# Flag File

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It was gratifying in 1949 to note that in spite of economic unrest and war fears, the need for music was more than ever in evidence. The European countries showed signs of a real artistic recovery. But the United States was more than ever the world's ...


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Political interest in the Netherlands centered on the Indonesian question during 1949. Under strong pressure from the United Nations the Netherlands finally agreed to a round table conference with Indonesian leaders. Its outcome was The Hague Statue ...


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The development of iron-ore resources in the Ungava region of Quebec and in Labrador helped to focus attention on the desirability of constructing a canal across the Chignecto Isthmus between Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. Such a canal would give ...


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After the province entered the Canadian Confederation on April 1, an interim cabinet was set up under Premier Joseph Smallwood. The first provincial election was held in May. In it the Liberals, led by Smallwood, won twenty-two of the twenty-eight ...


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The U.S. daily press completed the first half of the twentieth century with several hundred fewer newspapers than when 1900 began. But the dailies in general were stronger as individual units. High operating costs continued through 1949, but were met ...


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On April 24 the governing military junta, headed by Manuel Odria, announced that it had crushed a revolt by the outlawed Apra party. The leader of this party was Raul Haya de la Torre, who throughout the year remained a refugee in the Colombian ...


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During 1949, the Philippines, with a steadily growing population of more than 19,000,000 people, continued to make outstanding progress toward recovery from the havoc of war. Not only were almost all public structures destroyed by World War II ...


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Television during 1949 continued to expand even more rapidly than had been predicted. The biggest news came in September with the announcement that television in color had finally become practical for general broadcasting. Two companies made the ...


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In 1949 Poland attained the goals of its three-year plan for rebuilding the war-devastated country. Rationing was abolished on January 1, 1949. The standard of living became markedly improved. Consumer goods were of better quality than they had been ...


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The year 1949 in the popular music field followed pretty closely the pattern of the past several years. The public responded to the sweet corn variety of melody, even to some of the old songs that were revived. New personalities rose to ...


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A presidential election was held on February 13. After an opposition candidate had withdrawn his candidacy, the people were presented only one ticket. Marshal Oscar de Frogoso Carmona was re-elected. But actual power remained in the hands of Premier ...


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The churches in the United States are growing at a more rapid rate, both in actual membership and in proportion to the total population. The latest compiled statistics are for 1948. At the end of that year, total membership of all churches was 53.3 ...


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Senator Robert A. Taft of Ohio was still a strong possibility as a Republican candidate for President in 1952. So was Harold E. Stassen, president of the University of Pennsylvania and former Governor of Minnesota. General Dwight D. Eisenhower, ...


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Accidents in the United States took the lives of 75,800 persons in the first ten months of 1949. This figure was 6 per cent under the death toll of 80,800 for the same period of 1948.


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By March, 1949, the Government had granted exploration rights to oil companies on 21,000,000 acres of crown lands in Saskatchewan. Lloydminster continued to produce large quantities of oil, and plans were under way for the building of refineries in ...


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Fear of Communist aggression spread throughout Thailand in 1949. Communist victories in China greatly changed the attitude of Thailand's Chinese minority. Shop-keepers in Bangkok displayed pictures of the Chinese Communist leader Mao Tse-tung. The ...


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The economic situation of Spain remained extremely critical throughout the year. Toward the end of 1949, a commercial conflict with Argentina developed because Spain was lagging behind in payments for good imported from Argentina.


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Notre Dame's football team and the New York Yankees baseball club were the standouts in 1949, as sports fans and players enjoyed another banner year.


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The year 1949 was difficult for South Africa. Familiar problems at home made trouble, and foreign trade shortages appeared.


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In 1949, Soviet Russia continued its leadership of the Communist dictatorships in the cold war against the Western democracies. The struggle brought small advantage to the Russian people. Soviet production of food and manufactures increased during the ...


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During 1949 the United Nations (U.N.) played a big part in easing the tension between the Great Powers. The United Nations was asked to help in almost every troubled area in the world. Reports that some countries had violated human rights were also ...


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In 1949, its fourth booming year after World War II, the United States exhibited sure signs of a return to normal. International problems continued to occupy much of its attention, but greater interest centered on the nation's economic health. The ...


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In May, Uruguay agreed to barter $5,000,000 worth of goods with Japan during the year. On July 3, the Government announced a $6,000,000 trade agreement with Italy. The U.S. Army on July 31 made known an agreement to purchase 3,214,400 pounds of ...


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On January 21 the United States gave full diplomatic recognition to the Venezuelan military junta which shortly before had ousted the regime of President Romulo Gallegos. The junta dissolved the Confederation of Workers, the chief labor organization, ...


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In 1949 Yugoslavia was the most talked-about European country. The whole world was eager to find out whether or not Marshal Tito could survive the wrath of the Kremlin.


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Joe Louis officially retired as world heavyweight champion in March and turned promoter with the newly organized International Boxing Club. The Club soon arranged a match for Louis's vacated title. In that bout, in Chicago on June 22, Ezzard Charles ...


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Early in February, Ben Hogan, one of the greatest golfers of the era, narrowly escaped death in an automobile crash near El Paso, Tex. Hogan was out of competition for the rest of 1949 as the sports world cheered for his recovery. He began a comeback ...


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Ponder, held at 16 to 1 in the wagering, won the Kentucky Derby to highlight the horse racing scene. Otherwise, the standouts were Ponder's stablemate, Coaltown, which ran second in the 1948 Kentucky Derby, and Capot, Greentree stable's brilliant ...


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The year 1949 saw a number of inventions related to food production, preparation, and preservation.


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Richard (Pancho) Gonzales repeated as clay courts and national singles tennis champion, then turned professional to meet the world champion, Jack Kramer. Gonzales put up a strong challenge against Kramer in their early matches of a world ...


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World production of crude oil reached new high peaks in 1949. A daily average of 3,577,000 barrels was produced as compared with 3,224,700 barrels in 1948. These figures do not include production in the United States and the Soviet Union.


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A striking increase in population in the Western states, particularly in California, Oregon, and Washington, served to focus major emphasis upon the work of the Bureau of Reclamation in 1949. Serious water shortages in some areas also called attention ...


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Early in the spring of 1949, the Federal Reserve Board of Governors scrapped the long postwar drive against inflation, and substituted an easy money policy to check a growing business recession.


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Home construction was brisk throughout 1949. September, with 100,000 units started, was the fifth consecutive month in which building starts exceeded 95,000. This represented the highest sustained level of home construction in the United States since ...


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In business, 1949 was marked by early pessimism and recession that gave way to partial recovery and widespread optimism in the last half of the year. At the close of 1949, many lines of business activity were above or near the levels of the preceding ...


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Throughout the year, political and economic revolution continued to fill the continent of Asia with violence and fear.British and Dutch imperialism had all but disappeared from the Eastern world. French imperialism was on the wane. But the conquests ...


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Noteworthy advances in astronomy were about equally divided between the solar system and the greater universe outside it.


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The new Government fought Communism at home all through 1950. The Prime Minister, Robert Menzies, said in the election campaign in 1949: Communism in Australia is an alien and destructive pest. If elected, we shall outlaw it. His side (a ...


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During the year, Austria remained the victim of the conflict between powers of the East and West. On May 2 the Soviet Union asked the Western Powers to resume negotiations for drafting an Austrian peace treaty. The negotiations bore no result. The ...


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A total of 8,015,750 cars, trucks, and buses were built by the U.S. automobile industry in 1950, for the highest production record in history. The total was 28 per cent more than those made in 1949.


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In aviation, as in most other American industries, the big news of 1950 was the Korean war, with its promise of a prolonged period of stepped-up armament.


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Judith, the choreographic poem created and danced by Martha Graham to the music by William Schuman, was the outstanding novelty of the ballet season. The score was commissioned by the Louisville Philharmonic Society and was given its first ...


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Two new chemical elements were announced during 1950. These elements bring to 98 the total number discovered. Both elements 97 and 98 were created artificially. Neither of these elements is found in nature. The element was actually discovered in ...


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On April 20, President Gonzalez Videla arrived in Washington, D.C., as the guest of President Truman. He also visited New York City, New Orleans, Houston, the TVA region, and other places.


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History records show few such rapid and total changes of role by any nation as those which have characterized the international status of China within the last five years. In 1945 China was ranked as one of the staunch allies of the United States and ...


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The American people have a genius safeguarding their civil liberties and constitutional freedoms. In 1950, as the Cold War became hotter, and as the United States faced another era of conscription of manpower and mobilization of industry, the ...


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In May, the Colombian Government announced that it had put down a river and air attack on the town of Trinidad by rebels operating in the Eastern plains. On August 8, Dr. Lauriano Gomez Castro, a Conservative, was, inaugurated president of Colombia to ...


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It was a long, hard, complicated year for the Eighty-first Congress of the United States. The national legislature was faced with a defense emergency of unprecedented seriousness. Congress returned to Washington after the November elections for work ...


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Jim Fuchs, Yale undergraduate from Chicago, broke the world's 16-pound shot-put record with a throw of 58 feet, 4 3/4 inches. A new discus mark of 186 feet, 10 7/8 inches was set by Fortune Gordien, of San Francisco.


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Harvests were bountiful in 1949. Farm production in the United States came close to the record level of 1948. Large food surpluses developed in the Western Hemisphere for the first time since the beginning of World War II, and food supplies were ...


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President Dutra of Brazil visited the United States in May, 1949, at the invitation of President Truman. His visit drew the attention of people in the United States to numerous economic problems facing Brazil. On January 31 the World Bank granted a ...


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Afghanistan held its first free election in 1949. The country had been a constitutional monarchy for the past twenty-five years, but members of the National Assembly had been chosen by the tribal jirga,


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Cities and towns in the New York-New Jersey area were faced with a serious water shortage by the fall of 1949. There had been little rainfall in the area since midsummer, and wells and reservoirs were getting low. Appeals were made for people to cut ...


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In April, the Swedish Ball Bearing Company (S.K.F.) started to build a $1,000,000 factory in Toronto to make bearings for the Canadian export markets.


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Congress appropriated $5,400,000 in 1949 for the reconstruction of the White House in Washington, D.C., the official home of the President of the United States. Lorenzo S. Winslow was appointed as the architect. The Commission on Renovation of the ...


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Elections were held on May 29 in Communist-dominated Albania. According to Communist custom, there was only a one-party list of candidates, which received 97.7 per cent of the votes.


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New oil discoveries and the completion of the $90,000,000 interprovincial pipe line from the Redwater-Edmonton field to the head of the Great Lakes contributed to increased prosperity in Alberta. In the first eight and a half months, the Government ...


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Workers in physical anthropology and archaeology continued experiments with the use of such new methods of inquiry as the determination of the blood groups of fossil man by chemical tests on pulverized bone, and the more precise dating of ...


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The year opened with a building boom in the housing field that ran ahead of that of 1949, when over 1,000,000 dwelling units were erected. However, the war in Korea and shortages in some categories of building materials led to sharp restrictions ...


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President Peron, in December, 1949, proclaimed 1950 as the Year of the Liberator San Martin. Special homage was to be paid to this national hero and all newspapers were to print on their mastheads such a statement. If they refused they ...


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For the first half of 1950, the United States was at peace, and not only its army but its other armed services were dominated by the economic policies of Secretary of Defense Louis E. Johnson. Then, in late June, South Korea was invaded by the troops ...


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After a long and heated debate, the two chambers of the Belgian Parliament voted in February to bring the following question before the country's voters, Do you think King Leopold III should resume his constitutional powers?


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Throughout 1950, the antibiotic drug aureomycin


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British Columbia celebrated in 1950 the centenary of the establishment of British government in the Pacific Northwest. When the legislature met in the spring, the first Indian to become a member took his seat, and the Indians expressed their ...


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After the death of Premier Kolarov on January 20, Vulko Chervenkov was elected Premier on February 1. The last act of Kolarov was his demand for the immediate recall of the American Ambassador, Donald R. Heath, as persona non grata,


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Burma, torn by civil war for more than two years, made its first major gains against insurgent forces in 1950. Communist groups and the Karens were the most troublesome of the rebels. The Karens wanted their own state within Burma. There was some ...


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Few if any Presidents of the United States have made more changes in their Cabinets than has Harry S. Truman. In 1950, however, the rate of change slowed down. Only one Cabinet officer stepped out of his post. He was Louis A. Johnson, 59 years old, ...


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Canada suffered from the loss of sterling markets and felt the effects of the American recession of 1949 during the early months of 1950. But the outbreak of the Korean war resulted in an expansion of the Canadian economy.


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All previous records for progress in water resource development in the western half of the United States were shattered by the Bureau of Reclamation in 1950. The various projects were designed to help meet demands for irrigation, industrial and ...


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Organized crime came under intensive investigation in the United States during 1950. A Special Senate Committee to Investigate Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce was appointed in May. Senator Estes Kefauver, Democrat from Tennessee who introduced ...


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In mid-January, the United States ambassadors to the Caribbean countries met at Havana to discuss problems of the region with special reference to President Truman's Point Four program. A regional center for UNESCO was opened in Havana on February 24, ...


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The 1949 purge of the Communist party was continued in 1950. Foreign Minister Vladimir Clementis was relieved of his office on his own request, as the official announcement had it. He then conveniently disappeared. Clementis became Foreign ...


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In state as well as national elections, the Democratic party lost ground in 1950. But it was a financially prosperous year for the national party organization. William M. Boyle, Jr., of Kansas City, the national chairman, reported that the party spent ...


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Denmark had a difficult year economically in 1950. The previous year's currency devaluation resulted in higher prices for the chief important raw materials, while the prices of Denmark's principal exports, tied down in long-term contracts, remained ...


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The French parliamentary system continued to pass from one crisis to another during 1950. The year gave added proof that the Constitution of the Fourth Republic had not provided for a strong democratic government. Premier Bidault had to reorganize his ...


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Research on radiocarbon (carbon 14) by chemists W.F. Libby and J.R. Arnold, working in co-operation with geologists and archaeologists, presents an opportunity of determining the actual age of carbon-bearing materials less than about 35,000 years old. ...


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The West German Federal Republic became more closely linked with other Western European countries during 1950, and made progress toward recovering equality of position among the great powers. The Republic's destinies were guided by President Theodore ...


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British foreign trade was so healthy in 1950 that Marshall Plan aid was suspended in December. This was a year and a half sooner than was planned. The British people were proud to be the first country to become financially independent of the United ...


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Parliament was dissolved early in January, 1950. Elections took place on March 4. Their outcome was hailed as a victory for democracy. But Greece remained a country plagued by the instability of its cabinets. There followed, in quick succession, the ...


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The Central American Olympic Games opened at Guatemala City on February 26, 1950, in a stadium built especially for the purpose. On the first day the Guatemala military band played a Puerto Rican dance tune when the teams from that island appeared ...


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The Republic of Indonesia, created on December 27, 1949, was confronted with the difficult task of reconstructing a country disrupted by four years of war and revolution. For this purpose Indonesia received a $100,000,000 loan from the U.S. ...


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Although Iran received $25,000,000 from the Export-Import Bank under the U.S. Point Four program, the Iranians were not satisfied. They believed American assistance to be too slow and too small. However, they recognized the beneficial Point Four work ...


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The main event in Iraq during 1950 was the mass exodus of Iraqi Jews to Israel. There were 120,000 Jews in Iraq at the beginning of the year. It was believed that ninety thousand of them wished to leave the country.


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The main problem for Israel remained one of how to digest the many immigrants flocking to the new state.


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Premier de Gasperi, leader of the Christian Democrats, continued in power during the year, although he was compelled to resign and form a new cabinet in January. The Liberals withdrew their support because of opposition to proposed election laws which ...


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By the end of 1950, the military occupation of Japan had continued for five years and four months. The requirements of the Potsdam Declaration for curbing the military power and reforming the government of Japan had been more than fulfilled. As early ...


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Korea suffered the misfortune of serving as the first battlefield in the fighting war, the struggle between East and West. Due to the defiance of the United Nations by Soviet Russia, the year 1950 found Korea still a divided country. South ...


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During the year there were more books than usual in the fields of history, biography, and historical fiction. Unfortunately many of them show signs of having been written to order. A few fill a need, others duplicate subjects that have already been ...


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Magazines reached new highs in advertising dollar volume and circulation during the year, reversing the downward dip experienced in 1949.


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MALAYA waged rigorous operations in 1950 against Communist bands which have harassed the country for nearly two years. More than 420,000 civilians were enlisted to defend towns and cities while army and police forces hunted down Communists in the ...


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Manitoba suffered a serious disaster in May when the Red River and its tributaries in southern Manitoba flooded 540 square miles of land. When a special session of the legislature was called in November, it was estimated that the flood bill would be ...


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The antibiotics, antihistaminics, anticoagulants, and ACTH and Cortisone were of chief interest during 1950. Research continued with ACTH, a hormone substance derived from the pituitary gland, and Cortisone, a hormone from the adrenal gland. The ...


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The debate on the possibility of making rain by seeding clouds with dry ice or silver iodide again made first page news. A bill to appropriate $50,000,000 for research on rainmaking was proposed in Congress. At the same time, officials of the United ...


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War news dominated the front pages of United States government during the last half of the year, reaching a high point in December when Chinese Communist forces overwhelmed United Nations troops in Korea.


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On May 6, President Victor Roman y Reyes of Nicaragua died at the age of 77 after a cancer operation in Philadelphia. He had served as President since August 15, 1947, when he had been elected by the Constituent Assembly. The next day the Nicaraguan ...


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Nobel prizes were presented at ceremonies in Concert Hall, Stockholm, Sweden, on December 10, 1950. This year marked the fiftieth anniversary of the Nobel Foundation, established under the will of the Swedish industrialist and scientist, Alfred Nobel. ...


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The economic and political situation of Norway during 1950 was affected by the attempt to streamline Norway's defense preparations, in accordance with the country's obligations as co-signer of the North Atlantic Treaty. On September 21, the parliament ...


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Nova Scotia took steps during the year to place its economic life on a sounder footing. Conversion was begun in the fishing industry to supply the fresh-frozen fish market instead of the declining salt-fish, market. Trees producing more marketable ...


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Ontario experienced a mining boom in 1950. Interest in mineral exploration was stimulated by the development of the great asbestos deposit near Matheson and of the iron-ore deposit at Steep Rock, 120 miles west of Port Arthur. The potential iron ore ...


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During the first six months of the year, a major concern of public educators was to repair the damage to the school system caused by World War II. Another great problem was to prepare for a new flood of children to arrive in schoolrooms about ...


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The elections of January 3 gave Mustapha el Nahas Pasha's Wafdist party an absolute majority in Parliament. He was appointed Prime Minister.


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The Republican party made substantial gains in Congress and in state and local governments in the fall elections.


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The boys and girls of America who send ten cents with a box top for this or that prize might be interested in knowing that electronic investigation and classification of their mail is now practical. Some firms receive many thousand such letters each ...


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Economic conditions in Western Europe continued to improve during the year. Responsible were Marshall Plan aid, better planning and greater efforts of the Europeans themselves, and good harvests, except in Yugoslavia. But political relations between ...


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Designers raised hemlines another several inches in 1950. Skirts were pencil-slim, but frequently enhanced with loose-flying gathered or pleated panels. Tubular underskirts worn with narrow clinging or full overskirts afforded opportunity for color ...


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The year was noteworthy for worldwide exploration of sedimentary beds of rock that contain fossil animals and plants.


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At the beginning of January 1950, the Haitian government invoked the Rio Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance against the Dominican Republic in a statement to the Organization of American States. The note accused President Trujillo of effective ...


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Public health was at record high levels in the United States during 1950, and was still improving. Birth rates were high. Death Pates were at a new low. Influenza and infantile paralysis caused the only large epidemics of the year.


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On January 3, the United States ordered Hungary to close its consulates in New York and Cleveland. The demand was caused by Hungary's frequent violations of American consular rights, and especially by the detention in Hungary of the American ...


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Migration into the United States continued to increase during 1950, as it has in each year since the end of World War II. Immigrants are nationals of other countries who are admitted to the United States for permanent residence. Many of the immigrants ...


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On January 26 India inaugurated a constitution which makes the nation a sovereign republic, though still a member of the British Commonwealth of Nations. It is governed by an elected president, a cabinet, and a parliament. For the first time every man ...


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In the speed with which the pioneers moved west, Indian lands were sometimes taken without consulting the Indians, or paying for the land. As the country became stabilized, Congress gave many of these tribes permission to sue the Government to settle ...


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In January, 1950, the total labor force, made up of persons working or able to work and looking for work, was estimated at 62,800,000 persons. Of this number, 61,400,000 were in civilian occupations and the remaining 1,400,000 were in the armed ...


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Latin America during 1950 succeeded in improving its balance of trade, so that at year's end the United States was buying more in Latin America than it was selling here. This situation represented a return to the trade conditions existing before 1938 ...


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Construction of the country's first railroad got off to a good start early in 1950. It extends in the same general direction as a motor road which reaches from the coastal capital of Monrovia forty miles northward to the rich iron ore deposits at Bomi ...


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The 150th anniversary of the establishment of the Library of Congress by vote of Congress was observed in Washington, D.C., with ceremonies, in Cleveland at the annual conference of the American Library Association, and in professional journals and ...


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Libya was proclaimed a free and independent country on November 25, 1950. Cyrenaica, Tripolitania, and the Fezzan, once a part of Italy's North African Empire, make up the new federal state. Sayed Mohammed Idris el Senussi, Emir of Cyrenaica, was ...


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The American literary scene was anything but spectacular in 1950; although book publishers turned out the second largest total of books in their history.


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Mexico City taxi drivers, 5,000 strong, went on strike January 3 as a protest against increased gasoline costs and government licensing of 327 additional cab drivers. When riots resulted, the Government jailed 800 strikers and the strike collapsed. ...


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The motion-picture industry made little progress in 1950, although the motto Movies Are Better than Ever was the keynote of a campaign to bolster sagging box office returns. Cutbacks reduced the production staffs in most Hollywood studios. ...


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The Bach Bicentenary has been the occasion of innumerable festivals and concerts. One permanent value of those widespread performances has been the bringing to the larger public a quantity of little-known music. Bach's sacred and secular cantatas are ...


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Economic recovery in the Netherlands was so great that on April 21 the Dutch Government asked for cancellation of $6,200,000 of the $15,000,000 loan given by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development in July, 1949.


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New Brunswick pushed forward its plans for hydroelectric expansion during the year. The New Brunswick Electric Power Company began work on a $5,600,000 hydroelectric plant on Tobique River to produce 20,000 horsepower. This will mean a total ...


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Newfoundland began to take stock of its resources during the year. An aerial survey was made for minerals, and the province's five great rivers were surveyed to determined their potential water power. The fishing industry was developed along new ...


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International exhibitions in the United States gave critics a chance to compare the work of American and European artists. European paintings were shown in the Carnegie exhibition in Pittsburgh for the first time since before World War II. It appeared ...


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Pakistan made slow progress in its long-term development program in 1950. The continued trade disputes between Pakistan and India, and the unsolved Kashmir problem hampered faster economic progress. Pakistan resumed trade with South Africa early in ...


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Early in January the Democratic party nominated Manuel Odria, President of the governing military Junta, as its presidential candidate in the July 2 election. This party is a coalition of the Liberal, National, Progressive, Constitutional, Reformed ...


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Serious economic problems continued to confront the Philippine Republic. President Elpidio Quirino of the Republic conferred with President Truman in the United States in February. As a result of the conferences, Truman sent a United States Economic ...


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August saw the start of the sixth atomic furnace now operating in the United States. It is located at Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, N. Y. The new furnace is by far the most powerful in operation. It is a large pile of graphite and uranium. ...


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Poland made progress toward economic recovery from the ravages of World War II. Production was up, and the Polish merchant fleet was larger than before 1939.


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The popular music industry in general had an eventful year. The big squabble that arose over record speeds was ironed out. All the recording companies began to give the public all three speeds78, 33 1/3, and 45 revolutions per minute.


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A conspiracy to kill Premier de Oliveira Salazar and to overthrow his dictatorship was discovered in June. Despite improved economic conditions, the population showed signs of growing uneasiness about the dictatorial methods by which the country has ...


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The nearness of Prince Edward Island to the Labrador iron-ore development area increased the demand for the island's agricultural products during the year. Farmers cut the acreage planted in potatoes to grow more stock grain, so as to supply the needs ...


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Puerto Rico was given the opportunity during the year to form a government of its own choosing. President Truman signed a bill on July 3 granting Puerto Ricans the right to draft their own constitution. The law was to be submitted to the voters for ...


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Quebec went ahead with plans to develop its Ungava iron ore resources during the year. In a $200,000,000 program, mining facilities will be increased; a 360-mile railway will be built from Burnt Lake in the center of the discoveries to Seven Islands ...


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held its leading position as a medium of mass information and entertainment during 1950, in spite of TV's sweep in popularity across the nation. This fact was highlighted by the sharp increase in radio listening after the Korean crisis, indicating ...


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In August, the U.S. Congress authorized a $62,500,000 loan to Spain. The loan was granted on November 15 after the General Assembly of the United Nations voted 38-12 (with 12 abstentions) to take Spain off the United Nations blacklist. In view of the ...


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Sports set a new high for human drama in 1950. Leading events included Navy's upset of Army, the dramatic comeback of golfer Ben Hogan, Joe Louis' futile attempt to regain the world's heavyweight championship, the Philadelphia Phillies' first National ...


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The new national budget was presented at the opening of the Riksdag on January 11. It showed an increase in expenditures of 272,000,000 kronor, from 4,395,000,000 to 4,667,000,000. Revenues were estimated at 5,139,000,000 kronor an increase of ...


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Because of the international situation, Swiss authorities had to increase defense expenditures. In the next few years military expenses would probably represent about 40 per cent of the national budget.


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Syria adopted a new constitution early in October. Hashem al Atassi, ousted as President in December, 1949, was elected President under the new constitution. General Hannawi, who had ousted him, was assassinated on October 30.


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The United States tax bill in 1950 went up about $8,000,000,000, computed on an annual basis. Of the increase, about $5,250,000 was levied against corporate earnings and $2,750,000,000 against some 50,000,000 individual income taxpayers.


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Television continued its amazing rate of growth during 1950, taking tremendous strides in public acceptance and as an industry.


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On January 30, Prince Bernhard of The Netherlands arrived in Venezuela for a five-day visit in order to arrange for Dutch immigration to Venezuela. The Governmental had already announced that it would accept about 2,000 European immigrants monthly ...


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In a speech on May 31, Marshal Tito said that Yugoslavia is the only country that has no obligation toward East and West. That is, in a nutshell, the odd situation of present-day Yugoslavia and of Tito himself. It helps to explain the ...


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Among the census takers who made news in 1950 were three white game rangers and 75 African natives who counted all the white rhinoceroses in Zululand. The white rhinoceros is no whiter than the black rhinoceros but has a squarer mouth. It is one of ...


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Dick Sisler's home run in the tenth inning on the last day of the season against Brooklyn gave Philadelphia's Phillies the National League championship. But the world's title again fell to the New York Yankees, whose experience and greater power ended ...


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Football was rocked by the defeat of Notre Dame on October 7, when an inspired Purdue team ended Notre Dame's string of 39 games without a defeat (37 victories and 2 ties) by scoring a stunning 28 to 14 upset. Purdue won only one other game, against ...


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Work was done by the Allan Hancock Foundation of the University of Southern California in the exploration of ocean depths with an instrument called the benthograph.


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Latest statistics, compiled July 1, show that the gain in U.S. church membership for the last 12 months reported was 2.9 per cent for Protestants, and about 2 per cent for Roman Catholics. About 77 per cent of the Protestants are in the 12 largest ...


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Substantial gains in strength came to the Republican party in 1950 in almost every part of the United States, including some inroads into traditionally Democratic Southern areas.


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Accidents in the United States took the lives of 73,800 persons in the first ten months of 1950. This figure was 2 per cent less than the death toll of 75,300 for the same period of 1949. The decrease was accounted for by only two accident ...


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An extensive search for oil and uranium was carried out in Saskatchewan in 1950. Some $7,000,000 was spent in searching for oil. A new discovery of oil was made in the Maidstone area. Northern Saskatchewan was found to be rich in pitch-blende. A ...


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The year was a memorable one for Thailand. King Phumiphon returned after four years in Switzerland and formally ascended the throne. But first came the cremation ceremony for his brother, the late King Ananda Mahidol, whose death in 1946 remained a ...


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Congress passed important amendments to the Social Security Act. Beginning on January 1, 1951, nearly 10,000,000 additional workers would be eligible for old age annuities and survivors insurance. Those already receiving benefits would have their ...


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A new organization, the Council of the Living Theater, was formed in New York City to acquaint the public with the importance of the living theater. Several educational theater groups held mid-century conferences.


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The Parliament was dissolved on March 24 because it refused to adopt a bill freeing political prisoners.


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The Nationalist Government went ahead with its policy of separating racial groups, called apartheid,


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Throughout the year the Soviet Union continued its progress in industrial expansion. At the same time, the Russian Politburo intensified its diplomatic campaign against the democratic countries. As part of its grand strategy the Soviet Union also ...


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The most significant action taken by the United Nations in 1950 was its historic decision to use force to repel the armed attack by the North Koreans on June 25 on the Republic of Korea. This decision was supported by the majority of members, some of ...


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As the year began, the nation had rolled successfully past what most economists had assumed to be the most perilous peaks of post-World War II inflation. The feeling in January was that a long deferred adjustment was just around the corner. Economists ...


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On January 4, Uruguay and Yugoslavia signed a trade agreement for the exchange of Uruguayan wool, oil, and leather for timber and other items valued at $5,300,000. The World Bank on August 25 granted a 24-year $33,000,000 loan to Uruguay for the ...


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Archaeological work was begun at the village of Peine in the Atacama Desert of Chile, by a number of co-operating Chilean institutions. Russian archaeologists, led by the continuing researches of S. Tolstov in the ancient kingdom of Khorazm, turned up ...


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Nine men lost their lives in boxing during the year. Two of these fatal fights, in which Laverne Roach (February 23) and Al West (December 21) died, were televised into millions of homes.


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Sam Urzetta, a former basketball player from Rochester, N.Y., made his third appearance in the National Amateur. He became the first 100-to-1 shot to win the championship. Urzetta defeated Frank Stranahan, British amateur champion from Toledo, Ohio, ...


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John Marshall of Australia, who swam as a member of the Yale University freshman team, set eight new world's records. His marks included 220 yards free style, 2:04.6; 200 meters, 2:05-5; 440 yards free style, 4:31.2; 400 meters, 4:29.5; 500 yards, ...


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In January 1950, the discovery and naming of a new antibiotic, terramycin,


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The Australian Davis Cup team, made up of Sedgeman, Bromwich, McGregor, and Worthington, came within one singles match of sweeping the series with the United States. America's Wightman cuppers (Brough, Du Pont, Hart, and Todd) conquered the British ...


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Dick Attlesey of Southern California accomplished what was deemed virtually impossible when he lowered the world's record for the 120-yard high hurdles to 13.5 seconds at Fresno, Calif., in May. His mark of 13.6 seconds for the 110-meter hurdles, ...


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The outbreak of the Korean war had a marked impact upon American agriculture during the year. Increased buying power resulting from the speed-up of mobilization reversed the downward trend of farm prices and farm income that was so noticeable the year ...


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The year 1950 was election year in Brazil. Former President Getulio Vargas was the presidential candidate of the Labor party. This party stands for agrarian reform, distribution of land to the poor, foreign capital investments, and closer ties with ...


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In Chicago, plans are underway to develop 305 acres around Cook County Hospital into the world's greatest medical center. The cost of the completed project is estimated at $300,000,000. Excavation work was begun early in the year. Buildings now under ...


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New York speeded up construction on its state Express Highway in 1950. This year, when New York began pushing forward its civil defense program, the need became even more urgent. If war should come to the United States, superhighways would be ...


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The Constitution of the United States provides that an enumeration of inhabitants shall be made every ten years, to serve as the basis for the apportionment of representatives in Congress. This fundamental law was intended to adjust representation ...


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The year was an exceptional one for the oil industry. New high records were established in various parts of the world. Global production of crude oil reached an estimated 3,786,000,000 barrels. The United States alone produced 1,973,000,000 barrels, ...


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Albania like other satellite countries, issued a Defense of Peace law at January 12. The government announced that its purpose was to curb warmongering for the benefit of the Western Powers. By presidential proclamation the ...


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Alberta oil filled about one-third of Canada's needs in 1951. It was expected that Canada would soon be self-sufficient in oil. The biggest oil discovery of the year was at Wizard Lake, south of Edmonton. Other discoveries were made at Acheson field, ...


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Continuing the flourishing development of postwar Alaskan archaeology, the Bering Strait Expedition turned up evidence relating to the most likely route of the early migrations from Asia.


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Building construction continued its brisk pace in 1951, in spite of the national emergency and the scarcity of essential materials. The F. W. Dodge Corporation reported construction contracts in thirty-seven Eastern States at $13,585,024,000 for the ...


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On August 22, some 250,000 followers of President Peron assembled in Buenos Aires in huge rally which was organized to nominate Peron for the presidency and his wife Evita for the vice-presidency. President Peron accepted the nomination, but Evita ...


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The keynote of Army development throughout 1951 was slow mobilization to achieve a larger and better-prepared Army than in the years immediately following World War II. At the end of fiscal year 1950 the strength of the Army had totaled 593,000 men ...


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Nineteen fifty-one was a thriving but not sensational year for the ballet. Two companies were outstanding both in quality of dancing and production of novelties. First honors probably belong to the New York City Ballet, with the Ballet Theatre ranking ...


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After it had plagued the Belgian people for ten years, the so-called royal question came to an end in 1951. On July 16 King Leopold III abdicated in favor of his eldest son, Crown Prince Baudouin, who had acted as regent since August 1, ...


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During 1951 the use of aureomycin in animal feed to increase rate of growth was greatly expanded. Other antibiotics were also being used. These include penicillin, terramycin, bacitracin, and streptomycin. The antibiotic may be used alone, or may be ...


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Industrial projects completed and planned during the year promised great things for booming British Columbia. The Celanese Corporation of America brought into production its new $27,000,000 cellulose pulp mill at Prince Rupert. Its operations will be ...


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Of all the Soviet satellite countries, Bulgaria was the most shielded from the glimpses of foreigners. From what leaked out it became certain that the Kremlin stripped Prime Minister Chervenkov of his power so that he remained head of the government ...


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Burma had made little progress toward nationalizing its industries since winning independence from Great Britain nearly four years before. Only transportation on the Irrawaddy River and part of the teakwood industry had been taken over by the ...


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Early in January the Government announced that its encouragement of rubber production would make the country self-sufficient by 1952. The Government announced that it had taken steps to wipe out a newly-discovered outbreak of food and mouth disease in ...


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Lawmaking seemed to be almost a minor interest of the first session of the Eighty-second Congress of the United States. Preparations for national defense and a wide variety of investigations commanded a heavy share of the attention of the national ...


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The Bureau of Reclamation reached an all-time high in crop production and irrigation service in the Western States during 1951. It provided irrigation water for over a third of a million settlers on 100,000 farms which total almost 6,000,000 acres of ...


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The Senate Committee to Investigate Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce, headed by Estes Kefauver and popularly known as the Kefauver Committee, completed an eleven-month tour of United States cities in March, 1951. Some of the Committee's hearings ...


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In mid-March, former president Grau San Martin was indicted for principal responsibility in the theft and misappropriation of more than $40,000,000 during his administration in the Ministry of Education. In this he was accused of ...


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Before it fell prey to Communist rule in 1948, Czechoslovakia was one of the most democratic and progressive countries of Europe. That is why in Kremlin encountered more difficulties there than in any other satellite country.


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During 1951, Europe still suffered from the antagonism between the Soviet-controlled countries and the Western democracies. But the fear of a Russian invasion of Europe was slightly relaxed. This resulted from the rapid development of armaments in the ...


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The 1951 silhouette was extremely feminine. Shoulders were small and sweeping, bodices curved, and waists nipped in. Skirts were full, and puffed out with swishing taffeta or stiff crinoline petticoats. Colors and lines were softer than those of other ...


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The trend toward linking together the fields of fossil study, or paleontology,


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The general parliamentary elections held in June failed to make French cabinets more stable. In February the Pleven cabinet fell, when the Catholic Popular Republicans refused to support the Government's proposals for electoral reform.


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In an attempt to obtain evidence on climates of the geologic past, Nobel prize-winning atomic physicist Harold C. Urey and his associates have developed a method for the measurement of ancient temperatures, or paleotemperatures.


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In the Federal Republic of Western Germany, internal and foreign policies were effected in 1951 by the opposition between two strong personalities at the head of the two strongest political parties.


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The Labor Government ended in 1951. It had been in power since 1945. Churchill's Conservative party won a general election on October 25. It then held 321 of the 625 seats in the House of Commons, a very small majority. It also won fewer total votes ...


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On April 1, 1950, the population of continental United States was 150,697,361. This represents a gain of 19,028,086, or 14.5 per cent, over the total for 1940. This gain does not take into account the members of the armed services and diplomatic and ...


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Routine banking developments of 1950 were very largely overshadowed by the drive to curb inflation during the last half of the year. In the main, these routine developments were favorable.


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Housing was the construction industry's principal concern during 1950. The industry experienced a larger total than that of 1949, in spite of the restrictions placed upon building because of the Korean war. President Truman limited construction starts ...


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The business year began hesitantly but ended in an inflationary boom that resisted the brakes applied by United States Government agencies. As in recent postwar years, fear of the long-deferred readjustment dominated the early planning of firms.


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The most important single poetical event of the year was the publication of Complete Poems


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Army and air force meals are planned by a Washington, D.C., dietitian. She is Helen Cacheris, head of the Menu Planning Branch of the Army Quartermaster Corps. She must work six months ahead in order that a monthly Master Menu Book can be sent to all ...


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This vast continent remained throughout the year 1951 the scene of violent revolution and the victim of ruthless Communist imperialism.


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Except for discovery of a satellite of Jupiter, the major advances in astronomy during the year concerned stars and galaxies.


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The year 1951 was Jubilee Year for Australia. The country celebrated its birth as a Commonwealth, or federation of states, in 1901. The days emphasized were January 1, the 50th anniversary of the Royal Proclamation of the Australian ...


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On May 27, seventy-eight-year-old General Theodor Koerner was elected to serve as president for a six-year term. Until his election he was the socialist and anti-Communist burgomaster of Vienna. It was the first time in Austrian history that a ...


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Production dropped sharply in the automobile industry during the last half of 1951. This was a result of government steps to shift more critical materials to national defense production. The downward trend was expected to continue until at least late ...


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in 1951 was geared to war in Korea. The sky south of the Yalu River became a proving ground for both United Nations and Communist aircraft. In the United States, increasing production orders showed defense mobilization was gradually moving into high ...


