# Flag File

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Two-time champion David Jenkins, 22, of Colorado Springs, rallied in the free-skating to keep his world figure-skating title in the annual meet in Colorado Springs in February. Carol Heiss, 19, of Ozone Park, N.Y., won her fourth straight crown in the ...


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More than 285,000 aliens entered the United States in the year ended June 30, 1959. Of these, 24,836 were immigrants admitted without quota restrictions under terms of relief legislation passed in September, 1957. Another 25,425 Hungarians, in the ...


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India faced a series of political and economic crises in 1959. Communist China seized control of the government in Tibet, India's neighbor to the north, and invaded border land claimed by India. The Tibetan religious leader, the Dalai Lama, fled to ...


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Indian tribes moved steadily forward in their efforts to end federal control of tribal affairs. The Klamath tribe of Oregon transferred tribal property and holdings to a bank in Portland, Ore. This move ended federal trust responsibilities for funds ...


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President Sukarno abolished the 1950 Indonesian constitution on July 5, 1959. He replaced it with the constitution of 1945, under which he received almost dictatorial powers. Sukarno took on the combined post of head of state and head of government. ...


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Jews throughout the world expressed deep concern in 1959 for the fate of about 3,000,000 Jews living behind the Iron Curtain. Reports of the closing of synagogues and the suppression of religious rights indicated a more intense Russian program of ...


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Jordan's King Hussein conferred with U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower in Washington, D.C., in March 1959. He pledged that Jordan would support the free world in any major conflict. In May, Hussein appointed moderate leader Hazza Majali to head a new ...


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A new national security law gave the South Korean government power to suspend opposition newspapers and prohibit mass meetings in 1959. A new local autonomy law provided for the appointment, instead of the election, of local officials. President ...


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The longest steel strike in history and passage of amendments to the Taft-Hartley Law of 1946 high-lighted the labor scene in 1959.


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Latin America faced a series of political and economic difficulties in 1959. The area continued to suffer from its reliance on a few export commodities. National incomes dropped because of low world prices for coffee, tin, cotton, and wool. Natural ...


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Lebanon (pop. 1,303,940), ended its revolt and tried to establish international and domestic harmony in 1959. In May, the government of President Fouad Chehab reaffirmed its solidarity with the united Arab cause. In return, President Gamal Abdel ...


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The voters of Manitoba (pop. 850,040) gave the Conservative government of Premier Dufferin Roblin a vote of confidence in 1959. The minority government had survived four nonconfidence motions before taking its case to the people in May.


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Poliomyelitis again claimed the attention of researchers in 1959. During the first eight months of the year, the number of paralytic polio cases more than doubled over the same period the previous year. Many victims had received the recommended ...


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Mexico made impressive economic progress in 1959. In September, President Adolfo Lopez Mateos announced that the value of the peso had been stabilized. He reported that gold and dollar reserves had climbed to a near-record total of $411,400,000. The ...


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A new note of moderation characterized the activities of Middle Eastern nations in 1959. National leaders attempted to achieve their aims through the use of diplomacy and propaganda, rather than by armed force. As a result, the area escaped serious ...


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Surplus U.S. air force machine oil brought tragedy to Morocco in 1959. Merchants bought the surplus, mixed it with peanut and olive oil, and sold it as cooking oil. Before sales could be stopped, nearly 10,000 Moroccans were paralyzed. Twenty-seven ...


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Motion-picture studios encouraged independent producers to make more pictures in 1959. Actors, writers, technicians, talent agents, and amateurs took on the role of producers. The big studios, their actual movie making reduced, built up their business ...


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Nobel prizes for literature and science were presented at ceremonies in Stockholm, Sweden, on Dec. 10, 1959. The ceremonies observed the 63rd anniversary of the death of Alfred Nobel, Swedish inventor of dynamite and donor of the Nobel prizes. The ...


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Norway (pop. 3,342,754), a northern anchor of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), in 1959 urged steps toward disarmament and a ban on nuclear tests. King Olaf V called for these steps in a speech that opened the Norwegian parliament session ...


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Nova Scotia (pop. 694,717) announced several developments in 1959 designed to boost the province's economy. The government took over 6,000 acres on the Strait of Canso for industrial sites. It announced that private interests would build a $40,000,000 ...


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The United States Navy's bathyscaphe Trieste


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Rome will play host to the 27th Summer Olympic Games from Aug. 25 to Sept. 11, in 1960. About 6,000 amateur athletes from 75 nations, the largest total in Olympic history, will compete. The Winter Olympics were held at Squaw Valley, a tiny community ...


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Ontario (pop. 5,404,933) voters re-elected the Conservative government of Premier Leslie M. Frost in June, 1959, despite charges of political scandal. Charges that a former mines minister had profited through stock transactions involving the Northern ...


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Six valuable paintings were stolen from the Toronto Art Gallery in September. The collection included works by Rembrandt, Frans Hals, Rubens, and Renoir. Toronto police recovered the $640,000 collection in October. Art experts pointed out that the ...


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Portugal (pop. 8,510,240) ended the popular election of its president of by creating an electoral college. It will be composed of members of the national assembly and other officials and political leaders. The Council of State will determine the ...


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Prince Edward Island (pop. 99,285) provided the most surprising political upset of the year in Canada. The Liberal government of Premier Alexander W. Matheson was defeated on September 1, after 24 years in office.


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In June, 1959, Congress voted an appropriation of $1,000,000 to begin construction of a $10,000,000 federal prison near Marion, Ill. It will house 600 inmates. The Federal Prison Bureau reported that the new institution was needed to cope with the ...


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More than 220 Protestant denominations in the United States announced in 1959 that they have 61,504,699 members in 282,008 local congregations, and 215,518 active ministers. Eighteen Eastern Orthodox communions reported 1,363 local congregations, ...


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Puerto Rico held a series of statehood demonstrations in 1959. But Governor Luis Munoz Marin declared that the island was not ready to assume the financial obligations of statehood. He pledged to hold a plebiscite on statehood after Puerto Rico had ...


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Quebec (pop. 4,628,378) had three premiers in four months in 1959, and in early 1960. Paul Sauve, 52, Minister of Youth and Welfare and a veteran of 29 years in the legislature, succeeded the late Maurice Duplessis as premier on Sept. 7, 1959. ...


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disc jockeys found themselves caught in the glare of public inquiry late in 1959. Many were accused of accepting payola,


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A library bookmobile was the most popular exhibit at the American National Exhibition in Moscow in July, 1959. The city of Delmar, N.Y., loaned its new bookmobile for use in the display. The American Library Association provided transportation for the ...


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Libya (pop. 1,091,830) struck oil in commercial quantities for the first time in 1959. One well, 100 miles from the Mediterranean, produced 17,500 barrels a day. It indicated possibilities of rich oil deposits and a new source of income for the ...


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Unprecedented sales and a record breaking number of new titles marked the U.S. book publishing scene in 1959. On the whole, the year brought forth little to excite the critics who try to measure the literary output in terms of durability and quality.


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Children's literature in 1959 offered a wealth of subjects to tempt young readers. No matter what the age or interests, a child could find fascinating experiences amid the pages of new books.


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Magazine publishers reported a substantial boost in advertising revenue in 1959. During 1959, magazine advertisers spent $898,218,610, a gain of about $88,000,000 over 1958. A major reason for the upsurge was the growth of regional advertising. ...


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MALAYA (pop. 4,905,999). The Alliance party gained sweeping victories in 1959 elections over the Pan-Malayan-Islamic party and other minor parties. In state elections in May and June, it won a majority in all legislatures except Kelantan and ...


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For the first time since 1920, the United States in 1959 lost the Harmsworth Cup, symbol of world powerboat supremacy. A speedy boat from Canada, Miss Supertest III,


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Orchestras were on the move in 1959. Tours that materialized, and tours that did not, made the top music news.


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The Netherlands (pop. 10,550,737) reorganized its government on conservative lines after a cabinet crisis in 1959. The indecisive character of the general elections in March resulted in a parliamentary deadlock that lasted 68 days. A caretaker ...


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(Pop. 554,616). Industrial development totaling some $212,000,000 centered around Saint John, the province's largest city, in 1959. The Rothesay Paper Corporation announced that it would build a $30,000,000 pulp mill there, and work started on a ...


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Newfoundland (pop. 415,074), experienced a troubled year in 1959, highlighted by a paralyzing strike of 6,000 loggers and two disputes with the federal government. The loggers' strike crippled the economy of the province, but Premier Joseph R. ...


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A number of newspapers changed owners in 1959. In San Francisco, the Hearst Call-Bulletin


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In 1959, the government of President Luis A. Somoza was denounced as a dictatorship, both at home and abroad. The most outspoken critics of the Somoza regime were Premier Fidel Castro of Cuba and President Romulo Betancourt of Venezuela. In May, a ...


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More than 2,000 athletes from 24 Western Hemisphere nations competed in the third Pan American Games in Chicago in August and September, 1959.


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(Pop. 9,758,000). Peru made serious efforts to stabilize its economy in 1959. In July, President Manuel Prado y Ugarteche appointed Pedro G. Beltran, an outspoken critic of the administration, premier. Beltran launched an austerity program to reduce ...


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President Carlos P. Garcia's administration lost strength in 1959. Elections on November 10 revealed dissatisfaction with Garcia's Nationalist party, which lost three of eight contested senate seats to the opposition. It won only 29 of the 54 ...


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Scientists announced in July that antilambdas, particles of antimatter, were photographed for the first time at the University of California's Lawrence Radiation Laboratory. The photograph established the existence of the particle.


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Food shortages, foreign-exchange problems, and other economic difficulties created political unrest in Poland during 1959. Premier Wladyslaw Gomulka shook up his cabinet in October in an effort to solve the many problems. He chose men who advocated ...


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Rock 'n' roll no longer dominated popular music in 1959. Artists associated with other types of music managed to reach the best-seller lists. Among them were Sarah Vaughan, the Kingston Trio, and the Mormon Tabernacle Choir.


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Republican leaders in 1959 faced the prospect of a one-man race for the presidential nomination in 1960. Late in the year, Governor Nelson Rockefeller of New York decided to bow out as a candidate for the top spot on the Republican ticket. This left ...


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The government was forced to use federal troops to put down rioting in 1959. A state of emergency was declared in Southern Rhodesia and Nyasaland in March. (At that time, Zimbabwe was part of what was called the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland.) ...


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Romania (pop. 17,489,794) added more land to its collectivized farms in 1959. The government authorized collective farms to seize all farm land worked by hired labor. Individual farmers could keep only as much of their land as they could cultivate ...


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Belgian promises of independence stirred bloody clashes between two rival tribes in Ruanda in 1959. The rioting was led by the Bahutus. They feared that complete independence would return them to slavery under the giant Watusis. Outnumbered, the ...


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Russia (pop. 208,800,000) continued its advances into outer space during 1959 while campaigning for peaceful coexistence on earth. The first Russian lunar rocket, launched on January 2, bypassed the moon and became a planet of the sun. A second rocket ...


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Accidents in the United States in 1959 took 91,500 lives, 1,000 more than the previous year. About 9,300,000 more were injured. The cost to the nation was placed at $12,600,000,000. Fatalities increased in the motor-vehicle and work-accident classes, ...


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The admissions of Alaska and Hawaii to the Union provided the outstanding events in state government in 1959. Alaska became the 49th state on January 3, and Hawaii became the 50th state on August 21.


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Sudan (pop. 8,766,000) ended its long dispute with Egypt over the Aswan Dam in 1959. The United Arab Republic and Sudan agreed on their shares of the water that will be available when the dam is completed. They also agreed to unite in considering the ...


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Sweden (pop. 7,290,112) extended its welfare legislation in 1959. Long known for neutrality, Sweden also showed a tendency toward stronger sympathies for the West against Russia.


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The Indianapolis (Ind.) Athletic Club easily retained its Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) title at Los Altos, Calif., in July. Two world record holdersFrank McKinney in the 200-meter backstroke (2:17.8) and Mike Troy in the 200-meter butterfly ...


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(pop. 4,904,000). Only a controversy over woman suffrage marred the smooth surface of political life in Switzerland in 1959. In a national referendum, male voters rejected a proposal to extend the suffrage to women. Otherwise, Switzerland maintained ...


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Federal tax collections, reported in June, 1959, fell to $79,798,000,000, about $200,000,000 below 1958. Gains of $2,200,000,000 in individual taxes and $200,000,000 in employment taxes offset a $2,400,000,000 decrease in corporation taxes. Gross ...


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Beer riots broke out in Durban, Natal Province, on June 18, when police raided homes to destroy illegal liquor stills. Thousands of persons participated in the rioting before peace was restored. Rioters smashed furniture and spilled hundreds of ...


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The United Nations (UN) worked for peace through social and economic channels in 1959. The organization did not directly participate in major diplomatic negotiations, but it provided behind the scenes aid.


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Relations with Russia improved considerably in 1959. Fear that Russian threats over Berlin might explode into war were lessened by the end of the year. A new era in personal diplomacy played a part in this. Russian and U.S. leaders exchanged official ...


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The Nationalist party took over the government on March 1,1959. After a record 93 years in power, the Colorado party had been defeated in the November, 1958, elections. Martin R. Etchegoyen, leader of the Nationalist party, was elected chief of state ...


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Romulo Betancourt became president on Feb. 13, 1959, and launched an austerity program to repay debts inherited from the regime of former President Marcos Perez Jimenez. Venezuela tried to extradite Jimenez from his refuge in the United States, to ...


