Coffin (1793-1880), was a leader of the abolitionist and women's rights movements in the United States.


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Mott Foundation is a private foundation that donates money to nonprofit organizations involved in improving the quality of community life through education, social welfare, economic development, and environmental management.


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Moultrie, William (1730-1805), was an American military leader during the Revolutionary War in America (1775-1783).


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Mount Athos, is a largely self-governing region of northern Greece that consists of a mountain on which about 20 Greek Orthodox monasteries and dependent communities are located.


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Mound bird is a name applied to several species of birds that build mounds for nests.


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Mound builders were early North American Indians who built large monuments of earth.


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Mount Ararat, is a mountain in eastern Turkey near Lake Van.


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Mount Carmel is a mountain that extends 13 miles (21 kilometers) in northwestern Israel from the Esdraelon Valley to the south coast of the Bay of Haifa.


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Mount Cook is the highest peak (12,316 feet, or 3,754 meters) in New Zealand.


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Mount Elbrus, is the highest mountain in Europe.


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Mount Etna, is one of the most famous volcanoes in the world.


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Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world.


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Mount Fuji, is the highest mountain in Japan (12,388 feet, or 3,776 meters).


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Mount Hood is a majestic, snow-capped mountain in northern Oregon.


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Mount Kanchenjunga, also called Kinchinjunga pronounced kihn chihn JUN gah is one of the highest mountains in the world.


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Mount Kenya, is the highest mountain in Kenya and the second highest mountain in Africa.


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Mount Kosciuszko, is the highest peak in Australia.


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Mount Logan is the highest peak in Canada and the second highest peak in North America.


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Mount Makalu, is one of the highest mountains in the world.


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Mount McKinley, in south-central Alaska, is sometimes called the top of the continent because it has the highest peak in North America.


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Mount Nebo was the peak in the Mount Pisgah range from which Moses saw the Promised Land.


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Mount of Olives is a hill about 1/2 mile (0.8 kilometer) east of Jerusalem.


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Mount Olympus, is the highest mountain in Greece.


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Mount Pinatubo is a volcanic mountain on the island of Luzon in the Philippines.


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Mount Pisgah, is a small mountain range located in central Jordan.


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Mount Rainier, in Mount Rainier National Park, near Seattle, is the highest mountain in the state of Washington.


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Mount Rainier, National Park is in west-central Washington, near Seattle.


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Mount Rushmore National Memorial is a huge carving on a granite cliff called Mount Rushmore in the Black Hills of South Dakota.


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Mount Saint Helens is a volcano in the Cascade Mountains, 95 miles (153 kilometers) south of Seattle.


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Mount Shasta towers 14,162 feet (4,317 meters) above sea level in northern California.


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Mount Sinai, is the mountain on which Moses received the Decalogue (Ten Commandments) and learned much of the Hebraic law.


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Mount Vernon was the home of George Washington.


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Mount Vernon, New York (pop. 68,381), is a historic suburb of New York City.


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Mount Washington is the highest peak in New Hampshire and in the Northeastern United States.


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Mount Whitney, one of the highest mountains in the United States, rises 14,495 feet (4,418 meters).


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Mount Wilson Observatory is an astronomical observatory in southwestern California.


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Mountain is a landform that stands much higher than its surroundings.


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Mountain ash is the name for a group of trees and shrubs that grow in the Northern Hemisphere.


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Mountain avens is a small, hardy plant that grows wild in the northern and arctic regions.


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Mountain beaver, also called sewellel, is a rodent that lives along the Pacific coast and in nearby mountains.


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Mountain climbing is the sport of climbing mountain slopes to reach their peaks.


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Mountain goat is a white, woolly animal that lives on steep cliffs high in the mountains of western North America.


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Mountain laurel is an evergreen plant that grows naturally in eastern North America.


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Mountain lion is a large wild animal of the cat family.


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Mountain pass is a passageway over a mountain barrier.


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Mountbatten, Louis (1900-1979), a member of the royal family of Britain, distinguished himself as a military leader and as the last viceroy (ruler) of the British colony of India.