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Only one change in President Truman's Cabinet was made in 1951, though the turnover was heavy in the subcabinet ranks.


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Canada continued to develop rapidly in 1951. Gross national production was well over the $20,000,000,000 mark. This was over $2,000,000,000 more than in 1950, and almost four times greater than the figures of $5,500,000,000 for 1939. Most of the ...


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The greatest event of the year in chemistry was the seventy-fifth anniversary of the American Chemical Society, largest scientific society in the world. History-making meetings were held in New York City for a week in September. The week following was ...


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Economic events held the limelight in Chile during 1951. Early in January a $27,500,000 trade agreement was made with West Germany to exchange grains, fruits, foodstuffs, saltpeter, copper, manganese, lead, wool, and lumber for German agricultural and ...


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Since Communist China engaged actively in the Korean war in November, 1950, that country has withdrawn farther behind the bamboo curtain of censorship and secrecy than ever before. All official sources of news on the Chinese mainland, except for the ...


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While civil liberties were further restricted in all Communist-dominated countries during the year 1951, the protection of human freedoms made notable progress in the Western democracies. This was particularly true in the United States. Even in the ...


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In national campaign strategy, the Democratic party had its back to the wall in 1951. Disclosures of scandals in several branches of Government reacted against the party. Allegations of influence exerted on the granting of Reconstruction Finance ...


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On March 14, the Danish Government introduced a stern program of austerity measures to fight inflation, and to remedy the desperate foreign exchange deficit, estimated at 800,000,000 kroner for 1951. The measures aim to prevent further rise in living ...


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Throughout 1951 public schools and some of their administrators were faced with charges that they were subversive; spent too much money; failed to teach the Three R's. Some of these attacks were considered by schoolmen as directed against ...


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Egypt became one of the international problem children in 1951. On March 5 the Egyptian Chamber of Deputies unanimously condemned what it called French aggression in Morocco, putting the blame on the United States and Great Britain, too.


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The Republic of Ireland, had a general election in May, 1951. Eamon de Valera became Prime Minister again. He had lost in 1948 to John A. Costello.


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Outstanding among the electronic developments of 1951 is the improvement of a device that will eventually bring about a revolution in electronics, radio, and television. The long reign of the vacuum tube is about to end. Soon a pea-sized piece of the ...


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For the first time in seventeen years, municipal elections were held in Greece, and women voted for the first time in Greek history. The Communists suffered a heavy defeat.


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In January, although the Communist party had been abolished, the Communist leader Jose Manuel Fortuny announced the formation of a National Democratic Front. It included the Popular Liberation Front, the National Revolutionary party, and the Workers ...


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On April 23, the Export-Import Bank announced an additional credit to the Haitian Government of $10,000,000 for the development of the Artibonite Valley, making a total of $14,000,000. The undertaking includes flood control, irrigation, and ...


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Public health was at a high level in the United States during 1951, nearly equalling the record high level of 1950. The birth rate continued to rise. Death rates were unchanged. Epidemics were small and localized. But respiratory disease in February ...


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Hungary released the American businessman Robert A. Vogeler on April 22. He then told how the Communists use mental tortures to make prisoners confess. On November 19, Hungary arrested four U.S. aviators who were lost on a flight from ...


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Immediately after World War II, migration to the United States began upswing, largely due to the immigration of war brides and displaced persons. This upward trend was enough to bring the number of immigrants for the fiscal year 1950 to 249,187. In ...


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The signing of the Japanese peace treaty on September 8 gave promise of the long-awaited end of the military occupation and the restoration of Japan as a respected member of the family of nations. By the end of 1951, the occupation had continued for ...


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When visiting with King Abdullah of Jordan on July 16, 1951, Lebanese ex-Premier Riad es-Solh was assassinated by three Fascist-minded Syrians. The murder was an act of revenge for the stern measures Riad took in 1949 when, during his premiership, ...


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By the end of the year 1951 the Korean war had raged for eighteen months. Sixteen member states of the United Nations were still assisting the Republic of Korea against the Communist invaders. The armies of Red China had actively engaged in the war, ...


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In general, 1951 was a good year for labor in the United States. Employment levels remained high and standards of living were high. Labor tried to protect these high standards of living in the face of rising prices, increased taxes, and other changes ...


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Latin America began building up its merchant marine fleets after World War II, and by 1951 had made considerable progress. The National Federation of American Shipping reported that eleven Latin-American countries were operating 8,729,000 tons of ...


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Lebanon held parliamentary elections on April 25. No Communist was elected. The elections were hailed as fair and as a triumph of democracy.


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MALAYA entered the third year of its war against Communist rebels in June, 1951. British and Malayan troops and police were aided by thousands of civilian auxiliaries. Communist guerrillas, operating in small groups, darted out of the jungles to ...


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Manitoba ranked in 1951 as Canada's fourth industrial province. But its further industrial development depended on the expansion of hydroelectric power, for which the Government allotted millions of dollars of aid during the year.


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The antibiotics, ACTH and cortisone, certain enzyme substances, and radioactive isotopes continued to be subjects of interest during 1951. One disturbing element was the discovery that increasing numbers of infections of man  staphylococcic


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Beginning on January 1, Mexico and the United States increased tariff duties on a long list of products, ranging from toys to oil. Thus was ended, by mutual consent, the reciprocal trade agreement signed in 1943. At the beginning of the year also it ...


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The French-controlled section of this North African country was the scene of extensive defense construction in 1951. Early in the year, the United States signed an agreement with France for the construction and operation of five permanent U.S. air ...


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The motion-picture industry experienced a year of adjustment in 1951. Picture production was entirely separated from theater ownership by government decree. Under the slogan It is Movietime, U.S.A., studios reached a ten-year production ...


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Nobel prizes were presented at ceremonies in Concert Hall, Stockholm, Sweden, on December 10, 1951. This was the fiftieth year for presentation of these prizes. King Gustaf VI presided at the ceremonies. The awards were distributed as follows:


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Remarkable postwar recovery in Norway was highlighted by the industrial production index for February, 1951, which reached an all-time high of 165 points, as compared with 155 points for 1950 and 100 points for 1938. Exports in the same month also ...


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Nova Scotia's economy was expanded in 1951 by further improvements in its steel industry, new hydroelectric developments, and expansion of fisheries. The Dominion Steel and Coal Company at Sydney had a $44,000,000 improvement program which will add ...


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The Korean war led to a boom in Ontario's steel, chemical, and nickel industries, and stimulated its aircraft and electrical industries. The demand for strategic war materials resulted in the spending of over $600,000,000 in plant expansion building. ...


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In Detroit, the Institute of Arts helped the city celebrate its 250th birthday by holding a grand exhibition of drawings by French masters. This included drawings from the 15th century master, Simon Marmian, to Gauguin, master draftsman of the 19th ...


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Pakistan enjoyed a year of financial prosperity in 1951, as a result of high prices received for its exports in the world market. The treasury expected a surplus of about $70,000,000 by the end of the year. Large sums of public money were being used ...


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The basic difficulties of India consisted in having too many people on too little land. This problem increased daily as population figures skyrocketed. Adding to the troubles of India were outdated agricultural methods. The Government in 1951 was ...


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Indians under the jurisdiction of the Office of Indian Affairs in 1951 numbered 400,000 in the continental United States, with an additional 35,000  Indians, Eskimo, and Aleuts  in Alaska. The year 1951 was a period of preparation for more ...


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In the second year of Indonesian independence from The Netherlands, the Indonesians and the Dutch were beginning to learn to work together. About 100,000 Dutch still live in Indonesia. Most of them are in business or in Indonesia government jobs. ...


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During 1951, Iran was beset by internal and external troubles of its own making. The fanatical Iranian National Front and the outlawed Tudeh (Communist) party outdid each other in their hostility against England and in acts of violence against ...


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Under the terms of a new agreement, Iraq will share oil profits equally with the British-owned Iraq Petroleum Company. Iraq's share in 1951 is an estimated $42,000,000. It was hoped that the new agreement would help avoid the sort of trouble that ...


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Women were granted equal rights with men by Act of Parliament of July 17.


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Premier de Gasperi continued in power after resigning and reshuffling his cabinet in July. His stature as a statesman continued to grow, but he found it increasingly difficult to maintain a coalition government and to keep harmony in his own party, ...


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The first shipment of iron ore from the rich Bomi Hills of Liberia arrived in Baltimore, Md., on June 22, 1951. An estimated 1,000,000 tons a year will reach the United States after full-scale production gets under way. The Bomi Hills deposit is among ...


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The year 1951 was the seventy-fifth anniversary of the American Library Association, of the Dewey Decimal Classification, and of the Library Journal.


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A former Italian colony made up of Tripolitania, Fezzan, and Cyrenaica in North Africa was officially proclaimed the United Kingdom of Libya on December 24, 1951. Sayed Mohammed Idris el Senussi ascended the throne as King Idris I. He delivered the ...


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The American book industry began the year 1951 on a note of pessimism, with booksellers from coast to coast reporting a drop in sales. In the second half of the year, however, the trend unaccountably reversed itself. Books appeared to be selling ...


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There is a growing policy on the part of publishers to issue children's books in seriesfortunately not a tiresome number of books about the adventures of the same central characters, but a great number of different authors writing about ...


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Total magazine circulations were at an all-time high in 1951, with increases in subscriptions more than offsetting decreases in single-copy sales at higher prices. Likewise, magazine advertising revenue, estimated at $505,000,000, was at an all-time ...


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Since the concert stage, like the theater, thrives on glamorous personalities, the coming into prominence of two striking young artists was hailed in 1951.


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The Netherlands went through two political crises in 1951. The first one arose when General Kruls, Chief of the General Staff, resigned because he wanted the country to rearm faster than the government though it should. The second crisis came when the ...


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A number of new industries were started in New Brunswick in 1951. A paper pulp mill costing $20,000,000 was built at Fairville, a semi-chemical pulp mill at Bathurst, and a $5,000,000 cement plant near Havelock. A new printing and publishing firm was ...


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The greatest industrial development in Newfoundland's long history took place in 1951. New industrial plants made their appearance, mineral projects were expanded, the fishing industry was revived, and timber reserves were exploited.


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Newspapers were saddled with higher operating costs in 1951, but continued to serve the American public with daily and Sunday issues of record-breaking proportions. Ten-cent dailies and 25-cent Sunday papers made their appearance in some sections of ...


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For many years Nicaragua has been under the control of one man, Anastasio Somosa. On May 1, 1951, he was inaugurated president for a six-year term. Previously he had been serving the unexpired term of his uncle, Ramon y Reyes, whom he succeeded on May ...


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In mid-January the Food and Agricultural Organization announced that it would advise the Peruvian Government on nutrition. About the same time the United States announced a $1,091,250 Point Four program for the country. The U.S. Export-Import Bank ...


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The Philippines made some progress in getting its economic reconstruction program under way in 1951. A United States mission to the islands had recommended that certain basic reforms be made in order for the republic to receive $250,000,000 in U.S. ...


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General judgment of experts is that color television still needs a lot of improvement in order to be called good. Among their criticisms are these: colors are not true; and the same color is likely to appear as several different hues on the TV screen. ...


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In 1951, Poland, like the other Soviet satellite countries, showed a spectacle of purges, arrests, trials for alleged treason, deportations, and the ever-tightening grip of the Kremlin. About twenty Poles succeeded in escaping to Sweden. Among them ...


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In 1951, record companies tried echo chamber effects, harpsichord novelties, and other unusual uses of sound. In record making, the use of varied speeds resulted in multi-sounds from one instrument or an entirely different phrasing due to slow or ...


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Eighty-one-year-old President Carmona died on April 18. General Francisco Higino Craveiro Lopes (unopposed) was elected President on July 22.


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Development work continued in 1951 at the uranium fields of Goldfields and Black Lake in the Lake Athabaska district, and at Lac La Rouge. Beaverlodge Lake in northwestern Saskatchewan was almost ready to produce uranium. The Saskatchewan Government ...


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Under the terms of a new contract with the Arabian-American Oil Company, King Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia shares in company profits on a fifty-fifty basis. He is believed to have received about $100,000,000 from oil production in 1951. Of this sum, ...


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Thailand was the scene of two military revolts in 1951. In late June, navy rebels kidnaped Premier Pibul Songgram. The army, air force, and police remained loyal and put down the revolt after two days' fighting. Sixty-eight persons were killed and ...


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On March 12 a one-day strike broke out at Barcelona, all but paralyzing the city. People from all walks of life took part in the defiance of the Franco regime. It was the first time such an event had happened under the dictatorship. The strikers won a ...


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The New York Giants' great closing drive to win the National League pennant provided the biggest sports thrill of 1951. The most dramatic moment came in the closing inning of the game that qualified the Giants to oppose the New York Yankees in the ...


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The Swedish Air Force observed the 25th anniversary of its founding in 1951. National budget estimates for the 1951-1952 fiscal year showed a total income of 5,709,000,000 kronor, and expenditures totaling 5,367,000,000. The budget was the highest in ...


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South Africa had trouble at home and abroad in 1951 because of its treatment of non-white peoples. On March 30 the Group Areas Act of 1950 went into effect in Cape Province, Transvaal, and Natal. The Minister of the Interior could not segregate ...


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Throughout the year the Soviet Union continued to increase its industrial production. In all parts of the globe, the Communist party promoted Russian imperialism as well as the world revolution.


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During 1951, the main efforts of the United Nations were directed toward strengthening world peace, and raising standards of living.


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The history books may note two big events of 1951. One of these is the ratification of the 22nd Amendment to the Constitution, which limits the President (Truman excepted) to two terms. The second is the dismissal of General Douglas MacArthur from all ...


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Andres Martinez Trueba was inaugurated President, succeeding Luis Batlle Berreo. On October 3, the Chamber of Deputies approved a constitutional reform in which the presidency was to be taken over by a nine-man Federal Council. This would take effect ...


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The year was a prosperous one for this oil-rich South American country. On March 1 the Government announced that it would spend $100,000,000 during the year on roads. On April 26 the Government seized a Canadian gold mining company's properties, which ...


Description:
Columbia University geologists in the summer discovered an undersea mountain about 200 miles east-southeast of Cape Cod. They named it Atlantis. It is five miles square and more than a mile high. Its peak is over a mile and a half below the ocean ...


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One notable discovery was that of a large stone tablet, inscribed on both faces with the events of 16 years of the reign of Shalmaneser III, an ancient king of Iraq. Turned up at Qal'at Shirgat, in that country, the tablet has more details than any ...


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Junie McMahon won the men's National All-Star tournament, his second success (though not consecutive) in this meet. Mrs. Marion Ladewig retained the women's National All-Star title.


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The rise of Joe Walcott to the heavyweight title was a Cinderella story. The heartbreaking defeat of Joe Louis, with Joe winding up on the canvas, was an event the boxing world was sorry to see. Most had hoped Joe, one of the greatest of all time, ...


Description:
Ben Hogan won such famous crowns as the U.S. Open, the Masters, and the World Championship tourney. Other golf crowns and their victors were: U.S. Amateur, Billy Maxwell; British Open, Max Faulkner; British Amateur, Dick Chapman; National P.G.A., Sam ...


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Eight amendments to the New York State Constitution were approved by the voters at the November, 1951, election. The following amendments directly affect New York City:


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Detroit, popularly known as the automobile capital of the world, celebrated its 250th birthday in July, 1951. On July 28, about 20,000 marchers and a number of bands marched along Woodward Avenue. President Truman spoke, and dignitaries from France, ...


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The volume of business on the Toronto Stock Exchange ranked next to that of New York, and bank clearings were 9 per cent higher than at Montreal.


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A picture of Mr. Average American emerged in 1951 as the United States Census Bureau compiled statistics about the 150,697,361 persons it had counted in the 1950 census. The average American is 30 years old, is married, and has two children. His ...


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Petroleum production was stepped up throughout the world in 1951. The demand for oil was greatly increased by the war in Korea, and the ever-increasing number of motor vehicles, Diesel locomotives, and other oil-burning machines. The closing of the ...


Description:
Premier Jones' Liberal government was returned in the elections held on April 26. The Liberals won 25 out of the 30 seats in the house, one more than they had in 1947. The Progressive Conservatives won the other 5 seats.


Description:
At a referendum on June 4, 1951, Puerto Ricans approved a law which gave them the right to draft their own constitution. An assembly to write the constitution was elected on August 27. The completed document was to be submitted to the voters and also ...


Description:
Considerable progress was made on the $200,000,000 Ungava iron ore project during 1951. The 360-mile railroad north of Seven Islands on the Quebec north shore was under construction, and about one third of its right of way was cleared. Further ...


Description:
Radio broadcasting maintained its leadership as a medium of mass communication in 1951, in spite of the continued inroads of television on its audience. But it was obviously dividing honors with television as an entertainer, especially in the evening. ...


Description:
Churches in the United States had about their usual growth during the past year. The number of their members increased 2 to 3 per cent. The increase in church membership is slightly more than the estimated increase of the total population. Just a ...


Description:
The Republican nomination for President of the United States looked like a most desirable thing to have in 1951.


Description:
Accidents in the United States took the lives of 77,700 persons in the first 10 months of 1951. This figure was 5 per cent greater than the death toll of 73,900 for the corresponding period of 1950.


Description:
High production and full employment characterized the Swiss economic situation in 1951. Some difficulties were experienced in importing all the raw materials essential for industry. The cost of living increased slightly. Defense spending amounted to ...


Description:
Unsettled politics which had plagued Syria for years continued through 1951. The Syrians rejected United States aid offered to them under Point Four.


Description:
Both state and Federal taxes jumped in 1951. The Congress in late October passed a new revenue act increasing individual and corporate taxes by $5,691,000,000 a year. The additional revenue produced fell far short of the $10,700,000,000 requested by ...


Description:
Television continued its rapid growth in popular esteem in 1951. TV set ownership went up about 5,000,000 sets to reach a national total estimated at 15,000,000.


Description:
There were few new productions in 1951, and still fewer top-grade offerings. In the musical category, three of the favorites were holdovers from other years: Call Me Madam, Guys and Dolls,


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It was a stormy year for the President of the United States. Congress was decidedly unfriendly. Scandals came to light in major divisions of the Government and involved several high officials. Truman's removal of General Douglas MacArthur as supreme ...


Description:
Turkey was admitted to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1951. On November 12 the Government rejected a Soviet protest against Turkey's joining the N.A.T.O.


Description:
During 1951, nature went on the rampage. It produced the most severe ice storm on record in the South, a prolonged drought in the Southwest, the nation's first billion-dollar flood, a prolonged heat wave in Texas, and abnormally heavy snowfall in the ...


Description:
There were frequent border incidents between Yugoslavia and its Soviet-dominated neighbors. The United States shipped war supplies worth $29,000,000 to Yugoslavia and received in exchange copper, lead, and other strategic materials.


Description:
Scientists of Jackson Memorial Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Me., announced some interesting experiments in training mice. It was shown that the mice could be trained either to get along peacefully with others or to fight or run away; if mice can be so ...


Description:
The New York Yankees won their third straight American League pennant, then beat the New York Giants, 4 games to 2, to win their third consecutive World Series.


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Professional basketball had a trying season financially. The National Basketball Association title was won by the Rochester Royals. The Stewart Chevrolets of San Francisco took the Amateur Athletic Union crown.


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The football season opened when the National Football League champions, the Cleveland Browns, beat the College All-Stars, coached by Yale's Herman Hickman, 33 to 0, in Soldiers' Field, Chicago. The Browns subsequently yielded the professional title, ...


Description:
The Detroit Red Wings captured the National Hockey League title, but in the league playoffs the Toronto Maple Leafs won the Stanley Cup.


Description:
Horse of the year was Counterpoint, winner of the Belmont, the jockey Club Gold Cup, the Gold Cup, and others. Counterpoint was also the year's leading money winner with $250,525. This was the year that saw Citation, the Calumet farm ace, boost his ...


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The Twenty-Second Amendment to the United States Constitution went into legal effect in February, 1951, when Nevada became the thirty-second state to ratify it. Subsequently, two other states ratified it, while Massachusetts rejected it.


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Australia again won the Davis Cup, by a 3 to 2 victory over the United States. This victory caused one of the biggest controversies of the year. Chosen to carry the United States' attack in Davis Cup singles play were two veterans, Ted Schroeder and ...


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Southern California won the National Collegiate Athletic Association team title; the Los Angeles Athletic Club won the A.A.U. outdoor crown and the New York Pioneer Club the A.A.U. indoor laurels.


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American farmers produced at or near the record in 1951 in spite of extreme difficulties. Farm output in 1951 is estimated at 141 per cent of the 1935-1939 average, the same as the previous high figure of 1949.


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On January 31 former President Getulio Vargas was inaugurated President of Brazil. On May Day President Vargas took the occasion to promise rural workers a minimum wage, and medical and social assistance. He promised that he would construct thirty ...


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Bills enacted by the Illinois state legislature in 1951 included a measure to establish a four-year branch of the University of Illinois in Chicago.


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A determined anti-inflation drive by the Federal Reserve System and its member banks had far-reaching results in 1951. The money market tightened, interest rates rose, and the pegging of prices for government bonds was abandoned. An effective ...


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About a million homes were started in the United States in 1951, in spite of tightening controls on essential materials. But during the last quarter the rate of home construction fell off sharply, particularly in the South and West. A testing of ...


Description:
Consumers put the brakes on the inflationary boom during the last eight months of 1951, and created a highly irregular business record for the full year. In general, industries and companies with substantial rearmament contracts kept up a ...


Description:
There were few outstanding volumes of American poetry published in 1951. Perhaps the best of the lot was The Seven-League Crutches


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Has been the scene of rapid economic development in recent years. With it has come a great upsurge of nationalism and race hatred, which flamed into violent outbreaks in 1952. Africans turned on their European masters, and waged campaigns of terror to ...


Description:
In 1932 the huge continent of Asia was plagued by Communist aggressions, nationalist revolutions, war, famine, and locusts. Soviet imperialism moved to bring the entire continent under the control of the Politburo (replaced by the Presidium in ...


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Important advances were made in knowledge of our galaxy, the Milky Way star system. In this and other work, newly developed methods of radio astronomy were especially helpful.


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Field Marshal Sir William Slim, an Englishman, was appointed Governor General of Australia. The retiring Governor General, Sir William J. McKell, was an Australian. McKell was Australia's second experiment with an Australian-born representative of the ...


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Efforts to write a peace treaty for Austria dragged on through 1952. The hopes of the Western Powers, and of Austria itself, were defeated by Russian stubbornness. The idea of concluding a peace treaty binding Austria and the West together was ...


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The number of motor vehicles on United States roads and streets keeps rising each year. In 1952, the total reached 53,363,000. This included 43,894,000 passenger cars and 9,469,000 trucks and buses. For the first time in history, motor vehicle travel ...


Description:
A record year for commercial flying, and the beginning of the 50th anniversary year of powered flight characterized aviation in America in 1952.


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Premier Joseph Pholien and his cabinet resigned on January 9. Jean van Houtte became his successor. Pholien became Minister of Justice in the new cabinet. He was forced to resign in September because he had saved a Belgian Nazi collaborationist from ...


Description:
The search for valuable deposits of uranium and vanadium was given a boost from an unlikely source, when botanists found that plants can be used as clues to where these elements may be found. A study revealed that certain plants in the western part of ...


Description:
British Columbia's coalition government collapsed in the early spring, and Premier Byron Johnson called an election in June. Its outcome was a surprise to most people. The Social Credit movement, which up to this time had been of minor importance, ...


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In May, Russian financial experts introduced a thorough monetary shakeup in Bulgaria. The unit of currency, the leva, was converted into a new leva at the ratio of 200 to 1. The change practically wiped out savings, and this hit hardest the ...


Description:
In March, 1952, Burma set up its first government responsible to a freely and democratically elected Parliament. The representatives then elected Dr. Ba U, a former chief justice of the Supreme Court, as president. Eighty per cent of the seats in ...


Description:
Only one change occurred in the final year of President Truman's Cabinet, and that change was sudden and bitter. For months, Attorney General J. Howard McGrath had been criticized for failing t proceed with vigor against scandals in the Internal ...


Description:
Canada celebrated its eighty-fifth birthday in a year of unprecedented prosperity. The third largest trading nation in the world, Canada was first in the production of nickel, newsprint, asbestos, and platinum. It was second in gold, aluminum, wood ...


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The 82d Congress of the United States began its second, and concluding, session at noon on January 8.


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The Natural Resources Council of America in 1952 adopted a Policy for Renewable Natural Resources which it recommended to the people of the United States. This council is made up of representatives of The American Forestry Association, ...


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Executives of local crime commission from 15 major cities met in New York City in November, 1952, and organized the National Association of Crime Commissions. The new organization will provide a clearinghouse of information about gangsters and on ...


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Just as everyone was beginning to believe that the June presidential election would be an orderly one, former President Batista, one of the three candidates, seized the Government on March 10. He removed President Prio, who fled to Mexico. Only two ...


Description:
In Czechoslovakia, the most spectacular event of the year was the trial of fourteen of the highest-ranking Czech Communists. Among them were Vladimir Clementis, former Foreign Minister; Rudolf Slansky, former Secretary of the Czech Communist party; ...


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Highlights in the dance world in 1952 included the American debut of the Dancers of Bali, and the New York City Ballet's European tour.


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The Democratic party was roundly defeated by the voters in the national election, and in most state elections. It gave up its domination of the Government for the first time in 20 years.


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Like other Soviet satellite countries, Albania was suffering from Communist misrule. The ambitious five-year plan for the country, announced in September, 1951, could not yet be started. When the failure of supplies and the rise in prices reached a ...


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Alberta's Social Credit government was returned to office for the fifth time in August. Its success was partly due to wise management of leases of oil lands in the province.


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The interests of the American people became more and more affected by happenings in places once considered remote and unimportant. Knowledge about far-off places and their peoples becomes of greater interest both to the Government and to private ...


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Architects were busily employed during 1952. A good volume of residential construction, together with heavy industrial and public construction, kept builders busily engaged. The year witnessed either the starting or the completion of some most ...


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In 1952 was the scene of the remarkable last days, death, and funeral of a dictator's wife. She was Eva Peron, the wife of President Juan Peron. On November 6, 1951, Senora Peron had had an operation which many persons thought was for cancer. On ...


Description:
At the end of fiscal year 1952, the Department of Defense had under its jurisdiction a total of 3,636,000 men and women in the Army, Navy, and Air Force, and 1,337,000 civilian employees. This force was about two and a half times as large as that of ...


Description:
The Governor-General's awards in 1952 went to Morley Callaghan for The Loved and the Lost,


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In 1952 the remarkable efficiency of a new chemical, Pyrimethamine,


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Chile held presidential elections on September 4, and, for the first time, women were allowed to vote. The winner was former President General Carlos Ibanez del Campo, 75 years old, who had the backing of President Juan Peron of Argentina. Ibanez was ...


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Two governments continued to exist in China in 1952. The Nationalist government, under the leadership of Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, with its capital at Taipei, was properly called the Republic of China. This government, although reduced to ...


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In the United States and other democratic countries, the rights of citizens continued to be guarded with added care, while in Communist countries civil liberties were practically nonexistent. The United States, the most powerful foe of Communism, ...


Description:
Banditry and political and religious unrest affected the national life of the people of Colombia. The year began with the Government making an organized attempt to put down banditry in some of the provinces. It was alleged that members of the Liberal ...


Description:
The hope that television may some day span distances as great as those now covered by radio was bolstered in 1952. Edward M. Purcell of Harvard University directed a group of scientists in experiments that demonstrated that all ultra-high frequency ...


Description:
The Danish Parliament ratified the Government's plans for letting NATO forces use air-bases in Denmark in time of peace, in spite of strong Soviet protests and warnings.


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Public education received a great opportunity for service in 1952, when the Federal Communications Commission set aside 242 television channels for use by schools, colleges, and other cultural institutions. the F.C.C. declared that these channels must ...


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All Islamic countries from Morocco to Indonesia were in a state of unrest during 1952. But nowhere was the situation so dismally out of gear as it was in Egypt.


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EIRE, or the Republic of Ireland, was trying to learn how to live within its means in 1952. When the foreign trade figures for 1951 came out in January, they proved that the country was buying more abroad than it could afford. Eire was buying more ...


Description:
Sixty per cent of the eligible voters of the United States went to the polls on November 4 to cast 61,547,861 votes, the largest number ever cast in any American election.


Description:
Scientists found many ways to put electronic devices to new uses in 1952. The ground-work was laid for long-range weather forecasting using electronic brains or computers, into which numerical data have been fed. In the past the human mind ...


Description:
The fear of war between the Soviet Union and the Western democracies became less acute in Europe during 1952. The reasons for this relaxation of tension were mainly two-fold: The West's increased defense activities, and Stalin's less menacing ...


Description:
With the death of George VI and the accession of Elizabeth II to the throne in February, many Britons hoped for the start of a new Elizabethan Age. Prime Minister Winston Churchill expressed their feelings when he broadcast after the King's death:


Description:
The Greek national elections of November 16, 1952, resulted in a landslide for Field Marshal Alexander Papagos' Greek Rally. Of 1,580,934 valid votes, 779,982 were cast for the Greek Rally. This party won 238 seats out of 300 in the one-chamber ...


Description:
Guatemala began sweeping land reforms in 1952. A new law provided that about one third of Guatemala's farm lands be taken from large landowners and be broken up into small farms. Advocates of the law claimed it would double the number of small ...


Description:
The main civilian program for rehabilitation of the handicapped is operated by state and local agencies, co-operating with the Office of Vocational Rehabilitation of the Federal Security Agency. In the twelve months ending June 30, 1952, the states ...


Description:
Public health was generally good in the United States in 1952. Prosperous conditions, with a minimum of unemployment, contributed to good health.


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Matyas Rakosi, the head of Hungary's Communist party, became Premier on August 14, 1952. He had been the actual boss of the country since 1947. His sixtieth birthday in 1952 was officially celebrated with pomp befitting a despot.


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Premier de Gasperi's coalition of middle parties weathered many political storms while keeping control of the Government. Local elections in May set back his followers, the Christian Democrats. As compared with the 1948 general election, they lost ...


Description:
In 1952, the Japanese peace treaty went into effect. Japan rejoined the family of nations as an independent state. This event not only lifted the morale of the Japanese people but also stimulated national enterprise in all fields. Its effect was seen ...


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Parliament deposed insane King Talal on August 11, 1952. It proclaimed his 17-year-old son his successor as King Hussein I. A Regency Council will rule until Hussein becomes eighteen. The new king was educated in England. His twelve-year-old brother, ...


Description:
In January, 1952, the civilian labor force, those persons not in the armed forces who were working or out of work but looking for employment, totalled nearly 62,000,000 persons. About 2,000,000 of this number were employed. There were nearly ...


Description:
Business was very active throughout much of Latin America in 1952. The National Federation of American Shipping reported that Latin-American nations had 9,771,200 tons of merchant ships afloat or being built. This was almost three times as much as the ...


Description:
Lebanon was shaken by a constitutional crisis in 1952. On September 1 the government of Prime Minister Sami Bey El Solh resigned because of corruption charges. A week later General Fuad Shebab, army commander, refused to obey President Bechara ...


Description:
Manufacturing industry contributed more than agriculture to Manitoba's production during the year, but mining developments also attracted a great deal of attention. Production was scheduled to start in 1953 at the $35,000,000 nickel-copper Lynn Lake ...


Description:
During 1952, medicine slowly continued its conquest of infectious diseases and made progress against the degenerative diseases of the older age groups.


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A new president, Adolfo Ruiz Cortines, took office on December 1. As a candidate of the ruling Party of International Revolutionary (P.R.I.) the 61-year-old Ruiz Cortines received 74 per cent of the total vote in the national election in July. The new ...


Description:
About 300 feature films were released by Hollywood studios during 1952. This was nearly fifty fewer films than produced in 1951. Box office receipts dropped in the spring, rose during the summer, and fell again in the fall.


Description:
Any serious survey of the creation and production of music leaves one with the belief that 1952 has been one of the greatest musical years in the history of the race. Television, radio, opera, oratorio, symphony orchestra, dance bands, recitals, juke ...


Description:
Elections for the 100-member Lower Chamber of Parliament were held on June 25. There were 5,335,064 votes cast. The Labor party made large gains. The Chamber now has 30 Labor representatives and 30 for the Catholic party. The other seats are occupied ...


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The United States won the unofficial team championship at the 15th modern Olympiad in Helsinki. The Soviet Union, which returned to the Olympics for the first time since 1912, placed second on the basis of unofficial point standings. Olympic games ...


Description:
Ontario benefited during 1952 from the building of an oil pipeline from the Redwater oil field to Superior, Wis. A new $23,000,000 refinery was opened at Sarnia to process 10 per cent of Alberta's crude oil. In December, plans were announced for a ...


Description:
The year 1952 was characterized by a number of important exhibitions which either showed the works of one artist or illustrated a given theme or title.


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An agreement was signed with the United States providing for a $15,000,000 loan from the Export-Import Bank. Part of the sum will be used for purchasing 150,000 tons of wheat badly needed after Pakistan was hit by a drought in 1951-1952. The ...


Description:
A new law went into effect for Peru's oil deposits. The law provides for the Peruvian Government to share oil profits 50-50 with any foreign investor. Peruvian oil production has ben only about 15,000,000 barrels a year, little more than the country ...


Description:
President Elpidio Quirino and Congress frequently disagreed on national problems. The budget, taxes, and ratification of the Japanese Peace Treaty were all subjects of bitter debates. The President had to call an extra session of Congress in an effort ...


Description:
The Union Nationale government of Premier Maurice Duplessis was returned in the July election, although its strength in the legislature was somewhat reduced. It was a stormy campaign, marked by violence on election day.


Description:
Broadcasters competed with television during 1952 by reducing the time rates in the choice evening hours and by lower-budgeted programs on the major networks. The radio networks, however, were having a problem to build shows able to attract an evening ...


Description:
In the 1952 political campaign, almost every important speech included an expression of faith in God and reliance upon divine Providence. It is evident that those who know public opinion best believe that the American people are religious.


Description:
Some people thought the Republican party was dead or dying, but, before midnight on election night, November 4, the returns showed that the party was full of life and promise. The Republicans came back to power after twenty years of Democratic ...


Description:
Accidents in the United States killed 78,400 persons in the first ten months of 1952. This total was 2 per cent greater than the death toll of 76,900 for the corresponding period of 1951.


Description:
In June, the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (C.C.F.) government, the only Socialist government in Canada, was returned to office after a provincial election.


Description:
The vast oil riches beneath Saudi Arabia's desert sands have made King Ibn Saud fabulously wealthy. Oil is being produced at a rate of 850,000 barrels a day, and the king collects an estimated $150,000,000 a year in oil royalties from the ...


Description:
Fashion In 1952 was marked by two extremes. Skirts were either extremely full, or extremely narrow. Shoulders were narrow and mostly unpadded, and sleeves were deep-cut. Bodices were snugly fitted. Necklines were wide and often plunging, sometimes ...


Description:
A comparison of 1952 food-consumption figures with those of fifty years ago shows that a revolution has taken place in the eating habits of the American people. The average person today eats only half as much starchy foods as did his grandfather, and ...


Description:
Museums improved exhibits of fossils with greater emphasis upon the story they have to tell. A new hall devoted to invertebrate life of the past was opened at the Chicago Natural History Museum. It far surpasses in beauty and educational value ...


Description:
Began and ended the year 1952 in cabinet crises growing out of the country's poor economic condition, and political institutions. However, from March through most of December, a coalition cabinet formed by Premier Antoine Pinay managed to survive many ...


Description:
In 1952 the U.S. Geological Survey marked its twelfth year of technical assistance to foreign countries. The program includes work in Latin-American countries, the Philippines, Asia, the Near East, and non-colonial Africa. More than 150 reports have ...


Description:
The East-West cold war in Europe focused on Germany in 1952. The Soviet Union and the Western Allies bid for German support both through propaganda and diplomatic maneuvers. The Allied Powers and the West German Government opposed attempts by the ...


Description:
During the fiscal year 1951-1952, the number of aliens admitted to the United States for legal permanent residence rose to 265,520. This was the highest figure since 1929. The rise was due chiefly to the admission of 42,786 Germans under the Displaced ...


Description:
Rajendra Prasad was chosen in May, 1952, as the first President under the electoral college system according to the Republican Constitution. He received the votes of 2,896 electors; 561 voted for the Communist-backed Independent, K. T. Shah. Sir ...


Description:
With its enormous treasures of rubber, oil, sugar, minerals, coffee, tea, and tobacco, could be one of the wealthiest countries on earth. But inadequate distribution of individual income and lack of food for the densely populated country of 80 million ...


Description:
All through 1952, Iran teetered on the brink of bankruptcy. It had become apparent in 1951 that the seizing of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company and all its installations would bring about a general slump in Iranian economic life. The country barely ...


Description:
Economic conditions markedly improved in Iraq during 1952. This was a result of the 1951 agreement between Iraq and the internationally-owned oil companies. Iraq received 50 per cent of the profits. Of that percentage, 70 per cent was earmarked for ...


Description:
President Chaim Weizmann died in November. On December 8, the Knesset (Parliament) elected Itzhak Ben-Zvi as his successor. The new 68-year-old President is a scholar, a statesman, and a soldier. He founded the Jewish Legion during World War I. He ...


Description:
Iron-ore production at the Bomi Hills deposits reached a yearly rate of 1,000,000 tons in 1952. Liberia has become one of the largest exporters of iron ore to the United States.


Description:
Many librarians arranged exhibits commemorating the 500th anniversary of the Gutenberg Bible. The United States issued a commemorative postage stamp, using as a model Edward Laning's mural in the New York Public Library which represents Johann ...


Description:
In 1952, Libya began its first year as an independent nation. Elections on February 19 were accompanied by minor rioting in Tripoli. Two days later, Beshir Bey Sadawi, leader of the anti-Western Congress party, was expelled from the country for ...


Description:
American book publishers hung up new records in production and sales in 1952. But rising costs continued to hold profits down for both makers and sellers of books. A year-end report in Publishers' Weekly,


Description:
They've had their orange juice. They've had their milk. They've had their teeth straightened. But have they had their BOOKS? In its fall advertisement, an old, established publishing house asked this reasonable question. Mary Ellen Chase, ...


Description:
Magazine circulations and advertising have not been hurt by television, say magazine publishers. They point to careful checks in TV and non-TV cities, indicating that factors other than television have been responsible for losses in newsstand sales, ...


Description:
After 17 years in office, the Liberal government of Premier J.B. McNair was turned out of office in October, and a new Conservative ministry led by Hugh John Fleming was elected. Considerable significance was attached to the Liberal defeat. Although ...


Description:
Canada's youngest province was being transformed during 1952. The Government advanced loans to attract European concerns, and Premier Joseph Smallwood visited England, Germany, Switzerland, and Italy to interest foreign industrialists. New projects ...