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South Vietnam cut its last formal tie with France in April, 1959. The South Vietnamese made their piastre


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The most disastrous storm in its history struck Japan in 1959. On September 26 and 27, Typhoon Vera


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A U.S. trio won the 1959 world team championship for rubber-powered model airplanes in competition at Brienne-le-Chateau, France, in July. Members of the team, which received the Alphonse Penaud trophy, were Bob Hatschek of Douglaston, N.Y.; Joe ...


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Afghanistan seemed increasingly to play the part of a Russian satellite in 1959. In May, Russia started building a road through the Hindu Kush Mountains. The road from Russia will reach a U.S.-built highway at Kandahar. The highway goes to Khyber ...


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Chicago became a major international port in 1959. The St. Lawrence Seaway, in its first shipping season, brought some 500,000 tons of shipping through the port of Chicago. This was over 150 per cent more than the previous year. The Seaway also ...


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New York City levied $112,500,000 in new and increased taxes to finance its 1959-60 city budget. The new sources included a 10-cent tax on taxi fares, $25 a year on jukeboxes, and 1/2 per cent on property sales over $25,000. Dissatisfaction with the ...


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Belgian promises of independence stirred bloody clashes between two rival tribes in Ruanda (Rwanda) in 1959. The rioting was led by the Bahutus. They feared that complete independence would return them to slavery under the giant Watusis. Outnumbered, ...


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Business suffered from layoffs caused by the nationwide steel strike in 1959. The strike brought most automobile assembly lines to a standstill in Motor City. Earlier, business prospects had appeared bright, because major auto ...


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Houston voters approved major bond issues to support growing governmental services in 1959. They authorized $32,000,000 for building and remodeling schools, $15,000,000 to buy rights of way for new freeways, and $55,000,000 for general public ...


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Los Angeles toasted its amazing baseball team, the Dodgers, in 1959. The Dodgers ended the National League season in a first-place tie, won the pennant in the World Series. Enthusiastic fans jammed the Coliseum to set Series attendance records. The ...


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Toronto approved the construction of a $200,000,000 subway extension over the next 10 years. Work began on the project late in the year. The city's Royal York Hotel opened a new $14,000,000 wing, making the hotel the largest in the British ...


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The federal government started alteration work in February, 1959, on the Capitol's east front. The $10,000,000 front will be similar to the original structure, but will extend 32 1/2 feet farther out than the old center section. It will be completed ...


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Some 150,000 U.S. census takers will begin the greatest nose count in the nation's history on Apr.1, 1960. However, most of the official census figures will not be compiled and available for publication until 1961 or 1962. The survey will ...


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Montreal (pop. 1,109,439) and its suburbs adopted a metropolitan government in 1959. Under an act approved by the Quebec legislature, the Metropolitan Montreal Corporation was empowered to exercise limited central control over the city and 14 ...


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Saskatchewan (pop. 880,665) added to the hydroelectric power supply in the northern part of the province in 1959, opening a $40,000,000 generating station at Saskatoon. Queen Elizabeth officially opened the plant during her visit to the province.


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Prince Faisal of Saudi Arabia, who took over many of the absolute powers of King Saud, made progress in stabilizing the country in 1959. He balanced the budget through an austerity program. Profits of merchants were reduced, and automobile imports ...


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Wallace Bud Werner, 22, of Steamboat Springs, Colo., won the 1959 North American Alpine combined title at Squaw Valley, Calif., in February. Werner also won the Vermont Alpine title at Stowe in March. The Colorado star upset Christian ...


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The McIlwaine Canvasbacks of San Pedro, Calif., defeated Fall River, Mass., 4 to 3, to win the 1959 United States Open title in Los Angeles in June.


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Social Security benefits were paid to 13,400,000 men, women, and children in the United States in 1959. Of these, about 7,000,000 received public assistance, and another 2,000,000 drew unemployment benefits.


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Man sent the first object from earth to another cosmic body in 1959. On September 14, Space Rocket No. II (Lunik II), a sphere launched by rocket from Russia, struck the moon. The sphere left earth on September 12 in a multistage rocket.


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Spain (pop. 28,039,112) agreed to major economic reforms in 1959 in return for additional United States aid. In July, the government devalued the peseta,


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The first direct telephone link between North America and Europe opened on September 22. The 4,400-mile system, built at a cost of $40,000,000, provides circuits for 36 conversations in both directions. The deep-sea portion consists of two cables ...


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Television was shaken by quiz show and advertising scandals in 1959. The House Special Subcommittee on Legislative Oversight launched an investigation to sift charges that quiz shows had been dishonest. Evidence proved that many contestants had been ...


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Peru's Alex Olmedo, playing for the United States, and Australia's Neale Fraser shared tennis honors in 1959.


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(Pop. 17,442,689). King Phumiphon Aduldet proclaimed an interim constitution in February, 1959. It gave almost absolute power to Premier Sarit Thanarat, who had taken over the government the year before. It also provided for an assembly to draft a ...


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Social dramas highlighted the 1959 theatrical season. Playwrights probed present-day problems with insight, humor, and occasional ferocity in both light and serious plays.


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U.S. trackmen defeated a Russian team for the second year in a row. In the dual meet held in Philadelphia in July, the unofficial score (under the Olympic point system) was 127 to 108. U.S. trackmen won by nearly the same score, 126 to 109, in Russia ...


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Turkey (pop. 20,934,670) signed a defense agreement with the United States in March, 1959. Despite Russian protests, Turkey also agreed to permit the establishment of a U.S. missile base on its territory. U.S.-Turkish relations grew strained in ...


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The West Indies Federation (pop. 2,355,000) saw the breakdown of its constitutional conference in Port-of-Spain, Trinidad, in October. It had been hoped that this new island nation in the British Commonwealth, established in 1958, would take strong ...


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Yugoslavia denounced Russian leaders and tried to strengthen neutralist forces in 1959. President Tito criticized Russian efforts to force Yugoslavia into the Soviet bloc. Tito visited Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru of India in January. The two ...


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The crew of a British research ship captured a giant jellyfish in 1959. The plum-colored fish, unlike any specimen known to science, was discovered off the coast of Spain. Its method of reproduction differed from that of the typical egg-laying ...


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In Guatemala, Edwin M. Shook of the University of Pennsylvania reported two finds. Both were from Tikal, and of special significance in the study of Mayan culture. One was a magnificent snake-draped stone altar. The Maya lacked metal tools, so they ...


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Agriculture produced record crops again in 1959, and piled United States crop surpluses still higher. The corn crop totaled 4,400,000,000 bushels, 16 per cent higher than the bumper 1958 crop. The wheat crop dropped sharply, but its total of ...


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Brazil (pop. 51,973,727) sought to bolster the declining value of the cruzeiro,


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The United States pertroleum industry celebrated its 100th anniversary in 1959. Edwin L. Drake had launched the industry on Aug. 27, 1859, when he struck oil near Titusville, Pa. In its century of existence, the industry drilled more than 1,700,000 ...


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Economic experts throughout the world showed growing concern over a new and ominous bomb in 1959. They termed it the P-bomb,


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Receding levels of ground-water supplies caused general concern in 1959. Chicago area water tables were reported some 600 feet below their Civil War levels. Many areas sought means of replenishing underground water sources.


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Higher interest rates and tight money conditions characterized lending operations in 1959. Borrowers with the highest credit ratings had to pay a rate of 4.75 per cent at the end of the year. This compared with 3.30 per cent early in 1959. ...


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Construction volume rose to $73,000,000,000 in 1959. The industry welcomed a $2,000,000,000 modernization program announced by the United States Post Office Department. Under the program, some 14,000 post offices will be built for lease to the ...


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City governments became increasingly self-reliant and imaginative in 1959. Kalamazoo, Mich., established the first permanent pedestrian shopping mall in the United Stats. Toledo, Ohio, closed off four blocks on a downtown street to experiment with a ...


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Business activity in the United States surged to a new high in the first half of 1959. It dropped slightly during the third quarter, and then resumed its upward trend in the last two months. As a result, the gross national product


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The Neanderthals were people of thick skulls and heavy brows, but with a brain almost modern sized. They were skilled makers of stone tools. New studies by Sherwood L. Washburn of the University of California emphasized the importance of this ...


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Architecture continued to combine structural firmness with eye-appeal and usefulness. Eyecatching exteriors were combined with interiors that harmonized with the outer forms and colors. Some architects even carried their designs over onto the areas ...


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Argentina (pop. 20,057,900) twice faced the specter of revolution in 1960. An army garrison stationed in San Luis revolted in June. But the conspirators were quickly routed. A more serious rebellion was touched off by the military in mid-October. It, ...


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Man for man, the armed forces of the Communist nations outnumbered those of the free world almost two to one. The world maintained about 17,000,000 men under arms during 1960. Of these, the free countries supported 5,000,000. Another 2,500,000 served ...


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(pop. 1,722,500,000) watched anxiously as the conflict over communist doctrine developed in Moscow and Peking. Many Asians feared their own future peace was at stake. China seemed determined to prove that the road to world communism lay through war ...


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Early in 1960, astronomers spotted and identified the most distant and fastest-moving object ever found in the sky. It was a galaxy located more than 6,000,000,000 light-years away, and traveling away from the earth at almost half the speed of light. ...


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Ohio State swamped California, 75 to 55, to win the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) title at San Francisco in March. The Big Ten champion's margin over California, NCAA defending champion, was the widest in the history of the ...


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Belgium set off a worldwide crisis when it granted independence to the Belgian Congo on June 30. Within a week, the new nation was engulfed in an orgy of bloody riots and mutinies.


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A 330,000,000-year old fossilized liverwort gave evidence that the liverwort, one of the world's most common plants, lived during the Cambrian Age,


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The bowling industry laid plans in 1960 for the professional National Bowling League. It was scheduled to begin play in September, 1961. Franchises for five-man teams were granted in 1960 to Birmingham, Fresno, Dallas, Detroit, Fort Worth, Kansas ...


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Boxing witnessed the return of the heavyweight crown to a former champion for the first time in history. Floyd Patterson, knocked out by Ingemar Johansson of Sweden in 1959, replied in kind in the fifth round at the Polo Grounds in New York City in ...


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Bulgaria leaned heavily on agriculture and the tourist trade to bolster its economic growth in 1960. By collectivizing 95 per cent of its arable land, it increased agricultural production nearly 30 per cent over 1959. The additional output was being ...


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Burma replaced the military caretaker government of General Ne Win with a parliamentary administration in February. Former Premier U Nu, who had served from 1947 to 1956, was recalled to office on April 5.


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China seemed determined to achieve in one generation what its people had been unable to accomplish in 4,000 years: world power. Its major struggles were being waged on three frontsagriculture, industry, and science. In them, the human cost ...


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Civil rights remained strictly curtailed in communist regimes in 1960. Jurists in Russia claimed that under the new criminal code, Soviet legality fully protected human rights. But the Soviet courts continued to interpret crimes ...


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American voters elected another Democratic Congress in 1960, although Republicans made slight gains in both the Senate and the House. Upon the inauguration of Democratic President John F. Kennedy on January 20, 1961, the country returned to a ...


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The need to increase the efficiency of local, state, and federal courts received increasing attention during 1960. Inability of judges to handle the mass of work before them has delayed some cases for many months. But reforms of the court system have ...


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J. Edgar Hoover, Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), reported an 11 per cent increase in serious crimes in the first nine months of 1960 over the same period in 1959. Serious crimes for all of 1959 totaled 1,500,000. The FBI also ...


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Cuba (pop. 5,829,029) cast a belligerent shadow across the world, out of all proportion to its size. It lined itself up solidly with the procommunist nations, while pursuing a violently anti-U.S. policy which in January, 1961, led to the rupture of ...


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Scientists developed and improved many new electronic devices during 1960 for use in communications, space research, astronomy, computation, national defense, and medicine.


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An attempted military coup in December failed to overthrow its ruler, Emperor Haile Selassie. The emperor was away on a state visit to Brazil. He quickly returned, and dispersed the rebels with the aid of loyal troops.


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Europe (pop. 544,500,000), enjoyed its most prosperous year since the end of World War II. Industrial production and exports soared to greater heights than ever before. Economic dependence on the United States became largely a thing of the past.


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The most startling fashion innovation on either side of the Atlantic in 1960 originated in New York with Norman Norell's fall collection. He introduced trouser suits and costumes for daytime city wear.


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Minnesota's undisputed claim to the national championship survived only through Dec. 31, 1960. On New Year's Day, 1961, Washington raised some second thoughts by beating them 17 to 7. During the season, Minnesota lost only to Purdue, and beat Iowa, ...


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France passed from crisis to crisis in 1960. Its efforts to solve them were mirrored in the struggles of its president, Charles de Gaulle. He was serving the third year of a seven-year term. His shadow loomed large over both domestic issues and the ...


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Violent earthquakes in southern Chile in May caused the entire earth to quiver like a plucked guitar string. The quivering, detected by new, supersensitive instruments, confirmed geologists' theories on the inner structure of the earth.


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The United States petroleum industry celebrated its 100th anniversary in 1959. Edwin L. Drake had launched the industry on Aug. 27, 1859, when he struck oil near Titusville, Pa. In its century of existence, the industry drilled more than 1,700,000 ...


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International trade met new complications in 1959 with the formation of a second trade association in Western Europe. The European Economic Community was launched by West Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, The Netherlands, and Luxembourg. The Economic ...


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As in most years, the poetry of 1959 was spare and slim. It was a characteristic shared by publishers, who issued only a few volumes of verse, and by poets, who released small quantities of work for publication.


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Philadelphia moved to retain its strong industrial position among U.S. cities in 1959 and continue its major construction and reconstruction projects. The unique public-private Industrial Development Corporation of the city government and Chamber of ...