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Mourning dove is an American bird with a sad, cooing call.


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Mouse is a small animal with soft fur, a pointed snout, round black eyes, rounded ears, and a thin tail.


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Mouse Tower is a tower on a small island in the Rhine River near Bingen, Germany.


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Mouth is the part of the body that is adapted for taking in food.


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Mowat, Farley (1921-...), is a Canadian author who has written widely about the wildlife and peoples of northern Canada.


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Mowat, Sir Oliver (1820-1903), a Canadian statesman, served as prime minister and attorney general of Ontario from 1872 to 1896.


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Moynihan, Daniel Patrick (1927-...), was a member of the United States Senate from 1977 to 2001.


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Mozambique, is a country on the southeast coast of Africa.


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Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, (1756-1791), an Austrian composer, is considered one of the greatest and most creative musical geniuses of all time.


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Mubarak, Hosni, (1928-...), became president of Egypt in October 1981.


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Mucilage, is a thick, sticky substance usually made by dissolving gum in water or in some other liquid.


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Muckrakers were a group of writers in the early 1900's who exposed social and political evils in the United States.


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Mucus, is a thick, clear, slimy fluid found in the nose, mouth, and other organs and passages that open to the outside of the body.


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Mudd, Samuel Alexander (1833-1883), was the doctor who set John Wilkes Booth's leg after Booth assassinated United States President Abraham Lincoln in 1865.


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Mudpuppy is a large salamander that lives in American ponds, streams, lakes, and rivers.


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Muffler is a device that greatly reduces the exhaust noise of an engine.


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Mugabe, Robert Gabriel (1924-...), became head of the government of Zimbabwe in 1980.


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Mughal, Empire, also called the Mogul Empire, ruled most of India in the 1500's and 1600's.


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Mugwumps were influential Republicans who refused to support their party's presidential candidate, James G. Blaine, in 1884.


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Muhammad, (A.D. 570?-632), was a prophet whose life and teachings form the basis of the Islamic religion.


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Muhammad, Elijah, (1897-1975), was the major leader of the original Nation of Islam, whose members called themselves Black Muslims.


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Muhammad Ali, (1769-1849), ruled Egypt from 1805 to 1848.


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Muhlenberg, Henry Melchior (1711-1787), was a key figure in organizing Lutheran churches in America.


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Muhlenberg, John Peter Gabriel (1746-1807), a Lutheran minister, became a colonial military leader during the Revolutionary War in America (1775-1783).


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Muir, John (1838-1914), an explorer, naturalist, and writer, campaigned for the conservation of land, water, and forests in the United States.


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Muir, Woods National Monument, near San Francisco, has one of California's most famous redwood groves.


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Mujibur Rahman, (1920-1975), became the first prime minister of Bangladesh in January 1972.


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Mulatto, is a person of mixed white and black descent.


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Mulberry is any of a group of ornamental trees and shrubs that have small, round, sweet fruits.


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Mulch is any material that is spread over soil so that air can get through, but less water can evaporate from the soil.


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Muldoon, Sir Robert (1921-1992), served as prime minister of New Zealand from 1975 to 1984.


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Mule is a domesticated, hybrid animal that results from crossing a mare (female horse) and a jack (male donkey).


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Mule deer is a beautiful deer that has large, furry ears similar to those of a mule.


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Mullein, also called mullen, is the name of a group of plants native to Europe and Asia.


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Mullet, is the name of two different families of silvery-blue fish with stout bodies.


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Mulligan, Gerry (1927-1996), was perhaps the most important baritone saxophonist in jazz during the middle and late 1900's.


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Mulliken, Robert Sanderson (1896-1986), an American chemist, won the 1966 Nobel Prize for chemistry.


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Mulroney, Brian (1939-...), served as prime minister of Canada from 1984 to 1993.


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Multiculturalism is a political or social philosophy that promotes cultural diversity.


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Multimedia, is a computer-controlled combination of text, graphics, sound, photographs, motion pictures, and other types of media.