Description:
U.S. newspapers experienced a busy but profitable Presidential year in 1952. The press met the added burden of reporting a hotly-contested national election, which resulted in a Republican victory after 20 years of Democratic domination in Washington.


Description:
Nobel prizes were presented at ceremonies in Concert Hall, Stockholm, Sweden, on December 10, 1952. King Gustaf VI presented each prize winner with a gold medal, an embossed diploma, and a check for $33,000, except in the case of joint winners. Their ...


Description:
Parliament approved a record 1952 budget of 3,700,000,000 kroner (about $500,000,000). About one fourth of this was earmarked to build a defense force to protect Norway from any possible invasion.


Description:
Construction began on a $22,000,000 causeway to join Cape Breton Island and the mainland over the Strait of Canso, and also on an $8,000,000 bridge to join Halifax and Dartmouth. A new $3,000,000 pier was opened at Halifax.


Description:
In 1952 the average man's interest, as far as physics was concerned, ranged from flying saucers to hydrogen bomb tests at Eniwetok. Research in physics resulted in the discovery that atoms are more complicated than previously had been ...


Description:
A new Polish Constitution modeled after that of the Soviet Union was published in January. The Polish educational system was also changed to follow Soviet lines. The one-party, Communist Sejm (Parliament) named Prime Minister Boleslaw Bierut as ...


Description:
A freckle-faced twelve-year-old boy by the name of Jimmy Boyd, of Van Nuys, Calif., became one of the top popular singing stars in 1952. Jimmy, who has been in show business since he was six, struck it rich with a song called I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa ...


Description:
Border clashes occurred in Macao, the Portuguese colony in China, between Portuguese and Communist Chinese troops in July, 1952. Portugal ignored Indian demands for releasing Goa to India. The Portuguese claim that Goa is not a colony, but rather an ...


Description:
More than twenty prison riots occurred throughout the United States during the year. Poor food and inadequate work and recreation facilities were among the reasons given by rioters. The convicts hoped by violence to bring their complaints to the ...


Description:
Puerto Rico, a United States territory since 1898, was declared a commonwealth on July 25, 1952. The island now has its own constitution, which gives its elected legislature power to make all local laws. The elected governor administers the local ...


Description:
For hundreds of years, men have dreamed of flying away from the earth to the moon or other planets. during 1952, the science of space travel made striking advances both in theoretical research and in public acceptance of the idea. During the ...


Description:
Negotiations for granting the use of Spanish naval bases to the United States went on through 1952. By a joint declaration with Portugal on April 15, Spain announced that both countries would carry out a policy for defense within the framework of ...


Description:
New York's Yankees, weakened by the retirement of Joe DiMaggio and the call to military service of star second baseman Gerry Coleman, managed nevertheless to win their fourth American League pennant in a row. Brooklyn captured the National League ...


Description:
The Swiss economic situation was good in 1952. In the first six months, imports totaled 2,731,200,000 Swiss francs (about $635,000,000) and exports 2,250,900,000, francs. As compared with the same period in 1951, this was a reduction of 408,000,000 ...


Description:
The military dictatorship of the Army Chief of Staff, Colonel Adeeb Shishkekly, and the Chief of State, Colonel Fawzi Selo, dissolved all political parties on April 6. In November, the dictators again refused to accept American assistance under the ...


Description:
There were no major changes in the Federal tax laws during the calendar year 1952, but internal revenue collections are estimated to have set a new high of more than $67,000,000,000, up $11,000,000,000 from 1951. A large part of the increase was ...


Description:
The year 1952 saw an increase in the United Nation's (U.N.'s) economic and social activities and its work for non-governing peoples. It was still faced with several major political problems.


Description:
In the long view of history, the year was a significant one for the nation, simply because it marked the end of an era in national politics. For the first time in two decades the Republicans were victorious in a Presidental election.


Description:
On March 1, the office of president was replaced by a nine-man governing Council. On this Council are six members of the majority Colorado party and three members from the opposition Nationalist party. President Andres Martinez Trueba, who was ...


Description:
Colonel Marcos Perez Jiminez was installed as president by military authorities on December 2, two days after a national election, and before all the votes had been counted. The leader of the opposition party, Ignacio Arcaya, was arrested by the ...


Description:
The year produced deep snows in the Northern Plains and Rocky Mountains, major floods along the Upper Mississippi and Missouri rivers, a series of disastrous tornadoes, and a nation-wide drought.


Description:
Yugoslavia and the United States signed an economic aid agreement in January, 1952, running until June, 1955. Under its terms Yugoslavia promised efficient use of American aid, and continued delivery of strategically important materials to the United ...


Description:
At Nippur, the religious center of the ancient land first called Sumer and later Babylonia, tablets of stone with carved writing were discovered fifty years ago. In 1952, further digging at this site added 10 per cent more tablets. The mound from ...


Description:
Junie McMahon of Fairlawn, N.J., and Marion Ladewig of Grand Rapids, Mich., retained their men's and women's national all-star individual championships.


Description:
Rocky Marciano won the world's heavy-weight championship, knocking out Jersey Joe Walcott in the 13th round in Philadelphia on Sept. 23. Chuck Davey, a sociology teacher and former N.C.A.A. title holder, became the nation's most popular welterweight ...


Description:
Julius (Jay) Boros won the National Open championship and was the leading money winner of the year among professionals. Jim Turnesa captured the Professional Golfers' Association tournament. Jimmy Vickers of Purdue University was crowned national ...


Description:
Mrs. Walter M. Jefford's three-year-old champion, One Count, was the Horse of the Year as flat-truck racing set attendance records. Native Dancer, owned by Alfred G. Vanderbilt, won the two-year-old championship, equaling the world record ...


Description:
The so-called miracle drugs which have earned a high reputation in the prevention and treatment of disease, have been applied in new ways as aids to the welfare of mankind. Certain of these bacteria-, yeast-, and mold-produced substances have how been ...


Description:
Entered the second stage of its amazing growth in 1952. New television stations were licensed once more, and the ultra-high frequency (UHF) band was opened for telecasting. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) issued an order on April 11 that ...


Description:
The theater in 1952 was beset with economic troubles. It had become almost impossible for a play, however worthy, to exist unless it received unanimously approving acclaim. There are not many works of art that have that wide an audience.


Description:
The President of the United State saw his party swept out of power for the first time in 20 years. He removed his name from consideration for re-election, and he stepped down from public life apparently firm in the conviction that he had done a good ...


Description:
Turkey was admitted to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1952. A visit of the Turkish President to Greece and a return visit of King Paul to Turkey symbolized Turko-Greek reconciliation. This officially ended the age-old enmity of the two ...


Description:
The country had distressing race riots in 1952. The cause was the 1950 Group Areas Act that zoned South African cities into separate areas for whites, blacks, Asians, and mixed (colored) people.


Description:
Throughout the year 1952, the Soviet Union exerted its world leadership of the Communist conspiracy to destroy constitutional government in all democratic countries. Within Soviet Russia, renewed efforts were made to promote both industry and ...


Description:
Locust plagues, which often destroy entire crops in many countries, have been controlled for the first time in history by the co-operation of Near-East nations and the United States. Concerted attacks on these damaging insects were organized under the ...


Description:
The New York's Yankees, weakened by the retirement of Joe DiMaggio and the call to military service of star second baseman Gerry Coleman, managed nevertheless to win their fourth American League pennant in a row. Brooklyn captured the National League ...


Description:
The University of Kansas' basketball team won the 1952 National Collegiate Athletic Association championship.


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Michigan State's undefeated Spartans were the nation's No. 1 football team in 1952. They won over Notre Dame, which defeated the champions of four conferences and the best team in the East, Navy.


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Detroit's Red Wings kept the world's hockey championship. They won the National League pennant by 11 games and defeated the Montreal Canadiens in four consecutive games, 3-1, 2-1, 3-0, and 3-0, in the Stanley Cup finals.


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The traditional Seven Seas (the North and South Pacific, the North and South Atlantic, the Indian, the Arctic, and Antarctic Oceans) have been reduced to six. The National Geographic Society announced that the Antarctic as an ocean has been made ...


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Maureen Connolly of San Diego and Frank Sedgman of Australia retained their titles as the world's No. 1 to tennis players, winning the National and Wimbledon singles. Australia retained the Davis Cup, defeating the United States 4 to 1. The national ...


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The New York Athletic Club team won the National A.A.U. indoor and outdoor championships, and the Police Athletic League, also of New York, won both titles in the women's division. Southern California retained its national collegiate title. Men's ...


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The story of American agriculture in 1952 may be summed up in five words: larger production with fewer workers. This has been the growing trend for several years. Agricultural output in 1952 was 12 per cent larger than in 1947, but the number of ...


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On January 28 the Government of President Getulio Vargas ordered all state and territorial governors to prevent the holding anywhere in their territories of a proposed Continental Peace Congress. This was to be a follow-up of the ...


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About one billion comic books and magazines with nearly 500 different titles were sold during 1952. Most of these comics were read by fourth, fifth, and sixth graders. During the year there were efforts in many communities to prohibit the sale of ...


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The Gulf Freeway, which extends 50.75 miles from Houston to Galveston, was opened to traffic on August 2. It was described as the longest toll-free superhighway, built in the nation since the end of World War II. Travel time between ...


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New records were established by most of the world's petroleum-producing regions in 1952. Production abroad, excluding Communist-controlled countries, climbed to about 5,000,000 barrels a day. The 1951 peak was 4,632,000 barrels a day. An outstanding ...


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Exports of American goods to other nations in 1952 totaled almost $15,000,000,000. The value of goods imported from other nations totaled about $10,500,000,000 Exports set a monthly record of $1,457,000,000 in May, while imports for that month were ...


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The first important magazine in the United States devoted entirely to poets and their work, celebrated its fortieth anniversary in 1952. The October issue contained publications by such distinguished poets as Carl Sandburg, Vachel Lindsay, T.S. Eliot, ...


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KOREAN WAR The third year of the Korean war began on June 25, 1952. Six months later, the end of the calender year brought no visible progress toward ending the war. A stalemate had been reached on the firing line, running east and west across the ...


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Throughout the vast continent of Africa, several powerful world forces produced dramatic results during 1953. These forces, which affected the affairs of all the Western World's underdeveloped present and former colonial possessions, arose out of the ...


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In July, Greece, Yugoslavia, and Turkey assured Albania that they would respect Albania's independence if that country would detach itself from the Soviet bloc. But it was not likely Albania would do so, because the dominant Labor (Communist) party ...


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For may years the Cepheid variable stars have been the astronomer's yardstick. As regularly as a flashing neon sign, this type of star alternately brightens and dims its light. The hotter and brighter the star is, the shorter is the time it takes to ...


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Britain had the co-operation of Australian scientists in making atomic tests at Woomera, in the central Australian desert region, in 1953. The first atomic blast was touched off on October 15. Other explosions followed, and on October 27 the final ...


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For eight years Great Britain, France, and the United States repeatedly have urged the Soviet Union to carry out is promise to liberate Austria by joining in making an Austrian peace treaty. By the end of 1953, the deputy foreign ministers of the four ...


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The automobile business often is called the yardstick of American prosperity. This is because the manufacturers of automobiles, trucks, and motor-vehicle accessories (tires, seat covers, light, and other equipment) use more than half the nation's ...


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Automobile racing in 1953 experienced its most successful campaign in many years. Sport-car racing became almost as popular in the United States as it is in Europe, where automobile racing has long been a thriving sport.


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During 1953, a year-long celebration of Fifty Years of Powered Flight was held. The Wright Memorial Dinner, held in Washington, D.C., on December 17, climaxed this 50th anniversary celebration of the first airplane flight by the Wright brothers. ...


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The Communist regime on February 13 decreed that all Bulgarian citizens who had left the country without permission were subject to the death penalty, and that their relatives in Bulgaria would be placed in concentration camps.


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Like all Southeast Asian countries, Burma lived both under fear of Communist aggression and under fear of being drawn into the controversy between the Soviet Union and the Western democracies.


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Canadians will long remember 1953 as the year of the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II and as the most prosperous in the country's history. Crowds of officials and citizens traveled to London for the coronation festivities. Every city, town, and ...


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The Governor-General's literary awards in 1953 for fiction went to David Walker for The Pillar,


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Chemists will recall 1953 as the year when synthetic cane sugar was first made. This achievement, the work of two young chemists of the National Research Council of Canada, will have no effect on the grocery business. It was not meant to, but it ...


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The world championship challengers' tournament, held in Zurich, Switzerland, Aug. 30 to Oct. 7, 1953, resulted in a victory for Vassily Smyslov of the Soviet Union. The world junior chess championship tournament, held in Copenhagen, Denmark, July 3 to ...


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The year began with the Chilean Congress voting President Ibanez del Campo wide powers to meet economic problems by executive decree. The first woman Senator ever to be elected in Chile, Maria de la Cruz, was elected in January. Her career was short. ...


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In January, President Fulgencio Batista announced he would be a candidate for the presidency in elections scheduled for November, 1953. At the same time he launched his new political party, the Progressive Action Party. Later the Government postponed ...


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Klement Gottwald, Communist President of Czechoslovakia, went to Moscow for the funeral of his old friend Stalin, caught pneumonia, and died on March 14, a few days after his return to Prague. The Central Committee of the Czech Communist party at once ...


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The Sadler's Wells Ballet returned to the United States in 1953 for the first in time years. It played to sold-out houses at the Metropolitan Opera House in New York City for almost a month's engagement beginning in September. In its first week the ...


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Although the Democrats lost the fight for the Presidency in 1952, the defeated Democratic Presidential candidate, Adlai Stevenson, was still a powerful figure, and Democratic Congressional strength was formidable. Stevenson went on a five-month ...


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In the general election of September 22, 1953, Premier Erik Eriksen's Agrarian-Liberal-Conservative coalition won 72 seats. The Socialists won 74 seats and remained the largest single party. However, not wishing to accept the responsibility of ...


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School administrators fought continued shortages of teachers and of classrooms in 1953. Most cities had a fair supply of teachers, but rural elementary schools were desperately short in many states. Although American communities built 50,000 ...


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In the United States, people spent more money for food in 1953 than ever before. The total food bill was about $63,000,000,000, according to Department of Commerce estimates. In the 1935 to 1939 period, it averaged less than $14,000,000,000 a year.


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The college football season of 1953 was a most interesting one, because the rule makers had outlawed the platoon system of play. Previously, teams could bolster their lineups with free substitution as often as desired. In 1953 they could not. The ...


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Two of the big fossil finds of 1953 were made by amateurs. Alonzo E. Hancock, a 70-year-old retired postman, exhibited a 450-pound skull with two large tusks attached, which he had dug from a bed of sand-stone in eastern Oregon. George Gaylord Smith, ...


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Premier Rene Mayer formed a new cabinet on Jan. 6, 1953, which lasted until May 21. It was the 17th French cabinet since 1944, each lasting an average six months. This political instability continued to weaken France's prestige, and prevented it from ...


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French Morocco is a Mohammedan sultanate which has been under French protection since 1912. The old sultanate, or empire, of which this is a part, included French Morocco, Spanish Morocco, and Tangiers. During 1953 Sidi Mohammed ben Youssef, who had ...


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What happened to all that mud? That was the question that scientists of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography asked each other when they returned to La Jolla, Calif., after a 40,000-mile cruise of the South Pacific Ocean.


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In Washington, the White House, under reconstruction for the past several years, was completed in early 1952. President Truman and his family returned there on March 27. They had lived across the street in Blair House since November, 1948. The White ...


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During 1952, the Bureau of Reclamation, an agency of the United States Department of the Interior, had a $271,000,000 construction program. The more than 640 construction, material, equipment, and supply contracts awarded contribute to the economic ...


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Prices remained steady in 1952. As a result, regulations controlling consumer installment credit were suspended completely in May. This allowed consumer credit to rise to an all-time high of $22,311,000,000 by the end of October, an increase of more ...


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The first half of 1952 witnessed 567,000 housing starts. But this rate indicated a yearly total of less than the 1,200,000 specified by the Congress, so President Truman relaxed building financing controls in mid-September. This move was encouraging, ...


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The United States had its most prosperous year in history in 1952. National production and national income rose to record highs. Total national production was estimated at $342,000,000,000 about 4 per cent above the record set in 1951. This ...


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Alberta was the envy of the other Canadian provinces as it ended its fiscal year in February, 1953, with a surplus of nearly $20,000,000. Free from debt for the first time since its founding in 1905, the province had come a long way since 1935, when ...


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History and legend came to life again in 1953 in the diggings of archaeologists. A team of scientific excavators from the National Museum of Naples, Italy, cleared away 1,500 years of dirt and rubble from the ancient town of Baiae, north of modern ...


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Sometimes one may wonder why a common brick is always the same size and shape. The reason lies in the fact that it can be handled readily by workmen. Through the countries, bricks and other easy-to-handle materials have been used for the types of ...


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The administration of Juan Peron had its full share of political difficulties during 1953, and some political triumphs. In February, President Peron visited Chile. Before leaving Argentina, Peron not only discussed an economic union with Chile but ...


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The total number of men in the armies, navies, and air forces of the world reached more than 20,000,000 in 1953. In December, President Eisenhower revealed that the United States' stockpile of atomic weapons exceeds by many times the total ...


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The largest and most populous of the continents, remained throughout 1953 a political trouble spot. There was a sharp division between Free Asia and Communist Asia. Each country in Asia was torn not only by the stress and strain of the cold war but ...


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The New York Yankees, champions of the American League, won their fifth consecutive World Series in 1953. They defeated the National League pennant-winners, the Brooklyn Dodgers, four games to two.


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The nation's collegiate and amateur basketball teams, using swift offensive tactics, played more high-scoring games in 1953 than ever before. Where heretofore it was a rarity, during the 1952-1953 season many teams registered 100 points or more in ...


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In early February a combination of heavy rains, winds of hurricane force, and high tides drowned at least 23 persons in Belgium. At its chief port of Antwerp, 150 yards of docks were crumpled. The coast and river valleys were suddenly overflooded, ...


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The American Bowling Congress (A.B.C.) on May 24, 1953, completed its largest tournament ever held. More than 43,000 participants and 8,180 teams were entered in the 93-day Golden Jubilee tourney. Prize money totaled $573,860.


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Nationwide interest in boxing reached an all-time peak in 1953. Millions of stay-at-homes who tuned in by television to many bouts throughout the year became boxing enthusiasts. Much of the increased interest came from women. But gate receipts and ...


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It was an exciting year in politics in British Columbia. The Social Credit government of Premier W.A.C. Bennett, elected with a majority of one in 1952, was defeated in March, and an election was called for June 9. In this second election in less than ...


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Two separate governments continued to rule China in 1953. The original Republic of China, the Nationalist Government under the presidency of Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, still maintained its independence on the island of Formosa. Continental China ...


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The American people became more conscious in 1953 of their heritage of civil liberties. While the rights of citizens guaranteed by the Constitution were strengthened in the United States, freedom of the individual in totalitarian countries remained ...


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The internal political trouble accompanied by armed fighting that has plagued Colombia for several years came to a dramatic climax on June 13, 1953. In a bloodless revolution, Lieutenant General Gustavo Rojas Pinilla with army backing took over the ...


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The session of the 83rd, Congress convened at noon on January 3, 1953, with the first Republican administration in 20 years in control by a narrow margin. Out of 10,695 measures introduced in 1953, Congress enacted 515 laws.


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The American Bar Association (A.B.A.) observed its 75th anniversary in 1953. Its annual meeting, held in Boston in August, was attended by some 8,000 lawyers. Among major resolutions adopted was one calling for a nation-wide drive on corruption and ...


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Widespread prosperity and high employment failed to prevent crime from steadily increasing in the United States in 1953.


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Egypt became a Republic in June, 1953, with Mohammed Naguib as president and premier. Naguib, who had ousted King Farouk from his throne in 1952, began early in 1953 really to crack down on his opposition. In January, by decree, Egypt's 22 political ...


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Two states elected governors in 1953. New York City and scores of other cities chose mayors. Three elections to fill vacant seats in the U.S. House of Representatives attracted national interest as indications of the strength of the major political ...


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Businessmen began taking greater interest in 1953 in electronic brains, or computers, which would one day, they hoped, handle almost all the bookkeeping work that goes on in a modern office. The International Business Machines Corporation ...


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In May, 1953, a mutual defense agreement was signed by the United States and Ethiopia (including the autonomous province of Eritrea) under which the United States will provide military equipment as well as training to the Ethiopian armed forces. ...


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Europe ade slow progress in 1953 toward co-operation and union for peace, prosperity, and mutual defense through various organizations set up since World War II. The only large European country conspicuous by its absence from the organizations was ...


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The clothes people wore in 1953 looked much like what they wore in 1952 or 1951. In 1953 the outline, or silhouette, of men's clothes changed more noticeably than the outline of women's clothes. This was unusual.


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The West German Federal Republic continued in 1953 the remarkable economic recovery that began with its currency reform of June, 1948. In mid-summer, however, the upswing showed signs of beginning to level off. Taking 100 as the index figure for 1948, ...


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Ben Hogan, of Fort Worth, Tex., dominated golf in 1953. On June 13, Hogan captured the U.S. National Open championship at Oakmont, Pa., carding a 283. His rounds were 67-72-73-71. Sam Snead, West Virginia veteran, was runner-up with 289. It was ...


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The United Kingdom saw its Queen crowned as Elizabeth on June 2. The news that a British team had succeeded in climbing Mount Everest, the world's highest mountain, on May 29 hurried to the Queen as a coronation tribute. The death of the Queen's ...


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Greece signed a 5-year treaty of friendship and collaboration with its former enemies, Turkey and Yugoslavia, on Feb. 28, 1953. This was amplified in November by a military pact for mutual defense against aggression.


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The question of Communist influence in the Government occupied the center of the stage in 1953. Although the number of Communists seemed to be small, their influence was not. This was evidenced by their control of the Confederation of Labor, in the ...


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President Paul Magloire's government started work in February on the $21,000,000 Artibonite Valley Project, to co-ordinate program of drainage, flood control, and rural rehabilitation. Rubber production, begun during World War II, was increasing. Work ...


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Services to the handicapped during 1953 showed a greater acceptance of the attitude that the crippled individual is first a person and only secondarily a handicapped one.


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For thirty years, five presidents had tried to set up some sort of welfare department in the Federal Government. When former President Truman proposed turning the Federal Security Agency into a department, he was defeated, largely because critics were ...


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Officials reported during 1953 that about 40,000,000 persons in the United States did not have effective local public health protection.


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The top prize in professional ice hockey, the Stanley Cup, was won by the Montreal Canadiens, at Montreal, on April 16. The Canadiens defeated the Boston Bruins 1 to 0.


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Winningest jockey of 1953 was Willie (The Shoe) Shoemaker. Shoemaker set a new world record for most wins in a year, with 485 winning races. The previous world mark was 390, set by Anthony DeSpirito in 1952. On June 20, Shoemaker rode six ...


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In July, Matyas Rakosi, a Jew, lost his office as Premier of Communist Hungary. His successor was the former Minister of Agriculture, 57-year-old Imre Nagy. Impressed by the popular uprising against Communist rule in East Berlin two weeks earlier, ...


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Tenley Albright, 17, of Massachusetts, became the first woman from the United States to win the world figure-skating championship since the competition began in 1906. She won the title at Davos, Switzerland, on February 15. A month later, at Hershey, ...


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On April 20, 1953, Israel celebrated its fifth anniversary. In these five years, the young state had doubled its population and won the friendship of the West and the anger of its Near East neighbors. In human terms, by doubling its population, Israel ...


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Italy suffered a serious loss in the overthrow of Premier Alcide de Gasperi after the elections of June 7-8. As leader of the moderate, conservative Christian Democratic party, he had headed eight successive cabinets and given the country a strong and ...


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During the second year of complete independence from Allied occupation, Japan strengthened the democratic institutions which were adopted under the guidance of General Douglas MacArthur.


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For the Jews of the United States, the year 1953 witnessed a shift toward greater concentration on synagogue development and expansion, with slightly less emphasis on support for overseas relief and aid to Israel.


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Eighteen-year-old King Hussein I ascended the throne of this poor desert country on May 2, 1953. He took on the great problem of how to make the land support his people. His nation was receiving help in grants of money and loans from both Great ...


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The truce in the Korean War brought little comfort in 1953 to the Government and people of South Korea. The truce left Korea divided. South Korea was governed by the Republic of Korea (ROK), a constitutional democracy. North Korea was governed by the ...


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The pressure of Communist persecution behind the Iron Curtain since the end of World War II had driven hundreds of thousands of persons into Western Europe. Political unrest, revolution, war, and famine in the Far East also has uprooted countless ...


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Although plagued by famine, cholera, riots, economic backwardness, Communist conspiracies, and fear of Red aggression, India remained the most influential country in Free Asia in 1953.


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Congress in 1953 passed two important laws affecting Indians. One removed Federal restrictions against the sale of liquor to Indians. The other gave civil and criminal jurisdiction over Indians on reservations to the states.


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During the fourth year of its independence, Indonesia struggled with internal disturbances and the serious problem of too little food for a dense population of over 79,000,000 persons.


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Iran's economy tottered in 1953 because of the cutoff of its previously huge oil revenues. These had been lost when Premier Mohammed Mossadegh had nationalized the British oil holdings.


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King Feisal II assumed the throne of Iraq on his 18th birthday, May 2, bringing to an end the 14-year regency of Emir Abdul Ilah, his maternal uncle. His prospects as king were rosy, because of the nation's large oil revenues. The oil income had been ...


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Prime Minister Eamon de Valera's government kept its leadership in the Republic of Ireland by only a small margin in 1953. Two local elections were lost in June. A margin of only two votes and left. If the Government had not kept the seat contested in ...


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In terms of man-days lost as a result of strikes, 1953 was an unusually peaceful year on the labor scene in the United States. For the first eight months, such losses were slightly less than 19,000,000 man-days, compared with more than 45,000,000 ...


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There were both disappointing and hopeful developments in the relations between the United States and the Latin-American republics in 1953. Mexicans were upset about the failure to agree on some program concerning the illegal entry of ...


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The most scenic of Arab lands, Lebanon suffered greatly from trade disagreements with neighboring Syria. The Korean War and Western rearmament brought a boom to Lebanese business, and during 1953 unemployment crept upward steadily.


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Political tensions harassed the republic in 1953. The Government has been held by about 15,000 Americo-Liberians,


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Internationally, interest in libraries in 1953 was centered on the exchange of persons and publications, co-operation with the CARE-UNESCO book programs, and the further development of library service in foreign countries.


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Libya, a one-year-old independent kingdom, continued to develop with the help of the United Nations and United States Point Four assistance. A team of 20 experts of the U.N. Food and Agricultural Organization was sent to the country during 1953 to ...


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There was evidence in the book publishing scene in 1953 that television was not decreasing reading in America, as some publishers had feared it would. Librarians reported that in the field of nonfiction more people were reading more books than ever ...


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Early in February a violent hurricane, accompanied by high tides, brought the Dutch the worst flood disaster in centuries. The raging waters swept away dikes and poured over the low-lying land for as much as 40 miles inland in some areas. About a ...


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The important new find of zinc, lead, silver and pyrite deposits near Bathurst focused attention on New Brunswick during 1953. The ore body was thought to be as rich as that of Noranda and Flin Flon, and a great rush to stake properties commenced in ...


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Newfoundland expanded its economy in 1953. In March, an Anglo-Canadian syndicate leased 60,000 square miles in Newfoundland and Labrador to develop mineral, timber, and hydroelectric-power resources. German capital was again available for ...


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The importance of newspapers was brought home dramatically in 1953 to the millions of residents of New York City. An 11-day strike by photo-engravers (from November 28 to December 8) stopped publication of the city's papers. As a result, New York ...


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President Anastasio Somoza was one of the leaders in the plan to make the Organization of Central American States a regional bloc to oppose Communism in the area. Toward the end of the year, the President aroused much opposition because of his support ...


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Important developmental work went on in Nigeria in 1953. This included the extension of banana and rubber plantations, the creation of harbor facilities, the building of roads, and the improvement of public-health and educational facilities. With its ...


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The long-standing border dispute with Ecuador disturbed relations between the two countries in 1953. In May it was hoped that the matter could be settled by arbitration before a commission composed of representatives of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and ...


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Held a presidential election on Nov. 10, 1953. The Liberal party had renominated Elpidio Quirino for the presidency. The Nationalist party nominated Ramon Magsaysay who, as former defense minister, had made a reputation for his vigorous suppression of ...


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Albert Einstein, the world-famous physicist and father of the theory of relativity, had astonished his fellow physicists in 1950 with a new and highly mathematical unified field theory. With four equations, he hoped to explain how the ...


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High prices, low wages, and constant spying censorship, and arrests by the Communist secret police became so intolerable to freedom-loving and self-respecting Poles that they sought and received political asylum abroad. Some escaped to Sweden by boat, ...


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One of the big arguments of the year was that between Helen Traubel of the Metropolitan Opera Company and Rudolph Bing, its manager, over the fact that Miss Traubel was singing at the Chez Paree, a night club in Chicago. Miss Traubel said that she ...


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In the Parliamentary elections of November 8, opposition parties, for the first time in more than a quarter of a century, were allowed to run candidates. They won over 16 per cent of the votes in the cities where they put up candidates. But power ...


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As was the case in the past two years, radio in 1953 engaged in a holding operation, the success of which, in certain directions, surprised even the most optimistic. Sales of radio receivers continued, and the total number in use remained high. There ...


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Membership in religious groups in the United States rose to a new high in 1953. The latest statistics also showed that religious membership had grown faster than in any other recent year. Religious bodies of all kinds in the United States had a net ...


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The year 1953 was an off year for politics, with the Republican Presidential election victory one year past and the 1954 congressional election plans barely under way.


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A Marian Year to mark the 100th anniversary of the definition of the dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary was proclaimed by Pope Pius XII in an encyclical letter dated September 8. The Pope urged prayers during the Year, which ...


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Accidents in the United States killed 95,000 persons during 1953. This was 1 per cent less than the 96,000 killed in 1952. Most of the reduction was in deaths from home accidents, which decreased 3 per cent.


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The search for oil and uranium continued in Saskatchewan during 1953. About $145,000,000 was spent in oil exploration and $8,000,000 was invested in uranium mines. In southern Saskatchewan, 85 miles southeast of Regina, there was a prospect of ...


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Ben Hogan, winner of the United States and British Open Golf Championships, was probably the most important figure in sports in 1953. Bantam Ben, from Fort Worth, Tex., captured the hearts of sportsmen throughout the world for his brilliant ...


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Forty-four of the state legislatures held regular sessions in 1953, and eleven states had special sessions. The trend of action was moderate expansion of state services. This resulted from a number of factors which included (1) rising populations, (2) ...


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Sudan is a vast territory south of Egypt, almost one third as large as the United States. Sudan was until 1951 ruled jointly by Britain and Egypt. On February 12, 1953, Britain and Egypt reached an agreement providing for the early election of an ...


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Sweden presents a curious contrast. It is by tradition pacifist and neutral, has fought no war since 1814, and refused to join the NATO military alliance for fear of compromising its neutrality and offending the Soviet Union. On the other hand, ...


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With Yale University serving as the site of the 1953 National Amateur Athletic Union (A.A.U.) Men's Swimming Championships in April, a hometowner, Jimmy McLane, of the New Haven Swim Club (as well as Yale), paddled to most of the honors. McLane, ...


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Like Sweden, continued to cling firmly to the policy of neutrality that it has successfully maintained since 1814. It refused to join the NATO military alliance. Switzerland also feared that the European Coal and Steel Community might injure the ...


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The track and field record book had a good face-lifting in 1953. World marks were shattered on a wholesale basis, with Americans sharing in a goodly portion of them.


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The only stable major country in the Near East, Turkey's international position was strengthened by the continued support of the West. On Feb. 28, 1953, Turkey, Greece, and Yugoslavia signed a five-year treaty of friendship and ...


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In this self-governing dominion of the British Commonwealth, race relations are considered the worst in all Africa. The Boer whites who control the government are determined to keep the Negroes in inferior positions. The general election held in ...


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The year 1953 was memorable in the U.S.S.R. for the death of the dictator Joseph Stalin and for the continuance of the Soviet dictatorship under Georgi M. Malenkov and his colleagues, without serious interruption.


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In 1953, the United Nations (U.N.) continued to serve as the symbol for universal peace and co-operation. The specialized agencies which promoted public health and food production, or aided transportation and communication, continued their useful ...


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All around the world, people began to breathe easier when the fighting stopped in Korea after three years and 32 days of war. Americans were particularly glad, because it meant that thousands of their sons no longer faced daily death by Communist ...


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The first year of the new National Council ended in March, with general agreement that the plan works well. Under this arrangement, a commission of nine members takes the place of a single executive or president.


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The political kettle boiled most of the year in Brazil, with grave economic problems fanning the flames of the fire. There were almost continuous reports of Communist or fellow-traveler propaganda and agitation. Because of their anti-United States ...


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This land-locked and mountainous land, a little smaller than Texas, tried to remain neutral in its foreign relations in 1953. Because it lies on the border of the Soviet Union, neutrality is difficult. Afghanistan ordered American-sponsored oil ...


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An area-wide organization, the Citizens of Greater Chicago, concluded its first year of coordinating the efforts of hundreds of already active civic groups into a unified crusade for good government. In an effort to fight slums and blight within the ...


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New York City had serious financial troubles in 1953. The year also saw the establishment of a new transit authority and the election of a new mayor. New York City's budget is second in size only to the national budget. The city submitted to the state ...


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Detroit's nonpartisan election saw Albert E. Cobo win his third term as mayor by defeating James H. Lincoln. The city continued to move ahead on its downtown conservation and improvement program. The city's dream of a civic center on the river front ...


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The National Clean-up Bureau in 1953 named Houston as the cleanest city in the United States and winner of the Ernest T. Trigg award.


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Hundreds of gay, colorful, and entertaining children's books were published in 1953. But there were few that were outstanding in quality and distinction.


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A do-it-yourself magazine for young people, called Children's Playcraft,


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The Liberal-Progressive party which has dominated provincial politics for 30 years was re-elected. Under the leadership of Premier Douglas L. Campbell, the party won 31 seats out of 57 in an election on June 8. Manitoba had the lowest per-capita ...


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Antibiotics became even more important in 1953 as the main weapon against infectious diseases. Several new antibiotics were made commercially available for prescription use by physicians. These included fumagillin,


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The new administration of President Adolfo Ruiz Cortines determined in 1953 to establish and enforce a policy of honesty and morality in the public services of the nation. Under new legislation, all government officials and civil servants must, on ...


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The motion-picture industry suffered from general uneasiness during 1953. During the two years before. Hollywood had been worried about new ways of putting depth, or the third dimension, into motion pictures. In 1953, the chief cause for concern was ...


Description:
The year 1953 was marked by new compositions of well-known composers, by a rising interest in music for children, and by the growing importance of music festivals in the United States and abroad.


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Two Nobel peace prize winners were selected in 1953, since no award was made in this field a year ago. Peace prizes were awarded in Oslo by the Norwegian Parliament's Nobel Committee. Other Nobel prizes were presented at ceremonies in Stockholm, ...


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Norway took a long step away from free enterprise and toward a planned economy in June, 1953. After a debate lasting several days and nights, Parliament passed a price-regulation law. This empowers the Government to control methods of calculating ...


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Electors returned the Liberal government of Premier Angus Macdonald in May. The Government lost 5 seats, but retained 22 out of 37.


Description:
Mining developments in Ontario attracted great attention during the year, but manufacturing still contributed most of the wealth. With a third of Canada's population, and with great automobile, aircraft, chemical, and other industries, Ontario does 39 ...


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A great exhibition of Japanese art treasures toured the United States this year. The 77 paintings and 14 sculptures were shown first at the National Gallery in Washington. Some of the Japanese art treasures, as much as 1,400 years old, were so ...


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The year 1953 was of unusual importance in the history of the largest Moslem state in the world. The Constituent Assembly, after five years of study, made rapid progress toward the adoption of a constitution. West and East Pakistan, although widely ...


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Prince Edward Island got a new premier in May, Alexander W. Matheson, former Minister of Health and Welfare. He succeeded Premier John Walter Jones, who was made a Senator.


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The Federal Bureau of Prisons reported on Aug. 19, 1953, that the number of prisoners in state and Federal custody was 167,374 at the end of 1952, as compared to 164,896 at the end of 1951.


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Protestant churches in the United States reported a membership of 54,229,963 persons, in figures gathered in 1953 by the National Council of the Churches of Christ. This represented a gain of 3.9 per cent over the membership reported in 1952. The gain ...


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Educators, public-health physicians, and psychiatrists held a three-day discussion on mental health in the classroom at the 1953 National Conference on Physicians and Schools in Highland Park, III. The discussion centered around how ...


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More than 350 papers presented at the 1953 Convention of the American Psychological Association held many conclusions of general interest. These ranged from the reasons paratroopers are anxious before they make a parachute jump to the part memory ...


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Puerto Rico celebrated its first anniversary as a self-governing commonwealth of the United States on July 25.


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Great hydroelectric and mining developments were under way in Quebec in 1953. New refineries and chemical industries sprang up, the aircraft and shipbuilding industries were trying to fill back orders, and the shoe and textile factories were busy. ...


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King Ibn Saud, who won a desert kingdom with his sword, died on November 9. This colorful, one-eyed monarch was one of the richest men in the world. He had been making Saudi Arabia into one of the leading Near Eastern nations by plowing back into his ...


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Ralph Miller of Hanover, N.H., won the Men's National Combined Open Ski Championship at Aspen, Colo., on March 15. Sally Neidlinger of Los Angeles was first in the Women's National Combined Open. Katy Rodolph of Sun Valley, Ida., placed first in the ...


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Franklin and Marshall College of the Middle Atlantic States Conference was chosen as the most outstanding college soccer team in the nation in 1953 by the National Soccer Coaches Association. Franklin and Marshal won nine straight games, scoring 33 ...


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In 1953 fewer persons received public assistance than the number receiving payments from old age and survivors' insurance. This development was a direct result of the 1950 and 1952 amendments to the Social Security Act, which increased the coverage of ...


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Space flight is flight above the earth's atmosphere. Unmanned rockets are now sent hundreds of miles above the surface of the earth. Such missiles pierce the thin shell of atmosphere surrounding the earth and, for a brief time, are in the realm of ...


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Because of its Fascist government, Spain had not been invited to join NATO or any of the other organizations looking toward a closer union of Europe. But on September 26, after long negotiations, General Francisco Franco signed a treaty giving the ...


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Brigadier General Adib Shishekly became Syria's first President on July 11. He won office in an election in which he ran unopposed. The election also approved a new constitution, giving women voting rights, guaranteeing free elementary education to ...