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The United Arab Republic (UAR), a union of Egypt and Syria, ended its honeymoon with Russia in 1959. In March, UAR President Gamal Abdel Nasser charged that Russia was interfering with the internal affairs of the UAR. The government launched a ...


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The United Arab Republic (UAR), a union of Syria and Egypt, ended its honeymoon with Russia in 1959. In March, UAR President Gamal Abdel Nasser charged that Russia was interfering with the internal affairs of the UAR. The government launched a ...


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Australia opened wide its import gates to all U.S. and dollar-area goods. In an historic move, it lifted restrictions on 90 per cent of its imports. The new trade policy ended eight years of tight government control. It was part of the government's ...


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(pop. 6,933,905) Austria gave the cold shoulder to Russian Premier Nikita S. Khrushchev during his visit in July. The premier's visit was designed to promote closer relations between Russia and Austria. But onlookers remained aloof or apathetic during ...


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The industry had a mixed year in 1960. Sales were good and production was high, but dealers held heavy inventories throughout the year. In December, 1,000,000 new-model cars were waiting for customers. Detroit assembled 6,694,327 passenger cars, ...


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Jim Rathmann of Miami, Fla., won the Memorial Day race at Indianapolis, Ind. He led Rodger Ward of Indianapolis over the wire by only 12.67 seconds. Rathmann's average speed of 138.767 in the 500-mile race was almost 3 mph better than Ward's 1959 ...


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Capital Airlines, one of the major U.S. carriers, sought to avert financial disaster in 1960 by merging with United Air Lines. The proposal was prompted by a foreclosure suit against Capital by Vickers-Armstrong, Ltd., British manufacturer of ...


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The two major leagues steam-rollered the proposed Continental League into oblivion by announcing expansion programs of their own in 1960. The National League decided in July to field ten teams in 1962. It granted new franchises to New York and ...


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Members of President John F. Kennedy's new Cabinet, in the order of succession to the presidency, are: Secretary of State,


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Canada registered new economic gains in 1960, but at a slower pace than in some recent years. It noted a major shakeup in the federal cabinet, serious unemployment, and an increased interest in the affairs of needy and underdeveloped countries.


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Biographies accounted for the best Canadian works in history and literature in 1960. Among them were W. J. Eccles' Frontenac, the Courtier Governor;


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The first artificial reproduction of chlorophyll was achieved in 1960. News of the total synthesis, considered a major milestone in chemical history, was announced early in July by independent teams of U.S. and German researchers. Professor Robert ...


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Mikhail Botvinnik was tumbled from his 12-year reign as world chess champion by the brilliant and unorthodox 23-year-old Mikhail Tal in May. The Latvian challenger defeated the Russian master in a two-month match in Moscow. Tal scored six wins, two ...


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(Pop. 5,930,809). A series of devastating earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, and tidal waves struck southern Chile in May and June. Foreign aid for the stricken nation was prompt and generous. The United States sent $30,000,000 in relief ...


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Czechoslovakia (pop. 13,296,243) strengthened its ties with Russia and other communist nations in 1960. It did so through the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON), the East European rival of Western Europe's Common Market. The government ...


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Dance continued its whirl on an international stage in 1960. The turbulent Russian Georgian State Dance Company opened the spring dance season. Impresario S. Hurok brought England's famed Royal Ballet to New York for a four-week season prior to their ...


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The Democratic Party regained the White House after eight years of Republican occupancy. The ticket of John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson eked out a slim popular plurality, but held a decisive lead in the Electoral College. The two ...


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(Pop. 4,387,967). In 1960, Denmark offered the world a new approach to its disarmament problem. It proposed before the United Nations that Greenland, a Danish-owned island, be opened to international armament inspection. The proposal raised questions ...


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Educators in 1960 prepared to enter a new air age. First major flight in the new age of education was the Midwest Program on Airborne Television Instruction (MPATI). Its sponsors included the Ford Foundation and educational institutions. ...


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Election day in the United States brought the highest office in the land to a 43-year-old Democrat, John Fitzgerald Kennedy. He became the youngest man, and the first Roman Catholic, ever to be elected to the presidency.


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Germany remained a divided nation, its reunification more remote than ever. The thorny problem of a divided Berlin remained unsolved. Even so, West Germany (the Federal Republic of Germany) prospered because of its partnership with the democratic ...


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Arnold Palmer swept the Masters and U.S. Open tournaments to become the hottest man in pro golf. A one-stroke loss in the British Open cost him a triple crown. In the Masters at Augusta, Ga., this stouthearted pro from Ligonier, Pa., birdied the last ...


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A threat of inflation hung over the nation's economy during 1960. Declining exports aggravated the prospect of a foreign trade deficit. Dissensions within the Labour party flared up over the question of unilateral nuclear disarmament, threatening to ...


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Greece (pop. 7,631,124) achieved a modern record for political stability in October. Constantine Karamanlis became the first Greek premier in recent times to run the government continuously for five years. This political stability was reflected in the ...


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Guatemala's President Miguel Ydigoras Fuentes sought political stability for his regime in 1960. Early in the year, he named Jose Luis Cruz Salazar as Communications and Public Works Minister. Salazar had bitterly opposed Ydigoras in the presidential ...


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Haiti (pop. 3,097,220), in the words of President Francois Duvalier, is a nation standing at the limit of sacrifices, exhausted, rotting in misery, hunger, sickness, and illiteracy ... To meet this plight, Duvalier asked for and was given ...


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A 10-year-old Latvian boy named Andrejs Suritis reached a towering milestone in May, 1960. He became the 1,000,000th European refugee immigrant to enter the United States. The youth was only one of 265,398 aliens who emigrated to the United States ...


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India marked the 10th anniversary of its independence with renewed concern over economic future. It also was entangled in a border dispute over its Himalayan frontier with communist China, which had occupied 12,000 square miles claimed India. Talks to ...


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The Tuscarora nation of Iroquois Indians ended a two-year court struggle with the New York Power Authority in August. The nation accepted an offer of $850,000 for 495 acres of land needed as a reservoir for the Niagara power project.


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Indonesia took another giant step along the road to guided democracy. The new system of government, which concentrates sweeping powers in the hands of the chief executive, is President Sukarno's way of maintaining government control.


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Iran became embroiled in a dispute with the Arab states in 1960 when it recognized Israel in July. President Gamal Nasser of the United Arab Republic (UAR) denounced Shah Mohammed Riza Pahlevi for his action. Iran withdrew its ambassador to the UAR. ...


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Iraq (pop. 5,047,635) ended a five-year ban on political activity in January. It immediately licensed three parties, the National Democratic, the Democratic party for Kurdistan, and the Communist. A fourth party representing Islamic religious groups ...


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The luster of the cost-of-living clause in labor contracts dimmed in 1960. The clause, once hailed as the automatic protector of labor against rising costs, was widely condemned as being, itself, an inflationary pressure. The United Steel Workers' ...


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Political upheavals and economic crises brought about a major reappraisal of U.S.-Latin-American relations in 1960. The Cuban revolution acted as the catalyst, or moving force. Cuba's drift toward the communist camp brought into sharp focus the ...


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Four million children and adults in rural U.S. communities enjoyed library facilities for the first time in 1960. In addition, 30,000,000 people in rural areas received better library service. These improvements were made possible by the Library ...


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Libya (pop. 1,091,830) reported several new oil discoveries during the year. About one quarter of Libya was under oil concession to some 70 American, British, and foreign oil companies which have invested $200,000,000 in equipment and research.


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The fears book publishers once had that television would permanently cripple U.S. reading habits were forgotten in 1960. It was a booming year, saleswise, although only so-so by literary standards.


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Authors and artists combined their talents to provide a wealth of excellent books in 1960 for homes and libraries. Folklore and fantasy, humorous easy-to-read books, and attractive new editions of older titles appeared.


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Publishers witnessed a fierce battle between Ladies' Home Journal


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MALAYA (pop. 4,905,999) enjoyed an upsurge of prosperity and economic expansion. Its per capita income was among the highest in Southeast Asia. The government took steps in April to raise living standards even further. It drafted a second five-year ...


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Medical researchers found new evidence that viruses may be involved in human cancer, including leukemia. Volunteers inoculated with a brain extract taken from deceased leukemia victims reacted as if they had been vaccinated. They developed protective ...


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Mexico commemorated the 150th anniversary of its independence from Spain on September 16. Never in its history had the nation found more cause for celebration. It had one of the most stable economies in the Western Hemisphere. Its budget was balanced. ...


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Tensions rose and fell with the tides of Arab-Israeli and inter-Arab quarrels in 1960. Arab tempers twice stopped just short of war. Jordan accused the United Arab Republic (UAR) of complicity in the assassination of its prime minister. And Iran's ...


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Morocco (pop. 9,190,802) ended the free-zone privileges of Tangier. The ancient port city was incorporated into the Kingdom of Morocco in April. Its status became the same as any other Moroccan town. Tangier was the site of the second annual meeting ...


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Giant-sized movie spectaculars emerged during 1960 as the industry's bold bid to solve its many problems. With such blockbusters as Spartacus, The Alamo,


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More than 1,000 rehabilitation workers from 40 countries attended the Third International Congress of Physical Medicine in Washington, D.C., in August. One of many films at the conference showed an international team helping 10,000 Moroccans who ...


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Ireland proudly welcomed the news that Frederick H. Boland, its permanent representative to the United Nations (UN), had been elected president of the General Assembly. Ireland had backed the UN action in the Congo in July by sending contingents of ...


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Racing fans usually refer to a year in terms of the horse that won the Kentucky Derby. The year, 1960, was Bally Ache's year even though he did not win the Kentucky Derby. After finishing second in the Derby, Bally Ache won the Preakness and was the ...


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In Hungary, the communist regime gained confidence in its ability to cope with any internal threats to its security. It liberalized its political policies in April. An amnesty was declared affecting a number of imprisoned writers and intellectuals. ...


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The Montreal Canadiens took the season title by 13 points over the Toronto Maple Leafs. The Canadiens then swept to their fifth straight Stanley Cup. They beat the Chicago Black Hawks four straight games in the semifinals, and the Maple Leafs four ...


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Olympic champions Carol Heiss of Ozone Park, N.Y., and David Jenkins of Colorado Springs, Colo., won their fourth consecutive national figure skating titles at Seattle, Wash., in January.


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Two attempts to unseat Israeli Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion failed in 1960. The first attempt was prompted by Ben-Gurion's two-hour meeting with West German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer in New York City in March. Opposition political parties in the ...


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Italy suffered a series of political crises as one coalition government after another failed to win majority support in parliament. The government of Premier Antonio Segni fell on February 24, when the Liberal party withdrew its support. It was not ...


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Japan was plunged into political turmoil by a sheaf of diplomatic papers in 1960. A new mutual security pact with the United States was proposed to replace the treaty signed in San Francisco in 1951, and the World War II peace treaty.


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Relations with other religious communities continued to improve during 1960. The Yale University divinity school reported that a study of teachings in Protestant church schools revealed that much progress had been made in developing a more positive ...


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Jordan in 1960 was the storm center of a heated crisis in the Middle East. A bomb, exploded in the Foreign Ministry at Amman on August 29, killed Premier Hazza Majali and 11 other persons. The Jordanian government formally notified the Arab League and ...


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The April Revolution in Korea in 1960 began as a peaceful demonstration by university students. It ended in the downfall of Dr. Syngman Rhee, who had held the presidency since the birth of the Republic of Korea in 1948.


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For the second year in a row, Canada held powerboat supremacy, when Canada's Miss Supertest III


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Music centers of the world paid homage to Gustav Mahler and Hugo Wolf in 1960, the centennial of their birth. In the United States, the most comprehensive Mahler festival was presented by the New York Philharmonic, which Mahler led for two seasons, 50 ...


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The Netherlands (pop. 10,550,737) settled a long-standing dispute with West Germany in April. It signed a pact under which the Bonn government agreed to pay an indemnity of $66,000,000. The sum covered Dutch claims for injuries and losses in World War ...


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On October 20, a keyboard in New York City, activating a machine in Paris, set type for the International Edition of The New York Times.


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Nicaragua (pop. 1,057,023) suffered economically because of poor exports of cotton and coffee. Foreign exchange holdings on September 30 totaled only $9,500,000 against $13,300,000 in 1959. In November, the International Monetary Fund granted the ...


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Nobel prizes for literature and science were presented at ceremonies in Stockholm, Sweden, on Dec. 10, 1960. The ceremonies observed the 64th anniversary of the death of Alfred Nobel, Swedish inventor of dynamite and donor of the Nobel prizes. The ...


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Norway (pop. 3,342,754) was caught twice in the cross fire of the U.S.-Russian cold war during 1960. Russia accused Norway of being an accomplice of the United States in the U-2 spy plane incident. Reports indicated that the plane was headed for a ...


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Poland stumbled along the road of total socialism chalked out for it by the communist regime. Unemployment was widespread, even though industrial production had averaged a 14 per cent increase annually over a 10-year period. In March, the registered ...


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Portugal (pop. 8,510,240) was gravely concerned over its two African territories. In July, it sent troops to Angola and Mozambique to forestall any outbreak that might be inspired by the granting of independence to the Belgian Congo. Premier Antonio ...


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The storm that raged through the night had barely relented when dawn broke upon Washington, D.C., on Jan. 20, 1961. The flag-decked city lay under a blanket of snow, the thermometer near 22 degress. But to the 20,000 people massed in front of the east ...


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Prison officials continued to work under the handicaps of overcrowding and insufficient activity for prisoners. However, there were no major prison riots. Penologists estimated that more than 60 per cent of U.S. prisoners are repeaters, ...