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Multinational corporation is a business organization that is based in one country and has branches, subsidiaries, and plants in many countries.


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Multiple birth is the birth of more than one infant from the same pregnancy.


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Multiple sclerosis, often called MS, is a disease of the nervous system.


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Multiplication is a short way of adding or counting equal numbers.


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Mumbai, (pop. 9,925,891; met. area pop. 12,596,243), is the largest city in India.


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Mumford, Lewis (1895-1990), was an American social critic, philosopher, and historian.


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Mummy is an embalmed body that has been preserved for thousands of years.


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Mumps is a contagious disease that causes painful swelling below and in front of the ears.


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Munch, Edvard (1863-1944), was a Norwegian artist.


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Munchausen, Baron, was the name given to the narrator and central figure in an anonymous booklet of tall tales, Baron Munchausen's Narrative of His Marvellous Travels and Campaigns in Russia.


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Munich, (pop. 1,229,026), is the third largest city in Germany.


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Munich, Agreement approved in September 1938 in Munich, Germany, was the acceptance by Britain and France of Germany's demand for certain territory in Czechoslovakia.


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Munoz Marin, Luis, (1898-1980), was the first elected governor of Puerto Rico and its chief political leader for over 25 years.


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Munro, Alice (1931-...), is a Canadian short-story writer.


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Munro, Hector Hugh (1870-1916), was a British writer who wrote under the pen name Saki.


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Munsee, Indians formed the Wolf clan of the Delaware Indian tribe.


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Munsey, Frank Andrew (1854-1925), was a pioneer publisher of low-priced magazines and newspapers.


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Muon, is a type of elementary particle that closely resembles an electron but has a greater mass.


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Mural is a picture or design on a wall or ceiling.


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Murasaki Shikibu, (A.D. 975?-1031?), also called Lady Murasaki, is the most famous writer of early Japanese literature.


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Murat, Joachim, (1771?-1815), was the most famous French cavalry commander under Emperor Napoleon I. From 1808 to 1814, Murat ruled the Kingdom of Naples in southern Italy as King Joachim I. Napoleon made him a general in 1799 for defeating troops of the


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Murder. When one person intentionally kills another without legal justification or excuse, the crime is called murder.


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Murdoch, Rupert (1931-...), is an Australian-born publisher who owns many newspapers and magazines in Australia, the United Kingdom, the United States, and other countries.


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Murieta, Joaquin, was the name given to a famous bandit during the California gold rush of the mid-1800's.


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Murillo, Bartolome Esteban, (1618-1682), was a Spanish painter of the 1600's.


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Murmansk, (pop. 472,000), is Russia's chief port on the Arctic Ocean.


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Murphy, Audie, (1924-1971), won fame as the most decorated United States soldier of World War II (1939-1945).


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Murphy, Emily Gowan (1868-1933), was a Canadian social reformer and author.


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Murray, James (1721?-1794), was a British soldier who became the first British governor of Quebec.


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Murray, Philip (1886-1952), succeeded John L. Lewis as president of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) in 1940, and held that post until his death.


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Murray River is the longest permanently flowing river in Australia.


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Murre, is a type of sea bird that lives on rocky coasts of the North Atlantic and North Pacific.


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Murrow, Edward R. (1908-1965), was an American radio and television broadcaster. He won fame during World War II (1939-1945) for his on-the-scene radio broadcasts describing German bombing attacks on London.


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Muscat, (pop. 30,000; met. area pop. 250,000), is the capital of Oman.


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Muscle is the tough, elastic tissue that makes body parts move.


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Muscle sense, also called conscious proprioception, is one of two senses that tells a person what position parts of the body are in.


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Muscle Shoals is an area of the Tennessee River Valley in northwestern Alabama.


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Muscular dystrophy, is a name for certain types of serious muscle diseases.


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Muses, were nine goddesses of the arts and sciences in Greek and Roman mythology.


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Museum is a place where a collection of objects illustrating science, art, history, or other subjects is kept and displayed.


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Museum of Modern Art, in New York City, is known throughout the world for its matchless overview of art from 1880 to the present.