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How to reduce unpopular taxes without cutting sharply into revenue was one of the most difficult problems for the Federal administration in 1953. Urged by the President, the 83rd Congress reluctantly agreed to extend the excess profits tax until the ...


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The New Jersey Bell Telephone Company unveiled its Translator


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The biggest news of the years in television dealt with the future. It was the approval by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in December of industry standards for the production of color television. The system approved by the FCC represented ...


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Maureen Connolly, 18-year-old darling of San Diego, Calif., was the world's tennis Queen of 1953. For the second time, she won the Wimbledon (British) crown, emblematic of international honors; then returned to her homeland, from England, ...


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Thailand was the most stable country in Southeast Asia during 1953. Under King Phumiphon Aduldet, the growth of democratic institutions in this state of nearly 20,000,000 people was slow and far from revolutionary. It was more in keeping with Asiatic ...


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During 1953, a play usually closed within a few days, unless it was an instant hit. During this year the position of the New York critics was more sharply defined. It became clear that in the musical comedy field a show could be a hit without their ...


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The constituent assembly convened in January, and in April it completed its work on the new constitution. This constitution, the 24th since independence, was proclaimed in effect on April 15. The same assembly also named Colonel Marcos Perez Jimenez ...


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It was still hard for the scientifically-minded American to tell whether man could or could not make rain fall. Scientific experiments by Irving Langmuir and Vincent Schaeffer of the General Electric Company had been convincing. But in the United ...


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Yugoslavia maintained a balance between the Soviet Union and the West, in both foreign and domestic politics, under the leadership of Marshal Tito.


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For many years, zoologists had been debating how to classify the hyrax,


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A slender and elderly man, accompanied by his son, boarded a strange ship called a bathyscaphe


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Despite the most widespread drought since 1936, American farms in 1953 produced a total output of crops and livestock equal to the all-time high of 1952. Farmers planted and grew crops on about 360,000,000 acres, but they harvested only 342,000,000 ...


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Continuing its expansion in industrial and commercial fields, Los Angeles showed a gain of 134,305 people in a special census completed in 1953. This represented an increase of 6.8 per cent over its 1950 count. The new population figure is 2,104,663.


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Home rule has been an important local issue in Washington for many years. Residents of the city dramatized their voteless condition during the Presidential inauguration. Earmuffs were distributed, which explained that Washington residents were ...


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The year-to-year rise in United States consumer demand for petroleum products showed definite signs of leveling off in 1953. Instead of increasing an average 6 per cent for the year, as it had for the past 20 years, demand in 1953 went up only about 5 ...


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Fluoridation was one of the foremost issues confronting cities and their water systems in 1953. Conclusion of a six-year test in Marshall, Tex., cited proof that fluoride in drinking water could reduce dental cavities. Marshall had agreed in 1946 to ...


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The first four months of 1953 witnessed at tight credit situation. Interest rates rose to their postwar highs as banks found themselves without adequate reserves to permit further extensions of credit. Beginning in May, however, the ...


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Expenditures for new construction were at the highest level in history during the first half of 1953. The total for this period reached $16,000,000,000, or about 8 per cent above that of the same period in 1952. The expenditures for new highways, as ...


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A truce was signed on July 27, 1953, three years and one month after the outbreak of the Korean War. The armistice halted the fighting but did not guarantee a permanent peace. Peace depended on the possibility of reaching an agreement in a peace ...


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The rising tide of freedom proved the most powerful influence on this continent in 1954. Other factors shaping events during the year were racial problems and continued industrial expansion.


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(pop. 1,122,000) Continued to take orders obediently from Moscow in 1954. Colonel General Mehmet Shehu, Army Chief of Staff and Minister of the Interior, replaced Enver Hoxha as Premier in July. The two men had long been at odds. Hoxha held on to his ...


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Alberta developed a more balanced economy in 1954. The Alberta Government's approval of the proposal to export natural gas opened the way for building $300,000,000 worth of pipe lines across Canada. Output from new chemical plants began to make itself ...


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(pop. 8,681,785). In November, a nationalist rebellion that flared in neighboring Tunisia spread to Algeria. French troops and the rebel bands clashed in battles, and Paris sent paratrooper reinforcements. French armored columns tracked down the ...


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There were good diggings for archaeologists in many of the countries of the world in 1954. The most spectacular find was made in Egypt. A young architect, Kamal el-Malakh, peered into a hole he had chiseled in a 15-ton limestone block and saw a rich ...


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A fish bowl bank, a round office building, and a Chicago skyscraper created a stir in architecture in 1954.


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Eleven All-American cities were announced in early 1953. Sponsored by the National Municipal League in co-operation with Look


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Business in 1953 was at a high level of performance in the United States. During the first six months, industrial activity reached new postwar high levels, then dropped somewhat during the last half of the year. Results for the entire year were, ...


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Attention was centered on United States tariff policy during 1953. Although Congress finally acted to extend the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act until June 12, 1954, it did so only after assurance from President Eisenhower that the powers granted him ...


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The American poetry scene was almost barren of new talent in 1953, insofar as book publication was concerned.


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By the summer of 1953, the hub of Philadelphia's midtown shopping and business district had been razed, including the old Broad Street Station, a Pennsylvania Railroad terminal for seventy-one years. In its place will rise 25- to 30-story skyscrapers ...


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Argentina (pop. 15,893,827) was relatively calm and fairly prosperous during 1954. Dictator-President Juan D. Peron governed with little opposition. Relations with the rest of the world were calm, while foreign trade showed a general improvement.


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There were no major changes in military power in 1954. The total number of men under arms throughout the world remained about the same19,500,000. This total is based on official government figures and the best estimates of intelligence services. ...


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Throughout 1954 was a critical area in the cold war between the Soviet Union and the free world. An uneasy truce was maintained in Korea. The Indochina War ended in an armistice, but the settlement gave the Communist nations big gains in territory and ...


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Flying saucers failed to hit the news as often in 1954 as in the year before. But two mysterious objects were sighted during along far above the earth. They brought even the U.S. Air Force to the alert. Lincoln La Paz, Head of the ...


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(pop. 8,538,734) World attention centered on Australia in April when Vladimir M. Petrov, an official in the Soviet Embassy, asked for Australian protection after revealing operations of a Soviet spy ring. Petrov was granted asylum by Australia, but ...


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(pop. 6,93,905) In 1954 remained unhappily divided into four zones controlled respectively by Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States. For nine years, the Soviet Union has constantly raised objections to any final peace treaty that ...


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If man ever learns how green plants make food, he can free himself from the fear of famine. The green plant uses water and carbon dioxide as its raw materials and the sun as its power plant to make sugar. If scientists can learn to do what the plant ...


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Some 16,000 contestants took part in the American Bowling Congress (A.B.C.) Championships at Seattle, Wash., in April and May.


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Activity grew brisker among the professional boxing champions in 1954. Carl Bobo Olson proved the busiest in defending his title, putting his world's middleweight crown on the line three times during the year. Olson whipped Kid Gavilan of ...


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British Columbia thrived in 1954, although there was some unemployment after completion of the Aluminum Company of Canada's huge Kitimat project. In Vancouver, a new bridge opened and a 25,000-seat stadium was ready for the British Empire Games in ...


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Conditions in Bulgaria closely resembled those in the other Soviet satellites in 1954. In March, the Communist party in Bulgaria reshuffled its high command. Some party leaders who were ousted in the 1949 purge were returned to the Central Committee. ...


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Burma remained in an unstable condition throughout 1954. This was caused by Communist intrigues, Karen rebel revolts, and fears of attack by refugee Chinese Nationalist troops who had crossed the border from Yunnan province in China.


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The agreement of the United States to join in the Saint Lawrence Seaway project was the most dramatic single event in 1954. But the continued growth of Canada's dynamic economy, the visits of the Duke of Edinburgh and Queen Mother Elizabeth, and the ...


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Colombia (pop. 11,548,172) dedicated a huge new steel mill on October 13. The plant, located about 170 miles northeast of Bogota, is expected to produce about 122,000 tons of steel a year. Aerial conveyors on overhead cables carry coal and iron ore to ...


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The second session of the 83rd Congress convened on January 6, 1954, and remained in session 227 days. In all, 1,310 bills were sent to the President. He signed 1,268 and vetoed 42. Actually, the second session turned out more than twice as many laws ...


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The American Bar Association (A.B.A.) in 1954 studied the question of how to reconcile the need for order in courtrooms with the demand for greater freedom in the use of newspaper and television cameras.


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J. Edgar Hoover, director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, has announced that crime costs the United States an average of $495 a year for each family in the nation. The cost of crime represents $1.82 for each $1 spent on education, and $10 for ...


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(Pop. 5,832,851). General Fulgencio Batista, military dictator of Cuba since 1952, was elected President in November by a 6 to 1 majority. Technically, the general had no opposition, for his opponent, Ramon Grau San Martin, withdrew shortly before the ...


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Czechoslovakia (pop. 12,167,474), a satellite of the Soviet Union, remained hostile toward the West in 1954. Premier Viliam Siroky branded the Paris agreements on West German rearmament nothing but a conspiracy of war-thirsty military cliques in ...


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When they went to the polls on November 2, the American people were passing popular judgment on the record of a Republican regime for the first time in 22 years. At stake were 435 seats in the House of Representatives, 37 in the Senate, and ...


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So-called mechanical brains held the center of the electronics stage during 1954. Univac,


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Ethiopia's Emperor Haile Selassie arrived in the United States in May, 1954, for a two-month visit. The emperor's title is Conquering Lion of Judah, Elect of God, Emperor of Ethiopia. The ruler talked with President Eisenhower and inspected ...


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There was some relaxation in international tension in Europe during 1954. The rulers in the Soviet Union, after the death of Stalin, showed a somewhat less rigid and aggressive spirit, except as concerned Germany. The Western Allies drew closer ...


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The greatest change in women's fashions in 1954 was Christian Dior's highly publicized flat look, which raised storms of comment and criticism. But it was Gabrielle Chanelwho had made the short straight dress with knee-length skirt ...


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The American food bill in 1954, according to U.S. government estimates, totaled $64,000,000,000. This marked an increase of about $1,000,000,000 over 1953. By contrast, Americans paid less than $14,000,000,000 annually for food during the period from ...


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Many observers viewed the great number of upsets as the outstanding feature of the 1954 football season. Others felt that the leading trend was the use of widely-varied types of offensive play, largely variations of the T-formation. Opinion was ...


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British royalty was on tour in 1954. Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh ended their six-month round-the-world visit to Commonwealth countries in May. Londoners gave the Queen and her husband a rousing welcome when they returned. The Duke ...


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(Pop. 7,631,124). The treaty of friendship signed at Ankara on February 28, 1953, by Greece, Turkey, and Yugoslavia, was supplemented by an important military defense treaty signed by the three powers at Bled in Yugoslavia on August 9, 1954. It ...


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Once a haven for the Communists, Guatemala became allied with the free world in 1954. President Jacobo Arbenz Guzman's Communist-tainted government was overthrow in June by Guatemalans who had been exiled to Honduras. Colonel Carlos Castillo Armas was ...


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(Pop. 3,097,220). In January, 1954, Haiti celebrated the 150th anniversary of its independence. The small republic won freedom from France in 1804.


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Federal legislation approved in 1954 gave new hope to thousands of persons disabled by disease or accident. Congress voted $30,000,000 to help the states and territories improve their services to the handicapped.


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The federal Government acted in 1954 to clear up some of the fog about the effects of smog. Congress authorized $175,000 for a survey to find out the effect on health of air breathed by residents of big-city areas. The survey called for a thorough ...


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Congress acted in 1954 to get the Federal Government out of Indian affairs. Laws were enacted with the plan to end Federal control over the tribes. Federal supervision will end in two years for sixty tribes in Oregon, four Paiute tribes in Utah, and ...


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The Republic of Indonesia served all connection with The Netherlands on Aug. 10, 1954. By protocols signed at The Hague, the five-year-old Netherlands-Indonesia Union was terminated, thus canceling Indonesia's 1949 agreement to recognize the Dutch ...


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The Anglo-Iranian oil dispute was settled in August. By November, huge tankers were moving Iranian oil into the world markets for the first time in three years. The wheels were turning once again at Abadan, the world's largest refinery.


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Iraq (pop. 4,799,500) announced an agreement with the United States in April, 1954, to obtain American military aid. The agreement was looked upon as a major diplomatic victory for the West in winning co-operation from the Arab countries. The ...


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John A. Costello was named Prime Minister after he defeated Eamon de Valera in the May elections. De Valera and his Fianna Fail (Party of Destiny) fell from power after an election campaign in which the high cost of living was a main issue. Hatred of ...


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Israel came under the control of a new coalition government in 1954. Prime Minister Moshe Sharett formed the government through an agreement with his own Mapai (Socialist) party, the General Zionists (right-of-center), the orthodox Hapoel Hamizrachi ...


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Revolutions are an old story to Latin-American countries. But the Guatemala uprising in June, 1954, was something more than an internal squabble. This time the revolt was important internationally because the rebels overthrew a pro-Communist regime.


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(pop. 1,303,940) A tragic fire on November 7 marred the celebration of Mohammed's birthday in Beirut. Gasoline in torches being used for a parade set off a blaze that killed about 30 persons and injured more than 200. The torches were being handed to ...


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(pop. 1,650,000) President William V. S. Tubman of Liberia visited the United States in 1954 at the invitation of President Eisenhower. Tubman saw the sights of New York, spent three days in Washington, and made a tour of the South.


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A spirited library improvement campaign bloomed in Kentucky during 1954. Citizens raised $300,000 for bookmobiles to take reading matter to the public, particularly in rural areas. The state's library extension agency received eighty-five gift trucks, ...


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(Pop. 1,150,000). The first parliament of this independent kingdom met during 1954. In April, Mustafa Halim took over as Premier and selected his cabinet. Several members of the Libyan royal family were exiled in October, following the slaying of ...


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The book-publishing industry continued to expand in 1954, despite the medium quality of most current fiction and the absence of what the trade refers to as a bell ringer among the best-selling novels. The televisionthreat to ...


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The automobile industry in 1954 lived through its most fiercely competitive year since before World War II. Many dealersfinancially weak or neglectful of good sales practiceswere forced out of business. More important, the tough ...


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For the second straight year, Bill Vukovich of Fresno, Calif., won the 500-mile Indianapolis Speedway Race. In taking the 38th annual Memorial Day event, Vukovich averaged 130.840 mph to break the previous record of 129.922 mph. The winner collected ...


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Took big strides forward during 1954. A United States Air Force pilot set a new altitude record. Regular air-line service began across the Arctic between Copenhagen, Denmark, and Los Angeles. The United States Navy tested its convertiplane, nicknamed ...


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The new York Giants, shrewdly managed by Leo Durocher, surprised the baseball world by winning the National League pennant and then sweeping four straight games from the Cleveland Indians in the World Series. The New York Yankees fell to second place ...


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Frank Selvy of Furman broke practically all major-college basketball scoring records during the 1953-54 season. The 6-foot, 3-inch all American scored 1,209 points for the season, averaging 41.7 points a game. Top scorer among major-college players in ...


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The Roman Catholic Social Christian party lost its absolute majority of 108 seats in the Lower House of Parliament in the election April 18. Since no party obtained a clear majority, a coalition government was necessary. This was formed by a ...


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David Walker, a Scottish-Canadian, again won the Governor-General's literary award for the novel Digby. Walker also won the award in 1953.


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In September, 1954, President Eisenhower appointed Willard F. Libby, a professor of chemistry at the University of Chicago, to the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (A.E.C.). A week later, Libby reported to the annual meeting of the American Chemical ...


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The visit of a Soviet chess team to New York in June, 1954, aroused great interest among United States players. In a series of matches, the American team lost 20 to 12. This was practically the same score by which Argentina lost to the Soviet players. ...


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(Pop. 5,930,809). Strikes, inflation, and Communist conspiracies were threatening Chile's whole economy in September, so President Carlos Ibanez del Campo placed Chile under a state of siege for six months. A state of siege is similar to martial law.


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The two rival governments in China remained at war throughout 1954. The Republic of China, under the presidency of Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, retained its hold on the island of Formosa. Almost all continental China, on the other hand, was occupied ...


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Civil liberties still were suppressed in the totalitarian regimes during 1954, but they were zealously safeguarded in the democracies. In the United States, some progress was made in drawing the line more distinctly between complete freedom of the ...


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The Azuma Kabuki Dancers from Japan brought pleasure to many American audiences in 1954. Their dances generally are based on stories from Japanese legends. The music is in five tones. The dancers themselves are always restrained, and never rely on ...


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Victory in the mid-term elections of 1954 gave the Democrats a slim margin of control in the 84th Congress. Adlai Stevenson, defeated candidate for the Presidency in 1952, took the lead in the 1954 campaign, starting with a speech at the Illinois ...


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(Pop. 4,347,613). Denmark was troubled by a decline in foreign trade and an excess of government expenditures over revenues in 1954. To deal with these and other difficult problems, Parliament was called in special session early in September. The ...


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One event overshadowed all others in education during 1954. On May 17, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that racial separation in the public schools violates the 14th Amendment. This amendment says no state shall make or enforce a law ...


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(pop. 19,021,840) Political upheaval kept Egypt stirred up in 1954. Mohammed Naguib, Iron Man Premier and President, fell from power, regained his positions, and finally was ousted again late in the year by Lt. Col. Gamal Abdel Nasser and ...


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At the end of his second year in office, President Dwight D. Eisenhower was leading a moderate administration, with popular support from middle-of-the-road Democrats as well as from Republicans. His administrative staff functioned fairly smoothly. His ...


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Remains of an ancient creature that was not quite reptile and not quite mammal, but something of both, were found in the Western Hemisphere in 1954 for the first time. These primitive mammals, called Tritylodontoids,


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Weary of the Indochina War and bogged down by economic problems, France went through another cabinet crisis in 1954. This time a brilliant new leader came to the front. He was Pierre Mendes-France, a 47-year-old economist.


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Violence and bloodshed kept Morocco in tumult again in 1954. The Moroccans, infuriated by the exile of Sultan Sidi Mohammed ben Youssef by the French in 1953, rioted in protest against his successor, Sidi Mohammed ben Moulay Arafa. Terrorists failed, ...


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The earth's climate has changed many times. Palm trees grow where great icecaps once existed, and miners dig coal containing fossils of ancient palm trees in regions far too cold to support such tropical life now. The reasons for these changes in ...


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(pop. 70,000,000) The West German Federal Republic in 1954 was given strong hopes of soon becoming a sovereign nation. The Paris Agreements of October 23 would restore West Germany's sovereignty, permit the country to rearm, and admit it to the North ...


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New champions took over most of the major golf titles in 1954. Ben Hogan failed in his effort to become the first-time winner of the U.S. National Open Championship. Ed Furgol of Clayton, Mo., won the Open at the Baltusrol Golf Club, Springfield, N. ...


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The Detroit Red Wings won the National Hockey League Stanley Cup, the most highly-prized award in professional ice hockey. Detroit captured the 1954 trophy by defeating the Montreal Canadiens, four games to three, in the April play-offs. A Detroit ...


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Attendance reached a new high in 1954, with nearly 29,000,000 fans thronging to tracks throughout the country.


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Noel Field, an American newspaper man, and his wife, Herta, were released from prison in Budapest on November 16. Field had disappeared behind the Iron Curtain in the summer of 1949. In spite of repeated inquires by the American State Department, ...


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Defending champion Hayes Alan Jenkins of Akron, Ohio, kept his men's world figure-skating championship at Oslo, Norway, in February. Jimmy Grogan of Colorado Springs, Colo., finished second, as he did at Davos, Switzerland, in 1953. Jenkins also ...


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The problem of finding homes for displaced persons in many countries remained serious in 1954. Unfortunately, many immigrants were still unable to qualify for entrance into the United States in spite of refugee relief legislation. This was because ...


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India improved its economic situation in 1954. Political conditions appeared stable. At the same time, fears of aggression by the Soviet Union and Communist China led the New Delhi Government to pursue a policy of neutralism in the cold war between ...


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The Italian Government was in the hands of short-lived cabinets under Giuseppe Pella and Amintore Fanfani at the start of 1954, but on February 10 a stable cabinet was established by Mario Scelba. Premier Scelba continued the land reform program begun ...


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Ichiro Hatoyama, 71, leader of the newly formed Japan Democratic party, was elected Premier of Japan Dec. 9, 1954. He was elected by the Japanese Diet (lower house of Parliament) to succeed Shigeru Yoshida, who had been premier since 1946, except for ...


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The highlight of 1954 for the Jews of America was the 300th anniversary celebration of the landing of the first twenty-three Jews in the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam, which is now New York City. The twenty-three Jewish settlers came to North America ...


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Jordan and Israel carried on small attacks on each other during 1954. The United Nations asked Jordan to conduct direct talks with Israel on patching up the armistice between the two countries, but Jordan refused the request.


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During the second year following the Korean Armistice, Korea remained a divided nation. The Communist dictatorships continued to violate their promise made in the Armistice to establish a united Korea by negotiation in a political ...


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Some 68,900,000 men and women were in the United States labor force in August, 1954. Of this number, some 3,300,000 were in the armed forces, 62,300,000 were employed in civilian occupations, and 3,300,000 were unemployed. However, estimated ...


Description:
Children's literature in 1954 included many books you will want to read. Those full of information are the most interesting and exciting, because they are so well-written and well-illustrated.


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National magazines scored new gains in advertising revenues in 1954. Revenues for the year were estimated at 1.6 per cent above those in 1953. Net profits, however, dropped to a new low because of an increase in costs.


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MALAYA, FEDERATION OF (pop. 4,905,999). British and native troops in the Federation of Malaya in 1954 continued the seven-year-old battle with Soviet-inspired Communist guerrilla armies. The guerrillas, recruited from the Chinese population rather ...


Description:
The $45,000,000 Lynn Lake nickel-copper concentrator plant began production in northern Manitoba in September. A whole new business in the manufacture of by-products, particularly of fertilizers, sulfate of ammonia, and ammonia gas, was made possible ...


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Toward the end of 1954, there were signs of improving prosperity in Mexico. Devaluation of the peso by 31 per cent helped to attract investments, because it meant that Americans could get more pesos for their dollars. It also encouraged exports, ...


Description:
The movie industry got back on the road to prosperity in 1954 as attendance and profits soared. Figures for the second quarter of the year showed that weekly attendance averaged 47,200,000, compared with 43,900,000 for the same period in 1953. An ...


Description:
Arturo Toscanini laid down his baton as director of the National Broadcasting Company (NBC) Symphony Orchestra on April 4, 1954, after sixty-eight years of conducting. He was 87. Toscanini read scores with sincerity, precision, and notable attention ...


Description:
(Pop. 10,103,000). In the elections for provincial councils on April 21, Catholics won 31.5 per cent of the votes; Socialists, 29.4 per cent; Calvinists, 20 per cent; Liberals, 8.8 per cent; and Communists, 5.3 per cent. It was a gain for the ...


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The great mineral rush which followed the discovery of the Bathurst field in 1953 continued in 1954. As the search for copper, zinc, and uranium went on, plans advance for bringing mines into production and for building concentrators. Eventual ...


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The conviction for fraud of the man who directed Newfoundland's great economic development from 1950 to 1953 caused a sensation in 1954. Alfred Valdmanis, a former finance minister of Latvia, pleaded guilty of defrauding the Newfoundland Government of ...


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In spite of competition from television, radio, and magazines for the readers' time and the advertisers' dollar, newspapers generally in 1954 maintained record peaks in advertising and circulation volume. The only sobering aspect of the situation was ...


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The United States signed a mutual defense agreement with Nicaragua on April 23. In May, a shipment of small arms was flown to Nicaragua and Honduras by the United States Air Force. Earlier, the United States had discovered that weapons from Communist ...


Description:
The British have promised more freedom for Nigeria, and conferences were held in 1954 on revision of the colony's constitution. Nigeria itself is divided on the issue of self-government. Some powerful leaders demand complete independence, while others ...


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The Norwegian Parliament's Nobel Committee in Oslo made no award for peace in 1954. No reason was given for the omission. The other Nobel prizes were presented in December at ceremonies in Stockholm, Sweden. Five Americans were chosen for awards.


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(Pop. 3,310,821). Norway did business with both the East and West in 1954. Fish exports and a shipping trade brought money into the country. Norway was able to extend its health insurance and other welfare services.


Description:
Premier Angus L. Macdonald died in April. He had been in office since 1945. Health Minister Harold J. Connolly succeeded him until a Liberal party convention named a new leader. The convention met in September, and chose Education Minister Henry D. ...


Description:
United States, British, and German investments pushed expansion in Ontario, Canada's industrial heartland, during 1954. The province expected spending on new projects to top the record figure of $2,000,000,000 in 1953, and to bring the total of new ...


Description:
The Caroline, Marshall, and Marianas Islands are held by the United States under a United Nations trusteeship. They made remarkable progress in education, sanitation, and community development in 1954. The United States High Commissioner moved the ...


Description:
Portugal (pop. 8,510,240) is a republic, but for more than twenty years it has been under the dictatorship of Premier Antonio de Oliveira Salazar. Under his rule, the country continued in 1954 to improve its economic conditions and avoid domestic ...


Description:
The Government offered low-interest loans in an effort to encourage the processing of agricultural and fish products. This was part of an attempt to give the island a more varied economy. The opening of a new plant to make evaporated and powdered milk ...


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William W. Remington, 37, former government economist convicted of perjury in a Communist spy investigation, was the victim of a prison murder in 1954. He died in Northeastern Federal Penitentiary at Lewisburg, Pa., November 24. Three other convicts ...


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More than 225 Protestant denominations in the United States announced in 1954 that they have 268,359 local congregations, 187,551 active ministers in local churches, and 55,837,325 members. These figures were reported in the Yearbook of American ...


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One of the most promising treatment approaches developed in the field of psychiatry in 1954 was the use of an extract of a drug known as Rauwolfia serpentine.


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The American Psychological Association took steps in 1954 to certify qualified professional psychologists. Dr. Fillmore H. Sanford, the Association's executive secretary, announced that the Association had authorized establishment of the American ...


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Accidents in the United States killed 81,200 persons in the first eleven months of 1954. That total is 5 per cent less than the 85,600 persons killed in the corresponding period of 1953. The greatest reduction was in deaths from home accidents, which ...


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Wheat farmers, after three years of bumper crops, had lower yields of poorer quality in 1954. The provincial government's revenues dropped, but the province still expected to end the fiscal year with a small surplus.


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Saudi Arabia tangled with Great Britain in 1954 over the Baraimi Oasis, an oil-rich area on the Arabian peninsula. Both countries claimed possession of the oasis. In July, they agreed to submit the dispute to an arbitration tribunal. The tribunal ...


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Norway won the team title at the World Ski Championships at Aare, Sweden, in March. Stein Eriksen of the winners captured the Alpine combined crown, winning the slalom and the giant slalom. Trude Klecker of Austria won the women's slalom; Ida ...


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Germany won the world's soccer championship in 1954 in Switzerland. Hungary finished second, and Austria was third. The New York Americans took the United States National Challenge Cup. The Beadling Soccer Club of Western Pennsylvania won the National ...


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Congress passed new laws in 1954, greatly expanding the social security system. The changes in social security legislation included the following:


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Rocket travel above the earth's atmosphere is only a matter of time and money, space experts said at the fifth annual congress of the International Astronautical Federation. Among the possibilities discussed at the Innsbruck, Austria, sessions was a ...


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Spain (pop. 28,039,112) has not liked the foreign occupation of Gibraltar ever since the British seized it in 1704. It has made constant efforts to recover possession. In January, anti-British Spanish students demonstrated against the British embassy ...


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The year 1954 will be remembered as both an exciting and a prosperous one in sports. John Landy of Australia and Roger Bannister of England performed the most outstanding feats when they broke the four-minute mile. Both ran the distance twice in less ...


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Most state governments faced great demands for public services in 1954 and looked ahead toward increasing responsibilities. From 1914 to 1954, states expenditures have mounted from roughly $400,000,000 to $15,000,000,000 a year. Much of the increase ...


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Rioting sparked by the arrival of Mohammed Naguib killed about thirty persons in Khartoum early in March, 1954. The rioters demanded independence for the Sudan. Naguib, who was Egypt's president at the time, made the trip to Khartoum to attend the ...


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(Pop. 7,150,606). In October, the Government adopted a comprehensive health-insurance plan which went into effect of Jan. 1, 1955. The plan is compulsory, but it may be supplemented by voluntary health insurance. It is jointly financed by the insured ...


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After four straight failures from 1950 through 1953, the United States team won the Davis Cup in 1954. The Americans defeated Australia, three matches to two, in the Challenge Round at Sydney, Australia, in December. Victor Seixas of the United States ...


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Thailand (pop. 17,442,689) defied the Soviet and Chinese Communist regimes in 1954. Meanwhile, the country strengthened its military defense. In April, as French forces were retreating before the Communist guerrilla armies in Vietnam, Thailand was the ...


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The plays that opened in New York City in the fall of 1954 did not become as popular as those of the previous season. The public still clamored to see last season's The Caine Mutiny Court Martial


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The Mile of the Century race between Roger Bannister of England and John Landy of Australia climaxed the 1954 track and field season. Before this historic race at the British Empire Games, held in August at Vancouver, B.C., both these ...


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Turkey (pop. 20,934,670) completed two important international agreements in 1954. In June, the Grand National Assembly ratified the Turkish-Pakistani Treaty. Turkey and Pakistan agreed to help each other defend themselves in case of attack. In ...


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The racial problem in South Africa continued in 1954 to overshadow other issues.


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The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (pop. 210,000,000) increased the production of consumers' goods in 1954. The Government followed a cold-war policy of extending Soviet imperialism.


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One of the tall tales of the year was about two babies. One towered 9-1/2-feet high, and the other was a mere 8 1/2 feet. They were Neal and Dotty, baby giraffes that went on display in November at the Bronx Zoo in New York City. Neal and Dotty were ...


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A five-year survey in Tennessee disclosed that robins, mockingbirds, and other birds that live in cities were increasing in number, while the population of such field birds as meadow larks and field sparrows had been cut almost in half.


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In spite of a second straight year of severe and widespread drought, American farmers in 1954 produced crops and livestock close to the all-time highs of 1952 and 1953.


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The death of President Getulio Vargas, 71, on August 24, gave Brazil (pop. 51,973,727) a new government in 1954. For weeks, Vargas had been under pressure to give up his office. On August 5, a Brazilian Air Force major was slain by Vargas supporters ...


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The Soviet Union frowned on Afghanistan's neutral position in the important area between Pakistan and the Near East countries that are forming a defense chain. The Soviet Union tried to stir up Afghan opposition to the United States-Pakistan ...


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In October, Jean Drapeau was elected Mayor of Montreal.


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The oil industry had too much petroleum in its storage tanks, so producers cut production in 1954. Use of petroleum rose during the year, reaching a record 8,115,000 barrels a day, 1 per cent higher than it had been in 1953. The increase, however, was ...


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Shortages became a serious problem in many areas of the United States in 1954. A report prepared by the United States Geological Survey indicated that these shortages were caused by cities outgrowing their water-supply systems as a result of bigger ...


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Bank customers increased both their checking accounts and their savings accounts in American banks during 1954. At the same time, the banks were expanding their loans and investments to a new all-time high.


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Construction took one fifth of all U.S. steel shipments in the record spending for new buildings in 1954. An estimated $36,500,000,000 went into new buildings, $1,000,000,000 more than in 1953. Increased state and local government outlays, mainly for ...


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Eleven All-American cities received first place awards in a contest sponsored jointly in 1954 by the National Municipal League and Look


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American business found 1954 a year of mixed trends. Some lines of business declined, others expanded, and still others remained largely unchanged. The over-all level of economic activity was somewhat below that for the record year of ...


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Premier Ernest C. Manning called a special election in June, 1955, because of corruption charges against members of his Social Credit government. Manning's party won re-election, but by a smaller majority than in the previous election. A royal ...


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The nationalist rebellion against French rule that begin in 1954 spread new terror in Algeria in 1955. The rebels, or fellegha,


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Tests in 1955 revealed that bones of prehistoric animals found in Nevada, mixed with charcoal from ancient campfires were at least 23,800 years old. This date was the oldest yet established for human habitation in the United States. The tests were ...


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The trend toward modern design in church architecture grew stronger in 1955. With church construction at the highest rate in history (60 per cent over 1954), more and more architects departed from the traditional Gothic and Colonial style of building. ...


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Argentina (pop.15,893,827) cast off tyranny and turned to democracy in 1955. A year of ups and downs ended in the overthrow of Dictator-President Juan D. Peron, the general who had ruled the country for nearly twelve years. Peron's regime collapsed on ...


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The growth of jet air power in the United States and the Soviet Union marked the major changes in military power in 1955. The total number of men under arms throughout the world apparently decreased by 1,000,000 to 18,700,000, based on official ...


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The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City opened its new painting galleries in 1954. In honor of the occasion, the Metropolitan called together for a week's conference some of the world's most noted art historians and museum directors. The ...


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(pop. 75,842,165) The long dispute with India over the sovereignty of the state of Kashmir lying along the northern border of Pakistan remained unresolved in 1954. In July, the Pakistan Government ordered a nation-wide ban of the Communist party and ...


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(Pop. 8,132,700). The celebrated case of Victor Raul Haya de la Torre was concluded on April 6, 1954, when the Aprista (political party) leader was permitted to leave the Colombia Embassy at Lima and proceed to Mexico. He was first granted asylum in ...


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The Philippines made notable progress in winning peace and prosperity at home in 1954. Ramon Magsaysay, elected president in 1953, greatly extended his personal reputation as a national and international statesman. At the Manila Conference in ...


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Scientists, in order to explain some atomic energy facts, have been forced to invent something that may turn out to be as unreal as celestial ether was in the 1800's. When an atom breaks apart to produce atomic energy, the amount of energy ...


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Hermann Field, a Cleveland, Ohio, architect, was released from a Warsaw prison on October 25. He had gone behind the Iron Curtain in 1949 to search for his brother, Noel Field, who was freed from a Hungarian prison in November. Hermann was thrown into ...


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Popular music got some help from Hollywood during 1954. The theme song from the movie Three Coins in the Fountain


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The Nationalist party of Puerto Rico has only 500 members, but it accounted for a big share of the island's headlines in 1954. On March 1, four party members fired bullets in the United States House of Representatives in Washington, D.C. Five ...


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The biggest development in Quebec in 1954 was the completion of the Quebec North Shore and Labrador Railway. This line, connecting Seven Islands and Schefferville in the Labrador-Ungava iron-ore field, began shipment of ore from Seven Islands. The ...


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On a local-station basis showed remarkable staying power against the inroads of television in 1954.


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The Evanston (Ill.) Assembly of the World Council of Churches was the event of the year for Protestants, Anglo-Catholics, and Eastern Orthodox. For Roman Catholics in all lands, 1954 was most notably the Marian Year. For American Jews, it was marked ...


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Celebrated its 100th anniversary in 1954. Republicans at Ripon, Wis., contend the party was formed there in 1854. They celebrated the anniversary on March 20. However, citizens of Jackson, Mich., argued the party was organized in Jackson. They ...


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Catholics throughout the world observed the Marian Year of 1954 by expressing their devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary in special services and events. The Marian Year began Dec. 8, 1953, and ended Dec. 8, 1954. It commemorated the 100th anniversary ...


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Marilyn Bell, 16, of Toronto, Canada, became the first person to swim across Lake Ontario. In September, Marilyn conquered strong currents and icy waters to make the 32-mile crossing from Youngstown, N.Y., to Toronto. Canada hailed Marilyn as a ...


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Switzerland (pop. 4,904,000) Was much disturbed by the move in 1954 to protect American watchmakers by raising the United States tariff on imported Swiss watches and watch parts. In August, watchmakers throughout the country sponsored a Don't ...


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(pop. 3,722,000) Independents took control of the 142-seat parliament of Syria in an election in September, but sentiment against the United States remained strong. The elections were the first to be held after the overthrow in February of Brigadier ...


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During the fiscal year 1954, Congress passed an extensive tax-reform program. The new act provides broad revisions in the tax laws and some reductions in excise taxes. With unanimous Republican consent, stockholders received some tax relief on ...


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American Telephone & Telegraph Company (AT & T) took a major step toward introducing automatic dial telephoning between all cities in the United States and Canada. In November, it unveiled a multimillion-dollar automatic switching center for ...


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The way in which the Army-McCarthy hearings caught the public interest furnished new proof, if any was necessary, of the impact of television. Many a housewife neglected her chores, and many a coffee break lengthened as the nation watched the ...


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The ninth anniversary of the United Nations (U.N.) was celebrated Oct. 26, 1954. It was generally conceded that this world peace organization had fallen short of the rosy expectations of many of its founders. but proponents of the United Nations were ...


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The tensions of the cold war still plagued the American people in 1954. The new look in American military policy called attention to the horrors of thermonuclear (hydrogen bomb) warfare. The rolling readjustment of the American economy ...


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Uruguay (pop. 2,353,000) stands out to the American as an example of liberal, democratic government. Its executive branch consists of a nine-member Council of Government instead of a single president. In 1954, the council dealt with hard problems that ...


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Venezuela (pop. 5,091,543) undertook several ambitious projects in 1954 to improve its standard of living. The Government started an $800,000,000 railroad-construction program. In May, Armando Tomayo Suarez, Minister of Agriculture, announced that ...


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Drought, floods, snow, smog, and wind plagued the United States during 1954. In Colorado, Nebraska, Wyoming, Missouri, and western Kansas, the bone-dry soil was lifted into the air in dust storms during the long spring drought. Great areas which ...


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President Tito, Greece, and Turkey signed a military defense treaty at Bled in Yugoslavia on August 9. It provided (1) that if any one of the three countries were attacked, the others would consider it an attack upon themselves; (2) they would come to ...


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Chicago had a Citizenship Week in April, an event proclaimed by Mayor Martin H. Kennelly and sponsored by active civic groups. Mass meetings, merit awards to students, and a series of public events emphasized the duties of citizenship. Interested ...


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The new mayor, Robert Wagner, Jr., brought forth an increased city budget in 1954. He joined others in demanding changes in the city's financial arrangements with the state. The mayor favored home rule for New York City, contending the city thus could ...


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A new 20-story city-county building was nearing completion in Detroit in 1954. The old, solid-stone City Hall was to be kept as a reception headquarters for royalty and heroes, a parade reviewing stand, and other ceremonial events. It overlooks ...


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The population of Houston's metropolitan area soared to 1,000,000 in 1954. This made it the twelfth largest city in the country. A committee of three councilmen appointed by the mayor made plans for the possible merger of the city of Houston and ...


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Los Angeles voters in 1954 rejected proposals for the city to build an auditorium. It was the third time in four years that the plan had been defeated in a municipal election. However, a $5,000,000 structure was added to the expanding Civic Center. ...