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Protestant churches continued the movement toward greater unity. The merger of three Lutheran bodies in April brought 2,258,000 Lutherans into the new American Lutheran Church. In October, a second big Lutheran merger received the approval of the last ...


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Governor Luis Munoz Marin won his fourth term November 8 despite the opposition of the island's three Roman Catholic bishops. The churchmen told Catholics it would be sinful to vote for Marin because of his position on birth control laws, common law ...


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Accidents in 1960 took 93,000 lives, 920 more than in 1959. About 9,300,000 more were injured. The cost to the nation, as estimated by the National Safety Council, was $13,400,000,000. Fatalities increased in the motor vehicle and home-accident ...


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Saudi Arabia witnessed the end of a three-year power struggle within the royal family. King Saud replaced his brother, Crown Prince Faisal, as head of the government in December.


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Sierra Leone, (pop. 2,000,000), was given internal self-government by Great Britain in 1960. Its independence day was set for April 27, 1961. The British promised $21,000,000 in loans, grants, and aid to help the new state. They will retain control of ...


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Clarence Servold of Canada won the national 15-kilometer cross-country race at Aspen Highlands, Colo., in January.


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Bangu of Brazil beat Kilmarnock of Scotland, 2 to 0, in New York in August to win the American Challenge Cup in the first year of the 12-country International Soccer League.


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Social Security celebrated its 25th birthday in 1960. Between 1935 and 1960, coverage increased from 25,000,000 to 81,000,000 persons.


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The Republic of Somalia (pop. 1,887,000) was established July 1. The new nation was formed by merging the Italian UN trust territory of Somalia with the former British Somaliland protectorate. British Somaliland was granted independence on June 26 so ...


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U.S. swimmers broke Australia's Olympics hold at Rome. The Americans won 11 gold medals to Australia's 5. One of the 11 went to the 800-meter relay team, which included the Kansan, Jeff Farrell. In a rare example of athletic courage, Farrell had won a ...


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Switzerland (pop. 4,950,000) placed controls on the inflow of international capital for the first time in its history. The monetary reserves of the Swiss National Bank stood at 9,100,000,000 Swiss francs in mid-July. To curb the heavy influx, the ...


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The average U.S. citizen in 1960 toiled two hours and 16 minutes out of every eight-hour workday just to meet his tax bills. This was four minutes longer than it took in 1958, according to Tax Foundation, Inc. Individual income taxes totaled ...


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The Bell Laboratories began testing an electronic central office in Morris, Ill. The experimental station not only routes all calls electronically, but allows dialing of frequently called numbers by using two digits instead of seven. It also returns ...


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Television debates between Richard M. Nixon and John F. Kennedy in the autumn of 1960 made TV history, and they also may have helped to make national history. Never before were presidential candidates seen by so many voters during a ...


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Australia continued to dominate men's tennis. Neal Fraser of Australia beat his countryyman, Rod Laver, at Wimbledon, England, in July. Fraser won again over Laver at Forest Hills, N.Y., in September, to take the U.S. title. R. Dennis Ralston of ...


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The United States saw the reins of government pass into the hands of a new generation. John F. Kennedy, the youngest man ever elected to the presidency, succeeded Dwight D. Eisenhower, the oldest man ever to occupy the White House.


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Benito Nardone, the son of an immigrant Italian dock worker, became council chairman (president) of the republic on March 1. He called for sound money policies, and forceful economic development plans.


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Venezuela (pop. 5,091,543), faced a grave economic and political crisis in 1960. It suffered a slowdown in industrial production. Unemployment and high living costs further complicated the shaky financial picture.


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Procommunist guerrillas, filtering down from North Vietnam, stepped up their campaign of terror and violence in South Vietnam. The North Vietnamese lived under a program of austerity. South Vietnam enjoyed a rising living standard, and relative ...


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The worst weather disasters of the year came in a pair to East Pakistan in October. Two cyclones followed by disastrous waves killed an estimated 12,000 persons. In the Western Hemisphere, Hurricane Donna in September left a death toll of about 150, ...


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The West Indies Federation (pop. 2,355,000) strained at the ties that bound it into a territorial union under the British Crown. Jamaica was openly discontented. It opposed a centrally controlled federation which might jeopardize its free economic ...


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Premier William A. C. Bennett and his Social Credit party won their fourth consecutive election on September 12.


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The Conservative government of Premier Dufferin Roblin drafted a record budget of $127,000,000. It included an unprecedented fund to establish technical schools in underdeveloped foreign countries. The federal government bought the necessary land for ...


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Louis J. Robichaud, 34-year-old leader of the Liberal party, swept Hugh J. Flemming and his Conservatives out of office in June. Robichaud became the first French-speaking premier in New Brunswick, and the youngest ever to hold the office. He promised ...


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Newfoundland feared an economic blow when the United States closed its jet interceptor base near St. John's. Despite the loss of more than 1,000 jobs, the province found its economy in good shape at the end of the year. Its paper industry, shaken by a ...


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Premier Robert L. Stanfield and his Conservative government were returned to power on June 7. They gained three seats, one of them that of the Liberal leader, Henry D. Hicks.


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Ontario voted the largest budget in its history in 1960. Revenues were estimated at $770,000,000, and expenditures at $769,000,000, with $230,000,000 earmarked for educational purpose.


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Fire devastated about 100 square miles of woodland and farms in the western part of the island during the summer. The loss imposed a heavy financial burden on the provincial government. It raised sales taxes to 4 per cent in an effort to gain ...


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New achievements reflected man's quickening interest in the mysterious world that lies beneath the seas. Crews of nuclear submarines lived for months under the surface. One crew circled the earth while submerged. Scientists discovered great suboceanic ...


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Seven thousand young men and women from 84 nations gathered amid the ruins of ancient Rome last August 25 for the most impressive sports spectacle in modern history. During the next three weeks, they demonstrated at the 17th Modern Olympiad that the ...


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The Pushkin Museum in Moscow exhibited government-owned canvases of French impressionists for the first time in March. A showing of 37 masterpieces, lent by 22 European and American museums, celebrated the opening of the new building of the National ...


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(Pop. 9,758,000). The belt-tightening policies of Finance Minister Pedro Beltran paid off for Peru in 1960. Deficit spending ended, and inflation was no longer a serious threat.


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The Philippines worked to strengthen its Filipino First policy. Under the program, the Philippine people were to control 60 per cent of all new capital investments in the islands. The aim was to reduce foreign control of the island's ...


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Discovery of the shortest lifetime of an elementary particle was announced in August. R. H. Glaser and others of the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, D.C., announced that the pi zero meson has a lifetime of .0000000000000002 seconds. This is ...


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in the United States increased the availability of taped programs to stations in all parts of the world. Taped recordings of such events as the political conventions and the crucial meetings of the United Nations thus gave the world greater knowledge ...


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The Republican Party lost the 1960 U.S. presidential election by one of the closest votes in modern history. Vice-President Richard M. Nixon, the Republican candidate, was less than a percentage point behind his Democratic rival, John F. Kennedy, in ...


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The country, which then part of what was called the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland,faced an uncertain future. Nyasaland continued to demand immediate separation from the Federation which, it charged, served only the interests of white minorities ...


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Under the dynamic leadership of the 79-year-old pontiff, John XXIII, more than 537,533,000 Catholics throughout the world progressed significantly in many directions. Over 106,874,000 Catholics in North America, 128,488,000 in Latin America, ...


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Romania (pop. 17,489,794) settled a long-standing U.S. indemnity claim, originally valued at $60,000,000, for $24,526,370 in March. A desire to increase trade with the United States agreed in turn to unblock Romanian-owned assets in the United States.


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Russia (pop. 208,800,000) was increasingly dominated in 1960 by its premier, First Secretary of the Communist Party, Nikita S. Khrushchev. During six foreign excursions, he preached the Soviet policy of peaceful coexistence while hammering at U.S. ...


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How fast will man move in his conquest of space? The answer lies in many imponderables, but herewith are predictions by Willy Ley, author of Rockets, Missiles and Space Travel, and one of the world's foremost authorities in the field of space travel. ...


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Spain (pop. 28,039,112) relaxed controls on its trade by adopting the first new tariff law in 38 years. The measure covered over 30,000 items. Spain had agreed to take the step in 1959 in return for membership in Organization for European Economic ...


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Refer Johnsor was named Athlete of the Year for 1960 in a poll by the Associated Press. He also won the James E. Sullivan Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) Trophy. Wilma Rudolph, the winner of three Olympic gold medals in sprints was named ...


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Growth of services, responsibilities, and budgets marked state government in 1960. This resulted from continued increases in population and rising public needs, particularly in the field of education.


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Sudan (pop. 8,766,000) took steps to end its dependence on a single-crop economy. It began establishing more industries, while still increasing its agricultural output. A $17,000,000 textile mill was being built at Khartoum. It was expected to begin ...


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Sweden (pop. 7,290,112) completed plans for one of the world's most elaborate civil defense programs in 1960. It drafted a quarter of a million people to work on the program on a part-time basis. The plans included detailed instructions involving the ...


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Thailand (pop. 17,442,689) began its long-delayed march toward a modern economy. To spur industrial development, it began a lenient tax policy toward foreign and native investors, and lifted import taxes on machinery.


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The U.S. stage was enriched in 1960 with sparkling musicals, revivals of the classics, and a handful of stimulating European plays. But few U.S. plays of real merit came to light.


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U.S. failures in 1960 were almost as conspicuous as the successes. John Thomas, who set a world high-jump record of 7 feet 3 3/4 inches in the Olympic trials, could place no better than third at Rome. Two Russians cleared 7 feet 1 inch to win the ...


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The ten-year regime of premier Adnan Menderes fell on May 27, 1960, when the Turkish army seized power. The revolt was sparked by university students in Istanbul, who demonstrated against the repressive measures of the Menderes government. The ...


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South Africa voted on October 5 to end its allegiance to the British Crown and become a republic. The move was approved by only a small margin of the Union's white voters, 849,958 to 775,878. African Negroes, mulattoes, and Indians were barred from ...


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The United Nations (UN) emerged as the central instrument for world diplomacy during 1960. It brought leaders together after the collapse of the Paris summit conference. It dispatched an international force into the Congo. It provided a forum for the ...


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Yugoslavia continued to play a nimble political game. As an independent neutralist, it supported an unsuccessful effort in the United Nations to bring about a meeting between Russian Premier Nikita S. Khrushchev and U.S. President Eisenhower. But as a ...


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Professor Marcus Singer, a Cornell University zoologist, stimulated the regrowth of a new leg to replace one cut off an adult frog. His studies, reported in July, emphasized the importance of an agent in the nervous systemprobably ...


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Many bold advances were made in computer development. Scientists and engineers at the First International Conference on Information Processing in Paris, sponsored by the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), noted ...


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Africa (pop. 223,500,000) seethed with the ferment of nationalism from the Cape of Good Hope to the Mediterranean, and from the highlands of Kenya to the mouth of the Congo River. In 1949, there had been only four independent nations in Africa: Egypt, ...


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Important parts of the still-hidden story of man's beginnings were revealed by continuing excavations in 1960. Three more skeletons of the Neanderthal man were unearthed in northern Iraq by Dr. Ralph Solecki of Columbia University. They were found in ...


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The death of a little girl early in the year kept Medicine Hat from reaching its goal of 2,000 days without a fatal traffic accident. The southern Alberta town had gone 1,980 days without a fatality, a record for North American cities of more than ...


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Provincial elections held on June 22 resulted in the dramatic defeat of the Union Nationale (NU) government after 16 years of power. Jean Lesage, a 48-year-old lawyer and former minister of northern affairs in the federal cabinet, became premier, the ...


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Premier Thomas C. Douglas and his socialist Cooperative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) won their fifth consecutive victory in the provincial elections on June 8. The premier announced the government's intention of starting a provincial medical-care ...


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The lowly broom became a mighty political symbol in Brazil's 1960 presidential campaign. Janio da Silva Quadros used one to dramatize his promises of a sweeping reform program if elected president. He won by a huge majority, defeating a political ...


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Five contestants tied for first place at the World Power Championships held in Cranfield, England, in July. They represented Finland, Italy, New Zealand, Sweden, and the United States. Hungary won the team championship, and the United States took ...


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Chicago took steps to reform its police department after charges of police collusion with burglars shocked the city in January. Mayor Richard J. Daley appointed Orlando W. Wilson, noted criminologist from the University of California, to the new ...


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New York City saw signs of change in the present, and heard cheering words for the future.


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The petroleum industry continued to suffer from overproduction, high costs, and falling prices. Profits, however, were up about 7 per cent over 1959. At the end of the year, the U.S. Bureau of Mines announced that new wells were being brought in at a ...


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California voters in November authorized the state to undertake the biggest water-moving project in history. It will move water from the Feather River in north-central California through a 500-mile aqueduct system to the expanding Los Angeles-San ...


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Three interrelated developments marked the banking year. First, interest rates declined as monetary authorities sought to stem the mild business recession that began in the summer. Second, gold prices soared because of a brief flurry of speculation on ...


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Construction volume in 1960 fell substantially short of expectation, and barely squeezed past the 1959 mark of $73,000,000,000. Industrial construction, up over the 1959 figure, made up for the lag in residential building.


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The census showed spectacular rises and surprising declines in the ranking of U.S. cities in 1960. Phoenix, Ariz., achieved the most spectacular growth, soaring from 98th in 1950 to 29th. Its population grew from 106,818 to 439,170. Widespread ...


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The year was a disappointing one, despite record gains in some areas of the economy. The rapid advance at the end of 1959 and in January, 1960, did not carry through the year. Gross National Product, the output of goods and services, rose 4 per cent ...