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Museum of Science and Industry, in Chicago, is the largest and most popular science and technology museum in the United States.


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Mushroom is any of a variety of fleshy, umbrella-shaped fungi.


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Musial, Stan (1920-...), ranks as one of the greatest baseball players of all time.


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Music is sound arranged into pleasing or interesting patterns.


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Music box is an instrument that plays tunes automatically.


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Music Clubs, National Federation of, is the largest charitable music organization in the world.


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Musical comedy is a type of play that tells a story through a combination of spoken dialogue, songs, and dances.


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Musicians, American Federation of, is a labor union affiliated with the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO) and the Canadian Labour Council.


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Musil, Robert (1880-1942), was an Austrian author best known for his long novel The Man Without Qualities.


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Musk is a raw material that is used in perfumes.


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Musk deer is a type of small deer that roams the mountainous forests and brushlands of central, eastern, and northeastern Asia.


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Musk ox is a large, hairy wild ox that lives in the cold Arctic plains.


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Muskellunge, is the largest fish of the pike family.


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Musket was the firearm that infantry soldiers used before the perfection of the rifle.


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Muskie, Edmund Sixtus (1914-1996), a Maine Democrat, served in the U.S. Senate from 1959 to 1980.


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Muskmelon is the fruit of a type of plant that belongs to the gourd family.


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Muskoka, Lakes are a group of scenic lakes in the rocky uplands of southern Ontario.


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Muskrat is an animal that lives near streams, ponds, and rivers.


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Muslim Brotherhood is one of the most influential political and religious movements in the Middle East.


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Muslims, sometimes spelled Moslems, are people who practice the religion of Islam.


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Muslin, is a closely woven white or unbleached cloth made from corded cotton yarn.


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Mussel, is a water animal protected by a hard shell.


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Musset, Alfred de (1810-1857), was a French dramatist and poet.


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Mussolini, Benito, (1883-1945), founded fascism and ruled Italy for almost 21 years, most of that time as dictator.


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Mussorgsky, Modest, (1839-1881), a Russian composer, was one of the most original composers in the history of Russian music.


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Mustang is the name of certain horses that once roamed wild over parts of the American West.


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Mustard is the name of a family of leafy plants commonly used to make tangy food seasonings.


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Mutation is a change in the hereditary material of an organism's cells.


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Mutiny is any unlawful attempt by military personnel to seize or set aside military authority.


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Mutton is meat obtained from sheep that are more than a year old and, in most cases, that weigh more than 100 pounds (45 kilograms).


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Mutual fund is a company that pools funds from many investors and uses them to buy stocks and other securities.


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Myanmar, formerly called Burma, is a country in Southeast Asia.


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Myasthenia gravis, is a noncontagious disease characterized by progressive weakness of the skeletal muscles.


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Mycenae, was a city in ancient Greece, located 6 miles (10 kilometers) north of Argos in the southern peninsula.


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Mycotoxin, is any one of a number of poisonous chemicals produced by fungi.


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Myelitis, is inflammation of the spinal cord.


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Myna, is the name of several kinds of birds in the starling family.


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Myocarditis, is inflammation of the muscle tissue that forms the heart's wall.


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Myrdal, Alva Reimer (1902-1986), a Swedish diplomat and sociologist, gained fame for promoting nuclear disarmament and world peace.


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Myrdal, Gunnar (1898-1987), was a Swedish sociologist and economist.


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Myrrh, is a fragrant gum resin that has been used as a raw material for perfumes since ancient times.


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Myrtle, is an attractive evergreen shrub or small tree.


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Mysteries, in religion, are secret ceremonies.


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Mystery play, a form of Biblical drama, was popular in England from the 1370's until about 1600.


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Mystic Seaport, a reconstructed waterfront village, is a reminder of maritime life in the days of the great sailing ships.


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Mysticism, is the belief that God or spiritual truths can be known through individual insight, rather than by reasoning or study.


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Mythology. People have always tried to understand why certain things happen.


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Nabokov, Vladimir, (1899-1977), was a Russian-born author.