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The 100-mile Niagara-Toronto natural-gas pipe line neared completion.


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Washington, D.C., took steps in 1954 to conform with a United States Supreme Court decision outlawing racial segregation in schools. Students were being sent to the schools nearest their homes. Teaching and administrative staffs were assigned to ...


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World trade continued to expand in 1954. Increased industrial production, particularly in Western Europe, was the most important single factor in producing this expansion. Increased production meant more buying powerand more selling power.


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The year's best poetry came from the older poets. Wallace Stevens, an insurance executive, published his Collected Poems,


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Philadelphia voters in 1954 approved bond issues totaling $54,000,000 for sewage-disposal plants, recreation centers, hospital additions, and other public improvements. An urban traffic and transportation board was created by the city council. Its ...


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Political, economic, and social advances brightened 1955 for some parts of Africa. In other regions, revolt against colonial rule reached a higher pitch of violence than in 1954.


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(pop. 1,122,000), Along with other Soviet Union satellites, joined an Eastern military alliance in 1955. The treaty was signed to offset the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), an alliance of Western powers. Meanwhile, Albania announced it ...


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Remained a vast battlefield of psychological warfare between the free world and Communism during 1955. The distinctions between Asia's Communist countries, anti-Communist states, and neutral nations became sharper than ever. Soviet Russia and its ...


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A total eclipse, lasting longer than any in more than 1,200 years, blotted out the sun on June 20, 1955. Scientists from throughout the world gathered in Ceylon. Conditions there seemed best for observations of the eclipse, which lasted more then ...


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A Royal Commission on Soviet Espionage reported in September, 1955, that Russian spies in Australia had endangered the whole Western world. The Government created the commission after Vladimir Petrov, an official of the Soviet embassy, ...


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On July 27, 1955, cheering crowds in Vienna saw the flags of the American, British, French, and Soviet occupying armies hauled down. The ceremony, marking the final ratification of the Austrian State Treaty signed on May 15, signified the liberation ...


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The automobile industry had the biggest year in its history in 1955. It turned out more cars and trucks than ever before. It offered its workers more economic security than they had ever enjoyed when it granted a modified guaranteed annual wage. And ...


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Tragedy cast a shadow over this sport in 1955. At Le Mans, France, eighty-two persons died when parts of a racing car plowed into the spectators after a collision. Bill Vukovich was killed while trying to win his third straight Indianapolis 500-mile ...


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After seventy-two days of pin-crashing at Fort Wayne, Ind., new champions took over in the American Bowling Congress' 1955 tournament. Edward Gerzine of Milwaukee won the singles title with 738 for three games of 225,235, and 278. The doubles winners, ...


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Rocky Marciano successfully defended his world heavyweight title twice in 1955. And Ray Sugar Robinson came back to regain the middleweight title of the world. Of the two fighters' achievements, Robinson's probably rated as the more ...


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Industrial expansion and construction sparked a burst of optimism in British Columbia during 1955. The Government predicted that the population of the province would almost triple in twenty years as a result of the business boom.


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Bulgarian fighter planes shot down an Israeli air liner that had flown over Bulgarian territory on July 27, 1955. Fifty-eight persons aboard the plane were killed. Twelve of the victims were Americans.


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Burma still followed the Indian policy of neutralism in the cold war in 1955. Karen tribes in the mountain valleys of eastern Burma continued in rebellion. A few thousand Nationalist Chinese in the north resumed their raids.


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Cambodia (pop. 3,800,000) became an independent country in 1955. Communist Vietminh and French forces left Cambodia in October.


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Canada enjoyed the prosperity of a giant uranium boom during 1955. Canadians celebrated their country's 88th birthday with an income tax cut. Gross national production jumped $2,250,000 over 1954, and employment soared to an all-time high. ...


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Chalked up many new accomplishments in 1955 as the dramatic possibilities of the jet age continued to unfold. Colonel Horace A. Hanes broke the world jet (nonrocket) speed record for level flight. His North American F-100C Super Sabre hurtled through ...


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For the Brooklyn Dodgers, next year finally came in October, 1955. The Dodgers won their first World Series by defeating their old tormentors, the New York Yankees, four games to three. Seven times Brooklyn had won the National League ...


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The University of San Francisco Dons won the vote of most experts as the outstanding college basketball team of 1955. The Dons, led by Bill Russell, 6 feet 10 inches tall, won the National Collegiate Athletic Association (N.C.A.A.) championship at ...


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During the first half of 1955, was torn by an internal religious struggle. The Socialist Minister of Public Instruction, Leo Collard, presented a bill changing the structure of the school system, and reducing the Government's subsidy to parochial ...


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Speedboats and big cabin cruisers splashed luxuriously on America's lakes and streams in 1955. Smaller craft bobbed in their wake. The boating industry had become a $1,000,000,000 business, and millions of Americans were taking to the waterways.


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Scientists made it easier in 1955 to use atomic energy to develop better flowers and vegetables. Until a few years ago, men had been forced to depend upon nature for the mutations


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Canadian literature in 1955 featured two studies in Canadian history. Donald Creightons's The Old Chieftain


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The adrenal glands produce a number of chemicals called hormones.


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Most of the international chess honors of 1955 went to players from the Soviet Union. A team from the United States went to Moscow in June and July. A Soviet team had visited the United States in 1954, defeating American chess master 20 to 12. In ...


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(Pop. 5,930,809). A wave of strikes crippled Chile's industrial life in 1955. Miners, steelmen, transport workers, government employees, and communications workers went on strike at various times during the year. Workers sought higher pay to balance ...


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Two separate governments continued to claim sovereignity over all China. The Republic of China, under President Chiang Kai-shek, actually governed only the large island of Formosa. The Communist dictatorship, under Mao Tse-tung, controlled the 18 ...


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Civil liberties flourished in the free nations during 1955, but were suppressed in totalitarian countries.


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Colombia (pop. 12,033,000) moved further along the road toward a military dictatorship in 1955. President Gustavo Rojas Pinilla said in January his administration did not plan to lift the state of siege, or martial law, that the country has lived ...


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Democratic hopes for recapturing the Presidency in 1956 soared when President Eisenhower suffered a heart attack in September, 1955. Democratic leaders recognized Eisenhower's great popularity, and felt that their party had received an unexpected ...


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(Pop. 4,347,613). Prime Minister Hans Hedtoft, 51, died of a heart attack in January. He had headed the Socialist party for fifteen years. Hans Christian Hansen succeeded Hedtoft. The new Socialist leader continued Hedtoft's policies of cooperating ...


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Two events stood out in education in 1955. One was The White House Conference of Education. The other was a $500,000,000 grant by the Ford Foundation, $300,000,000 of which was slated for use by educational institutions.


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Egypt (pop. 19,021,840) crackled with armed clashes against Israel throughout 1955. Troops of first one country and then the other launched raids along the Gaza strip of northeastern Egypt. A United Nations commission failed to draw up an armistice ...


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The outlawed Irish Republican Army (I.R.A.) stirred up more trouble in 1955 with raids in England and Northern Ireland. Three captured terrorists receive life terms in prison for their part in an August raid on a British army depot. The Government of ...


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President Eisenhower suffered a heart attack on Sep. 24, 1955, while vacationing and golfing in Denver. Doctors told a worried world that the President was stricken with a coronary thrombosis of average seriousness. According to Major General Howard ...


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Elections on Jan. 2, 1956, plunged France into one of its worst political crises. Neither the party headed by Premier Edgar A. Faure nor the one led by former Premier Pierre Mendes-France won enough seats in the new National Assembly to control the ...


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French Morocco (pop. 8,185,000) witnessed in 1955 the return from exile of Sultan Sidi Mohammed ben Youssef, and the establishment of a nationalist government.


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Scientists in 1955 developed a new method of determining the age of rocks through radioactive dating. An older method is based on the presence of uranium or lead in a rock formation. But few rocks contain uranium or lead. The new system is based on ...


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The West German Federal Republic became a sovereign state in 1955. In May, the Western Powers granted the Bonn Republic its independence, and admitted it to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Germany's new position as an ally of the ...


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Bone-weary, Ben Hogan slumped in the locker room at the Olympic Club at San Francisco. He had just been congratulated on a national television program for becoming the first golfer in history to win the the United States Open Championship five times. ...


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An old warrior, his successor, and a pretty princess shared the spotlight in Great Britain in 1955.


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Greece (pop. 7,631,124) ran into new trouble over Cyprus in 1955. The Island of Cyprus, once part of the Turkish Empire but annexed by Great Britain in 1914, has a mixed population of about 400,000 Greeks, 90,000 Turks, and 10,000 persons of other ...


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Imre Nagy was ousted as Communist Premier of Hungary in April, 1955. He had held the premiership since 1953. Nagy was accused of having neglected heavy industry and of paying too little attention to farm collectivization.


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Hayes Alan Jenkins of Akron, Ohio, and Tenley Albright of Boston again dominated world figure skating in 1955.


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Immigration into the United States has been sharply restricted since 1921. In 1955, about 235,000 immigrant aliens were admitted. This compared to more than 1,000,000 immigrants admitted during 1907.


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India made economic and social advances during 1955. The nation remained the leader of the neutralist bloc of Asiatic states, but the friendliness of Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru toward the U.S.S.R. hurt India's prestige among the free nations.


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Two events of great importance in Indian affairs took place on July 1, 1955. One was the transfer of the Indian health program from the Bureau of Indian Affairs of the Department of the Interior to the Public Health Service of the Department of ...


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Although Indonesia had been an independent country for six years, it was not until 1955 that it held its first general election. In the election of the first parliament on September 29, more than 190 parties competed for 260 seats under the ...


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Iran enjoyed its first full year of oil royalty receipts since the nation took over the industry in 1951. But the 1954 settlement of the Anglo-Iranian oil dispute required only 110,000,000 barrels to be produced during 1955. Although Iran received ...


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Two events topped all other labor news in 1955. In December, the American Federation of Labor (A.F. of L.) merged with the Congress of Industrial Organizations (C.I.O.). Earlier, the C.I.O. United Automobile Workers won a modified guaranteed annual ...


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The overthrow of Dictator Juan Peron in Argentina won the biggest headlines in Latin America in 1955. But, in most Latin-American countries, political and economic stability grew as heads of governments exchanged friendly visits and various ...


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(pop. 1,303,940) In 1955, Lebanon found itself squeezed between two opposing forces in the Arab world. They were the bloc led by Iraq, defined in the Iraqi-Turkish pact, and the group led by Egypt, which was identified with a policy of neutralism. ...


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This United States-founded republic in Africa elected President William V. S. Tubman to his third term of office in May, 1955. On June 22, the diplomatic corps gathered at the executive mansion to celebrate Tubman's victory. During a movie, a man ...


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Many new public library buildings opened in 1955. All contained attractive rooms and browsing areas for young people. The Cincinnati Public Library offered a colorful room for children that overlooks a planted rooftop terrace. Sections of the room can ...


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Libya (pop. 1,175,000) became a member of the United Nations in December. King Idris strengthened Libya's ties with Egypt in June, when he married a Bedouin chief's daughter. France and Egypt signed a treaty of friendship in August. The pact called ...


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Hollywood in 1955 put up a real battle to keep the customers it has won back from television since 1953. The movies gained larger audiences through newly developed wide-screen processes such as CinemaScope, Cinerama, SuperScope, and Vista Vision.


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Headlines during 1955 told the story of musicians on the move. Many American performers went abroad, and two of the Soviet Union's leading musicians made their debuts in the United States.


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(Pop. 10,103,000). Premier Willem Drees' coalition government of Socialists and Catholics lost a vote of confidence in May in a showdown on a tax and rent bill. The bill lost by two votes, and the Drees cabinet resigned. After a ten-day crisis, each ...


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The Bathurst mining area made news again in 1955 with the discovery of lead, zinc, and silver deposits. Prospectors also searched for uranium and oil in the mineral-rich region. Demand for coal resulted in increased production at Minto.


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Premier Joseph Smallwood told a royal commission in October, 1955, that Newfoundland needed federal aid in developing its natural resources. Canada's newest province suffered a further slump in fishing income. Fishing once provided 90 per cent of ...


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Advertising linage hit an all-time peak in 1955. Circulation jumped more than 1,000,000 to 56,000,000, the largest gain since 1946, when newsprint rationing ended. But operating costs remained high.


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A tense situation developed in Nicaragua in 1955 as a result of fighting in Costa Rica. Costa Rican exiles operating from Nicaragua sparked an unsuccessful invasion of Costa Rica in January. Costa Rican President Jose Figueres charged that Nicaraguan ...


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In Nigeria, the major political issue of 1955 centered on the question of whether the largely self-governing regions of the colony should have even more autonomy, or whether the central government should be strengthened.


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Literature and science Nobel prizes were presented at ceremonies in Stockholm, Sweden, on Dec. 10, 1955. The 1954 peace prize, which was withheld in 1954, was presented by the Norwegian Parliament in Oslo, Norway. No peace award was made for 1955.


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(Pop. 3,310,821). In 1955, Norway celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of its independence, and of the rule of King Haakon VII. Norway's peaceful separation from Sweden took place in 1905. Norway has prospered during the half century, despite two world ...


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The opening of the $22,000,000 Canso Causeway attracted increased numbers of tourists to Cape Breton Island during 1955. The causeway links the island with the Nova Scotia mainland. Completion of the Halifax-Dartmouth bridge led to plans for a large ...


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The discovery of rich uranium deposits during 1955 spurred Ontario's booming economy. Premier Leslie Frost's record $517,000,000 budget included $92,400,000 for education, more than the total budget for any year before World War II. The budget also ...


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President Eisenhower faced a Democrat-controlled Eighty-fourth Congress when it convened on Jan. 5, 1955. Many observers feared that Democratic Congressmen, for political reasons, would oppose the President's program, and that the resulting conflict ...


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The University of Chicago Law School conducted novel research on the jury system in 1955, and ran into powerful opposition. Edward H. Levi and Harry Kalven, Jr., made tape recordings of jury deliberations in five civil cases in the Federal District ...


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Major crimes decreased slightly in the United States during 1955. J. Edgar Hoover, director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (F.B.I.), reported the first fall in the crime rate since 1948. However, someone committed a major crime every fourteen ...


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(Pop. 5,850,000). Political developments in Cuba in 1955 indicated a return to a more constitutional government. President Fulgencio Batista had promised a return to normalcy after the 1954 elections. Batista, who had ruled as military ...


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Czechoslovakia (pop. 12,167,474) sold heavy military equipment to Egypt in 1955. The sale prepared the way for possible further Communist infiltration into the Near East, which long has been courted both by the Western Powers and the Soviet Union.


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For ballet in America, 1955 rated as an exciting year. Cities in the United States greeted many visitors from other countries, and Americans made news abroad.


Description:
The electronics industry parlayed its punch cards and cathode rays into a $12,000,000,000 business in 1955. The industry could make good use of its new electronic brains to tot up its staggering, record-breaking sales.


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Emperor Haile Selassie celebrated the twenty-fifth anniversary of his coronation on November 4 by declaring a new constitution for the country. The constitution gives the people the right to vote for the first time in Ethiopia's 3,000-year history.


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There was a sound basis for hope and optimism in Europe during the early part of 1955. In February, Nikolai A. Bulganin succeeded Georgi M. Malenkov as Premier of the Soviet Union. With this Soviet switch, the Kremlin's attitude toward Western Europe ...


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Big changes took place in the outline of women's clothes in 1955. But the change was gradual.


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The growing demand for food that comes from the store ready to cook was called a revolution in the American kitchen in a study made public by Agriculture Secretary Ezra Taft Benson.


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Michigan State's 17-14 victory over U.C.L.A., with a field goal in the last seven seconds of the Rose Bowl game (Jan. 2, 1956), climaxed a football season ruled by perennial powerhouse but sprinkled with major upsets.


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The most important fossil discovery of the year may have been that of a dozen or more skulls and several almost complete skeletons of an extinct animal called a tritylodont.


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On Dec. 30, 1955, after several months of debate, the National Constituent Assembly approved a new constitution to go into effect in March, 1956. Among its provisions, the new constitution permitted religious organizations to own property, granted ...


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Haiti suffered widespread starvation and illness in 1955 as a result of Hurricane Hazel, which devastated the Caribbean republic late in 1954. A severe spring drought added to the country's troubles. Other Caribbean countries and the United States ...


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The Federal Government gave $32,600,000 to the states during the fiscal year 1955-1956 to aid handicapped persons. The money is to be used primarily for the support of state rehabilitation programs. Federal funds can be spent to develop various ...


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A report made in 1955 indicated a close relationship between some human respiratory diseases and distemper viruses in animals. A trial of a new vaccine, developed by the same virus-growing technique as that used with the Salk antipolio vaccine, ...


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The Detroit Red Wings won their second straight Stanley Cup in 1955, again defeating the Montreal Canadiens for the National Hockey League's top prize. The Wings also won their seventh consecutive regular season championship.


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Nashua, the handsome three-year-old owned by the late William Woodward, Jr., lost the Kentucky Derby to Swaps, but galloped off easily with Horse of the Year honors in 1955. Nashua avenged the Derby loss by running away from Rex C. ...


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Iraq (pop. 4,799,500) signed a treaty with Turkey in February, 1955. Three other nations signed later. The pact, which provided for joint measures of security and defense, was in line with a United States plan of building a northern tier ...


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Clashes with its Arab neighbors kept this young nation stirred up in 1955. Former Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion returned to public life when he was named Minister of Defense in February. Ten days later, Israeli troops raided Egyptian military ...


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At the expiration of President Luigi Einaudi's seven-year term, Giovanni Gronchi was elected third President of the Italian Republic in April, 1955. The President of Italy is elected by members of the Senate, members of the Chamber of Deputies, and ...


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Japan stabilized its internal politics and made economic gains in 1955.


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The Jewish population of the United States reached an estimated 5,500,000 in 1955. Of these, more than 3,700,000 lived in the nation's ten largest cities.


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The long frontier bordering Israel remained fairly quiet in 1955. Jordan's attention centered on development of the Jordan River for power and irrigation, and eventual settlement of about 200,000 Palestine refugees.


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During the third year of the Korean armistice, Korea remained a divided nation. North of the armistice line, the Communist Government continued to be subservient to Communist China. South of the armistice line, the Republic of Korea, under President ...


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Literature in 1955 was more notable for best-sellers than for works especially popular with the critics. But, although there was no single spectacular sales success in fiction, critics generally agreed that the level was higher than it had been in a ...


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The year 1955 saw many middle-grade and teen-age nonfiction titles of quality. There were also many adult fiction titles suitable for teenagers, and many attractive picture books for young children. But few good fiction books were published for the ...


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Magazine publishing made a comeback in 1955, after some of the leading publications had suffered losses in advertising and circulation revenues during 1954.


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Manitoba enjoyed a building boom in Winnipeg, the capital, during 1955. Construction included a $2,000,000 bridge across the Assiniboine River and a $2,000,000 arena. The city's new $20,000,000 chemical industry began producing nitrogen fertilizer for ...


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Medicine scored a major breakthrough in 1955 when test results showed the Salk vaccine was effective in curbing poliomyelitis.


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The economy of Mexico boomed in 1955. For the first time since the 1920's, annual income grew faster than the population. Petroleum output went up 20 per cent, and a large oil refinery opened in Salamanca. Mexico's largest steel mill expanded. It is ...


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The United States in 1955 continued its program of promoting the welfare and developing self-government for the inhabitants of several thousand Pacific islands. These widely scattered islands straddle the line of communication between North America ...


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Art museums added spectacular works to their collections during 1955. The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City bought The Perussis Altarpiece, painted about 1480 by an unknown French master of the School of Avignon. The Art ...


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Pakistan (pop. 75,842,165) became an independent republic within the British Commonwealth of Nations on Feb. 4, 1955. In September, because of illness, Ghulam Mohammed resigned as Governor-General, and was succeeded by Major General Iskander Mirza.


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(Pop. 9,035,000). Industrial and agricultural projects made Peru's economy hum in 1955. The nation received a loan from French bankers to complete construction of the Chimbote steel works. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ...


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President Ramon Magsaysay expanded social and economic reforms in the Philippine Islands during 1955. Having suppressed Communist-led guerrillas who had terrorized the countryside for five years, he determined to discourage Communism through land ...


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Scientists at the University of California achieved a long-sought goal in 1955. They created an anti-proton


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The most important event in Poland in 1955 was the Warsaw Conference of the Soviet satellite states, held in May. The satellites, under Soviet direction, agreed to the formation of an eastern military organization to offset the North Atlantic Treaty ...


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Governor Luis Munoz Marin's vigorous Operation Bootstrap program of diversifying the economy of the Commonwealth made definite progress in 1955. Sugar now accounts for less than 20 per cent of the island's income. Many new industrial ...


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Quebec played an important part in Canada's mining boom of 1955. Construction of a $12,000,000 smelter started at Sorel following the discovery of titanium ore at Allard, 400 miles north of Quebec City. Strikes of lithium near Oka and in Lacorne ...


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Made an amazing comeback in 1955, after taking severe punishment from television. Radio station operators changed the basic pattern of their programs, made many economies, and reduced costs to advertisers. Many stations returned to the local personal ...


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Figures in 1955 showed that members of all religious organizations in the United States totaled 97,482,611 or 60.3 per cent of the population. Church membership was increasing 2.8 per cent a year, compared with a 1.7 per cent increase in the ...


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President Eisenhower's heart attack gave the Republican party extra problems for the 1956 presidential election year. The party lost ground in many 1955 local elections. If Eisenhower declined to run for a second term, the G.O.P. would have to find a ...


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The official figures published in Annuario Pontificio


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Accidents in the United States killed about 83,800 persons in the first eleven months of 1955. That total was 2 per cent greater than the total of 82,100 killed in the corresponding period of 1954. The increase came principally from a sharp increase ...


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An unknown golfer, an aging boxer, a skinny soldier, and a team of Bums won top sports honors in 1955. Jack Fleck took the U.S. Open Gold Championship, after Ben Hogan had received premature congratulations for an apparent victory. Sugar Ray Robinson ...


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Most state governments increased public services and appropriations in 1955, a major legislative year. All except three state legislatures held regular sessions, and more than a fourth of the legislatures met in special sessions.


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Sudan (pop. 8,800,000) became an independent country on Jan. 1, 1956. On that date, Great Britain and Egypt hauled down their flags at ceremonies at Khartoum. This act ended a 56-year joint rule of the country by Britain and Egypt. During this period, ...


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(Pop. 7,150,606). Since 1815, Sweden has followed a policy of neutrality. In accordance with this policy, Sweden has refused to join the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). But in December, 1955, the Swedish Government took a step away from its ...


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Florence Chadwick of San Diego, Calif., fought fog, icy waters, and jellyfish to swim the English Channel in a record 13 hours 55 minutes on Oct. 12, 1955. Miss Chadwick's previous mark had been broken on August 29 by Bill Pickering of Dover, England, ...


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In February, Swiss police went into action when anti-Communist zealots stormed the Rumanian legation at Bern, the Swiss capital. The Rumanian intruders held the legation for a day, but surrendered when Swiss tanks clanked into range. The ...


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Davy Crockett, one of the heroes of American frontier life, was also the subject of the most popular song of 1955. For months, in all parts of the United States, children and their parents could be heard singing, or listening to, The Ballad of ...


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The rift between Portugal and India over the possession of Goa, Damao, and Diu, Portuguese colonies in India, reached the breaking point in 1955. In August, Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru of India broke off diplomatic relations with Portugal. ...


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Prince Edward Island enjoyed increasing prosperity during 1955. New processing plants boosted farm production and revenue, and a geological survey indicated mineral wealth that would balance the province's economy. Rural electrification, sponsored by ...


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The number of inmates in Federal prisons set a new record in 1955. James V. Bennett, Federal prison director, reported that Federal prisons held 20,800 convicts in June.


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The National Council of Churches, a cooperative organization of twenty-five Protestant and five Eastern Orthodox communions, observed its fifth anniversary in 1955. The Council extended its ministry to migrant crop pickers, sponsored nearly 400 radio ...


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Promising news in the field of psychiatry in 1955 came with the formation of a Joint Commission on Mental Illness and Health, by the American Psychiatric Association and the Council on Mental Health of the American Medical Association. About twenty ...


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Perhaps as a relief to many successful people, psychologists in 1955 decided that an I.Q.


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Saskatchewan celebrated Golden Jubilee Year in 1955. Communities throughout the region observed Saskatchewan's fiftieth year as a province.


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Two major disputes in Saudi Arabi in 1955 caused headaches for international peacemakers. The first argument was with the Arabian American Oil Company (Aramco) over a contract which Saudi Arabia had signed with the A.S. Onassis tanker company for ...


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Rudy Maki of Ishpeming, Mich., won the U.S. ski-jumping championship in 1955. Chiharu Igaya of Hanover. N.H., and William Beck of Mount Mansfield, Vt., tied for the downhill title. Ralph Miller of the U.S. Army won the slalom and giant slalom events. ...


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The Eintracht team of New York City won soccer's 1955 National Challenge Cup. The National Amateur Cup went to the Heidelberg (Pa.) Tornadoes. Gottschee of New York City and Schwaben of Chicago tied for the National Junior Cup.


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Marked its twentieth year in the United States in 1955. The first Federal social security act was passed in 1935. There have been many changes since. Coverage is much wider, and benefit payments are more liberal than they were twenty years ago. Old ...


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The United States in 1955 revealed plans to launch the first man-made, earth-circling satellite during 1957 or 1958. The unmanned satellite, called MOUSE for Minimum Orbital Unmanned Satellite of the Earth,


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(Pop. 28,039,112). General Francisco Franco, 62, holds a tight dictatorial rein on Spain. But the Spanish chief of state realizes that he cannot live forever. An event in 1955 indicated he might be thinking about restoring the monarchy.


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Political troubles within Syria resulted from the Iraqi-Turkish pact that was signed in February, 1955. Syrian opinion split over whether to join Iraq, draw closer to Egypt in opposition to Iraq, or remain neutral. Clashes between the ...


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In the United States remained at steep levels in 1955. Individual income tax rates ranged from 20 to 91 per cent. President Eisenhower said in his State of the Union message to Congress in January, 1956, that taxes would be cut when we prudently ...


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Engineers unreeled the first transoceanic telephone cable across the Atlantic in 1955. The cable stretches from Clarenville, Newfoundland, to Oban, Scotland. A second cable, scheduled for completion in 1956, must be laid before two-way conversations ...


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Television in 1955 entrenched itself even more firmly as a part of the American way of life. More than 32,000,000 families in the United States owned TV sets. Almost no part of the country was out of range of television signals. Vermont became the ...


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Australia recaptured the Davis Cup in 1955, before it had even gathered dust in the United States, but Americans won the world's top individual tennis titles.


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Thailand (pop. 17,442,689) urged in 1955 that the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) establish a mobile army to repel any Communist aggression in Southeast Asia. At the Bandung Conference in April, Thailand joined four other South Asian ...


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In the first half of 1955 offered the public a few powerful productions. The most important serious new play to open before the fall season was Tennessee Williams' Cat on a Hot Tin Roof.


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The country's executive power has been in the hands of a nine-man Council of Government since 1952. The first popular election of its members took place in 1955. The newly-elected Council chose Luis Battle Berres as its president.


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Venezuela (pop. 5,497,000) continued to prosper in 1955. Petroleum remained the foundation of the country's wealth. The average oil output amounted to over 2,000,000 barrels a day. Income from the petroleum industry in 1955 helped pay for millions of ...


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Free South Vietnam achieved independence after French troops withdrew in accord with the 1954 Geneva Agreement. A national referendum in October, 1955, named Premier Ngo Dinh Diem to succeed Bao Dai as Chief of State. On October 26, Diem proclaimed ...


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The weather in 1955 gave the Pacific Northwest its coldest, wettest summer in years, and brought the Northeast States their most devastating floods. But other areas in the United States sweltered through their hottest summer in history. Chicago ...


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President Tito increased his own prestige and that of his country in 1955 by diplomatic dealings with important visitors, and by efforts at peaceful conciliation between the Communist bloc and the free world.


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Rose and Falstaff had a baby, and almost everyone but Falstaff seemed overjoyed by the event. Maybe that's because Falstaff is a hippopotamus at New York City's Central Park Zoo, and male hippopotamuses don't like their childrenor anyone else, ...


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Riots broke out in Afghanistan in March, 1955. The rioters protested against Pakistan's plan to include about 7,000,000 Pathan tribesmen in a new West Pakistan state.


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Richard J. Daley, a Democrat, became mayor of the nation's second largest city in 1955. He defeated Robert E. Merriam, the Republican candidate, in an April election. Daley, backed by the city's Democratic organization, had won the party's nomination ...


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Plans for new buildings and improved transportation facilities highlighted 1955.


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Texas farmers and ranchers received welcome relief from the droughts of previous years when spring and summer rains fell in 1955. But their water problem remained critical, and the state legislature created many new water-control districts.


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Officials moved into the new City-County Building in 1955. The twenty-story skyscraper forms part of the city's riverside Civic Center. Mayor Albert E. Cobo allocated funds for additional work on the center.


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The city council of Houston tried to impeach Mayor Roy Hofheinz over a series of amendments that he favored for the city charter. The council found against Hofheinz on five out of eight charges. But a city-wide election favored the mayor's amendments. ...


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The National Safety Council cited Los Angeles as the country's second safest city in 1955. It gave the city first honors for its outstanding traffic law enforcement and school safety programs. The police department moved into its new $7,000,000 Police ...


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Demand for petroleum products in the United States spurted higher in 1955, averaging a record 8,363,000 barrels a day. These requirements marked a 7.9 per-cent increase over 1954.


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International trade expanded in 1955. The United States and Canada had mild economic setbacks in 1954, and this had been reflected in their trade volume. Throughout 1955, as their economies expanded, the United States and Canada contributed to the ...


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A fragile orphan of the arts in the mid-1900's, poetry enjoyed an occasional bright moment in 1955. It gained more than its normal share of popular attention when poet John Malcolm Brinnin published his sensational account of the visits of the late ...


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Workers broke ground for a $20,000,000 transportation building in Philadelphia's Penn Center development, and plans were made for a $17,000,000 hotel. Formal dedication of the partly-completed Independence Mall, near Independence Hall, took place July ...


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Struggled through a year of unrest and war in 1956. the Union of South Africa mapped rigid segregation policies, aimed at moving nonwhite residents into separate ares. France poured troops into Algeria in an unsuccessful drive to wipe out rebel bands.


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Ended some rationing controls on Jan. 3, 1956. Prices of food, clothing, and other necessities zoomed, causing suffering among the poor. The downgrading of Joseph Stalin by the Soviet Union had less effect in Albania than in other Soviet satellite ...


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The struggle for power between the Communist countries and the free world caused divisions and suspicions throughout Asia in 1956. Many Asian nations hoped to keep out of this competition and stay neutral. Throughout Asia, nations tried to improve ...


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Mars made its most neighborly approach since 1924 when it came within 35,000,000 miles of the earth on Sep. 7, 1956. The mysterious red planet will not come that close again until Aug. 6, 1971. Mars is nearly 250,000,000 miles from the earth at its ...


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Played host to the 1956 Olympic Games in November and December. The Government build an Olympic Village on the outskirts of Melbourne to house the 6,000 athletes and officials. The village contained 841 housing units, 22 dining halls, and a shopping ...


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Aligned itself with the free world in 1956. It joined the Council of Europe on April 16, and provided shelter for thousands of Hungarian refugees who fled during Hungary's revolt against Soviet rule. In joining the free-nation Council, the Government ...


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The automobile industry, staggered by a severe sales slump early in 1956, recovered quickly when 1957 models went on sale late in the year. The new models were longer, lower, and more powerful. Sales jumped in November and December. The industry sold ...


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Pat Flaherty of Chicago roared around the Indianapolis Speedway of an average of 128.490 mph to win the 1956 Memorial Day race. His victory earned him a record $93,819. Flaherty later was seriously injured in a smashup at Springfield , Ill.


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Premier W. A. C. Bennett and the Social Credit Government won a landslide election victory in September, 1956. Social Credit representation in the provincial legislature rose from 28 to 39 of the 52 seats.


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Premier Vulko Chervenko, Bulgaria's little Stalin, was ousted on April 16 as part of the Soviet Union's de-Stalinization campaign. Anton Yugov succeeded him.


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Burma maintained a neutral policy during 1956, despite border incidents that strained its relations with Communist China. Several thousand Chinese troops marched into Burma in July and occupied about 1,000 square miles of disputed border territory. ...


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Cambodia rejected membership in the South East Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) in 1956, and signed a $22,400,000 two-year economic aid agreement with Communist China. Chou En-lai, premier of Communist China, visited the country in November. The ...


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Canada enjoyed its most prosperous year in 1956, and played an important role as an international peacemaker. Capital poured in from the United States, Great Britain, and other countries. Capital investments rose 21 per cent to about $7,500,000,000. ...


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Canadian literature in 1956 featured two more volumes of the official World War II history of the Canadian Army. The first volume of Six Years of War,


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Chemistry linked itself more closely than ever in 1956 with other sciences, agriculture, and technology.


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Sandor Iharos, a slim Hungarian army lieutenant, ran off with individual track honors in 1955 by setting world records in five distance events.


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Turkey signed a treaty with Iraq in February, 1955, and joined the Baghdad Pact Near East defense plan. One outcome of the new alliance was strained relations with Syria, Turkey's southern neighbor. There were threats along the border but no major ...


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At the end of 1955, South Africa seemed to be a one-party country. The Government, under the leadership of Prime Minister Johannes G. Strydom, increased the size of the senate from forty-eight to eighty-nine members. It also changed their method of ...


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The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (pop. 210,000,000) maintained its high tempo of industrialization in 1955. The Kremlin made several shifts of strategy in its foreign policy, but the moves gained little for the Communist world movement.


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The United Nations (UN) celebrated its tenth birthday on Oct. 24, 1955. The world organization still remained the hope of millions of people for global peace. But while the Communist powers frequently used it for propaganda and obstruction, the ...


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The people of the United States shared the benefits of peace and prosperity in 1955. Soviet Communists still plagued the free world with the cold war, but there were no hot wars like the Korea and Indochina conflicts. If the spirit ...


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Field zoologists made some unusual discoveries in 1955. In fact, their findings overshadowed the more sober research of zoologists in their laboratories. Shrimp on a desert lake, worms in Alaska, and strange frogs in Brazil caught the attention of the ...


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Electronic computers made an even greater impact on business and industry in 1955 than in 1954. To meet the flood of paper work, more and more industries installed data-processing equipment to handle routine clerical tasks. Factories geared their ...


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Three Democratic hats landed in the Presidential nomination ring late in 1955. They belonged to Adlai E. Stevenson, Senator Estes Kefauver of Tennessee, and Governor Frank J. Lausche of Ohio. Governor Averell Harriman of New York, while expressing ...


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Record farm production in 1955 reaped a harvest of troubles for some farmers in the United States. Many farmers found themselves caught in a squeeze between falling prices and continued high costs. The drop in farm income marked a major weak spot in ...


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Brazil (pop. 51,973,727) seethed with unrest over the results of its presidential election in October, 1955. Voters elected Juscelino Kubitschek President and Joao Goulart Vice-President. Despite their victory, the two men still faced a fight. ...


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Legislation passed by Congress and approved by President Eisenhower in 1955 gave residents of this city the right to vote for the first time in eighty years. They will be able to participate only in primaries selecting Presidential candidates, and not ...


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The United States has an abundant water supply. American cities use only one eighth of the total water in the country's streams and waterways. But many cities, because of their location or lack of sufficient reservoirs, have the problem of how best to ...


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Bank mergers created some new financial giants in 1955. Never before had banks shown such a strong trend toward mergers. In New York City, the Chase National Bank and the Bank of the Manhattan Company joined to create the Chase Manhattan Bank, the ...


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The construction of housing again in 1955 could claim a large share of the credit for the general prosperity of the United States. Industry officials estimated the number of new homes begun in 1955 at 1,230,000.


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Eleven cities won All American honors in 1955 for civic progress through citizen teamwork. The National Municipal League and Look


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Riding high on a galloping bull stock market, business in the United States marked its greatest year in history in 1955. Both the gross national product


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Oil discoveries boosted Alberta's economy in 1956. Average daily oil production in Alberta and British Columbia reached 450,000 barrels, and experts predicted that the output would rise to 1,000,000 barrels a day by 1965. The oil strikes were made in ...


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Suffered another year of bloodshed and bitterness in 1956. Nationalist rebels intensified their battle for independence against the French in January. French Premier Guy Mollet named General Georges Catroux, 79, resident-general. When Mollet visited ...


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United States scientists in 1956 discovered the ancient Holy Land city of Gibeon. The city lay under the present village of el-Jib in Jordan, three miles from Israel. Ancient Hebrew inscriptions described it as the place where, according to the Old ...


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Famed architect Frank Lloyd Wright in 1956 proposed a mile-high skyscraper for Chicago. Wright's tripod-type sky-city, which he called The Illinois,


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(Pop. 18,916,000). President Pedro E. Aramburu pushed his program to stamp out Peronism, and the country moved toward constitutional government in 1956 despite sabotage, plots, and revolutionary attempts. Army elements rebelled on June 9 in central ...


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Military emphasis lay on jet air power, guided missiles and rockets, and atomic-powered warships and planes in 1956. The world remained divided into two military groups arranged around the United States and the Soviet Union. Although the Soviet bloc ...


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Air travel, aircraft production, and employment in the aviation industry increased in 1956. Air-line travel rose about 15 per cent, and air-cargo shipments also were larger. Aircraft-industry employment rose to more than 800,000, nearly 100,000 more ...


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Don Larsen of the New york Yankees pitched the first perfect no-hit, no-run game in World Series history on Oct. 8, 1956. The Yankees went on to whip the Brooklyn Dodgers, four games to three. It was Casey Stengel's sixth world championship in eight ...


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San Francisco gained rank in the 1955-1956 season as probably the greatest college basketball team of all time. The Dons won all their 29 games, to extend their unbeaten streak to 55. Illinois finally broke the string at 60 straight games on December ...


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Belgium enjoyed a wave of prosperity in 1956, with high wages and profits, increased exports, and good revenues from the Belgian Congo. But the high wages and profits threatened the nation's ability to compete with countries offering lower prices in ...


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Scientists discovered in 1956 that trees, grass, crops, and other plants take radioactive particles from the atmosphere. They tried to find out how much of this radioactive material ends up on our dinner tables. The botanists hoped to learn, for ...


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Bill Lillard of Chicago made history in the American Bowling Congress (ABC) tournament in March, 1956. He became the first bowler in 53 meets to win or share in three championships in one year. Lillard won the all-events title with a 2,018. This was ...


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Soviet players dominated chess competition in 1956. They won the International Team Tournament in Moscow and the International Students Team Tournament at Upsala, Sweden. They also provided both players for the World Championship match scheduled to be ...