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AFRICA (pop. 213,522,550) remained a major threat to world peace in 1961. Its African republics, caught in the ebb and flow of the cold war, helped increase tensions between East and West. Disorders created by racial strife became issues in the world ...


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(pop. 1,391,499), smallest of communist nations in Europe, was a big thorn in Russia's side in 1961. It mirrored the rift between Russia and Communist China over coexistence policies.


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The known length of man's evolution was extended a million years in 1961. Radioactive dating, completed in July, placed primitive toolmaking man on earth 1,750,000 years ago. This was nearly three times earlier than anthropologists had previously ...


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Two rooms believed to have been part of the comparatively modest home of the great Roman emperor Augustus were unearthed on Palatine Hill in Rome in 1961. Their discoverer was Professor Gianfilippo Carettoni, an Italian government archaeologist. He ...


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A fluted brick dome shrine in New Harmony, Ind., and an ominous-looking concrete building for a nuclear reactor in Rehovot, Israel, won two of the seven honor awards of the American Institute of Architects for Philip Johnson of New York City in 1961.


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Argentina (pop. 20,057,900), enjoyed a calm year, politically, despite a major cabinet shift and a top army shakeup. But economically, it continued to struggle with its stabilization program, growing labor unrest, inflation, and another big budget ...


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Ruanda-Urundi (pop. 4,500,000), prepared for independence in 1961. The two African colonies, which are jointly administered by Belgium under a United Nations (UN) trusteeship, were promised autonomy by the Belgian resident-general, M. J. Harroy, on ...


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Detroit was at home to the National Automobile Show for the first time. The automobile industry spent $25,000,000 to exhibit 300 cars and trucks. The nine-day show was held in October in the newly opened Cobo Hall exposition center. The ...


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Houston leaped from fourteenth to seventh place among U.S. cities in the 1960 census. Baltimore kept sixth place by the skin of its teeth in the final figures. Houston's population increased to 938,219 from 596,163 in 1950. The booming Texas city also ...


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Los Angeles officially became the third-ranking U.S. city in 1960. The census counted 2,479,015, an increase of 508,657 over 1950. A total of 6,742,696 ranked the standard metropolitan area as the nation's second largest, since the Chicago Standard ...


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In September, 1960, a new universityYork Universityopened its doors in Toronto.


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Washington, D.C., hoped to have seen its last voteless presidential election. Congress passed a constitutional amendment to give District citizens the vote for President, Vice-President, and a nonvoting member of the House of Representatives. Hawai ...


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Four new bridges costing $30,000,000 were begun in May to join the Quebec mainland with the Island of Montreal in the St. Lawrence River. Montreal's McGill University established a university press in 1960, the second in Canada.


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Petroleum continued to suffer from overproduction, high costs, and falling prices. Profits, however, were up about 7 per cent over 1959. At the end of the year, the U.S. Bureau of Mines announced that new wells were being brought in at a cost of $3.08 ...


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The continuing deficit in U.S. balance of payments, and the failure of two European communities of nations to agree on trade problems created international concern in 1960. In a move to avoid trade war, 18 European nations, Canada, and the United ...


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Perhaps the most notable feature of the year in poetry was variety. The offerings ranged from an anthology of the younger poets to new collections by several of the longer established writers.


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Philadelphia stepped up its campaign to get commuters to travel by train instead of by automobile. It created the Passenger Service Improvement Corporation to subsidize commuter service, and to provide parking space at outlying stations. The action ...


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The United Arab Republic (UAR), a union of Egypt and Syria, reaped a big harvest of aid from both the East and the West. Three agreements signed with the United States in March covered U.S. economic and agricultural loans totaling $47,000,000. The ...


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The United Arab Republic (UAR), a union of Syria and Egypt, reaped a big harvest of aid from both the East and the West. Three agreements signed with the United States in March covered U.S. economic and agricultural loans totaling $47,000,000. The ...


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Startling changes occurred in estimates of military balance of power in 1961. The experts previously had talked of a two-to-one communist advantage, but, in 1961, estimates were that the West probably would gain a slight edge by mid-1962.


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(pop. 1,722,500,000) seethed with tension and political instability in 1961. Both stemmed largely from a step-up in communist aggression, backed by Russia and Communist China. Clashes of political ideologies resulted as the West reacted to stop the ...


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Astronomy researchers sharpened their basic yardstick of the solar system in the spring of 1961. They narrowed the astronomical unit


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Australia felt the pinch of growing unemployment and falling gold reserves in 1961. To decrease unemployment, the government sharply curtailed immigration. It also began an all-out drive to encourage foreign industry in a move to boost gold and ...


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(pop. 6,933,905) Austria finally liquidated its World War II reparations debt to Russia in 1961. Payments made since 1955, in the form of industrial equipment and material, totaled $150,000,000. Crude oil deliveries to Russia, under terms of the 1955 ...


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Recovery was late in coming to the automotive industry in 1961. A backlog of 1,000,000 new-model cars in dealer's showrooms in January plus strikes in the fall added up to lower production than in 1960. Sales of U.S.-assembled automobiles totaled ...


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The National Bowling League began operations in September with 10 teams from Dallas, Detroit, Fresno, Fort Worth, Kansas City, Los Angeles, Minneapolis-St. Paul, New York, Omaha, and San Antonio. By year's end, Kansas City, Omaha, and San Antonio had ...


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Floyd Patterson successfully battered down two 1961 challengers of his heavyweight crown. In the first engagement, March 13, he knocked out Sweden's Ingemar Johansson, who just failed to rise in time before the count of 10 in the sixth round. Each ...


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Bulgaria suffered another of its chronic crop failures in 1961. At a Communist party meeting in Sofia in April, First Secretary Todor Zhivkov blamed the Ministry of Agriculture for the food crisis. A trade pact was signed with Great Britain. It ...


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Burma won international distinction in 1961 when U Thant, its ambassador to the United Nations (UN), was elected as acting Secretary-General. At home, the Burmese government continued its efforts to end military participation in politics by replacing ...


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Members of President John F.Kennedy's Cabinet, in the order of succession to the presidency, are: Secretary of State,


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Tensions between Cambodia and its neighbor, Thailand, led to a diplomatic rupture between the two nations in 1961. Cambodia was incensed over Thai charges that it was a secret base for communist operations against Thailand. On October 23, Chief of ...


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The United Arab Republic (UAR) and Japan increased the rights of women in 1961. The UAR ended the legality of divorce by a simple oral declaration on the part of the husband. Divorced wives were assured the rights of alimony and the custody of their ...


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Computers became so humanlike in 1961 that one had a babywell, almost. A computer actually produced all the necessary information to make a second computer, according to Western Electric Company scientists. The mother was a ...


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CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES held its longest session in a decade. It convened on January 3 and did not adjourn until September 27. During that time, it appropriated $95,800,000,000the largest peacetime appropriation in the nation's history.


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A sweeping expansion of the U.S. federal judiciary took place in 1961. Congress established 73 new judgeships on May 20, increasing the total by one fourth. President John F. Kennedy had the task of appointing more than 100 judges in one year, three ...


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Congress enacted four of eight laws in September proposed by U.S. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy. The laws, designed to bring crime syndicates under federal jurisdiction, had the support of J. Edgar Hoover, director of the Federal Bureau of ...


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Cuba (pop. 5,829,029) remained in the firm grasp of a dictatorship in 1961. Under Premier Fidel Castro, its people were on short rations. Industry was in chaos. In December, Cuba's prestige sank to a new low in the Western Hemisphere when Castro ...


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Electronics industry records fell again in 1961 as sales climbed to an estimated $10,150,000,000 a 4.1 per cent rise from 1960's $9,750,000,000 according to the Electronics Industries Association.


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Reform plans swept through Ethiopia, Africa's oldest independent nation, during 1961. They followed an attempt to overthrow the government late in 1960. On April 17, Emperor Haile Selassie named Aklilou Abde Wold, as his new premier. Shortly ...


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The rift between the communist-bloc East European nations and the prodemocratic nations of Western Europe deepened in 1961. Each side remained firmly opposed to the other. Each was developing a new sense of unity that accentuated the cleavage.


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The strongest influence on American fashion during 1961 was a strikingly beautiful brunette named Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy. Following her elegant lead, women bared their arms to the shoulder and showed legs to the knee in brightly colored costumes ...


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Outstanding among the new food processes developed in 1961 was ProTen, a patented technique for tenderizing beef. ProTen involves the use of a natural food enzyme, papain, which is refined from the juice of the papaya plant. Other enzymes refined from ...


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Unbeaten and united Alabama won the unofficial U.S. college football championship, shading Ohio State in both the Associated Press and United Press International polls. It went on to defeat Arkansas, 10 to 3, in the Sugar Bowl.


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Rehabilitation of the disabled made record gains in the United States for the sixth consecutive year. A total of 92,000 persons found jobs under the state-federal vocational rehabilitation program during fiscal 1961. It was a 5 per-cent increase from ...


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One of the major health concerns during 1961 was the rising rate of fallout caused by the Soviet Union's resumption of nuclear tests. U.S. officials stated, however, that resulting fallout levels did not warrant undue concern or any drastic public ...


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Carry Back and Kelso dominated the race tracks in 1961. Carry Back rated among the most popular horses of all time with his stirring come-from-behind victories in the Kentucky Derby and the Preakness.


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Hungary (pop. 7,460,000) reshuffled its government in September. Janos Kadar, first secretary of the Hungarian Communist party, reassumed the premiership. The governmental reorganization gave Kadar virtual control in Hungary.


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The Montreal Canadiens' five-year grip on hockey's top laurels was broken by the Chicago Black Hawks. Chicago won the Stanley Cup play-offs by beating the Detroit Red Wings, 4 games to 2, after they had eliminated the Canadiens by the same margin. ...


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The world was shocked by the loss of the entire U.S. figure-skating team in an airplane crash in Belgium on February 15. Among the dead were Laurence Owen, newly crowned U.S. and North American ladies' champion; her sister, Maribel, and Dudley ...


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Israel put former Nazi officer Adolf Eichmann on trial for his life in April. He was held responsible for the death of 6,000,000 Jews during World War II. His trial reawakened among Israel's young people a sense of their Jewish heritage and once again ...


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Italy prospered under the double boon of economic growth and political stability. The Christian Democrat government of Premier Amintore Fanfani rounded out 18 months in power. It was three times the average length of Italy's cabinets since World War ...


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Japan enjoyed an economy in 1961 that some experts fear may be growing too fast for its own good. On July 15, the government predicted that the growth of its gross national product for 1961 would well exceed the 11 per-cent increase achieved in the ...


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The trial of Adolf Eichmann in Jerusalem, on the charge that he had played a key role in the death of 6,000,000 Jews, stirred Jewish communities throughout the world. Nearly everyone agreed with the verdict of guilty, but some in Israel, including ...


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Jordan in 1961 celebrated a royal wedding in May when King Hussein married Toni Gardiner, the daughter of a British army officer. The monarch's new consort had previously accepted Islam and was given the name Muna el-Hussein. Her foreign birth, ...


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Although 1961 began with a promise for constitutional reform, the year ended with the military in control of Korea. On May 16, 1961, a military junta headed by Lieutenant General Chang Do Young seized power when the government of Prime Minister John ...


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Phil Hill of Santa Monica, Calif., drove his bright red, factory-owned Ferrari to the world's championship in Grand Prix racing. Hill, 34, thus became the first American ever to win the title. But that September 10, in Monza, Italy, was a dark day as ...


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The U.S. government moved early in 1961 to tighten safety controls on the nation's congested airways. Demands for improved safety measures followed a series of major air disasters. They were touched off by the worst air crash in historythe ...


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Sluggers ruled the game of baseball in 1961. Seven major league players belted above 600 in the slugging averages


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The second betting scandal in a decade rocked college basketball in 1961. The New York City district attorney's office revealed details of fixed games that implicated 39 players from 22 colleges. Among the schools in the basketball scandal were the ...


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Belgium recovered rapidly from the aftereffects it had suffered through the loss of the former Belgian Congo. Foreign trade rose to $348,000,000 in September. Industries were working at top capacity.


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A closer look showed that U.S. boat owners were cruising around on a lesser scale than the industry had estimated. A decade of rapid growth for boating, especially outboards, had led to a 1960 estimate of 8,025,000 pleasure boats on all U.S. waters.


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A plebiscite held under United Nations auspices on February 11-12 split the British Cameroons in two. The southern part joined with the Republic of Cameroun (formerly French Cameroons) on October 1 to form the Cameroun Federation. John Foncha, former ...


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Canada, like the rest of the world, experienced a population explosion. In Mid-1961, the number of Canadians was estimated at 18,168,000, representing a gain of over 29 per cent in the last decade. Immigration continued to decline, ...


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Canadia authors produced excellent works in fiction and poetry. Outstanding fiction of 1961 included A Passion in Rome


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A new elementelement 103was born in the spring of 1961. It was created synthetically and identified by scientists at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory of the University of California in Berkeley. Element 103, which is not found ...


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Mikhail Botvinnik, 49-year-old Russian engineer, recaptured his world chess title at the international master's tournament, held in May in Bled, Yugoslavia. Botvinnik defeated the 24-year-old Mikhail Tal of Latvia, who had snapped the Russian's ...


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(Pop. 5,930,809). Inflation, labor unrest, and a slowdown in its economic progress gripped Chile in 1961. Wildcat strikes paralyzed much of the economy as workers demanded more money to match the rising cost of living.


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China's Great Leap Forward took several steps backward in 1961. The nation suffered some of its worst natural disasters in decades. Floods in the Yangtze River areas devastated thousands of acres of farmland. Droughts and locusts wrecked ...


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Czechoslovakia (pop. 13,296,243) tightened its ties with Cuba in 1961. The Czech government agreed in January to represent Cuban diplomatic interests in the United States after the United States broke relations with Cuba. It began direct weekly air ...


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More people in the United States saw first-rate ballet in 1961 than ever before. England's Royal Ballet was concluding its sixth U.S. tour as the season opened. The Moiseyev Dance Company, Russia's splashy folk dance troupe, returned for a New York ...


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The Democratic Party chose a new chairman in January. About 100 party leaders unanimously elected John M. Bailey of Connecticut as chairman of the National Democratic Committee. He succeeded Senator Henry J. Jackson, who resigned.


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(Pop. 4,387,967). In 1961, Denmark played a leading role in efforts to unite Europe's trade groups. In August, it followed Great Britain in seeking membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), and urged its fellow partners in the European Free ...


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The rate of growth of sales and earnings of the ethical drug industry slackened in 1961. Controls that would further reduce the profits in new discoveries were strongly advocated by the Kennedy administration as a means of bringing down drug prices. ...


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The movement towards unification and closer cooperation among the eight Eastern Orthodox churches in America made substantial progress in 1961. A Standing Conference of Orthodox Canonical Bishops in America was established in January with the Greek ...


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France again hovered on the brink of civil war over the Algerian issue. President Charles de Gaulle narrowly averted disaster by successfully crushing a rebellion in the French army. Even as he edged closer to freedom for Algeria, right-wing opponents ...


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Germany became the focus of a grave international crisis when the communists put on new pressures in their demands for a permanent division of Germany.


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Arnold Palmer lost two crowns and gained one in 1961, reversing his performance of the year before. He battled some of England's foulest weather in July to win the British Open. He had lost the Masters tournament in Augusta, Ga., in April, when he ...


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Grave economic difficulties plagued the United Kingdom for the sixth time since the end of World War II. They overshadowed other domestic problems and the international crises in which the nation was involved.


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Greece (pop.7,631,124) took an historic step on July 9. It signed a pact linking it with the European Economic Community (EEC, or Common Market) as an associate member. The agreement was the first of its kind signed by the Common Market.


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Guatemala crushed a rightist plot to overthrow its government on July 11. President Miguel Ydigores Fuentes immediately imposed a 30-day state of siege to prevent an outbreak of violence. Earlier in the year, the country was one of the semisecret ...


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Haiti (pop. 3,097,220) almost unwittingly re-elected President Francois Duvalier to office on April 30. The election was held primarily to choose a new, unicameral legisature which would replace the bicameral one dissolved by the president. Duvalier's ...


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The U.S. Congress passed a compromise immigration act in September. Under its terms, 18,000 second and third preference immigrants who had requested admission to the United States before July 1, 1961, were to be allowed to enter the ...


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(pop. 438,000,000) took possession of three small Portuguese enclaves within its borders in December. The three territoriesGoa, Damao, and Diuhad been ruled by Portugal since 1510. Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru approved the military ...


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Indonesia continued to move toward guided democracy, despite various internal difficulties. Antigovernment rebel forces continued active in Sumatra and the Celebes, even though some 25,000 rebels surrendered in April. The cost of ...


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Iran weathered two major crises in 1961. The first occurred in February, when various political groups protested that the new Majlis (parliament) was dishonestly elected. The tempest subsided when Shah Mohammed Riza Pahlevi called on the national ...


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Iraq (pop. 4,799,500) flexed its military muscles by attempting to annex Kuwait in July. Premier Abdel Karim el-Kassem insisted that the tiny sheikdom, which Great Britain had declared was no longer a British protectorate, rightly belonged to Iraq. ...


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Ireland elected a new Dail Eireann (parliament) on October 4. It was one of the quietest elections in the republic's history. Sean Lemass, a Fianna Fail leader, was again named prime minister.


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Labor movements saw the passage of a new minimum wage law, the end of federal monitorship of the Teamsters Union, and the signing of new contracts in the auto industry. The latter approached the announced goal of United Auto Workers (UAW) President ...


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Latin America was swept by waves of political and social turmoil during 1961. The nations battled inflation, unfavorable balances of payments, and economic stagnation. Their peoples struggled for land reform, for the equalization of wealth, for ...


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Cooperation among world libraries was even more apparent in 1961. The International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA) held two meetings. The 27th general session met in Edinburgh, Scotland, September 4 to 9, to work out procedures which could ...


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Libya (pop. 1,091,830) by a royal decree of King Idris I, reorganized its Council of Ministers and created two new ministries in May. One of them, the Ministry of Petroleum Affairs, was headed by Fuad Kabazi. The other, the Ministry of Industry, was ...


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Most critics agreed that 1961 was a so-so season in American book publishing in terms of the appearance of works of lasting merit. Nevertheless, it was a year that broke all records for new titles issued and number of books sold.


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The wide expanse of the television screen is reflected in the variety this year of large and beautiful family books for all ages to enjoy. Interest in the world has resulted in the Life Pictorial Atlas of the World


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The economic problems of serious music in the United States came to national attention in 1961. Both the New York Philharmonic and the Philadelphia Orchestra started their autumn seasons with labor troubles and with canceled programs. And echoes of ...


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The division between popular music, aimed at adult audiences and novelty songs designed for youngsters became sharper in 1961. The best pop music was written mainly for musicals.


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The Netherlands (pop. 10,550,737) found itself embroiled in a dispute with Indonesia over control of Netherlands New Guinea. Despite the Dutch government's willingness to negotiate, Indonesia's President Sukarno mobilized his army and threatened to ...


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Newspapers found 1961 a chaotic period both of retrenchment and expansion. On the growth side, The New York Times


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Nicaragua (pop. 1,057,023) began to emerge from an economic recession in 1961. The economic improvement was due largely to bumper harvests of coffee, cotton, and sugar. But larger exports of frozen beef also helped brighten the economic outlook.


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Nobel prizes for literature and science were presented at ceremonies in Stockholm, Sweden, on Dec. 10, 1961. Two Nobel peace prize medalists were selected in 1961, since no award in this field was made a year ago. These medalists are selected by the ...


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John F. Kennedy faced extraordinary challenges during his first year in the world's toughest job. There was no end in sight in the Cold War, and the threat of atomic annihilation still hovered over the world.


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The U.S. Bureau of Prisons in 1961 was studying the possibility of closing Alcatraz, in San Francisco Bay, largely because of its expensive up-keep. A new maximum-security prison was to be built, probably in the Midwest.


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Protestant churchmen met in New Delhi, India, late in 1961 for the Third General Assembly of the World Council of Churches (WCC). To the modern capital of ancient India came representatives from almost every branch of Christendom, including for the ...


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Puerto Rico swore in Luis Munoz Marin as governor for his fourth consecutive term on January 2. The Senate, which had once congratulated the Cubans on their revolution, approved a resolution in February condemning the Castro regime.


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The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) adopted new technical standards for FM stereo broadcasting in April. This enabled FM stations to send out the dual signals required for true stereophonic sound. This FM service, not available on the AM band, ...


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Republican Party leadership was sought by three contenders. Former Vice-President Richard M. Nixon had been handpicked as titular head of the party by Dwight D. Eisenhower, who willingly accepted the role of elder statesman. The Nixon leadership was ...


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MALAYA (pop.4,905,999) bustled with economic vigor in 1961. Its first five-year plan had boosted national output by 20 per cent under the leadership of Prime Minister Tengku Abdul Rahman. On April 23, the government announced it would invest about ...


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Additional evidence on the relationship of cigarette smoking to coronary heart disease became available in 1961. Although the importance of cigarette smoking in causing lung cancer has been disputed by some, it was proved that death from all causes is ...


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The Joint Commission on Mental Illness and Health, a nongovernmental body authorized by Congress in 1955 to study the nation's mental-health need, issued its final report in March.


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Mexico relived memories of its 51-year-old revolution in 1961. On September 15, one day before Independence Day, armed peasants attacked army posts and village halls in 10 states. Before the well-organized outburst was suppressed, 52 of the insurgents ...


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The Middle East was rocked by two major crises that sent shock waves throughout the world. The first, in midsummer, involved Great Britain, Iraq, and the sheikdom of Kuwait. It followed Great Britain's declaration that Kuwait was no longer a British ...


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Morocco (pop. 9,200,000) mourned the death of its king, Mohammed V, on February 26. His son, Crown Prince Moulay Hassan, succeeded him.


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For the U.S. motion picture industry, 1961 was a year of anxiety. 20th Century-Fox, torn apart by internal wrangling, seemed on the verge of collapse. The once powerful studio sold its vast back lot to the Zeckendorf real estate interests. ...


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Norway (pop. 3,342,754) aroused Russia's ire in 1961. The Russians claimed that Norway's membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) threatened their northern flank. Foreign Minister Halvard M. Lange, however, rejected a Russian ...


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The Indian Ocean will be the subject of intense study beginning in 1962. Scientists from 20 nations will scan the area, which covers 14 per cent of the earth's surface and is thought to be the richest of the world's seas in marine life. Sponsored by ...


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The loudest and most sensational art news of 1961 had little to do with art as such, and, where art was


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(Pop. 9,758,000). Peru in 1961 coined a new byword for progress: Peru-Via.


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The Philippines turned President Carlos P. Garcia out of office in November. It elected Vice-President Diosdado Macapagal to replace him.


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Poland held national elections on April 16. Josef Cyrankiewicz was returned to office as chairman of the Council of Ministers (premier). Aleksander Zawadski continued as chairman of the governing Council of State, and Wladyslaw Gomulka was again ...


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Portugal (pop. 8,510,240) saw some of its prized overseas possessions either erupt in violence or vanish from the fold in 1961. An uprising in Angola cost thousands of Portuguese and African lives. India's seizure of Goa, Damao, and Diu, three ...


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Racial tensions jeopardized the federation's future as a three-member union in 1961. (At that time, Zimbabwe was part of what was called the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland.) The trouble stemmed largely from constitutional problems involving ...


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Roman Catholic membership increased by nearly 14,000,000 to a record of 550,356,700 and progressed to new heights of achievement in various fields. Europe had 243,723,400 Catholics; South America, 132,396,375; North America, 109,966,467; Asia ...


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Romania (pop. 17,489,794) reorganized its executive branch of government in March. The Presidium was replaced by a 13-member state council and a council of ministers was formed.


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Russia (pop. 208,826,000) made world headlines on many major fronts in 1961. In April, it became the first nation to orbit a man around the earth; in August, a Soviet cosmonaut remained in orbit for about 25 hours. In October, the Russians exploded a ...


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The United States recorded its safest year ever in 1961. Deaths from all types of accidents fell to an all-time low of 49.7 per 100,000 of population. An estimated 91,000 lives were lost 2,000 fewer than in 1960.


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Saudi Arabia notified the United States that it would not renew an agreement allowing U.S. use of the air base at Dhahran on its expiration in April, 1962. The United States announced, however, that it would complete a $5,000,000 air terminal at ...


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Early on the morning of April 12, 1961, a short time after the sun rose over the Mayun-Kum Desert in the Soviet Republic of Kazakhstan, a young pilot climbed to the base of a steel tower. He turned and waved to a group of friends and co-workers ...


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Spain (pop. 28,119,112) observed the 25th anniversary of Generalissimo Francisco Franco's rise to power on October 1. Groups dedicated to his overthrow still persisted, and eight such groups met in Paris in June. They later agreed to adopt a ...


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Wilma Rudolph, the Olympic track star, was doubly honored in 1961. She won the Associated Press' award as the female athlete of the year, for the second year in a row. Miss Rudolph also received the James E. Sullivan Memorial Trophy as the year's ...


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The two largest state budgets adopted for fiscal year 1962 were those of California ($2,600,000,000) and New York (about $2,400,000,000). Illinois appropriations for fiscal 1962 and 1963 totaled $3,500,000,000.


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Sudan (pop. 10,262,506), grew restive under the rule of its Supreme Council of the Armed Forces. On July 11, 15 political leaders of the opposition were arrested and charged with advocating the overthrow of the military regime headed by General ...


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Sweden (pop. 7,290,112) edged closer to an economic and political alignment with the West. On October 26, Premier Tage Erlander informed the Swedish parliament that the government planned to apply for associate membership in the six-nation European ...


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Thailand (pop. 17,442,689) was gravely alarmed in 1961 over the threat of a new communist state at its borders. Field Marshal Sarit Thanarit, prime minister of Thailand, repeatedly urged the South-east Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) to take strong ...


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Theater moved into the White House in 1961, when a specially built stage was set up there for the first time for intermittent use. It was first used after a State Department dinner in October, held to honor Sudan President Ibrahim Abboud, a theater ...


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Mel Patton's 100-yard dash mark of 9.3 seconds set in 1948, oldest major world record, finally fell in 1961. Frank Budd, a Villanova University junior, broke it when he won the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) national outdoor championship with a time of ...


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Under a new constitution approved in May, general elections were held in Turkey in October. Because the results gave no party a clear majority, it became necessary to form a coalition government. General Cemal Gursel, who had ruled the nation as ...


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The United Nations (UN) faced its greatest test in the Congo where, at the beginning of the year, political rivalry among the Congolese had brought that unhappy nation to the brink of anarchy. Despite dissensions within its own ranks, the UN mounted ...


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The United States waged the Cold War more aggressively in 1961 under the vigorous leadership of its Chief Executive, John F. Kennedy. In the Congo, in Southeast Asia, and in Latin America, the United States sought to wrest the initiative from the ...


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A charming children's zoo opened in the autumn in Manhattan's Central Park. A gift of former Governor Herbert H. Lehman and his wife to the children of New York, the zoo was a child's paradise. In fact, a grownup could not get in unless accompanied by ...