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(Pop. 6,510,000). An all-out campaign to halt inflation spearheaded developments in Chile during 1956. Inflation had plagued the economy for years. A New York financial firm, hired to suggest economic reforms, recommended freeing the ...


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During 1956, China remained divided into two areas under separate governments: the Communist People's Republic of China, governing the mainland and Hainan Island; and the Nationalist Republic of China, governing Formosa. However, both governments ...


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Civil liberties gained in nearly all democratic countries during 1956. The continued loss of freedom in Communist countries prompted citizens in the free world to redouble their efforts to safeguard civic rights at home.


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Colombia moved closer to dictatorship in 1956 under President General Gustavo Rojas Pinilla. A combination of retroactive taxes and tighter censorship closed the nation's most prominent newspapers. The conservative El Siglo


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The 85th Congress opened its first session on Jan. 3, 1957. The Democrats controlled both houses, despite President Eisenhower's landslide victory on Nov. 6, 1956. It marked the first time since 1848 that a President failed to carry at least one house ...


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(Pop. 4,422,000). Premier H. C. Hansen signed a new trade treaty with the Soviet Union in Moscow in March, 1956. The pact renewed trade relations that had been broken off in 1954. Denmark agreed to deliver two fast dry-cargo 10,000-ton ships to the ...


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School and college enrollment in the United States soared to an all-time high of 39,353,000 in 1956. It was the 12th consecutive year that enrollment set a record. Elementary school enrollments hit 27,927,000. High schools enrolled 8,543,600, and ...


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Egypt held the center of the world stage during most of 1956 with a series of crises that threatened to start another world war. President Gamal A. Nasser bought arms from the Communist bloc, seized control of the Suez Canal, and fought a brief of war ...


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The outlawed Irish Republican Army (IRA) launched a series of attacks against British barracks and customs posts in Northern Ireland in December, 1956. The Government of Ireland joined with Northern Ireland to stop the violence. Soldiers and police ...


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Dwight D. Eisenhower was reelected President of the United States on Nov. 6, 1956, in an overwhelming demonstration of personal popularity. He defeated Adlai E. Stevenson, the Democratic candidate, by more than 9,000,000 votes. In 1952, he had ...


Description:
President Dwight D. Eisenhower won re-election on November 6, 1956, in a landslide that proved the American people like Ike. He topped his performance in the 1952 election by receiving 35,584,135 votes and carrying 41 states.


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French troops fought rebels in Algeria throughout 1956, and joined British forces in an attack on Egypt on October 31. France sent more than 400,000 men into Algeria in an unsuccessful effort to end the uprising there. This weakened the country's ...


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From the time of the earliest philosophers up until the present day, men have been curious about the size of the world on which they live. As the centuries passed, their estimates and their actual measurements became more and more accurate. Today, ...


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Opposition by the Socialist party and other groups forced Chancellor Konrad Adenauer to slow down West German rearmament in 1956. Adenauer had hoped to raise an army of 500,000 when Germany was admitted to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) ...


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Cary Middlecoff overcame a hip ailment to win his second National Open Championship in June, 1956, with a 72-hole score of 281. The 35-year-old dentist started off the year by sloshing through a rainstorm to take the Bing Crosby Pro-Amateur crown in ...


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The United Kingdom in 1956 joined France in an attack on Egypt that rocked the British people and shocked the nation's allies. The short-lived invasion heaped new problems on the shaky government of Prime Minister Sir Anthony Eden. Finding themselves ...


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Fighting on the island of Cyprus strained the relations of Greece with Turkey and Great Britain in 1956. Cyprus residents of Greek ancestry wanted union with Greece. But Turkey declared on March 20 that it would not agree to Greek or Greek-Cypriote ...


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Judges and lawyers worked in 1956 to solve the biggest problem in United States courts: overcrowded calendars. Jammed schedules have prevented some cases from being tried for many years. Most states looked to New Jersey, where a new system eliminating ...


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Crime rose to the highest level in United States history in 1956. The Federal Bureau of Investigation estimated that 2,500,000 major crimes were committed, about 245,000 more than in 1955.


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(Pop. 5,980,000). Outbreaks of political violence rocked Cuba during 1956. About 12 persons died in Matanzas during an uprising in April against the Government of General Fulgencio Batista. Colonel Antonio Blanco Rico, chief of military intelligence, ...


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Czechoslovakia joined the anti-Stalin wave that swept the Communist world in 1956. The Government forced Alexei Cepicka, first deputy premier, to resign in April. It described Cepicka as a purge specialist, hatchet man, and ...


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The Department of State sponsored several exchanges of dance companies between the United States and other countries in 1956. The Martha Graham Company returned in April after dancing in Japan, the Philippines, Thailand, Malaya, Indonesia, Burma, ...


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The Democratic Party began searching for a new leader after Adlai E. Stevenson was buried under the Eisenhower landslide of Nov. 6, 1956. The party found some consolation in retaining control of Congress despite President Eisenhower's re-election. ...


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Several new electronic brains began working for industry in 1956. Computers filled a wide variety of jobs. Some directed traffic, others sold postage stamps, and another helped bake bread. A machine at Harvard University could compose ...


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Once called America's best friend in Africa, Ethiopia showed signs of moving closer to Egypt and a neutralist position in 1956. Emperor Haile Selassie entertained a delegation of Chinese Communists in May. Ethiopia and the Soviet Union ...


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Revolts in Poland and Hungary and the British-French-Israeli attack on Egypt rocked Europe in 1956. Political tension had relaxed during the first half of the year, largely because of Nikita S. Khrushchev's speech at the Soviet Party Congress in ...


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Fashion in 1956 saw a few experiments but no sweeping changes.


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One dollar bought only as much food in 1956 as 41 cents bought in 1939. Yet Americans ate more meat, dairy products, eggs, poultry, vegetables, and fruit than in 1955.


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The Oklahoma Sooners swept through their third straight perfect season in 1956, and again reigned as national college champions. Oklahoma ran its winning streak to 40 games, breaking the mark of 39 set by Washington between 1908 and 1915.


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The world's oldest insects were found 150 miles north of the Arctic Circle in Alaska in 1956 by an expedition sponsored by the Arctic Institute of North America. The discoveries were not mere impressions, but actual specimens embedded in amber ...


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Guatemala enjoyed the most prosperous year in its history in 1956. Rising confidence in the Castillo Armas government brought refugee capital back to the country. Building and industrialization increased after a 10-year lag. Coffee prices rose, and ...


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(Pop. 3,300,000). Paul E. Magloire resigned as President at the end of his second term on Dec. 6, 1956, but declared himself provisional chief of state and commander in chief of the army. A general strike followed, and forced Magloire out on December ...


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Elementary schools in many parts of the United States started a program in 1956 that emphasizes the abilities, not the disabilities, of handicapped children. The program is designed to show that the physical, mental, social, and emotional needs of the ...


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The Montreal Canadiens in 1956 decisively ended the Detroit Red Wings' seven-year reign as National Hockey League champions. First, the Canadiens won the League title. Then, paced by Maurice Rocket Richard, Jean Beliveau, and Bernie ...


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Needles, a slow starter like his father, Ponder, finished fast enough to gallop off with the 3-year-old turf crown for 1956. Needles raced down the homestretch to victory in both the Kentucky Derby and the Belmont Stakes. But he failed to become a ...


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The Hungarian people made a bold bid for freedom when they revolted against the Soviet Union in October, 1956. The Hungarians battled bravely against the troops and tanks that the Soviets poured into their country. Soviet military might, helped by ...


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Iraq supported Egypt in its fight against Israel, Great Britain, and France in October, 1956. Iraq called the removal of Israel necessary to peace in the Middle East. After the attack on Egypt, Iraq announced it would not attend Baghdad Pact meetings ...


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Stunned the world by invading Egypt on Oct. 29, 1956. Israeli forces drove to within 18 miles of the Suez Canal, and occupied the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula before the fighting stopped on November 6. Great Britain and France joined the attack ...


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A coalition of pro-Western parties gained strength in local elections on May 27. More than nine of every 10 qualified voters went to the polls in the first test of party strength since 1953. The moderate parties received more than half the votes.


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Japan worked to settle its World War II debts in 1956 so it could expand trading markets. The Government signed a peace treaty with the Soviet Union in October, and established diplomatic relations with the U.S.S.R. The treaty provided that the Soviet ...


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Events in Israel, the Soviet Union, and the United States, which have the three largest Jewish populations, made 1956 an eventful year for Jews throughout the world.


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Jordan turned away from the West in 1956. The Government ordered all British forces out of the country, and King Hussein dismissed British General John B. Glubb on March 2. Glubb, chief of staff of the Arab Legion since 1939, had built the finest ...


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Libya (pop. 1,100,000) became embroiled in the cold war in 1956 when Egypt sent teachers and technicians into the country. But Libyan Premier Ben Halim rejected the Soviet Union's offer of a generous loan for economic development. He acted after Great ...


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While popular taste lay on the lighter side, the serious contemporary novelist seemed to be gaining ground. More than at any time in the recent past, he appeared to be paying less attention to his private grief and more to the political, social, ...


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Children's literature in 1956 reflected many new interests, and was better balanced than some other years, with many recommended titles for the various age levels. Easy-reading books were probably the scarcest. Picture books were disappointing, ...


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Advertising and circulation soared to record heights in 1956. Magazine advertising sales hit about $740,000,000. This was $86,306,000 more than in 1955. Audit Bureau of Circulations reported an average circulation of 158.4 magazines during the first ...


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Manitoba developed its economy during 1956, as small communities benefited from a new electrification program. Oil production almost doubled, and the prospects of obtaining natural gas from the Trans-Canada pipe line grew brighter. The search ...


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A Chicago woman made medical history in April, 1956, when she gave birth to a baby and underwent major surgery with only hypnosis to kill the pain. It was wonderful, Mrs. Gloria Dillenbeck, 28, said later. Mrs. Dillenbeck had borne two ...


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The Netherlands (pop. 10,670,000) suffered its greatest cabinet crisis in history during 1956. After a 118-day stalemate, Willem Drees formed a four-party coalition on October 12. Drees, a Socialist, resumed the premiership he had held for eight ...


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Voters re-elected the Progressive-Conservative Government of Premier Hugh John Flemming in June, 1956. Citizens brought the problems of the Maritime area before the Royal Commission investigating Canada's economic prospects, and published a new ...


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Newfoundland re-elected its Liberal Government in October, 1956. The party won 32 of the 36 seats in the provincial legislature. Premier Joseph Smallwood campaigned on three issues: (1) the Government's record of building 633 miles of new roads to ...


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Advertising linage soared to new records in 1956. Total advertising passed the $3,000,000,000 mark, and national advertising totaled about $760,000,000. Local newspaper advertising totaled about $2,250,000,000. Circulations hit near record levels.


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President General Anastasio Somoza, 60, was shot by an assassin, 27-year-old Rigoberto Lopez Perez, on Sept. 21, 1956, in Leon. He was celebrating his nomination for re-election by the Liberal party. Perez was killed on the spot. A United States plane ...


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Nigeria (pop. 30,500,000) demanded independence Great Britain in 1956. Prime Minister Nnamdi Azikiwe of the eastern region of Nigeria declared that he would not tolerate any great delay in receiving self-rule. Great Britain said it would grant ...


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Pakistan (pop. 77,200,000) became the world's first Islamic republic on March 23, 1956, and voted to remain in the British Commonwealth. The constitution provides that the president must be Moslem, and it prohibits laws opposed to Moslem scriptures or ...


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(Pop. 9,300,000). Peru elected 67-year-old Manuel Prado y Ugarteche president in June, 1956. Prado had served as president from 1939 to 1945. Prado immediately welcomed back to Peru members of the Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana party (APRA), ...


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The Philippines signed a reparations agreement with Japan in 1956. Japan agreed to give the Philippines $550,000,000 in goods to pay for World War II damage. Japan also agreed to lend the Philippines $250,000,000 over a 20-year period.


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Scientists and industrial researchers showed increasing interest in solid-state physics in 1956. They hoped to achieve new discoveries in metals and crystals. Their research could also lead to further progress in electronics.


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Riots broke out in the city of Poznan in June, 1956, in opposition to Soviet oppression. In marked contrast to their brutal treatment of the Hungarian revolt in October, Soviet leaders accepted a new Polish government. The U.S.S.R. made further ...


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Popular music stirred up controversy in 1956, largely because of rock 'n' roll, a type of music previously known as rhythm-and-blues. Many educators and churchmen criticized rock 'n' roll lyrics, music, and performers. Some parents blamed rock 'n' ...


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Portugal (pop. 8,725,000) turned over two airfields at Montijo and Espinho to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in July, 1956. The Government created corporations for workers and employers in agriculture, industry, commerce, banking, ...


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Prince Edward Island provided more money during 1956 to assist farming and fishing, and expanded its road program. The province also asked the Canadian Government for help in building an eight-mile road to connect Port Borden on the island with Cape ...


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United States prisons bulged with a record 185,069 prisoners in 1956. Authorities predicted that the number would increase. Overcrowding plagued virtually all Federally, state, and city prisons. Attorney General Herbert Brownell, Jr., asked Congress ...


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Leaders in the United States met for the fist time in 1956 with Christian leaders of the Soviet Union. Eugene Carson Blake, president of the National Council of Churches, headed a group of 10 U.S. Protestant leaders that visited Moscow in March. They ...


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Special task forces worked on projects for the Joint Commission on Mental Illness and Health in 1956. The Commission was established by the American Medical Association and the American Psychiatric Association.


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The retiring president of the American Psychological Association in 1956 challenged the theory that women are more fickle than men. E. Lowell Kelly of the University of Michigan also disputed the ideas that opposites attract in marriage, ...


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Hayes Alan Jenkins, Ronnie Robertson, and David Jenkins of the United States finished one-two-three in figure skating at the 1956 Winter Olympics at Cortina, Italy; the World Championships at Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany; and the National ...


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President Eisenhower relaxed immigration restrictions in December, 1956, so that 21,500 Hungarian refugees could enter the United States immediately. The first group arrived in time to celebrate Thanksgiving in the United States. Vice-President ...


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Tried to play the role of world neutralist leader in 1956. During the Suez Canal crisis, Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru criticized the Western powers for colonialism, and offered India's services as mediator. His suggestion for a ...


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The Wyandot Indians regained two acres of land in downtown Kansas City, Kan., in 1956. The Oklahoma tribe planned to sell the tract back to Kansas City businessmen for $1,500,000. The land was once an Indian burial ground.


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Broke its last political ties with The Netherlands in 1956, and canceled all special privileges of Dutch citizens in the country. The Dutch and Indonesians disagreed over Dutch economic privileges in Indonesia, and over the disputed territory of West ...


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Iran concentrated on economic progress in 1956. Development and Resources Corporation, a United States firm, signed a five-year agreement to develop the resources of Khuzistan Province. Iran's Seven-Year Plan Organization announced a new seven-year ...


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The Republic of Korea re-elected 81-year-old President Syngman Rhee to his third term in May, 1956. Rhee's opponent and main critic, P. H. Shinicky, died during the campaign. His death touched off riots in Seoul and Pusan until doctors assured the ...


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The 156-day Westinghouse strike, longest major walkout in more than 20 years, ended in 1956. The United Mine Workers union helped establish a company to boost sales of United States coal to other nations. Wages climbed to record levels, and employment ...


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The heads of 18 Latin-American nations and the United States met in the city of Panama in July, 1956. They resolved to forge the Organization of American States (OAS) into a more effective international tool, and use it to raise living standards ...


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Lebanon turned from the West in 1956 and established closer relations with the Arab bloc led by Egypt. Parliament passed a bill to abolish tax exemptions for foreign companies, retroactive to 1951. The Iraq Petroleum Company and the Trans-Arabian ...


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Became involved in the cold war in 1956, when the Government invited all United Nations members to the third-term inauguration of President William Vacanarat Shadrach Tubman. Representatives of the Soviet Union attended, promising lavish economic aid. ...


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Congress passed the Library Services Act in 1956. The Act authorizes the Federal Government to grant $7,500,000 a year for five years to the states. The money will provide library service for many of the 27,000,000 Americans in rural areas who do not ...


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Achieved new levels of prosperity in 1956. The Government reported the largest treasury surplus in its history, 676,000,000 pesos (about $55,000,000). Government income rose 37 per cent, compared to a 30 per-cent rise in government spending. Mexico ...


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The split between the Western powers and the Arab states widened in 1956. The Soviet Union fanned the flames of Arab nationalism to draw these countries away from the West. The Arabs reacted violently against the attack by Great Britain and France on ...


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France formally recognized the independence of Morocco on March 2, 1956, ending 44 years of French rule. M'Barek Bekkai became premier of the new nation. Three years of bitter bloodshed ended temporarily that same month when 30 rebel chiefs knelt ...


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Hollywood prepared in 1956 for a long fight against television. Studios cut the number of players under contract, and increased off-studio independent production to save money. Several studios were reported planning to save money. Several studios ...


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Donald Campbell of Great Britain roared to a new world water speed record of 225.63 mph in England in 1956. He sped through the first of two required runs at 286.87 mph. He narrowly escaped death on the second run when the cockpit of his jet-engine ...


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Music flowed in both directions through the Iron Curtain in 1956. When violinist Isaac Stern visited Russia in May, he became the first American musician to perform there in 10 years. The all-Negro Porgy and Bess


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Nobel prizes for literature and science were awarded at ceremonies in Stockholm, Sweden, on Dec. 10, 1956. The ceremonies marked the 60th anniversary of the death of Alfred Nobel, Swedish inventor of dynamite and donor of the Nobel prizes. No peace ...


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(Pop. 3,408,000). In January and February, 1956, Norway showed that it could not be intimidated by the Soviet Union. Norwegian naval units captured 16 Soviet vessels that were fishing within the 4-mile limit that marks Norwegian waters. Norway ...


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The Progressive-Conservative party, under the leadership of Robert L. Stanfield, ousted the Liberal government in 1956 elections. The Progressive-Conservatives won 23 seats in the 43-seat legislature, and received almost half the votes.


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The Soviet Union won the unofficial championship in the 1956 Olympic Games at Melbourne, Australia, in November. Soviet athletes scored 722 points. The United States finished second with 593 points. Team points are unofficial because athletes compete ...


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Ontario bustled with activity in 1956. The population of Toronto jumped to an estimated 1,347,905, more than one-fifth higher than in 1951. Experts estimated that Ontario's population increased by 10,000 a month during the five-year period.


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The public viewed important selections from two great private collections for the first time in 1956. The Kress Foundation collection of old masters went on exhibit at the national Gallery in Washington, D.C. A group of 100 important works from the ...


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Puerto Rico reelected Governor Luis Munoz Marin to his third four-year term in November 1956. Munoz Marin said that the Government's main objective of the next four years would be to boost agriculture to a level with Puerto Rican industry.


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Voters gave the Union Nationale party of Premier Maurice L. Duplessis its third straight election victory in June, 1956. French-Canadian nationalists, businessmen, and farmers backed the Union Nationale.


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Fought back in 1956 against the competition of television. The industry cut operating costs, improved programs, and widened its audiences. Local stations concentrated more on community activities and personalities. Networks directed greater appeal to ...


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Membership in all religious bodies in the United States hit an all-time high of 100,162,529 in 1956. This number included about 58,448,567 Protestants, 33,574,017 Roman Catholics, and 5,250,000 Jews. There were 268 denominations. Fifty-three religious ...


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President Eisenhower solved the Republican party's biggest problem when he announced in February, 1956, that he would run for re-election. But his sweeping victory in November gave the G.O.P. new worries. Other Republican candidates for office ran far ...


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The Federation's pattern of racial and economic equality faltered in 1956. (At that time, Zimbabwe was part of what was called the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland.) White supremacy proved so deep-rooted that the Government could not ...


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According to the official publication of the Vatican, Annuario Pontificio,


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Accidents killed 706 persons during the four-day 1956 Christmas holiday weekend, the worst in United States history. The highway slaughter pushed the nation dangerously close to an all-time record of 40,000 traffic deaths. The National Safety Council ...


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Voters re-elected Premier T. C. Douglas and Canada's only C.C.F. (Socialist) government in June, 1956. It was Douglas' fourth victory.


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Saudi Arabia broke off relations with Great Britain and France on Nov. 7, 1956, after those nations attacked Egypt. Saudi Arabia also cut off oil supplies to British and French tankers, stopping the flow of oil through the Saudi Arabian pipeline. The ...


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Anton Toni Sailer of Austria was the star the 1956 Winter Olympics at Cortina, Italy. The 20-year-old plumber swept to gold medals in the giant slalom, special slalom, and downhill, a triple conquest achieved by only three other skiers in ...


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The Harmarville (Pa.) Hurricanes split their two-match series with the Chicago Schwabens but won the 1956 National Open Cup on total goals, 3 to 2. A 2-to-1 edge in total goals also had given Harmarville the Eastern playoffs, after dividing two games ...


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The Government in 1956 increased and extended social security benefits for disabled persons, women, farmers, servicemen, and self-employed professional persons. To finance the new benefits. the tax paid by employees and employers was raised from 2 to ...


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Space exploration moved steadily toward reality in 1956. Government scientists reported they were on schedule in Project Vanguard,


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Switzerland (pop. 4,950,000) bought an atomic reactor from the United States in June, 1956. The reactor will be managed by a private company of 125 shareholders, including industrial firms, electrical concerns, banks, and insurance companies. The ...


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Syria (pop. 3,975,000) became a hotbed of anti-Western and pro-Communist agitation in 1956. Syria recognized Communist China, considered recognizing Communist East Germany, and signed trade agreements with the Soviet union and Albania. Soviet ...


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Federal tax collections hit a record high of $75,100,000,000 in 1956. About 59,000,000 citizens filed income tax returns. Individual income tax rates ranged from 20 per cent on the first $2,000 of net income to 91 per cent on more than $200,000. Total ...


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Americans began two-way telephone conversations by cable with Europeans in September, 1956. A $42,000,000 underseas cable, free from the effects of static and magnetic storms, increased calls between the United States and the Continent by 75 per cent.


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Carried political conventions and election returns into more than 32,000,000 homes in 1956. Programs such as Meet the Press, Face the Nation,


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Ken Rosewall of Australia upset his countryman, Lew Hoad, 4-6, 6-2, 6-3, 6-3, for the United States 1956 singles title at Forest Hills, N.Y., in September. Hoad had sought to match the Grand Slam (Australian, French, British, and American ...


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Americans prospered and worried in 1956. The nation swept through another record business year, while the Suez Canal crisis and the Hungarian rebellion brought the fear of war closer to the United States. Voters learned about a disease called ileitis,


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Uruguay (pop. 2,575,000) received a World Bank loan of $25,500,000 in 1956 to build a hydroelectric plant on the Negro River at Rincon. Inflation, labor unrest, and expensive welfare benefits hampered the country's economy. The cost of living index ...


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Venezuela (pop. 5,750,000) in 1956 granted new oil exploration rights to foreign firms for the first time in 11 year. Eight companies agreed to pay $329,000,000 for rights on 250,000 acres. In September the Sinclair Oil Company discovered a large new ...


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Vietnam (pop. 26,000,000) remained split between the free and Communist worlds in 1956. Both sectors struggled for political unity and economic stability. South Vietnam held its first elections in March, electing a pro-Western majority to the National ...


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Scientists in 1956 began charting every zig and zag of hurricanes. They intensified their tracking of the swirling tropical storms that in recent years have ripped a path of destruction up the east coast of the United States.


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President Tito boosted his prestige in 1956 by serving as a bridge between the free world and the Communist nations. The Soviet Union's surprising anti-Stalin program seemed to confirm Tito's defiance of Stalin in 1948. Tito exchanged visits with ...


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Spain (pop. 28,850,000) gave up its protectorate over northern Morocco on April 7, 1956, and recognized that country's unity and independence. Unlike France, Spain remained friendly with the Arab world. But student unrest and a strike of about 35,000 ...


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The Olympic Games in Melbourne, Australia, claimed a major share of attention in 1956, but there were plenty of other thrills for sports fans. Don Larsen of the New York Yankees pitched the first perfect game in World Series history, and 21-year-old ...


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State governments expanded services in 1956 to meet the needs of an increasing population, growing economy, and a more complex society. Increased taxes on such items as sales, income, gasoline, beer, and tobacco helped finance the expansion. The ...


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Sudan (pop. 8,950,000) won independence from Great Britain and Egypt in 1956. It joined the United Nations, and charted a neutral course in the struggle between the West and the Communist world. However, the new nation also joined the Arab League.


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(Pop. 7,235,000). The Social Democrats won the national elections on Sep. 16, 1956, but failed to win a majority of seats in Parliament. The Agrarian party agreed to continue a coalition government. The Social Democrats introduced a new farm-loan ...


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Fourteen-year-old Sylvia Ruuska of Berkeley, Calif., was the youngest member of the United States 1956 Olympic Games squad. Miss Ruuska qualified by winning the 400-meter free style at the Detroit trials in August in 5:10.7, beating the Olympic ...


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(Pop. 20,125,000). Premier Pibul Songgram, Police Chief Phao Sriyanond, and General Sarit Thannarat, chief of the Army, struggled for control of the Thai Government in 1956. Pibul was greeted by riots when he returned from a visit to Burma in January. ...


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Two playwrights dominated the theater in 1956. Eugene O'Neill gave Broadway its most significant new drama, Long Day's Journey into Night.


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Dave Sime, a 19-year-old Duke University sophomore, astonished the sports world in May, 1956. He set new world records in the 220-yard dash and the 220-yard low hurdles, and tied the world mark in the 100-yard dash. A month later, Sime suffered a ...


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Premier Adnan Menderes moved to strengthen his Government's position in 1956 by passing stiff laws banning public meetings and controlling the press. Criticism of his policies increased, and some former Democrat party deputies formed a new opposition ...


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The Government of South Africa moved closer in 1956 toward its goal of apartheid,


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The downgrading of Joseph Stalin by Communist leaders, followed by revolts in Hungary and Poland, made 1956 an unpleasant year for Soviet Union (pop.200,000,000). The collective leadership that replaced Stalin's one-man rule kept firm ...


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The United Nations (UN) played an important role in restoring peace in Egypt during the Suez Canal crisis of 1956. The U.N. sent a police force to maintain peace in the Suez Canal and Gaza Strip areas of Egypt.


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A gorilla, a drug-resistant animal, and sea-cow noises made zoological news in 1956.


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The following are 1956 boxing champions: Heavyweight: Floyd Patterson of New York.


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Total farm production in the United States set another record in 1956. This was true even though the Government kept a great deal of farm land from being used to grow crops, and in spite of severe droughts in some areas of the Great Plains and ...


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Juscelino Kubitschek became president of Brazil (pop. 57,800,000) on Jan. 31, 1956. A 16-man United States delegation, including Vice-President Richard M. Nixon, attended the inauguration. Nixon became the first United States Vice-President to attend ...


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Ron Draper of Great Britain won the 1956 world championship for model airplanes powered by mechanical motors. Dave Posner of Great Britain won second place, and Lawrence Conover of Cedar Rapids, Iowa, finished third. Great Britain won the team title ...


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Los Angeles celebrated its 175th anniversary in 1956 with an unprecedented building boom, and reinforced its claim as the third largest United States city. A special Federal census showed 2,243,901 persons in the city.


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San Diego held its first annual Fiesta del Pacifico


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Toronto bustled with activity in 1956. Its population jumped to an estimated 1,347,905, more than one-fifth higher than in 1951. Experts estimated that the Ontario provincial population increased by 10,000 a month during the five-year period.


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Citizens of the nation's capital voted in 1956 in their first public election in more than 82 years. An impressive 81 per cent of the registered voters cast ballots for Republican and Democratic convention delegates and committeemen. Capital residents ...


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More than 70 per cent of the world's known oil reserves was endangered by the Middle East crisis of 1956. With Western Europe starving for oil, U.S. wells increased their production by some 500,000 barrels a day to fill the gap. Forty-four tankers ...


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Water consumption in the United States for combined household, industrial, and agricultural uses topped 1,000 gallons daily for every person in 1956. Municipal water systems alone supplied about 150 gallons for each person every day.


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The Federal Reserve System, in an effort to check inflationary pressures, made borrowing more expensive in 1956. It raised its rediscount rates (the charge to banks for borrowing money) to the highest level since April, 1933. By boosting the ...


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Philadelphia inaugurated a new mayor, Richardson Dilworth, in 1956, and approved a $46,920,000 bond issue for public improvements. The city completed the $7,273,000 Frankford Creek flood-control project, a $7,290,000 modernization of Roosevelt ...


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Became the center of a tug of war between communism and democracy in 1957. Both the United States and the Soviet Union tried to strengthen their positions there. The U.S. offered more economic and technical assistance to African countries. ...


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Communist Dictator Enver Hoxha accused President Tito of Yugoslavia of revising Soviet ideology and of trying to stir up revolt in Albania in February. His charge came after a group of Albania army officers and civilians fled to ...


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Revenues rose to a record $285,000,000, and allowed the government to pay a dividend of $22 to each of about 500,000 residents in 1957. Oil played an important part in Alberta's prosperity, but a decrease in demand lowered production about 160,000 ...


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Moslem rebel forces fought against each other and against French troops during 1957. The two rival rebel forces, the National Liberation Front, and a Moslem group led by Messali Hadj, staged bloody raids against each other as well as against French ...


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A Smithsonian Institution expedition in 1957 found the crushed skeleton and broken skull of a Neanderthal man about 60,000 years old in the Zagros Mountains of northern Iraq. The man apparently had been crushed by a rock fall. The skeleton was found ...


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(pop. 6,933,905) Elected Socialist Adolf Schaerf president on May 5. He defeated Wolfgang Denk, an independent Vienna surgeon who was supported by the People's party. Schaerf's election for a six-year term assured the continuance of the reconstruction ...


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Production of 6,117,000 cars made 1957 the fourth best year in U.S. automobile history. Foreign car sales totaled about 200,000, up sharply from the 91,042 units sold in 1956. But the strong year still did not measure up to early hopes for a ...


Description:
Sam Hanks, 42-year-old racing veteran from Pacific Palisades, Calif., won the 1957 Memorial Day race at the Indianapolis Speedway with a record average of 135.601 mph. A record crowd of 200,000 spectators watched Hanks nail down $103,844 in prize ...


Description:
Air travel increased during 1957, but major aircraft manufacturers ran into trouble late in the year when the government cut back aircraft orders to concentrate on the guided missile program. By the end of the year, aircraft industry employment had ...


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New York City lost the world's championship and two of its major league baseball clubs in 1957. The Milwaukee Braves won their first National League pennant since shifting from Boston in 1953, and then whipped the New York Yankees in the World Series, ...


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North Carolina nosed out Kansas, 54 to 53, in a triple overtime at Kansas City, Mo., in March, to take the 1957 National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) title. The victory climaxed an undefeated season for th Tarheels, who won 32 straight ...


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Three changes gave President Dwight D. Eisenhower's Cabinet a new look in 1957. George M. Humphrey resigned in July as Secretary of the Treasury. Charles E. Wilson resigned as Secretary of Defense, and Herbert Brownell, Jr., resigned as ...


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Cambodia tried seven cabinets between January and July, 1957, in a search for good government. Premier San Yun resigned in March after losing a vote of confidence. His finance minister, Huot Sam Ath, and his trade minister, Koch San, had been accused ...


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Canadians elected a conservative government for the first time in 22 years in 1957. In the June elections, the Progressive Conservative party won 110 of the 265 seats in the House of Commons. The Liberal party captured 104. Another election appeared ...


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Canadian literature in 1957 featured biography, autobiography, history, and poetry, and placed less emphasis on fiction. W. L. Morton's Manitoba: A History


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Experts in 1957 created flames almost as hot as the surface of the sun. The flames, valuable tools in research on high-temperature materials, reached temperatures of 8,500 o


Description:
Challenger Vassily Smyslov of the Soviet Union won the World Championship chess match in Moscow in April. He dethroned former champion Mikhail Botvinnik, also of the Soviet Union, by a score of 12 1/2 to 9 1/2. Soviet players also won the first ...


Description:
Chile (pop. 5,930,809) criticized President Carlos Ibanez del Campo and impeached the ministers of foreign affairs and justice in 1957, for allowing Guillermo Patricio Kelly of Argentina to escape from the Santiago jail. Kelly and five other top ...


Description:
Cuba (pop. 5,829,029), despite its prosperity, bristled with opposition to President Fulgencio Batista in 1957. Rebel Fidel Castro directed bombings, sabotage, and raids on army posts. In March, 30 young university students charged into the ...


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Czechoslovakia ranked as the most prosperous of the Soviet satellites in 1957. It also was the only one where Soviet citizens were still fairly popular. Sales of large supplies of arms to Arab nations and underdeveloped countries in Asia boosted the ...


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The American Ballet Theatre gave four experimental performances at the Phoenix Theatre in New York City in May, affording young choreographers an opportunity to show their new works. The same company announced in October that the U. S. Department of ...


Description:
The Democrats scored 1957 political victories in Michigan in April, in Wisconsin in August, and throughout the U.S. in November. President Dwight Eisenhower's popularity waned, and signs pointed to further Democratic victories in 1958 and 1960. But ...


Description:
(Pop. 4,387,967). Premier H. C. Hansen quit his post briefly in May when his coalition government lost its majority in the single-chamber Folketing,


Description:
Total enrollment in United States schools and colleges rose in 1957 for the 13th consecutive year, hitting an all-time high of about 43,135,000. Elementary schools enrolled 30,670,000 secondary schools had 8,424,000, and colleges and universities ...


Description:
Received increased aid from both the Soviet Union and the United States in 1956. United States assistance included a long-range $2,000,000 technical cooperation agreement, and a $14,800,000 program to develop Afghan commercial air traffic and to build ...


Description:
Chicago opened the new $23,000,000 O'Hare International Airport, welcomed foreign ships to its new $24,000,000 Lake Calumet docking facilities, and embarked on a $675,000,000 five-year improvement program in 1956. O'Hare Airport, with a capacity of ...


Description:
Mayor Robert F. Wagner and representatives of 53 New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut communities met in June, 1956, to consider major regional problems. An August planning report estimated the metropolitan area population at 15,500,000, and ...


Description:
Texas sweltered through the worst summer in its six-year drought in 1956. Farmers abandoned about 925,000 acres of cotton because of lack of moisture, and farm income dropped.


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Detroit dedicated the Henry and Edsel Ford Auditorium, the third unit of its $100,000,000, 76-acre Civic Center project in October, 1956. Construction progressed on the final unit, the Exhibits Building and Convention Hall. The city started two ...


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Houston voters in 1956 approved a $21,500,000 bond issue for civic improvements, $31,750,000 in bonds for new schools and an athletic stadium, $7,500,000 in flood-control bonds, and $15,000,000 in bonds for highway right-of-way. The city finished the ...


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Builders produced larger, fancier homes in 1956 to meet the increasing demand for air conditioning, built-in appliances, and other luxury features.


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Many United States cities set up special committees in 1956 to study problems resulting from continued community growth. Most cities faced problems that extended far beyond their formal boundaries, such as water supply, sanitation, transportation, and ...


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Business in the United States surged through another record year in 1956, despite a 25 per-cent drop in automobile production and a month-long steel strike. Industrial production increased until the steel strike in July, and resumed its climb in ...


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International trade expanded again in 1956, with the United States, Japan, and Western Europe leading the way. France was the only major trading country with a decline in exports. Japan led all nations by increasing its exports by nearly one third. ...


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Major publishers issued only about a dozen books of genuine poetic merit in 1956. As always, hundreds of titles came from the smaller presses and vanity publishers, usually financed by their hopeful authors. But most of them appeared ...


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The first aluminum-dome auditorium in the U.S. became a reality in 1957 at Virginia Beach, Va. It seats 2,200 people. Workmen bolted and sealed together 575 diamond-shaped aluminum panels to make the building.


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(Pop. 15,893,827). President Pedro E. Aramburu battled inflation, subversion, and internal discord in 1957, in his attempt to lead Argentina to a new constitutional democracy. Organized labor, followers of former dictator Juan D. Peron, and those ...


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Military attention focussed on guided missiles and atomic-powered ships and planes in 1957. The Soviet Union led the world in the long-range missile field, and the U.S.S.R. and the United States experimented with atomic-powered aircraft. The nations ...


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The nations of Asia worked hard in 1957 to strengthen their economies and to settle problems among themselves. Japan reduced its trade barriers with Communist China and moved to recapture its Asian trade leadership. Japanese Premier Nobusuke Kishi ...


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Astronomers revealed in 1957 that the universe is much larger than they had believed. The National Geographic Society-Palomar (Calif.) Observatory Sky Survey, completed early in the year, found 50,000 galaxies,


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Australia (pop. 9,037,000) played host to the annual South East Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) meeting and agreed to exchange atomic information with the United States in 1957. Australia also agreed to standardized its planes and guns with those of ...


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Belgium prepared during 1957 for the World's Fair that will open in Brussels on April 17, 1958. It will be the first universal exposition since the New York World's Fair of 1939. The center of attraction, the Atomium, was completed in the ...


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Researchers discovered two new enzymes in 1957 that play a large part in photosynthesis,


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Jim Spalding, a Louisville (Ky.) civil engineer, won the all-events title at the American Bowling Congress (ABC) 51-day 1957 tournament that ended on April 28 in Fort Worth, Tex. His record 2,088 pins won him $1,000, a trophy, and a diamond-studded ...


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Sugar Ray Robinson became the first man in history to win the world middleweight championship four times when he knocked out Gene Fullmer on May 1, 1957. But Federal Judge Sylvester J. Ryan on New York landed the biggest knockout blow of ...


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British Columbia had a $50,000,000 surplus in its $274,000,000 budget in 1957, and gave a $28 tax refund to every homeowner in the province. Axel Wenner-Gren, a Swedish financier, began a survey of 40,000 square miles in northern British Columbia to ...


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Bulgaria completed the deportation of an estimated 60,000 unreliables from the capital, Sofia, to distant Bulgarian villages in 1957. The mass move began in October, 1956, after the Hungarian revolt stirred the people of communist ...


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Burma wrestled with serious political problems in 1957. Communist terrorists and rebelling Karen tribesmen threatened full revolt. The 1,500,000 Shan people of Burma talked of seceding from the union. Burma battled troops from Communist China along ...


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China helped the Soviet Union pull its balking satellite states back into line in 1957, and played a leading role in affairs of the communist world. Premier Chou En-lai acted as peacemaker between the U.S.S.R. and satellite governments in Poland and ...


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Civil liberties spread in the countries of the free world in 1957, aided by the widespread belief that communist aggression against democracies can only be successfully resisted by free citizens in free states. The United States passed a Civil Rights ...