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Alberta profited from the success of a national program to increase oil production. For the first six months, its oil output rose to 610,000 barrels, an increase of 8.5 per cent over the same period in 1960. A corresponding growth in gas production ...


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The government expropriated the British Columbia Electric Company. The company, the largest private utility in the province, distributed natural gas, operated a public transit system, and generated and sold electricity. Premier William A. C. Bennett ...


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Manitoba imposed a tax on personal and corporation incomes in October. Revenue was to be used to reduce premiums for the province's hospital insurance plan.


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New Brunswick announced plans in June to develop the huge lead-zinc deposits near Bathurst. The three-year program included the building of a $50,000,000 industrial complex, including chemical and fertilizer plants, and a smelter.


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Newfoundland was hard hit by nature. Ice, fog, and heavy snow reduced the seal kill to about 15,000 pelts. During the summer, forest fires destroyed about 2,300 square miles of timber on the north coast, forcing over 20,000 people to flee from their ...


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Nava Scotia approved a whopping budget of more than $100,000,000 for 1961. It increased gasoline and sales taxes and approved a personal income tax, the first since 1947.


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The U.S. government opened the year with an about-face in its attitude toward the farmer. President John F. Kennedy and Secretary of Agriculture Orville L. Freeman promised him more government help, both to raise his income and to bring his crops into ...


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Brazil (pop. 60,080,000) came within a hairs-breadth of civil war in 1961. On August 25, Janio da Silva Quadros dramatically resigned as president. His resignation precipitated a crisis involving the succession of vice-president Joao Goulart to the ...


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Woody Blanchard of Hampton, Va., won both the Grand and Open titles at the National Model Airplane championships held in July at the U.S. Naval Air Station at Willow Grove, Pa. The senior national champion was Larry Miller of Cleveland. Named junior ...


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Afghanistan heated up its 14-year-old dispute with Pakistan over the nomadic Pathan tribes. The Afghans maintained that the Pathans, who inhabit both sides of the border between the two countries, wanted independence. But Pakistan denied it.


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Chicago and the University of Illinois established a site for the school's city campus, after years of controversy. It was a 106-acre tract a mile southwest of the Loop. Architects were assigned for the first-phase projects. The campus was expected to ...


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New York City re-elected Robert F. Wagner mayor for an unprecedented third term in 1961. In the September Democratic primary, Wagner decisively defeated Tammany Hall leadership, and he easily overcame vigorous Republican opposition in the November ...


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Citizens of the District of Columbia were finally given the vote in March, 1961. With the rapid ratification of the Twenty-third Amendment by the necessary three fourths of the states, Washingtonians became eligible to vote for the first time since ...


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Computers and tabulating machines whirred and clicked at the U.S. Bureau of the Census. All through 1961 they were still at work, digesting and redigesting raw figures from the April 1 (1960) nose count. The preliminary count tallied 179,323,175 ...


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The province of Quebec appointed a royal commission in 1961 to consider the needs of its universities. Pending the commission's report, plans were deferred for two new universities in Montreal and one in Three Rivers.


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Worldwide petroleum demand increased substantially during 1961, but not enough to use up steadily rising supplies. For the fifth year, U.S. demand actually did little better than stand still: it rose about 1 per cent. The trend to compact autos cut ...


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The 11,619 residents of Freeport, Tex., began drinking sea water on May 8, 1961, but did not realize it until they were told two weeks later. The first of five government-planned pilot plants for converting salt water to fresh water had begun ...


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Sierra Leone, (pop. 2,000,000), ended 150 years of British rule when it unfurled its green, white, and blue flag of independence on August 27. Sir Milton Margai, the prime minister, announced the new nation would become a member of the British ...


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Honors as the best all-around skier in the United States went to Bud Werner of the University of Colorado. He won the Roch Cup at Aspen, Colo.; the Harriman Cup at Sun Valley, Idaho; and the Alpine combined at the National Collegiate Athletic ...


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Spain suffered a blow to its national sport, when Real Madrid lost its five-year claim to the Europe Cup. A Portuguese team, Benefica, won the cup in Bern, Switzerland. Dukla of Czechoslovakia defeated Everton of England for the two-year-old ...


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Social Security underwent its seventh major revision since the system was set up in 1935. The amendments to the old age, survivors, and disability insurance program extended coverage, increased benefit payments, and allowed retired persons larger ...


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Somalia (pop. 2,047,000) added communist assistance in 1961 to its Western-supported economy. On June 2, it signed two economic and cultural aid agreements, totaling $50,000,000, with Russia. The agreements were approved by Premier Abdi Rashid ...


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South Africa received a new name, a new status, and a new president. On May 31, it became an independent republic instead of a self-governing union within the British Commonwealth. Charles R. Swart, the Union's last governor-general, was sworn in as ...


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Swimmers at the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) indoor meet in April at New Haven, Conn., set new U.S. marks for 12 of the 17 events. Southern California won the team title for the fourth year. Californian Steve Clark swam record 100- and 220-yard ...


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Switzerland (pop. 5,074,000) elected Paul Chaudet, minister of defense, as president of the confederation for 1962. At the same joint session of the Swiss parliament, held December 14 in Bern, Jean Bourgknecht was elected vice-president. The two posts ...


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Syria (pop. 3,655,904). On September 28, Syria seceded from its union with Egypt, ending the two-nation federation known as the United Arab Republic (UAR).


Description:
State collections for fiscal 1961 rose 5.4 per cent over the 1960 record, to a total take of $19,000,000,000. General sales and gross receipts rose 4.8 per cent, to $4,509,000,000. Personal and corporation net income taxes yielded $3,618,000,000, up 6 ...


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Some 2,900,000 new telephones were connected in the United States in 1961. World wide, new installations were estimated at more than 7,500,000, and by Jan. 1, 1962, telephones in use had crossed the 150,000,000 mark.


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Television was taken to task by two powerful newcomers in 1961. The two were Newton N. Minow, new chairman of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), and former Florida Governor LeRoy Collins, new president of the National Association of ...


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Tennis was all Australia's again in 1961at least for the men. Its team humbled the Italians, 5-0, in the most one-sided competition in the history of the Davis Cup.


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Uruguay (pop. 2,202,936) rotated the office of the presidency on March 1. Eduardo Victor Haedo, a member of the nine-member National Council of Government, took over as chief executive, following Benito Nardone in the annual changeover.


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Venezuela (pop. 5,091,543), proclaimed a new constitutionthe 26th in its historyon January 23. One day later, President Romulo Betancourt suspended its guarantees to foil activities of the Movement of the Revolutionary Left and the ...


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Vietnam, (pop. 25,500,000), remained a country divided: the communist north and the anticommunist south. Both areas were locked in grerrilla warfare in South Vietnam.


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Hurricane Carla, one of the eight worst storms to hit the Texas coast since 1875, slammed its full force into Galveston and Houston on September 11. Its winds reached 173 miles an hour. The hurricane winds and torrential rains raised tides as much as ...


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The West Indies Federation (est. pop. 2,355,000) lost its largest and wealthiest member on Sept. 19, when Jamaica voted itself out of the group.


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Yugoslavia pursued its confusing policy of positive neutralism in 1961.


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An animal that fits somewhere in the evolutionary gap between lizards and snakes was found for the first time in 1961. The 13-inch-long Bornean earless monitor, known scientifically as Lanthanotus borneensis


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Leslie M. Frost retired as premier and leader of the Progressive Conservative party in late October. The party chose John P. Robarts to succeed him. Robarts was sworn in as premier of the province on November 8.


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Prince Edward Island played host to the second annual interprovincial conference at Charlottetown in August. The two-day meeting was attended by the 10 provincial premiers. Plans were announced for a memorial building to commemorate the Charlottetown ...


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The Liberal government of Premier Jean Lesage enjoyed its first year in office. It signed a new tax agreement with the federal government under which it was promised greater revenue. Public money was earmarked largely for education, medical care, and ...


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Medical care was a major theme in 1961. A royal commission, investigating a medical-care plan for the province, reported its recommendations in September. It rejected a proposal made by physicians to widen medical care by subsidizing existing ...


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Ruanda-Urundi, the last Belgian outpost in Africa, erupted in violence in 1961. In January, the Ruanda Provisional Government deposed Mwami (King) Kigeri V, the traditional Watusi leader, and proclaimed Ruanda a sovereign republic. The members of the ...


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In July, Congress enacted a five-year water pollution control program of grants to communities for construction of sewage-treatment plants. Congress voted a total of $80,000,000 for the first year of the program.


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New Magazines were born and a familiar one died in 1961. The Chicago-based Show Business Illustrated


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Ruanda-Urundi (pop. 4,645,000), the last Belgian outpost in Africa, erupted in violence in 1961. In January, the Ruanda Provisional Government deposed Mwami (King) Kigeri V, the traditional Watusi leader, and proclaimed Ruanda a sovereign republic. ...


Description:
Dallas voters in April elected Earle Cabell, an independent, mayor of the largest U.S. city with manager-type government. Latest census figures listed Dallas as the leading manufacturing center in the entire 14-state Southern and Southwestern region.


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Plans for many new downtown buildings followed a successful first year of operation of the new Cobo Hall, credited with doubling Detroit's convention business and restoring the popularity of the area. Among them were a 25-story $10,000,000 hotel in ...


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Houston continued to boom in 1961. It entered the jet age at a rapid pace with more than 40 in-and-out jet flights daily. The city became the hub of Florida-California air travel with the inauguration of a new southern transcontinental air route. But ...


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Samuel W. Yorty, formerly a U.S. Representative, won a victory in the mayoral race in May over incumbent Norris Paulson. Although he did not have the support of the regular Democratic party, he became the first Democratic mayor of the city in many ...


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New Universities appeared in Canada in 1961. In Toronto, Canada's first residential college for graduate students, Massey College, was made part of the University of Toronto.


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The U.S. Treasury and the Federal Reserve Board held to an easy-money policy through most of the 1961 recovery. At the same time, they took steps to improve the balance of payments position of the United States.


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Construction snapped back in 1961 after a disappointing 1960. Private and public new construction totaled $57,800,000,000, or 4 per cent above the $55,556,000,000 volume in 1960. Maintenance and repair volume of about $19,000,000 pushed the grand ...


Description:
The perennial question of which city was the biggest was resolved last summerat least to the satisfaction of the United Nations (UN) and Tokyo. According to the UN's Demographic Yearbook,


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Business activity in the United States reached the low point of the 1960-1961 recession in February and then surged sharply upwards, reaching record highs toward the end of the year. All segments of the economy shared in the advance, but unemployment ...


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International trade aided the recovery of the U.S. economy in 1961. Exports exceeded imports by near-record amounts during the first half of the year, and then held steady until October, when they spurted another 12 per cent. In the same month, ...


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(pop. 11,020,000) Algeria won its long-sought independence on July 1, 1962, despite terrorist acts by the French Secret Army Organization (OAS). An internal struggle for political power that developed after independence continued to keep the country ...


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Hundreds of stone tools and the huge bones of an extinct species of elephantall discovered in Spain in 1962now mark the earliest known abode of Stone Age man in Europe.


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Excavations, both scientific and nonscientific, brought to light pottery, tombs, and lost cities in 1962.


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A shift from sculptural effects and frantic efforts to be different to a new simplicity began in 1962. This shift brought the promise of a new concern with the human, constructions, and economic forces that have yielded lasting architectural forms in ...


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Argentina (pop. 20,005,691) was buffeted by political, military, and economic crises during 1962. All three were a direct outgrowth of the congressional and provincial elections held on March 18. The Peronists, who were followers of former dictator ...


Description:
The Missile Gap myth exploded in 1962. Intelligence estimates showed the gap was now on the side of the communists. The United States had almost twice as many intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBM) as Russia. Against 156 Soviet ICBM's, ...


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ASIA (pop. 1,781,500,000). The overriding concern in Asia throughout the year was China. With its vast population and ever-present famine, the nation and the communists who ruled it were essential keys to Asia's troubled present and its unforeseeable ...


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The longest season in baseball history--191 days--ended not with a bang or a whimper, but in San Francisco with a sigh. With the teams tied at three games each, the New York Yankees led the San Francisco Giants, 1-0, in the last of the ninth. There ...


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Surviving the 1961 betting scandals, colleges settled down to developing bigger and better basketball players in 1962. Cincinnati and Dayton each put a basketball in each of the O's in Ohio by winning both major tournaments.


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Belgium found its growing prosperity overshadowed by a lingering language dispute. Two factions were involved: some 3,500,000 French-speaking Walloons of southern Belgium, and about 4,500,000 Flemings, who speak a form of Dutch. The chamber of ...


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The history of animal life on earth was pushed back an additional 1,500,000,000 years with the discovery of tiny fossils in ancient sedimentary rock on the north shore of Lake Superior. Previously, animal fossils had been dated back only to the ...


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Boating finally lived up to expectations, both as a $2,500,000-a-year growth industry and as a sport. Reversing a two-year downtrend, sales of outboard motors increased better than 8 per cent. Boats gained just over 7 per cent in the fiscal year ended ...


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Scientists in 1962 moved closer to an understanding of photosynthesis,


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The hopes of establishing bowling as a big-time spectator sport were dashed after one disastrous season of the National Bowling League. Directors of the league voted to suspend operations for at least one year. The first and possibly last NBL ...


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For the first time in years, poets in the United States seemed to feel somewhat optimistic about the regard in which their art is held by a sizable number of their countrymen. This boost in the state of literary morale came when Robert Frost was ...