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Colombia deposed Dictator-President Gustavo Rojas Pinilla in May after he made his hand-picked national assembly re-elect him a year ahead of the scheduled elections. The country planned on voting in May, 1958. Opposing Liberal and Conservative ...


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The second session of the 85th Congress opened on Jan. 7, 1958. It faced budget and tax problems caused by the sharp increases proposed for defense spending. Soviet satellite and missile victories sparked a Senate subcommittee investigation of defense ...


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Courts in the United States as a whole gave speedier justice in 1957. They reduced their overcrowded court calendars by setting more suits in pretrial conferences and hearings. They improved their system of assigning cases among judges to keep them ...


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Crime increased again in 1957. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) estimated that 2,756,000 major crimes occurred during the year. J. Edgar Hoover, director of the FBI, reported 1,399,670 major crimes occurred during the first half of the year, ...


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Egypt (pop. 19,021,840) tained control of the Suez Canal in 1957, and leveled political attacks against Western Europe, Israel, and the United States. President Gamel A. Nasser tried to take over leadership of the Arab nations. He tried to establish ...


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Voters gave Eamon de Valera's Fianna Fail party 78 of the 147 seats in the Dail Eireann, or lower house of parliament, in the national elections on March 5. Outgoing Prime Minister John Costello's Fine Gael party won only 40 seats. The 74-year-old De ...


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President Dwight D. Eisenhower struggled through a year filled with personal and political crises in 1957. Mrs. Eisenhower underwent surgery in August, and the President suffered a slight stroke, his third major illness in three years, in November. ...


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United States voters showed their displeasure with the Republican administration at the polls on November 5. The elections were local, and issues were less important than personalities. But the Democrats won easily in three important elections.


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Electronics aided medical science in 1957, providing a new method of translating ordinary X-ray pictures into brilliant colors. The procedure enabled radiologists to detect evidences of disease that could not be seen by the human eye in ...


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Ethiopia (pop. 10,000,000) increased diplomatic contacts with the Soviet Union, Egypt, and Communist China in 1957. But the government did not follow either the Egyptian or communist lines in international affairs.


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Dick Mayer, St. Petersburg, Fla., pro, hit golf's jack pot in 1957 by winning the United States Open title in June at Toledo, Ohio, and the World Championship in Chicago in August. Mayer routed Cary Middlecoff of Memphis, Tenn., by seven ...


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Greece (pop. 7,631,124) strengthened its position as a leading maritime nation in 1957. It had enough ships in operation and on order to move it to second in world shipping by 1960, just behind the United States. Money sent home by Greek sailors ...


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A communist serving as a palace guard murdered popular President Carlos Castillo Armas on July 26. His slaying rocked the country. Congress and the Cabinet swore in Vice-President Luis Arturo Gonzales Lopez to serve until an election on October 20. ...


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During 1957, Haiti (pop. 3,097,220) struggled with revolt, anarchy, and general strikes, as well as its customary poverty. The overthrow of President Paul E. Magloire in December, 1956, left the republic in a state of confusion. Six governments rose ...


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Pennsylvania restored more than 6,000 handicapped people to useful work during 1957, the highest total of any. Georgia ranked second with more than 5,000. The national total of rehabilitated persons jumped to 71,570, a gain of 5,274 over the 1956 ...


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The Montreal Canadiens won the Stanley Cup playoffs in April, 1957 for the second straight year. The Canadiens beat the Boston Bruins four games to one the final series. The Detroit Red Wings won the National Hockey League's regular-season title for ...


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Indonesia drifted toward communism and wiped out its last ties with The Netherlands in 1957. The Indonesian government took over Dutch businesses and ordered Dutch residents out of the country in December. Dutch property and business holdings in the ...


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Bandits in Iran murdered three Americans in March, and Premier Hussein Ala resigned, partly because of unfavorable publicity on the slayings. The bandits ambushed Kevin M. Carroll of Issaquah, Wash., and Brewster A. Wilson of Portland, Ore., in a ...


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Iraq (pop. 4,799,500) changed premiers in June for the first time in three years, a near record for an Arab state. Nuri al-Said, Iraq's strong man for 40 years, resigned. King Faisal II named Ali Jawdat to replace him. But Ali Jawdat resigned in ...


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Israel withdrew the last of its troops from the Gaza Strip and Gulf of Aqaba areas in March, 1957, and then concentrated the rest of the year on economic development. Israel completed an oil pipeline that runs from Elath to Beersheba in March, ...


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Premier Antonio Segni's four-party Christian Democratic coalition resigned on May 6 after 22 months in power, when it lost right-wing Socialist support. Adone Zoli formed a new Christian Democrat coalition. It did not have a stable majority, but ...


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Japan moved back into the ranks of the world's leading nations in 1957. Japan flooded the markets of America and Asia with its manufactured goods, and it became the leading shipbuilding country in the world. Japan gained a stronger voice in world ...


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Europe moved a step closer to economic union in 1957 in an attempt to solve its financial problems. Six nations, encouraged by the success of their European Coal and Steel Community, formed a Common Market to promote trade. They also established an ...


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Experts in Paris introduced the sack silhouette in 1957. But American women, proud of their figures, were slow to switch to dresses in the new unfitted or shapeless style with no waistline.


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Notre Dame ended two historic streaks and pulled the biggest upset of 1957 when it beat Oklahoma, 7 to 0, on November 16. The defeat ended the Sooners' two-year reign as national collegiate champions and stopped their winning streak at 47 straight ...


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A rare fossil egg, laid about 120,000,000 years ago by a sauropod,


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France wavered on the brink of disaster in 1957. Three governments tried to lead the nation out of difficulty. But bickering among a dozen political parties, a staggering debt, and the Algerian rebellion plagued France. Felix Gaillard, the third ...


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The Rev. Daniel Linehan, S.J., a United States seismologist attached to Operation Deep Freeze Three, late in December solved the mystery of what lies underneath the deep snow and ice that covers the South Pole. He set off explosions of TNT and ...


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Chancellor Konrad Adenauer won a smashing victory in the national election on September 15, 1957. His Christian Democratic Union took 267 of the 494 seats in the West German Bundestag.


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Veteran jockey Willie Shoemaker misjudged the location of the finish line, pulled up his mount, Gallant Man, too soon, and Iron Liege slipped past to win the Kentucky Derby by a nose in May. Shoemaker said he had mistaken a sixteenth pole for the ...


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Communist boss Janos Kadar tightened the government grip on the Hungarian people during 1957. Kadar returned from a visit to Moscow in March and said Soviet troops would stay in Hungary as long as necessary. A decree issued in January ...


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Carol Heiss, 17, Ozone Park, N.Y., and David Jenkins, 20, of Colorado Springs, Colo., swept 1957 figure-skating honors. They won the men's and women's titles in the World championships at Colorado Springs; the North American titles at Rochester, N.Y.; ...


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The United States admitted a total 326,867 immigrants during the year ended June 30, 1957. Refugees admitted under the Refugee Relief Act entered as nonquota immigrants. There were 229,689 nonquota immigrants of all types, and 97,178 quota immigrants.


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The largest democratic electorate in the world cast more than 121,000,000 votes for Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru's Congress party in 1957. The election, held in February and March, gave Nehru's party 365 of the 488 seats in parliament. The ...


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Increasing oil and gas leases and important mineral developments boosted the economy of American Indians in 1957. They had 5,903,975 acres of land under oil and gas leases that brought them $72,616,644 during the year. The had only 2,021,822 acres ...


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The United Jewish Appeal, central fund-raising agency for overseas relief, estimated in 1957 that 125,000 Jews needed help in finding homes. About 18,000 Hungarian Jews left their homeland after the Soviet troops crushed the October, 1956, revolt. ...


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Jordan's King Hussein beat down a strong political uprising in April 1957 and later accepted United States economic and arms aid to counter threats of attack from Syria. Hussein and his troops held Jordan in a tight grip after the political uprising, ...


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Korea spent another year split at the 38th parallel, despite U.S. and United Nations efforts to unify the country. The UN General Assembly political committee in January adopted a U.S. resolution calling for free elections in North and South Korea. ...


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Startled by charges of corruption and racketeering involving a few unions and union leaders, began to class its own house in 1957. The executive council of the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO) suspended ...


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Direct investment by United States business in Latin America reached a new high of over $7,000,000,000 in 1957. This more than doubled the total of all loans and credits received from all foreign governments. Trade was expected to hit a new high in ...


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Premier Sami es-Solh's government won 50 out of 66 seats in the enlarged parliament in the June elections. Lebanese Foreign Minister Charles Malik won one of the seats. The opposition criticized the government for using undue moral ...


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Manitoba pinned its economic hopes in 1957 on mining, and tried to reduce its dependence on agriculture. The International Nickel Company planned to develop two new nickel mines in the Moak Lake-Mystery Lake district of Manitoba, 400 miles north of ...


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Research on sulfa drugs provided the biggest surprise of 1957 in the medical field, and promised relief for many diabetics. Researchers knew that sulfanilamide,


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Researchers manufactured symptoms to intensify their studies in 1957. They used such drugs as lysergic acid to produce such forms of behavior as hallucinations and anxiety. The researchers could study a controlled reaction more successfully because ...


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Mexico displayed impressive economic strength in 1957. Tourist earnings reached new records, private capital flowed in, and industrial, livestock, and food production increased. But the nation still had to import corn, many of its school children ...


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Seethed with crisis and conflict during 1957. The area became an important pivot point in the power struggle between the United States and the Soviet Union. The U.S. offered economic and arms aid to Middle East nations. But the U.S.S.R. also increased ...


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Morocco (pop. 9,177,802) celebrated the first anniversary of its independence from France in March, 1957. Vice-President Richard M. Nixon of the United States visited Morocco then, and conferred with King Mohammed V on the continued use of U.S. air ...


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Circulation rose enough in 1957 to dispel any notion that television had reduced the time spent on printed pages. Market-research studies confirmed a steady interest in the daily newspaper in households that had television sets. The Sindlinger Company ...


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Nicaragua, (pop. 1,057,023) overwhelmingly elected Luis Somoza to a six-year term as president on Feb. 3, 1957. Somoza had served as acting president since the assassination of his father, former President Anastasio Somoza, in September, 1956. Shortly ...


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Nigeria, (pop. 29,730,000), the most populous country in Africa, moved toward self-government in 1957. Great Britain and leaders of Nigeria's three regions held a constitutional conference in London during May and June. The constitution they approved ...


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Nobel Prizes for literature and science were awarded at ceremonies in Stockholm, Sweden, on Dec. 10, 1957. The ceremonies marked the 61st anniversary of the death of Alfred Nobel, Swedish inventor of dynamite and donor of the Nobel prizes.


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(Pop. 3,310,821). King Haakon VII died on September 21, 1957, after a 52-year reign. He was 85 years of age. Haakon had served as king of Norway since it gained independence from Sweden in 1905. He was an inspiring force behind Norwegian resistance to ...


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Twenty-two top scientists from 10 nations met at Pugwash in July to discuss the dangers to world health from atomic weapons tests. Delegates from Australia, Austria, Canada, Communist China, France, Great Britain, Japan, Poland, the Soviet Union, and ...


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(pop. 27,423,000) held national elections on January 20, three months after its October revolt against Soviet policies. Jozef Cyrankiewicz was re-elected as premier. The 459 seats in the Polish Sejm,


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Rock 'n' roll music dominated the popular music field for the second straight year in 1957. Rock 'n' roll musicians moved into the television and motion-picture fields.


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Portugal (pop. 8,510,240) elected government-approved candidates to 120 seats in parliament on November 3. Opposition groups were so handicapped by government censorship and organization restrictions that they ran only six candidates. None of them ...


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Prince Edward Island increased its potato production to 11,000,000 pounds in 1957, and stable prices brought a good cash return to the island's farmers. The fishing industry prospered. Lobsters accounted for about 70 per cent of its cash receipts. New ...


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Populations hit record totals in nearly all United States prisons in 1957. James V. Bennett, Federal Prison Director, said the federal prisons were bulging at the seams, but staying within their budget. Department of Justice ...


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More than 240 Protestant denominations in the United States announced in 1957 that they have 281,687 local congregations, 214,962 ministers in active charge, and 60,148,980 members. The Protestant church membership was approximately 58 per cent of the ...


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Puerto Rico hit an all-time high in construction activity in 1957. Projects worth $165,000,000 were under construction. In the 1956-1957 fiscal year, net income rose 5 per cent, and per capita income increased by 6 per cent.


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Accidents in the United States killed 95,000 persons in 1957, about the same number that were killed the previous year. The were reductions of 3 per cent in motor vehicle accidents, 2 per cent in home accident deaths, and 1 per cent in work deaths. ...


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Saskatchewan became the first province to complete its share of the new Trans-Canada Highway in August. The segment stretches 406 miles across southern Saskatchewan. The agricultural province reduced its wheat production by 144,000,000 bushels, ...


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Saudi Arabia straddled a diplomatic fence between the Arab and Western worlds in 1957. King Saud tried to keep his place in the Arab bloc, with its antiwestern neutrality, while cooperating with the United States in its Middle East ...


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Toni Sailer, Austria's 1956 Olympic Games skiing champion, dominated the 1957 United States racing season by scoring nine victories and finishing second once in the 11 major events he entered. Sailer and his fellow Austrians, Anderl Molterer, Josl ...


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Canada and Mexico beat the United States soccer team in World Cup play in 1957. The U.S. squad dropped two matches to each of these nations. Mexico won the right to represent North America in 1958 World Cup play.


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Paid monthly benefits to more than 10,000,000 Americans in 1957. Total benefits paid out under Old Age and Survivors Insurance amounted to $7,000,000,000. For the first time in its 20-years history, the Social Security Administration paid out more ...


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George Breen of the Buffalo (N.Y.) Athletic Club set four new swimming records and won top honors in the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) swimming and diving meet during 1957. Breen collected 17 points to finish first in the AAU meet in August in ...


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The Swiss Federal Council in February recommended a 1958 referendum on the question of permitting women to vote in federal and local elections and to hold office. Women are not forbidden to vote by the constitution. But a narrow interpretation of the ...


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Syria (pop. 3,722,000) became the biggest trouble spot in the Middle East after procommunist army officers seized control of the government in August. The new rulers expelled three United States diplomats, obtained large supplies of arms from the ...


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Taxpayers complained early in 1957 that the record peacetime budget for 1958 was too high, and Congress pared several billion dollars from the original estimates. But when Soviet earth satellites and intercontinental ballistic missiles became a ...


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Number, please, greeted fewer United States telephone subscribers in 1957. The number of dial-operated telephones grew to about 87 per cent of all United States telephones. Direct long-distance dialing, introduced in 1951, had spread to ...


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Television dropped its experimentation in 1957 and became more of a business than an art. Production costs and the price of television time soared. It presented some important events, such as the Senate labor racketeering hearings and the Little Rock, ...


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Liberia, (pop. 1,650,000), extended President William V.S. Tubman's emergency powers for a year in October, 1957. The legislature said the world's unsettled conditions, which made the first extension necessary in 1942, still have not ...


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The Library Services Act began operating in 1957, to extend public-library services to many of the 27,000,000 United States residents who did not have them. The federal government provided $5,000,000 for the plan, and states, counties, and cities ...


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Libya (pop. 1,150,000) maintained friendly relations with Great Britain and the United States in 1957, despite its support of the Arab League and its sympathy for the rebels fighting against France in Algeria. Premier Mustafa ben Halim spoke at a ...


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Book publishing flourished in 1957 as never before in the number and variety of new titles offered. Historians may well record it as the year in which the book industry finally ended its fear of television as a threat to American reading habits.


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Publishers of books for primary children made a concerted effort in 1957 to provide interesting, easy-to-read books. Dr. Seuss, a master of nonsense, produced The Cat in the Hat,


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MALAYA, (pop. 4,905,999), Became the 10th member of the British Commonwealth, on August 31. The nine Malay states and the former British colonies of Malacca and Penang formed the United Federation of Malaya. Tengku Abdul Rahman became the first prime ...


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Big studios, forced by television into playing the role of banker, landlord, and commission salesman, managed to keep their profits up in 1957. They repeated their slogan that There's nothing the matter with the movie business that good pictures ...


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Seattle easily defended the Gold Cup in August as its unlimited hydroplanes swept the first three positions in the 50th annual speedboat classic. Miss Thriftway


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Opera celebrated its 350th birthday in 1957, thriving everywhere except in its Italian homeland. A series of crises over government subsidies threatened production schedules in many Italian cities.


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The Netherlands (pop. 10,550,737) struck oil in Wassenaar, a suburb of The Hague, and began drilling in 1957. Experts predicted the new field would enable the Dutch to produce 30 per cent of their oil needs. They now produce slightly more than 20 per ...


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New Brunswick made plans in 1957 to expand its mining industry by building a $25,000,000 mill and smelter at Bathurst, the center of the new lead-zinc-producing area. Miners estimated that there were more than 50,000,000 tons of ore in the Bathurst ...


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In 1957, Newfoundland asked the federal government for an increase of at least $15,000,000 a year in its federal grant. The province said that it had spent more than $56,000,000 in improving public services since it became Canada's 10th province in ...


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Ontario, Canada's leading metal producer, officially opened the Consolidated Denison uranium mine at Elliot Lake in September. The mine, which actually began operation in May, ranks as the world's largest single producer of uranium. By the end of the ...


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Art galleries opened several important one-man shows in 1957. The National Gallery in Washington, D.C., put on an unprecedented show of the work of George Bellows, one of the most popular American painters in the early 1900's. This was the first ...


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Pakistan (pop. 75,842,165), battled political instability and argued with India over Kashmir in 1957. West Pakistan suspended its constitution in March. President Iskander Mirza took over the government. A government was finally formed in July under ...


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(Pop. 8,132,700). Peru suffered from debts, drought, and declining prices in 1957. Former President Manuel Odria left Peru with a $47,000,000 national debt. In the altiplano region in southern Peru, a two-year-old drought threatened the food supply of ...


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President Ramon Magsaysay died in a plane crash on Cebu Island on March 17. The disaster also killed 25 others, including the Philippine Air Force leader and Magsaysay's secretary of education. Vice-President Carlos P. Garcia succeeded Magsaysay, and ...


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New vistas in the understanding of matter opened in 1957 after the disproving of a 30-year-old natural law of nuclear physics. Physicists in New York City and Chicago confirmed the work of two Chinese-born American physicists, who had ...


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Quebec developed its mining and industrial facilities in 1957. New nickel and copper discoveries in Ungava sent 32 companies scurrying in a search for new mine sites. They will spend $10,000,000 in their three-year search. A new gas well at Batiscan ...


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Radio moved farther along the comeback trail in 1957 in its struggle against television. Stations cut their operating staffs and other expenses and went after more sponsors sales. Sales volume mounted, largely because of television programing problems ...


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Total membership in all religious bodies in the United States climbed to a record high of 103,224,954 in 1957. Protestant churches listed 60,148,980 members; Roman Catholic churches, 34,563,851; Jewish synagogues, 5,300,000; and Eastern Orthodox ...


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Leaders early in 1957 began looking ahead to the 1960 elections. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, ineligible for re-election because of the 22nd Amendment to the Constitution, announced that he would not run again even if the amendment were repealed. ...


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Prime Minister Sir Roy Welensky pressed for greater freedom from Great Britain for the Federation during 1957. (At that time, Zimbabwe was part of what was called the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland.) He wanted Africans to play a larger part in ...


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The Roman Catholic Church claimed more than 496,512,000 members throughout the world in 1957. Of these, most are found in Europe and the Americas. More than 208,585,000 Catholics make up about 56.4 per cent of the population of North and South ...


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Space travel became a reality late in 1957. The Soviet Union launched the first earth satellite on October 4, and followed by launching a bigger one on November 3. The latter carried the first space traveler in history, a dog named Laika. The two ...


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Spain (pop. 28,039,112) agreed in October to turn over a part of its southern Morocco territory along the Atlantic Coast to the Kingdom of Morocco. But as King Mohammed V of Morocco visited the U.S. in November, his son, crown Prince Moulay Hussan, ...


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Lew Burdette, Dick Mayer, and Althea Gibson presented the top individual sports accomplishments of 1957. Burdette won three World Series victories over the New York Yankees to lead the Milwaukee Braves to the world's championship. Mayer vaulted from ...


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State governments took on larger tasks throughout the country in 1957 to keep pace with increased demands for public services. Action for education, highways, highway safety, and mental health took high priority in most of the nation's states.


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Sudan (pop. 8,766,720) supported the Arab states on most questions in 1957, but maintained a cool and cautious attitude toward both Egypt and the Western nations. Vice-President Richard M. Nixon visited te Sudan in March and talked with government ...


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(Pop. 7,150,606). Prime Minister Tage Erlander resigned in October when the Agrarian party withdrew it support from his coalition government. But he continued with a minority cabinet, at the request of King Gustaf Adolf, when it appeared that no one ...


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Althea Gibson of New York City in July became the first Negro in history to win the women's championship at Wimbledon, England. She followed that triumph by becoming the first Negro to win the United States women's title at Forest Hills, N.Y., in ...


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Thailand (pop. 17,442,689) elected Pibul Songgram premier in the nation's first elections, in February, 1957. But an army revolt in September ousted him. Marshal Sarit Thanarat took control of the government, and the National Assembly appointed Nai ...


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Broadway struggled in 1957 with the high cost of stage productions and economic uncertainty. Four plays failed so completely in a single week in December that they accounted for a loss of $500,000. In a period of soaring costs, the semi-commercial ...


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Don Bowden of the University of California became the first American to run a mile in less than 4 minutes. He ran the distance in 3 minutes 58.7 seconds at Stockton, Calif., on June 1, 1957. But Derek Ibbotson, 25, of England, cracked the ...


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Turkey (pop. 20,934,670) and Syria became involved in a border dispute in 1957 that eventually carried to the United Nations. The United States supported Turkey in the dispute, and the Soviet Union backed Syria. But, despite the tension the dispute ...


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The Soviet Union (pop. 200,000,000) astonished the world in 1957 by successfully launching the first earth satellites. The first Soviet sputnik,


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Yugoslavia harvested a record grain crop in 1957. The record yield resulted from an increased use of fertilizers and farm machinery and the replacement of collectivized farms by cooperative societies. President Tito firmly held to his middle position ...


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The family tree of man's best friend, the dog, added length to its taproot in 1957. Dr. Edwin H. Colbert of the American Museum of Natural History published a report early in the year saying that the dog's ancestry could be traced back about ...


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New Electronic Brains made their appearance. The Radio Corporation of America (RCA) built BIZMAC, the world's largest electronic brain, to work for the U.S. Army. The $4,100,000 electronic data-processing system reduced months ...


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Columbia University scientists carried out deep-sea explorations at record depths off the coast of West Africa. They brought up hundreds of organisms onto their three-masted schooner, the Vema,


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Workmen building a new road at Sperlonga, Italy, found pieces of a statute in an old cave. Italian archaeologists identified the statue as Laocoon sculpture, illustrating a Greek legend. It shows a bearded father who had offended Apollo, the god of ...


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The United Kingdom took daring strides to improve its trade, mended its relations with the United States, trimmed its military forces, and resumed use of the Suez Canal in 1957. British leaders proposed a Free Trade Area for 17 European nations, and ...


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Mayor Albert E. Cobo died suddenly on Sept. 12, 1957, after a heart attack. Cobo had been the driving force behind a multimillion-dollar slum-clearance and redevelopment program, the building of modern expressways, and construction of a big Civic ...


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Los Angeles became a big league city in 1957. The Brooklyn Dodgers decided to move to the city and build a new stadium in Chavez Ravine, which is also to be the site of a new $6,000,000 city zoo. The city and county planned to spend nearly ...


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The Trans-Canada pipeline link between Toronto and Montreal neared completion. But the link from Winnipeg to Toronto moved more slowly. Ontario planned the world's largest coal-burning electric power plants at Toronto and Hamilton. The two ...


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Washington, D.C., was ranked as the third fastest growing city in the United States in 1957. Only Houston, Tex., and Los Angeles outgrew Washington. The nation's capital has grown one third larger since 1950, and had some 2,000,000 residents in 1957.


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Demand for petroleum dropped lower than expected in 1957. The industry sold only 1 per cent more oil than in 1956. This compared with 4 to 5 per cent increases recorded each year since World War II. Industry spokesmen blamed the mild winter for part ...


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Secretary of the Interior Fred M. Seaton predicted in 1957 that salt water may be converted to meet U.S. fresh water demands in 15 years. He said the government was ready to build pilot plants to test and refine the results of five years of research. ...


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Its prestige high after ending the Suez Canal crisis in November 1956, the United Nations (UN) ran into new pitfalls early in 1957. The UN supervised the clearing of the Suez Canal. The first UN Emergency Force took over in the Suez Canal area, and ...


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Two Soviet earth satellites and President Eisenhower's light stroke frightened Americans in 1957. The U.S. coasted in a dream world for nine months, absorbed with new cars, proposed tax cuts, and a government economy drive. Asian flu was one of its ...


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Uruguay (pop. 2,353,000) suffered through more than 175 strikes between January and September, 1957. They ranged from 5 minutes to 5 months, and cost an estimated 6,200,000 man-hours and millions of dollars in income. The usually strong peso fell in ...


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Venezuela ousted Dictator-President Marcos Perez Jimenez on Jan. 23, 1958, little more than a month after it had re-elected him. Perez Jimenez had originally scheduled elections for Dec. 15, 1957, but changed his mind. Instead, he held a ...


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President Ho Chi-minh of North Vietnam tightened the communist grip on his people in 1957, and President Ngo-dinh-Diem of South Vietnam moved to strengthen his pro-Western government. Ho Chi-minh met with Soviet President Kliment E. Voroshilov in May. ...


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A tragic hurricane, an unseasonable blizzard, and continued drought clouded the nation's 1957 weather picture. Their effects were distributed across most of the United States, hitting the South, the Great Plains, the Southwest, and the East.


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The United States government paid farmers $680,000,000 not to grow crops in 1957, but farm production still equalled the record output of 1956. The Soil Bank program, designed to prevent another crop surplus, did not meet expectations. Farmers signed ...


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Brazil (pop. 51,973,727) began constructing Brasilia, a new capital city, on an almost uninhabited plateau in Goias state early in 1957. Coffee sales fell during year, and Brazil's coffee-dependent economy faltered. Late in 1957, Brazil became the ...


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Slobodan Babic of Yugoslavia won the world model-airplane individual towline-glider speed championship, and the Soviet Union won the team championship, in 1957. In the control-line speed contest, Josef Sladky of Czechoslovakia won the individual title ...


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Afghanistan signed a 1957 agreement with the Soviet Union to train Afghan technical students in the U.S.S.R., and to accept disinterested Soviet assistance for oil exploration. King Mohammed Zahir Shah obtained the promise during a July ...


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Chicago celebrated its 120th birthday in 1957, and held a Chicagoland Fair in July that attracted more than 613,000 persons in 16 days. The city also decided to build a new $30,000,000 exhibition hall on the lakefront site of the 1933-34 Century of ...


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New York City lost two of its three major league baseball clubs in 1957. It lost many workdays in December, when an eight-day strike of subway workers caused great traffic jams and left some people without transportation to their jobs. But a special ...


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Credit restrictions and tight money policies dominated business in 1957. The Federal Reserve System raised its rediscount rates (the charge to banks for borrowing money) to 3 1/2 per cent in August. It wanted to make it more difficult for ...


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Cement and concrete shortages created by industrial strikes held down the volume of construction during 1957. But construction contract awards went up $1,300,000,000, to $47,400,000,000 during the year.


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The first metropolitan government in the United States came into being in Miami and Dade Country, Florida, in 1957. Voters approved its charter in May. The community hired a metropolitan manager and started the change to the new governmental form. An ...


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Business activity in the United States climbed to a new record in 1957, despite a year-end slump. It feasted on a record national income of about $358,000,000,000 and a record gross national product of about $435,000,000,000. However, reduced ...


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Demands for petroleum products dropped lower than expected in 1957. The industry sold only 1 per cent more oil than in 1956. This compared with 4 to 5 per cent increases recorded each year since World War II. Industry spokesmen blamed the mild winter ...


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International trade climbed to a total of more than $100,000,000,000 in 1957, a gain of $7,000,000,000. But despite the steady expansion in world trade, some nations found themselves battling against deficits in the balance of payments.


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Archaeologists from Cornell and Harvard universities uncovered part of the ancient capital of King Croesus in Turkey in 1958. They located the ruins of Sardis, the capital of Lydia, about 65 miles inland from the Turkish port of Izmir in August, ...


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An international jury awarded top architectural honors at the 1958 Brussels World's Fair to the United States Pavilion. Designed by Edward D. Stone, the plastic palace featured an open plaza, a reflecting pool, and splashing fountains.


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Argentina (pop. 15,893,827) held its first free elections in 12 years in February, 1958. It chose Radical Leftist Arturo Frondizi as its new president for a six-year term. Frondizi took over the government from provisional president Pedro E. Aramburu ...


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The world's armed forces had fewer men in 1958 than at any time sine World War II. They totaled about 17,000,000, a drop of about 1,000,000 from the previous year. But the large drop in manpower did not mean that world military striking power ...


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Underwent many political, economic, and military changes in 1958, most of them related to the struggle with communism. China, the major communist country in Asia, revised its entire economy, and assumed a much more important role in the communist ...


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Two noted astonomers announced in 1958 that other planets may sustain life as intelligent as, or more intelligent than, ours. Harlow Shapley, retired director of the Harvard College Observatory, called new discoveries about life, matter, and space ...


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The Kentucky Wildcats staged an uphill battle to upset Seattle, 84 to 72, at Louisville in March, to win their fourth National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) title. Elgin Baylor, Seattle's All-American, was named the tournament's most valuable ...


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Belgium signed the Benelux Economic Union treaty with Luxembourg and The Netherlands in February, 1958. The union abolished trade barriers between the three nations. Belgium held quiet national elections in June, but the excitement of the 1958 ...


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A biologist placed man in the category with brown seaweeds in 1958. Lawrence S. Dillon, a Texas Agricultural and Mechanical (A&M) College biologist, presented the thesis that &all life belongs to one kingdom, which in all honesty must be ...


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Don Carter of St. Louis won his fourth National All-Star title in Minneapolis in January, 1958, before an estimated television audience of 15,000,000. Buzz Fazio of St. Louis finished second for the fourth straight year. Merle Matthews, ...


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Boxing drew its biggest thrills in 1958 from two old men, ageless Archie Moore and Sugar Ray Robinson. Moore, who may be 41, 45, or 49 years old, kept his title by knocking out Yvon Durelle in Montreal, Que., in December in the ...


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British Columbia celebrated its 100th anniversary with a year-long calendar of special events in 1958. The visit of Princess Margaret of Great Britain high-lighted the celebration. She spent two weeks in the province in July, during her month-long ...


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Former title holder Mikhail Botvinnik of the Soviet Union regained the world chess championship at Moscow in May. He defeated Vassily Smyslov, also of the Soviet Union, by a score of 12 1/2 to 10 1/2. Soviet players also won the International Team ...


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(Pop. 5,930,809). Conservative-Liberal candidate Jorge Alessandri became president of Chile on Nov. 4, 1958. His election represented a swing to the conservative side caused by the failure of recent leftist governments to solve Chile's economic ...


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China opened new artillery attacks on the Quemoy islands late in 1958. The attacks caused considerable tension in the United States and put pressure on the Nationalist China forces of Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek. The communists also started a harsh ...


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Civil rights gained ground in the free nations of the world in 1958, but suffered in the Middle East and in certain Asian countries. England sentenced nine white youths to four-year prison terms for starting race riots in London in August. The United ...


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Colombia (pop. 11,548,172) overcame economic and political tensions in 1958, through tight economic measures, a United States loan, and a new government plan. The plan calls for 16 years of evenly divided bipartisan government. Elective offices are ...


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The first session of the 86th Congress opened on Jan. 7, 1959, with an almost 2 to 1 Democratic majority in both houses. A sweeping Democratic victory in the fall elections gave the Democrats 283 of the 436 House seats and 64 of the 98 Senate posts. ...


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(Pop. 4,387,967). Danes celebrated Princess Margrethe's coming of age in 1958. She celebrated her 18th birthday in April, and can now take part in political affairs and preside over meetings of the Royal Council (cabinet) when her father, King ...


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Education won an economic shot in the arm in August, 1958, that will effect education from the elementary school to the most advanced college level. Congress passed the $861,000,000 National Defense Education Act, a sweeping four-year ...


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Egypt (pop. 19,021,840) gave up its existence as a separate nation on Feb. 21, 1958, and merged with Syria to form the United Arab Republic. President Gamal A. Nasser of Egypt and President Shukri el-Kuwatli of Syria agreed to the union on February 1. ...


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The Republic of Ireland, (pop. 2,960,593), put on a strong economic drive in 1958 to sell more goods abroad and to attract more tourists. Irish officials hoped to boost income so the nation could pay for its imports. The Irish Industrial Development ...


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President Eisenhower struggled with difficult national and international problems in 1958, and saw the Republican party badly beaten in the November election. But he recovered rapidly from the mild stroke he suffered in November, 1957, and enjoyed ...


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United States voters flocked to the polls in record numbers in November, 1958, to hand the Democratic party a landslide victory. The Democrats piled up a 283 to 153 margin in the House of Representatives, and a 64 to 34 majority in the Senate. ...


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While many scientists turned their eyes toward the conquest of outer space in 1958, one group of scientists made plans to go in the other directioninside the earth. An organization called the American Miscellaneous Society (AMSOC) proposed a ...


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Communist East Germany made a determined bid in 1958 to force pro-Western nations to recognize its government. West Germany allied itself more firmly to Western nations by planning to equip its army with guided missiles. It hoped to add nuclear ...


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Tommy Bolt won the 1958 United States Open title in June in Tulsa, Okla., with a score of 283. The 39-year-old Bolt beat out South Africa's Gary Player by four strokes. Julius Boros of Southern Pines, N.C., finished third with a 289.


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The United Kingdom enjoyed moderate prosperity and fairly good foreign relations in 1958. Its few domestic worries included racial disorders and rising unemployment. In foreign affairs, Great Britain tried to promote its Free Trade Area program, but ...


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Greece (pop. 7,631,124) endorsed the pro-Western government of Premier Constantine Karamanlis in 1958. His National Radical Union party won the May elections. But the Communist party made a sharp gain, taking one fourth of the popular vote.


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Miguel Ydigoras Fuentes, winner in the 1958 elections, became president on March 2. Guatemala closed the 1957-1958 fiscal year with a small $2,500,000 surplus in the treasury. The surplus occurred despite an estimated $6,000,000 drop in revenue, due ...


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The 1957 poetry crop appeared sparse, measured against the broad potential of American writing. But on the whole the year was one of fulfillment and promise for poets. The poetic total was small, but the quality of the year's work ranked higher than ...


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Philadelphia developed its own land bank program for industrial development in 1957. City-owned lands will be disposed of by the Redevelopment Authority, which will use the sale or lease proceeds to obtain new sites for sale. A nonprofit ...


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Struggled with warfare, racial problems, and increasing demands for independence in 1958. French forces and Algerian rebels fought scattered engagements throughout the year. There were heavy casualties, and claims of brutality and torture against both ...


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(pop. 1,122,000) Issued a blistering attack against Yugoslavia late in 1958. The Albanian charges were more severe than those of the Soviet Union. They were part of a renewed Soviet bloc campaign against the regime of President Tito of Yugoslavia. ...


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Its economy resting mainly on the oil industry, Alberta faced marketing problems in 1958 created by new United States oil-import controls. The controls dropped the province's oil income below the $356,000,000 level of the previous year.


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French forces in Algeria fought Algerian rebels throughout most of 1958, and events there played an important part in the creation of the Fifth French Republic.


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Australia (pop. 9,037,000) elected Robert Gordon Menzies prime minister for the fourth time, in the November, 1958, general elections. He served his ninth year in the post, the longest term of any prime minister in Australia's history. Menzies' ...


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(pop. 6,933,905) Notched new economic gains and improved its relations with the Soviet Union in 1958. The nation cut the work week of miners from 48 to 45 hours. Other industries planned to follow this example. Officials believed that new, more ...


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Production and sales dropped far below their expected volume in 1958. The growing sales of smaller automobiles pointed to the need for a major revision in the big-car industry. United States automobile makers turned out 4,600,000 units, the smallest ...


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Jimmy Bryan, 31, of Phoenix, Ariz., picked his way through a bad 15-car smashup and went on to win the 1958 Memorial Day 500-mile Indianapolis Speedway race. Bryan averaged 133.791 mph, and collected $105,574 in prize money.


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Ushered in the jet passenger age in October, 1958, starting daily commercial jet service between the United States and Europe. The British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) started jet passenger flights on October 4, cutting conventional air-travel ...


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The New York Yankees made the greatest comeback in 33 years to win the 1958 World Series from the Milwaukee Braves, four games to three. Milwaukee battered the Yankees to win three of the first four games. But the Yankess fought back grimly to win the ...


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Soviet Premier Nikita S. Khrushchev attended the 1958 Bulgarian Communist Party Congress in Sofia in June. The meeting resulted in a shuffling of Bulgaria's Communist party officials. Former Premier Vulko Chervenkov, who had been demoted to Minister ...


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Burma, late in 1958, weathered a political crisis caused by a serious split in the government party. The leaders of the People's Anti-Fascist League, who had ruled Burma since its independence, split over personal and political issues. On June 9, ...


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Prince Norodom Sihanouk dominated Cambodia's policy in 1958, although he held no actual government office during the first half of the year. In July, he became Prime Minister, a post he had held several times before.


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The French Cameroons in 1958 celebrated the news that it would gain self-government in slightly more than one year. In November, France notified the United Nations that it intended to grant the Cameroons independence in January, 1960.


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Canadian voters gave Prime Minister John G. Diefenbaker and his Progressive-Conservative party a smashing victory in the general elections of March, 1958. The greatest political landslide in Canadian history put Progressive Conservatives in 208 of the ...


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Canadian literature in 1958 honored British Columbia, which celebrated its 100th anniversary. Reginald Watters edited a sparkling volume, British Columbia; A Centennial Anthology.


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Researchers in 1958 produced aldosterone,


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Proposed state constitutional amendments aimed at helping courts of law won approval in three states and failed in three others in November, 1958. Oregon and Louisiana voters overwhelmingly approved measures to end delays in disposing of court cases. ...


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The U.S. Department of Justice announced in April, 1958, that it had launched a national drive to combat the overlords of organized crime operating on an interstate basis. Attorney General William P. Rogers said the 100 top ...


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Cuba (pop. 5,829,029) Ousted Dictator Fulgencio Batista on Jan. 1, 1959, after a two-year revolt against his government. In December, rebel troops led by Fidel Castro launched a concentrated assault on Santiago in eastern Oriente province and Santa ...


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Czechoslovakia (pop. 12,167,474) ranked among the most prosperous Soviet satellites in 1958. Industrial production during the first nine months rose 11 per cent above the same period in the previous year. The nation exported steel products and ...


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A cultural exchange agreement in January, 1958, between the United States and the Soviet Union brought exciting new performers to America. The first result in the field of dance was the engagement of the famous Moiseyev Dance Company by impresario S. ...


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The Democratic Party captured 26 to 34 state governor's races and won control of both houses of Congress in a landslide victory in the 1958 elections. A Democratic sweep in the Alaska elections on November 25 repeated Democratic successes throughout ...


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Scientists working for the U.S. Navy in 1958 neared completion of an almost machine called the perceptron.


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The United Nations in 1958 selected Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia, as the headquarters for the new United States Economic Commission in Africa.


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Europe concentrated on political and economic developments in 1958. The struggle against communism dropped into the background until late in the year. France, led by General Charles de Gaulle, adopted a new constitution that provided for strong ...


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The world over swung on a trapeze created by a youngster named Yves Saint-Laurent in 1958. Saint-Laurent is the 22-year-old successor to the late Christian Dior. By midyear, the flaring silhouette had calmed down to a gently molded Empire ...


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Louisiana State University used three teamsthe White team, the Go team, and the Chinese Banditsto sweep through 10 games unbeaten and untied and win the 1958 national collegiate championship. National rating services unanimously picked the ...


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The Harvard University Museum of Comparative Zoology in 1958 put on display the world's only complete skeleton of what was once the largest flesh-eating reptile in the sea. The 42-foot-long skeleton was that of Kronosaurus queenslandicus,


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France skidded to the brink of civil war in 1958, and then turned to General Charles de Gaulle for help. The World II French liberation leader came out of retirement to each French bickering, and win approval for a new French constitution. The Fifth ...


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Haiti (pop. 3,097,220) Suffered from political and economic pressures in 1958. President Fransois Duvalier dismissed strong man General Antonio Kebreau in March, because of his disregard of civil authority. The president personally led troops to put ...


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The national total of handicapped persons restored to useful work jumped to an all-time high of 74,320 in 1958. This was 3,380 more than the record set the previous year. A record total of 18,585 additional disabled persons were prepared for ...


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The Montreal Canadiens whipped the Boston Bruins, 4 matches to 2, in April for their third straight Stanley Cup victory. Maurice Rocket Richard, 36-year-old wingman, paced the Canadiens. Montreal ran away with the regular season race, ...


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Tim Tam narrowly missed winning racing's triple crown when he pulled up lame in June's Belmont Stakes and came in second behind Cavan, an Irish horse. Previously, Tim Tam had won the Kentucky Derby and the Preakness.


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Former Premier Imre Nagy, charged with treason and plotting the Hungarian uprising against Soviet domination in 1956, was executed in June, 1958. During the revolt, he had sought refuge in the Yugoslav embassy in Budapest. But he was seized and ...


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Carol Heiss, 18, of Ozone Park, N.Y., and David Jenkins, 21, of Colorado Springs, Colo., dominated figure skating in 1958. Miss Heiss won her third consecutive world crown in Paris with a perfect exhibition of free-style skating. Jenkins posted his ...


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Israel remained a sore spot in Western dealings with Arab nations in 1958. Israeli fighter planes shot down an Egyptian MIG in the first Middle East air battle since 1956. Israel ignored a United Nations request by continuing drainage operations in ...


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Italy turned its back on extremist parties at both ends of the political ladder in the May parliamentary elections. It gave the Christian Democratic party 273 of the 596 seats in the Chamber of Deputies, or lower house of parliament. The Communist ...


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Japan held general elections for the House of Representatives, the lower chamber of the Japanese Diet


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Enrollment in Jewish religious schools in the United States increased in 1958. The Jewish Day School movement reported an enrollment of 145,000, an increase of almost 6 per cent over 1957. More than 7 per cent of all children enrolled in Jewish ...


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Jordan avoided the revolts that swept the Middle East in 1958 with help from the United States and Great Britain. Plucky young King Hussein kept his throne despite threats of assassination that poured from Radio Cairo. Hussein used martial law to keep ...


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Chinese Communist volunteer troops were withdrawn from North Korea in 1958. The withdrawal began in March and was completed by the end of the summer. Many of the troops and their commanders were transferred to Fukien province, where the ...


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A large section of organized labor worked four months in 1958 without a contract for the first time since World War II. Voters in five states rejected right to-work proposals in November elections. Wages rose during the year, but at a ...


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Children's literature in 1958 featured large numbers of interesting, easy-to-read books designed especially for primary children. Dr. Seuss, author of The Cat in the Hat,


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A flood of cut-rate subscription offers sent circulation of many magazines soaring to record heights in 1958. Millions of readers responded to attractive offers, including several read nowpay later plans.


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MALAYA (pop. 4,905,999), celebrated the first anniversary of its independence, in August, with the highest standard of living in Southeast Asia. The price of rubber, its main source of income, remained stable. But the declined of the tin market forced ...


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Manitoba turned its back on the Liberal party in 1958, for the time in 43 years. Provincial voters in June gave Dufferin Roblin's Conservative party 26 of the 57 seats in the legislative assembly. The Liberal took 19 seats, the Cooperative ...


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The success of scientists in launching artificial earth satellites spurred research in space medicine during 1958. Human volunteers endured accelerations three times the acceleration of gravity for as long as an hour. Such accelerations would be more ...


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Adolfo Lopez Mateos, an overwhelming winner in the July elections, began a six-year term as president of Mexico on Dec. 1, 1958. He inherited a basically sound economy. The country kept its gold and dollar reserves at reasonably high levels during the ...


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The United States opened its borders to 253,265 immigrants during the fiscal year that ended on June 30, 1958. It admitted 102,153 immigrants under existing quotas, and 151,112 under various nonquota provisions.


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India was forced to revise its sweeping economic program in 1958. Its second Five Year Plan, started in April, 1956, had to be reduced because of shrinking income. The original plan called for an investment in government projects of more than ...


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Congress in 1958 provided that the 750,000 acres in tribal forest lands of the Klamath Indians in Oregon may be sold. But the buyers, must agree to manage the land according to sustained yield procedures so as to furnish a continuous supply of ...


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Indonesia successfully countered a rebellion in 1958, and showed signs of curbing its gradual drift toward communism. Early in the year, President Sukarno pushed his plan for a guided democracy, and tried to reduce the political influence ...


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Iran was as an island of refuge from Middle East storms in 1958. Shah Mohammed Riza Pahlevi held firm control, and kept Iran in the Baghdad Pact and on the side of the West. In February, with the Shah's encouragement, Premier Manouchehr Eghbal formed ...


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Army officers murdered King Faisal II and his uncle, Crown Prince Abdul Illah, in July, 1958, and seized control of the government. The leader of the revolt, General Abdul Karim el-Kassem, became the new Iraqi premier. He declared Iraq an independent ...


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Latin America suffered from widespread economic problems during 1958. They spurred moves to stabilize prices, make regional trade agreements and review hemisphere relations. Slumping world prices and lower demand for the area's key export products ...


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Lebanon (pop. 1,303,940), torn by revolt in 1958, called on the United States to send troops to preserve its independence. President Camille Chamoun asked for U.S. help on July 14, the day that Iraq fell victim to an army revolt. Chamoun feared that ...


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Liberia, (pop. 1,650,000), passed a law in February, 1958, making racial discrimination a crime subject to stiff penalties. The law provided for fines up to $30,000, one year's imprisonment, and declaration in the case of people from other countries. ...


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The United States honored the nation's libraries in 1958, as President Dwight D. Eisenhower proclaimed March 16 to 22 as the first National Library Week. More than 5,000 communities observed this week with activities designed to promote all types of ...


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(Pop. 1,150,00). Great Britain agreed in 1958 to furnish technical assistance to Libya for five years, and to strengthen Libya's army. Premier Abdul Majid Koobar of Libya announced that the United States would furnish $5,500,000 a year to the Libyan ...


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The book-publishing business suffered from an obvious scarcity of really substantial merchandise in 1958. Established fiction writers who published new work failed to excite much public interest or even draw many violent reactions from the critics. ...


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Influence of the United States and its allies dwindled almost to the vanishing point in 1958. Arab nations pulled away from the U.S. and Great Britain. Only Iran and Israel completely supported Western policies. Afghanistan declared itself neutral. ...


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Morocco (pop. 9,177,802) attacked the small Spanish possession of Ifni, near the southern tip of Morocco, early in 1958. After several skirmishes and negotiations, Spain agreed in April to let Morocco annex Southern Morocco, but retain Ifni. The ...


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Major motion-picture studios staged an economy drive in 1958, sharply cutting their operations and encouraging the production of pictures by independents. The major studios financed and released many of these pictures, but independent production freed ...


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Jack Regas of Livermore, Calif., piloted a pink streak called Hawaii Kai III


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The big musical story of 1958 came from a 23-year-old Texan, pianist Van Cliburn. He took first place at the Moscow International Tchaikovsky Competition in April, creating a sensation among Soviet music lovers. American audiences matched ...


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The Netherlands (pop. 10,550,737) began work in 1958 on a huge Delta Plan, a gigantic dike to close off the mouths of the Rhine River. Officials hoped that the plan would prevent another flood like that in 1953, when hundreds of people ...


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In 1958, New Brunswick worked to ready a hospital-insurance program that would cover all persons in the province. The $17,200,000-a-year plan, to be financed by the province and the federal government, was originally scheduled to go into operation on ...


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In 1958, Ontario completed plans for a huge $100,000,000 road-and bridge-building program to link its main highways with United States roads. The construction will include three $20,000,000 skyways over the Welland Canal, and three international ...


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A near disastrous fire in the Museum of Modern Art in New York City in April destroyed one painting, damaged five others, and threatened many priceless works. An 18-foot-long canvas of water lilies by the Impressionist Claude Monet was a total loss. A ...


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The government climaxed an economic, political, and national crisis on Oct. 7, 1958, by declaring martial law. President Iskander Mirza set aside the constitution and abolished the political parties. He called in General Mohammed Ayub Khan, Supreme ...


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(Pop. 8,132,700). An angry crowd of about 2,000 people descended on Vice-President Richard M. Nixon of the United States as he visited Lima, Peru, in May, 1958. The communist-led demonstrators met Nixon at the entrance to the University of San Marcos, ...


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The Republic of the Philippines in 1958 adjusted to a split in its administration that is likely to last for four years. In January, Carlos P. Garcia of the Nationalist party began his first full term as president. He invited Vice-President Diosdado ...


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Experts in 1958 studied the properties of a fourth state of matter  not solid, liquid, or gas. It is called plasma,


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Puerto Rico tried in 1958 to reduce food prices and cut down its imports. The Commonwealth pushed plans for large plants to produce meat products, animal feed, flour, soybean oil and margarine, processed coffee, and canned pineapple. Governor Luis ...


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Quebec went through a stormy political year in 1958. Premier Maurice Duplessis, the head of the strongly entrenched Union Nationale government, faced severe attacks from the Liberal opposition. Le Devoir,


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Counted its blessings in 1958 in its continuing battle with television. About 49,000,000 homes in the United States had radios, compared to 43,000,000 homes with television sets. Most families owned more than one radio. An additional 45,000,000 car ...


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Candidates were swallowed up in a nationwide Democratic landslide in the November, 1958, elections. The Republicans won only eight of 34 state governor's races, and they lost ground in both houses of Congress.


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Prime Minister R. S. Garfield Todd of Southern Rhodesia, a liberal in favor of increased African rights, was voted out of office in February, 1958. (At that time, Zimbabwe was part of what was called the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland.) Sir ...


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One of the most outstanding reigns in the history of the papacy came to an end on Oct. 9, 1958, with the death of Pope Pius XII. The 83-year-old pontiff had led the Church through a crucial 20-year period of international strife. Leaders and peoples ...


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The United States climaxed a year of space-travel achievements by hurling the world's largest satellite into orbit on Dec. 18, 1958. The space vehicle, a monster talking Atlas missile weighing more than 4 tons, was the fifth satellite ...


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In 1958, Spain (pop. 28,039,112) began negotiations for a sweeping reorganization of its 200,000 man army. Minister of War Antonio Barroso visited the United States in October. He asked General Maxwell Taylor, chief of staff of the U.S. Army, for help ...


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Australian track star Herb Elliott and New York Yankee pitcher Bob Turley thrilled sports fans in 1958 with top individual performances. Elliott ran the mile in less than four minutes on nine separate occasions, and set a new world record of 3 min. ...


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State governments enlarged their services in 1958, and prepared for further advances in 1959, when most legislatures were scheduled to meet. Messages by governors to legislatures in 1958 indicated that the space age had increased the responsibilities ...


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A military council took over the Sudanese government in November, 1958. It replaced the pro-Western government of Premier Sayed Abdullah Bey Khalil. The new council, headed by General Ibrahim Abboud, was expected to improve Sudan's relations with the ...


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(Pop. 7,150,606). The Social Democratic party, which had ruled Sweden almost continuously for 26 years, ran into difficulty in 1958. The party's supplementary social security bill was defeated by a vote of 117 to 111 in the lower house of the Riksdag


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Australia's handsome Ashely Cooper dominated world tennis in 1958 by winning the Australian, Wimbledon, and United States titles.


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Thailand (pop. 17,442,689), led by Field Marshal Sarit Thanarat, waged a brisk battle against communism in 1958. Lieutenant General Thanom Kitkhachon became premier in January, but Sarit dominated the government. The Thanom government cooperated with ...


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In 1958, theater brought few outstanding successes, but provided several interesting experiences for American theatergoers. As usual, Broadway and off-Broadway productions in New York City dominated the scene.


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Lanky Herb Elliott, 20, of Perth, Australia, set a world record of 3 minutes 54.5 seconds for the mile run at Dublin, Ireland, on Aug. 6, 1958. Four other runnersRon Delany of Ireland, Murray Halberg of New Zealand, and Merv Lincoln and Albert ...


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Turkey (pop. 20,934,670) rejected a British proposal for control of Cyprus in 1958, but it stood firmly by its Baghdad Pact and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) commitments. Prime Minister Harold Macmillan of Great Britain flew to Ankara and ...


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Prime Minister Johannes G. Strydom of South African died of heart disease on Aug. 24 1958. The ailment had troubled him for many years. Hendrik F. Verwoerd, Minister of Native Affairs, was named to succeed him by the Nationalist party.


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The Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.) (pop. 210,000,000) took a giant step into the space age in January, 1959. It fired a huge, blazing rocket it called Metchta


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The United Nations (UN) In 1958 found itself involved in a series of crises. Trouble spots flared up in Lebanon, the Formosa Strait, and Berlin. The Soviet Union demanded that Berlin be demilitarized and made a free city. But the United Nations found ...


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The United States jumped to fourth place in area among the world's nations in January, 1959, after roaring back from temporary scientific and economic reverses. Alaska became the 49th state on Jan 3, 1959, adding more than 586,000 square miles to the ...


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Uruguay (pop. 2,353,000) faced a dark economic picture in 1958. Its peso declined steadily in value. It had budget deficits, greatly restricted imports, and fewer exports. There were huge surpluses of unsold wool. Shutdowns in meat-packing plants led ...


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Hundreds of angry demonstrators descended on Vice-President Richard M. Nixon of the United States as he visited Caracas in May, 1958. They smashed the windows of his automobile with rocks and heavy sticks, and spat upon the Vice-President and his ...


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Pro-American South Vietnam used most of its United States aid in 1958 in its program to resettle about 100,000 farmers. It tried to settle many in rural areas considered likely targets for communist invasion or communist infiltration.


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Records toppled almost daily throughout the United States in 1958. Many parts of the Northwest had their warmest January and February on record. But Florida had its coldest January and February. More snow fell in the New York cities of Buffalo, ...


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A royal commission reviewed the financial terms between Newfoundland and Canada in 1958. It recommend that the federal government pay an additional $8,000,000 each year to the province. The recommendation was not acted upon during 1958. During the ...


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Striking deliverymen in New York City cut off the newspaper supply of the nation's largest metropolitan area late in 1958. Members of the Newspaper and Mail Deliveries' union walked off their jobs early in December. Major newspapers suspended ...


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Its economy resting on coffee and cotton, Nicaragua started developing cattle as a third major economic prop in 1958. A slaughterhouse opened in the capital city of Managua. Plans were made to import cattle, improve pastures, and build silos, stables, ...


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Nigeria, (pop. 29,730,000), in 1958 won a promise that Great Britain will grant its independence by Oct. 1, 1960. The date for Nigerian independence was set at a constitutional conference in London in October. But Nigerian leaders had difficulty in ...


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Nobel prizes for science were presented at ceremonies in Stockholm, Sweden, on December 10, 1958. The ceremonies observed the 62d anniversary of the death of Alfred Nobel, Swedish inventor of dynamite and donor of the Nobel prizes. The year also ...


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(Pop. 3,310,821). King Olav V appeared before the Norwegian Storting


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An underground earth shift killed 74 miners in the Springhill coal mine on Oct. 23, 1958. Officials immediately announced plans to close the mine. One hundred seventy-four men were at work in the mine when an underground upheaval shattered the mine ...


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Communist party leader Wladyslaw Gomulka strengthened his control over Poland early in 1958. He purged thousands of party members who had not actively supported his policies. He curbed the power of the factory workers' councils and trade unions. In an ...


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Rock 'n' roll dominated the best-seller lists in 1958, but there were a number of hits by performers from other countries. One of the most notable was the Italian song Volare,


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Rear Admiral Americo Tomaz was elected president of Portugal for a seven-year term on June 8, 1958. Premier Antonio de Oliveira Salazar, who ruled the country for 26 years, supported Tomaz. One candidate dared to challenge Salazar's authority. General ...


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Prince Edward Island worked in 1958 to improve its 3,000-mile system of roads. The federal government studied plans for a causeway linking the island with Cape Tormentine, nine miles away on the New Brunswick mainland. Residents of the island province ...


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About 50,000 prison inmates throughout the nation volunteered to be human guinea pigs to help advance medical science in 1958. Convicts at the Ohio State Penitentiary at Columbus allowed scientists to inject live cancer cells into their ...


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A total of 277 Protestant denominations in the United States announced in 1958 that they have 279,744 local congregations, 207,790 ministers in active charge, and 59,823,777 members. The Protestant church membership was approximately 57 per cent of ...


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Four thousand Americans cheated death in 1958 as accidents killed 91,000 persons in the United States. This was 5 per cent fewer than the 95,307 killed the previous year. The decrease affected all accident classes. There were 4 per cent fewer deaths ...


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Saskatchewan and the Canadian government agreed in 1958 to share expenses on a new hydroelectric and irrigation installation on the South Saskatchewan River. The $100,000,000 project will be built between Outlook and Elbow, about 120 miles northwest ...


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King Saud of Saudi Arabia surrendered to pressure in March, 1958, and handed over many of his absolute powers to his brother, Crown Prince Faisal. Faisal took control of foreign, domestic, and financial policies of the nation. The crown prince ...


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Austria's Toni Sailer easily retained his world ski crown by winning three titles in the 1958 World Championships at Badgastein, Austria, in February. He won the downhill, the Alpine combined title, and the giant slalom. His speed in the downhill ...


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Brazil copped the 1958 world soccer championship by beating Sweden, 5 to 2, in Stockholm in June. The U.S. failed to qualify for the world cup play when it lost matches to both Mexico and Canada.


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Changes enacted by Congress in August, 1958, boosted social insurance benefit payments and extended social security coverage. They also raise the tax on both employers and employees. The new provisions strengthened the financial soundness of the ...


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Sylvia Ruuska, a 16-year-old Berkeley, Calif., swimmer, raced to four gold medals in the 1958 Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) indoor championships in Topeka, Kan., in August. It marked the first time since 1943 that such a feat had been accomplished. ...


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The Federal Council recommended in 1958 that the Swiss Army adopt nuclear weapons. This brought a strong protest from the Soviet Union that such action runs counter to neutrality. Swiss officials resented any suggestion that their defense ...


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Syria (pop. 3,722,000) gave up its existence as a separate nation on Feb. 21, 1958, and merged with Egypt to form the United Arab Republic. President Shukri el-Kuwatli of Syria and President Gamal A. Nasser of Egypt agreed to the union on February 1. ...


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Federal tax collections in 1958 totaled $79,978,000,000, the second highest figure in the nation's history. They fell only $194,000,000 below the previous year's record. A nationwide business recession forced corporation income and profits tax ...


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A nationwide business recession took a heavy toll of telephone expansion plans in 1958. The industry cut back construction outlays by $342,000,000, to $2,5000,000,000. It held new telephone installations to 2,878,000, a drop of 560,000 below the ...


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Mounting criticism of program quality marked television in 1958. Producers confined themselves for the most part to doing safe shows such as re-creations of famous books and plays, and old movies redone for TV. Two of television's oldest ...


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The West Indies Federation (pop. 2,355,000) became a new nation on Jan. 3, 1958. It elected 45 members of its House of Representatives in March; named Sir Grantley Adams, prime minister of Barbados, as its first prime minister; and appointed the 19 ...


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The Yugoslav people enjoyed more comfort and a better standard of living in 1958 than at any time since World War II. Farmers had an abundant harvest, and the prices, uncontrolled by the government, were good. Basic industrial wages were low. But ...


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A 700-legged millipede, with four legs on each of its 175 segments, was discovered by zoologists in a valley in the Panama Canal Zone in 1958. The segments were strung one after the other on the millipede's long body. The wormlike animal had more than ...


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The United States Navy sent two atomic submarines under the North Pole's icecap during the summer. Early in August, the Nautilus


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In 1958 produced by far the largest crops in United States history, even though farmers used the smallest acreage in 40 years. Some crops reached fantastic size. The wheat crop approached 1,500,000,000 bushels, 85,000,000 bushels more than the nation ...


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Houston became the nation's second-largest city in area in 1958, surpassed only by Los Angeles. In July, the Supreme Court of the United States upheld the 1956 annexation of 187 square miles, which more than doubled Houston's size. The Court's ...


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Los Angeles consolidated its mass transit system into a large publicly owned enterprise in 1958. The Metropolitan Transit Authority bought the two major private systems for more than $35,000,000. It hoped that the new facilities, fare increase, and ...


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The $17,000,000 Burlington Skyway across Burlington Bay opened in October. It allows traffic between Niagara Falls and Toronto to bypass Hamilton. In February, the Toronto Transportation Commission presented a $190,000,000 plan for a subway extension ...


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Several construction projects began to change the appearance of Capitol Hill in 1958. The most dramatic plan involved adding 32 1/2 feet to the east front of the U.S. Capitol between the House and Senate wings. The $10,100,000 project, a subject of ...


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Sales rose slowly but steadily in 1958, despite a nationwide business recession. The industry enjoyed far better economic health than most key industries. United States consumers used 3,266,000,000 barrels of petroleum, a gain of about 48,000,000 ...


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The ancient problem of water is on the threshold of solution, President Dwight Eisenhower told the United Nations in August, 1958. He referred to increasing hopes that the oceans may soon become inexhaustible sources of salt-freed ...


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The economics of publishing have never encouraged the publication of new work by unknown poets. For that reason it was again the established poets who dominated the American scene in 1958. Whatever meritorious work was published by the small and ...


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Philadelphia continued its face lifting in 1958. At Penn Center, across from City Hall, one major office building was completed and occupied and a second neared completion. Two apartment buildings were yet to be built in this development, which will ...


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(pop. 223,500,000) welcomed the new nation of Guinea during the year, and awaited the independence of four more European-controlled territories in 1960. Other African territories won greater internal self-rule in their march toward independence. In ...


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(Pop. 1,123,116). Ernest C. Manning's Social Credit government won an overwhelming vote of confidence on June 19, 1959. His party captured 61 of the 65 seats in the legislature. It had held 37 seats.


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Fragment by fragment, man continued to reconstruct the mosaic of human history in 1959. Outstanding discoveries came from Central America, Africa, and Greece.


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Architecture lost one of its greatest creative forces with the death of Frank Lloyd Wright in April. His final workthe Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York Citywas opened to the public in October. The $3,000,000 structure had been the ...


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The small car made big news in the automobile field in 1959. After long planning and study, the industry's Big ThreeGeneral Motors, Ford, and Chryslerdecided to fight for a share of the growing small-car market. Late in the ...


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Rodger Ward, 38, of Los Angeles, won the 1959 Memorial Day race at the Indianapolis Speedway. The Californian set a record of 135.857 mph for the 500-mile event, and collected $149,590 in prizes.


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Passenger jetliners shrank the world 40 per cent in 1959. They sped across continents and oceans at speeds of 600 mph. For the first time it was possible to fly around the globe on scheduled jet service. The international jet age dawned in October of ...


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Baseball bounced through a topsy-turvy season in 1959. The New York Yankees, favored to win their fifth straight American League pennant, collapsed completely and finished a distant third. Instead, the scrappy Chicago White Sox won the American League ...


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California edged past West Virginia, 71 to 70, in March at Louisville, Ky., to win the 1959 National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) title. St. John's of New York City beat Bradley of Peoria, Ill., 76 to 71, for the National Invitational ...


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A royal wedding was a bright spot in a troubled year for Belgians in 1959. Africans rioted during the year in two territories.


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Brazil (pop. 51,973,727) in 1958 battled economic problems caused by a whirlwind inflation, low export earnings, and a rising volume of imports. Its monetary unit, the cruzeiro,


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E. Prigyes of Hungary won the 1958 world model-airplane power championship at Cranfield, England, on August 3. Hungary captured the team championship. The next day, R. S. B. Baker of Australia won the Wakefield championship for rubber-powered model ...


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Premier Mohammed Daud of Afghanistan paid a three-day official visit to Washington, D.C., during a tour of the United States in June, 1958. President Dwight D. Eisenhower entertained at the White House luncheon in Daud's honor. Premier Daud signed a ...


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Chicago began construction in September, 1958, on the world's greatest exposition center. The Supreme Court of Illinois paved the way in August by approving the plan. The $34,000,000 project on the shores of Lake Michigan centers upon a ...


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Jet aircraft began regularly scheduled transatlantic service from New York City's Idlewild Airport in October, 1958. At Idlewild's Terminal City development, the 320-room Internal Hotel opened and two giant maintenance hangars were completed. ...


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Detroit suffered reverses in its physical and economic health during 1958. An autumn polio epidemic, the nation's worst, brought more than 700 cases to the Detroit area. It was countered with a crash program of Salk shots. The business ...


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The federal government reacted to a nationwide business recession in 1958 by encouraging banks to lend more money to businessmen. The Federal Reserve System lowered its rediscount rates (the charge to banks for borrowing money) in January, March, and ...


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Construction rose almost $2,000,000,000, to a record volume of $49,200,000,000 in 1958, despite a general business recession. But sharp cutbacks in industrial construction held the increase to less than was originally expected. Construction of store ...


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The Bureau of the Census added 405 new cities and towns to the nation's rolls in 1958 in its first census of governments since 1952. Honolulu overwhelmingly adopted a new home rule charter, giving it many powers formerly reserved to the ...


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The United States economy pulled out of a serious recession, and in 1958 staged the most rapid recovery in the nation's history. Economic experts had predicted recovery, but the sudden, brisk upturn surprised them. They thought business activity would ...


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Sales rose slowly but steadily in 1958, despite a nationwide business recession. The petroleum industry enjoyed far better economic health than most key industries. United States consumers used 3,266,000,000 barrels of petroleum, a gain of about ...


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A stepped-up Soviet drive in the field of international trade worried nations of the free world in 1958. Although Soviet international trade remained only a small fraction of total world trade, it increased much more rapidly than that of the rest of ...


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Argentina (pop. 15,893,827) struggled with economic problems in 1959. President Arturo Frondizi's necessary but unpopular austerity program only succeeded in creating a wave of political and military unrest.


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Armed forces of the world showed little change during 1959. The number of men under arms was still estimated at 17,000,000. Relatively small decreases among the major powers were matched by increases in the smaller nations. At the same time, major ...


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Chinese aggression shook Asia in 1959. Communist China's attacks on Tibet, India, and Laos prompted defensive political changes in the neutral and pro-Western countries of Asia. In December, President Eisenhower visited the troubled nations of ...


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Scientists used rockets and satellites, as well as the telescope, to learn more about the universe in 1959. Man's first view of the far side of the moon came in October when Russia released historic photographs taken by a camera in its Lunik III ...


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Australia passed the 10,000,000 population mark on March 10, and the government ordered flags flown on all public buildings to celebrate the event. Immigrants accounted for half of the 2,000,000 increase that has occurred since 1949.


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(pop. 6,933,905) Austria scored new economic gains in 1959. Industrial production showed an 8 percent increase in the first half of the year. It had increased 31.5 per cent in the previous four years.


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Drug companies in the United States intensified their search in 1959 for plants that might yield new drugs. They spent more money than ever before on medicinal plant research, and they budgeted even more for 1960. Botanical explorers searched through ...


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Ray Bluth, 31-year-old star of the St. Louis Budweisers, posted a perfect 7-0 record at St. Louis in April to win the American Bowling Congress (ABC) Masters tournament. He defeated Billy Golembiewski of Detroit in the final four-game match of the ...


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Boxing hailed a new heavyweight champion in 1959. Ingemar Johansson, 27, of Goteborg, Sweden, took the heavyweight title from Floyd Patterson with a sensational three-round knockout at Yankee Stadium in New York City in June. Johansson knocked ...


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(Pop. 1,398,464). Labor troubles plagued the fast-growing economy of the province in 1959. A strike on coastal steamships was settled in January, but another followed among 1,200 lumber workers in the southern interior.


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Bulgaria and the United States resumed diplomatic relations in March after a lapse of nine years. Two months later, the United States lifted travel restrictions to Bulgaria. Relations were broken in 1950 when the United States accused Bulgaria of ...


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Prime Minister New Win gave Burma a facelift in 1959. Restricted to a six-month term of office when he accepted leadership of a caretaker government in 1958, he resigned on February 13, rather than hold elections.


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As a part of the reforms of President Charles de Gaulle, the French National Assembly considered laws to remove restrictions on the rights of women imposed by the Napoleon Code of 1803. In Colombia, martial law was lifted in 11 provinces. Voices were ...


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Colombia (pop. 12,939,140) benefited from a program of austerity in 1959. In August, the country's monetary reserves rose to $210,000,000. This was well above the previous year's low of $23,000,000. Late in the year, Colombia received $41,300,000 from ...


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The second session of the 86th Congress opened on Jan. 6, 1960, with an almost 2 to 1 Democratic majority in both houses. Civil rights legislation and price supports for farmers called for prolonged debate as the session got under way. Lyndon B. ...


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World peace through law became the leading project of lawyers in the United States in 1959. The prime mover in this endeavor was the American Bar Association. Through its Special Committee on World Peace Through its Law, the association sponsored five ...


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Roger The Terrible Touhy, a gang leader of the prohibition era, was shot to death in Chicago on Dec. 16, 1959. He was murdered 23 days after he had been released from prison on parole. Touhy had served more than 25 years for the kidnaping ...


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Cuba (pop. 5,829,029) underwent sweeping changes in 1959 under Fidel Castro. Castro became premier on February 16. He resigned in July after a disagreement with President Manuel Urrutia Lleo, resumed office a few days later, then smashed an attempted ...


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Elections in 1959 were local affairs and few prophets looked to them for omens for the 1960 presidential elections. Democrats pointed to their largest election victory in Kentucky's history as an indication of a nationwide turn toward the Democratic ...


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Electronics in 1959 introduced the tunnel diode,


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El Salvador (pop. 1,855,917) made important strides toward industrialization during 1959. It expanded many existing industries, and began construction of new plants. These included a cement mill, a paint factory, and a flour mill. Work neared ...


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Ethiopia's Emperor Haile Selassie exchanged visits with Marshal Tito of Yugoslavia and conferred with Russian Premier Nikita S. Khrushchev in Moscow in 1959. In July, the Russian government announced a new Soviet-Ethiopian trade agreement and a ...


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Europe (pop. 544,500,000), passed through a tense crisis over the Berlin and German issues in 1959. Western democracies stood firm against Russian threats, however, and the danger gradually subsided. Economic friction grew as 13 nations in Western ...


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Fashion designers in 1959 returned belts to waistlines and relegated chemises and trapezes to costume museums. The fashion world called it a return to normal. The old reliable shirtwaist dress became the silhouette of the year.


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Undefeated Syracuse brought the national championship to the East in 1959 for the first time in 14 years. The Orangemen were the only major college team to finish the regular season with a perfect record, first in the school's history. They won 10 ...


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Greece (pop. 7,631,124) rejected Bulgarian offers for a nonaggression pact in 1959. The Greek government termed the pact unnecessary because both countries are members of the United Nations.


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The government of President Miguel Ydigoras Fuentes tightened its austerity program in 1959 by reducing salaries of government employees. The Guatemala government also imposed a heavy tax upon imports from countries with which Guatemala had ...


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Haiti (pop. 3,097,220) became involved in a feud between its Caribbean neighbors in 1959. Cuban rebels invaded Haiti in August, presumably to secure bases for an offensive against the Dominican Republic. But the Haitian army quickly repulsed the ...


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The number of persons restored to useful work through the state-federal program of vocational rehabilitation reached a new high of 80,720 in the 12-month period that ended on June 30, 1959. Pennsylvania led all states for the third consecutive year ...


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The Food Additives Amendment to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act became effective on March 5, 1959. The new law regulates the use of all food additives, including preservatives, coloring agents, bleaches, and emulsifiers. It requires ...


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No single 3-year-old proved outstanding in 1959, a year which saw three colts share racing's triple crown.


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The rumblings of the Hungarian revolution three years earlier still persisted in 1959. The government admitted in October that a number of persons had been executed during the year for crimes in the 1956 revolt. The government also was accused of ...


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Iran was the main target of Russian political pressure in the Middle East in 1959. In February, a Russian delegation in Tehran went home in a huff after Iran rejected their long-term nonaggression pact. The pact provided that Iran: (1) quit the ...


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Iraq (pop. 5,047,635) made little progress toward establishing a stable government in 1959. Premier Abdul Karim el-Kassem was caught in the middle of contesting groups of communists, Arab nationalists, and conservative landowners. Kassem, in October, ...


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The Republic of Ireland elected Eamon de Valera president in 1959. He resigned as prime minister on June 17, the day of the election, because the Fianna Fail party had nominated him for president. He won easily, and was installed as the third ...


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Israel avoided any major conflicts with its Arab neighbors in 1959. In March, Israel resumed attendance at meetings of the Israel-Jordan Mixed Armistice Commission. Starting with a clean slate, both sides wiped off more than 1,700 complaints and ...


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Italy continued to move along conservative political lines in 1959. The Christian Democratic party kept its place as the strongest party in Italy, but it was forced to accept the support of extremist parties to stay in power.


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Japan maintained a high level of prosperity in 1959. A balanced budget and a great industrial and agricultural boom high-lighted Japan's recovery from a 1958 recession. Japanese homes, many with Western ideas and modern conveniences, reflected the ...


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The French Cameroons became the independent state of Cameroon on Jan. 1, 1960. Agreements ending France's United Nations trusteeship were signed by French Premier Michel Debre and Premier Amadore Ahidjo of the French Cameroons on Christmas. The ...


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Canada welcomed Queen Elizabeth II for a history-making visit in 1959. She took part in ceremonies that officially opened the St. Lawrence Seaway on June 26. She also presided at a Privy Council meeting that approved the appointment of Major General ...


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The first comprehensive social history of Canada, Canadians in the Making,


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Scientists took another step in 1959 toward understanding the chemistry of life processes. Two Canadian researchers, John G. Moffatt and H. Gobind Khorana, announced that they had synthesized,


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Mikhail Tal of Russia won the 1959 World Challengers' Tournament in Yugoslavia in October by a score of 20 to 8. He earned the right to compete for the world title in 1960 against Russia's Mikhail Botvinnik, the present champion.


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Chile (pop. 5,930,809) made a serious attempt to balance its budget in 1959. President Jorge Alessandri stabilized the devaluated peso,


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China sent troops into Tibet, and into India border areas in 1959. Chinese aggression created fear in the countries of Asia. At times, Chinese policies seemed to differ from those of Russia, the leader of the communist nations. Russia, however, ...


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Czechoslovakia (pop. 13,296,243) acted to solve a 10-year farm crisis in 1959. It abolished a dual-price system and increased farm prices 14.7 per cent. Under the old system, farmers received one price for goods required to be turned over to the ...


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A number of outstanding foreign dance companies visited the United States during 1959. The Moscow Bolshoi Ballet performed before enthusiastic audiences in New York City and on tour. The company of about 150 artists was headed by the brilliant prima ...


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Democratic leaders laid plans in 1959 for a new effort to wrest control of the White House from the Republicans. Their 1960 national convention opens in Los Angeles on July 11 to select the next Democratic candidate for President. Leading ...


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(Pop. 4,387,967). Denmark became the target for a violent verbal attack by Russian Premier Nikita S. Khrushchev in July, 1959. Khrushchev protested the establishment of U.S. rocket bases on Danish soil. However, the first Nike rockets arrived in ...


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Major forces worked for changes in American education during 1959. In its first year of operation, the National Defense Education Act brought state and local communities some $115,000,000 in federal funds. The act set aside $70,000,000 each year for ...


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President Dwight D. Eisenhower focused much of his energy and skill during 1959 on finding ways for peaceful Russian-American coexistence. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles' illness and death in May grieved the President, and added greatly to his ...


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Louis S. Leakey, curator of the Coryndon Memorial Museum in Kenya, announced the discovery of a fossil skull that scientists believe may be a connecting link between the South African ape man and true man. Leakey discovered the almost intact skull at ...


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France strengthened its government, moved toward economic stability and assumed a more positive role in world affairs. President Charles de Gaulle introduced a program of austerity to cover the expenses of rearmament and the cost of war in Algeria. ...


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An orbiting satellite shattered an old established belief about the shape of the earth. Information radioed from Vanguard I in 1958 and analyzed in 1959 led scientists to conclude that the earth is shaped like a pear, larger in the south than in the ...


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The thorny problem of German reunification led to threats and counterthreats by Russia and the United States during 1959. But the country remained divided into West Germany (the Federal Republic of Germany) and East Germany (The Germany Democratic ...


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Bill Casper of Apple Valley, Calif., won the United States Open at Mamaroneck, N.Y., in June. Casper shot a 282 to win his first national title. Bob Rosburg of Palo Alto, Calif., came in second with a score of 283.


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The United Kingdom enjoyed a high level of prosperity and scored impressive successes in foreign affairs in 1959. It played an important role in the formation of the European Free Trade Association, and finally worked out a solution to the vexing ...


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The powerful Montreal Canadiens whipped the Toronto Maple Leafs, four games to one, in April, 1959, to win the Stanley Cup for the fourth straight year. The Canadiens reached the championship round for the ninth straight year by beating the Chicago ...