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Philadelphia voters in November decisively approved the largest amount of city loan authorizations ever submitted to them: $65,545,000. This sum will help finance 77 major public improvement projects. It includes capital for a revolving fund to ...


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The United Arab Republic (UAR), a union of Egypt and Syria, ceased to exist as a two-nation union in 1961. The secession of Syria in September left the United Arab Republic (UAR) with only one member state: Egypt. In December, UAR President Gamal ...


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Historic Special Report: The following article appeared in the 1963 edition of the World Book Year Book


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AFRICA (pop. 244,000,000) remained a troubled continent where new problems arose even as old ones were being solved. The sweep toward independence that began shortly after World War II continued unabated in 1962. Four former African colonies emerged ...


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(pop. 1,625,378) became one of Europe's most isolated nations in 1962. Of the Western European nations, only France, Italy, and Austria maintained diplomatic relations. In February, even Albania's co-members of the Warsaw Pact cold-shouldered the tiny ...


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The year saw doomsday, as forecast by Hindu astrologers, pass by uneventfully. February 4 was the fateful day for their predicted cataclysm. It marked the convergence of the planets into an unusually compact grouping and a full eclipse of the sun ...


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Australia (pop.10,281,000) shook off the grip of a recession that had held it since 1961. A surge in automobile production led the way. New registrations in July, 1962, totaled 24,000 vehicles, double the figure for the deep depression month of July, ...


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(pop.7,067,432) Austria formally applied for an associate membershipin the European Economic Community (EEC or Common Market) on July 28. It also announced it intended to seek links with the European Coal and Steel Community and Euratom. Russia ...


Description:
The public's preference in 1962 shifted from austere, smaller cars to the more luxurious, slightly larger models. Variety remained the key, with more than 300 individual models available from five major U.S. manufacturers.


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Graham Hill of England and Jim Clark of Scotland staged a sizzling contest for the world's Formula One driving championship. In the first eight of the nine Grand Prix races that determine the title, Hill and Clark each won three. The championship was ...


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More aircraft records were set in 1962 than in any year since the earliest days of aviation. In the United States, 30 pilots flying aircraft, spacecraft, and balloons built by 12 different companies chalked up 277 new marks. Many records were ...


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It was all over before the customers got a chance to get settled. Sonny Liston had won the heavyweight crown by knocking out Floyd Patterson in 2 minutes and 6 seconds of the first round of the fight of the decade at Chicago on September ...


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Bulgaria purged pro-Stalinist elements from its national Communist party in November. The move climaxed a long party struggle over policy between pro- and anti-Khrushchev factions.


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Burma saw Premier U Nu and his leftist government toppled from power by General Ne Win on March 2. The government was placed under the military control of 17-member Revolutionary Council. The constitution was suspended, and parliament dissolved. ...


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Burundi (pop. 2,265,000) became an independent nation on July 1. The new state, formerly called Urundi, had been part of a two-nation United Nations (UN) Trust Territory administered by Belgium. On September 18, it was formally admitted to the United ...


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Two new members joined President John F. Kennedy's Cabinet in 1962. On July 31, Anthony J. Celebrezze was sworn in as Secretary of Health, Educations, and Welfare. He succeeded Abraham A. Ribicoff who resigned to become a candidate for the U.S. ...


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Cambodia (pop. 4,952,000) was embroiled in a border dispute with Thailand. It involved an ancient Buddhist temple situated on the ill-defined Thai-Cambodian frontier. On July 15, the dispute was finally resolved in Cambodia's favor as the result of a ...


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Under democratic constitutions, only the stable government, supported by an informed electorate, can preserve civil liberties. This principle was proved true once again in 1962.


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Colombia (pop. 12,939,140) was an example of political stability in turmoil-filled Latin America. The Liberal-Conservative coalition government won substantial majorities in both the congressional elections of March 18 and the presidential voting of ...


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Computers began to help students with their homework in 1962. Engineering students at Case Institute of Technology were supplied with portable analog computers that can integrate, add, subtract, and multiply. These compact units, the size of six ...


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The 1962 session of the 87th Congress convened on January 10 and adjourned on October 13. In between, it set some new records. It had put in a total of 1,816 working hours, and had remained in session longer than any other U.S. Congress since 1951. ...


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Voters in six states authorized court reform amendments to their constitutions on November 6. In addition to other changes, five of the six voted to abolish their justices of the peace, whose roles are rural officers have been traced back to the 12th ...


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On August 14, $1,551,277 was hijacked from an unarmed U.S. Post Office truck. It was the largest robbery in Post Office history. The money was in transit, as registered mail, to the Federal Reserve Bank in Boston. The Post Office Department offered ...


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On Labor Day in 1962, President John F. Kennedy issued a message to the youth of the nation. My urgent message to you, he said, is, return to school. For thousands of you, the decision you make this September about returning to ...


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El Salvador (pop. 2,612,000) elected reformminded Julio Adalberto Rivera president on April 29. The elections were boycotted by opposition parties, however, and inaugural ceremonies on July 1 were marred by leftist demonstrations.


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Elections held November 6 brought the Democratic party its biggest congressional gain in a midterm since 1934. The Democrats had every reason to be pleased when the $51,000,000 votes cast had been tallied. They had won unexpected victories in New ...


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Developments in electronics continued to spread far from the fields of the communications and broadcasting into which it was born. The year saw a variety of new applications in data processing, machine-tool control, weapons systems, and space ...


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Ethiopia (pop. 20,000,000) mourned the death of Empress Menen on February 15. Together with Emperor Haile Selassie I, the empress had reigned over Ethiopia since 1930.


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Powerful currents were pulling Western Europe toward economic and political unity. But the pattern that unity might eventually take was far from clear. Eastern Europe, too, was striving to adjust to changing conditions both in its own sphere and in ...


Description:
Jack Nicklaus, the 22-year-old, two-time National Amateur champion, kept up his winning ways in his first year as a pro. He won the National Open title and amassed the year's largest share of the ever-increasing spoils of the sport. Nicklaus defeated ...


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The United Kingdom made persistent attempts to join the European Economic Community (EEC of Common Market) in 1962. Every facet of its political and economic activity revolved around the protracted negotiations for membership, which, by year's end, ...


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Greece (pop. 8,385,000) marked an economic milestone November 1, 1962, when it became an associate member of the European Economic Community (EEC or Common Market). One condition of its agreement provided for the gradual abolition of Greek customs ...


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Guatemala (pop. 3,765,000) echoed with the crash of gunfire throughout 1962. On February 6, a revolutionary movement touched off a revolt at Bananera. It was quickly smashed. But on March 13, police and 2,000 army reservists were called out to quell ...


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Haiti (pop. 3,505,000) saw its relations with the United States deteriorate in 1962. The U.S. government had lost patience with President Francois Duvalier and his repressive, graft-ridden government. Despite some $53,000,000 in U.S. aid over an ...


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The first international program of fellowships to train disabled persons from overseas as instructors in watchmaking and precision instrument techniques got under way in New York City in 1962. The Joseph Bulova School of Watch-making, in cooperation ...


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India began the year in a jubilant mood. Its acquisition of the Portuguese enclaves within its borders had been consolidated without a shot. But its jubilation turned to bewilderment when its borders were torn to shreds by Communist China. It was a ...


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The U.S. Congress and the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs carried forward their new trail program for the nation's Indian citizens. The program was based on findings of a special task force published in 1961.


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Indonesia won a long-standing dispute with The Netherlands over Netherlands New Guinea when the area was ceded to Indonesia in September. But the country was plagued by internal troubles.


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Iran took a giant step toward social reform in 1962. In January, Shah Mohammed Riza Pahlevi signed a land reform bill that called for the distribution of big Iranian estates among the landless peasants. The shah had begun distributing his own vast ...


Description:
Iraq (pop. 4,799,500) was beset by a full-scale rebellion of Kurdish tribesmen in late March. The revolt was led by Mullah Mustafa al-Barzani, a tribal leader who demanded the establishment of an autonomous Kurdistan within the republic and the ...


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Ireland drew a national sigh of relief on February 26. The outlawed Irish Republican Army (IRA) announced it had ended its campaign of violence against Northern Ireland. Dwindling forces, and an urge to seek national unity, prompted the dispersal of ...


Description:
Lebanon (pop. 1,303,940) crushed a right-wing attempt to overthrow the government of President Fouad Chehab. The unsuccessful uprising was launched on Dec. 30, 1961, by the Popular Syrian party (PPS). Its avowed goal was to unite Lebanon with Syria, ...


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Liberia, (pop. 1,290,000), took further steps to exploit its rich natural resources in 1962. The Liberia Mining Company was working deposits in the Bomi Hills. The National Iron Ore Company was operating a concession on the Mano River. A third center ...


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One of the most important developments for libraries and librarianship in the United States was the introduction of a bill to make major amendments to the present Library Services Act scheduled to expire June 30, 1966. The bill was sidetracked in ...


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(Pop. 1,195,000). A pipeline was formally opened at the port of Essider late in November to serve the oil fields at Dahra. It supplemented another at Mersa el Brega, which was handling output from fields at Zelten, in Cyrenaica. Altogether, the Libyan ...


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Seekers of trends would find it difficult to pinpoint any significant drift in the mainstream of American literature in 1962. As for several years past, book publishers established new records for new titles issued and numbers of books sold.


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Among the highlights in this field in 1962 were several notable anniversaries. The first volume of folk tales by the Grimm Brothers was published 150 years ago in Berlin, Germany. July 4 was the centennial of the first telling of the famous Alice's ...


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On January 2, the National Democratic party, led by Premier John Foncha, won an overall majority in the newly elected Legislative Assembly. The premier's party captured 20 of the 37 seats while the main opposition party, the People's National ...


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Canada watched its Conservative government walk a political tightrope in 1962. A federal general election was held on June 18. When the results were in, the tally showed that the Conservative government of Prime Minister John G. Diefenbaker had ...


Description:
Several anthologies of poetry appeared in 1962. Prominent were poems from the Tamarack Review


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Xenon, a gas generally believed to be inert, did the impossible in 1962. It combined chemically with another element, fluorine. The achievement suggests that more reactions with xenon and the other inert gaseshelium, argon, krypton, ...


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With a total of 17 1/2 points, derived from eight victories, no losses, and 19 draws, Tigran Petrosian of the Soviet Union won the Candidates' Tournament at Willemstad, Curacao, in June. He thus earned the right to challenge his countryman, Mikhail ...


Description:
Chile (pop. 5,930,809) saw its ambitious 10-year economic development program endangered in 1962. Its budget deficit reached a nearly record high. Fiscal resources sank to virtually rock bottom. To complicate matters, leftist organizations renewed ...


Description:
China unleashed its army troops against India in 1962. Full-scale fighting erupted on October 20 along the Tibetan border on the northeast Indian frontier and in the Ladakh section of Kashmir in the west. A third front was opened on October 22 on the ...


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(Pop. 6,797,000). A Russian attempt to convert Cuba into a communist fortress brought the world within a hairsbreadth of war. For seven days in October, peace hung in the balance as the United States and Russia each readied its armed forces for ...


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Czechoslovakia (pop. 13,296,243) fell far short of its industrial and agricultural goals in 1962. To remedy its lag in industrial output, government leaders scrapped a production plan that was to have run through 1965. A new one-year plan for 1963 was ...


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The first original American ballet to last an entire evening, George Balanchine's A Mid-summer Night's Dream,


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The Democratic Party on Nov. 6, 1962, made the best showing for an incumbent party in any midterm election since 1934.


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(Pop. 4,581,000). Ailing Premier Viggo Kampmann resigned on August 31, after two years in office. King Frederik IX named Jens Otto Krag to succeed Kampmann as head of the coalition government. Per Haekkerup, chief Danish delegate to the United Nations ...


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The two-year Senate investigation of the drug industry ended in February 1962. And the teeth in Senator Estes Kefauver's bill for tighter controls were being quietly pulled or dulled by the judiciary committeeuntil August 6.


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The Russian Church of America consecrated its first American-born bishop in 1962. He is the Right Reverend Basil Nagosky, who was born in 1922 in Donora, Pa. The Reverend Father Nagosky was graduated from Western Reserve in Cleveland. He attended ...


Description:
Fashion behaved herself in 1962 and was, for 12 refined months, every inch a lady. Feminine became the most overworked word in style publications. Clothes showed more fit than they had in many seasons and skirts continued to bare legs to ...


Description:
Industry emphasis in 1962 was on dehydrated foods that rehydrate rapidly and regain their original shape, flavor, and vitamin content. Precooked, dehydrated foods were being used more and more by the military services to develop simplified feeding for ...


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College football seasons tend to become identified with the feats of leading players. Thus, 1962 was the year of Terry Baker, Oregon State quarterback. Baker's pre-eminence won him the Heisman Trophy and the Maxwell Club award. Other standout ...


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The bitter seven-year civil war in Algeria ended in March, bringing France peace for virtually the first time in 22 years. In October, a new French political concept was born when the nation approved the popular election of a French president. Both ...


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Coal was mined in Antarctica during 1962. About 200 pounds were brought back to the United States for study. The semianthracite coal from the Horlick Range, located only a few hundred miles from the South Pole, is to be scrutinized for clues to the ...


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GERMANY (pop. 72,814,000) found no solution to its overriding problem of disunity. The communist East and the democratic West continued on their separate ways. Their economies, like their forms of government, remained poles apart. At their epicenter, ...


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The major health development in 1962 was political, rather than scientific. It centered on health care for the aged. To replace the 1960 Kerr-Mills Medical Assistance for the Aged program, the administration proposed the King-Anderson ...


Description:
Kelso became the fifth horse to join the Millionaires Club, and he captured horse-of-the-year honors for the third straight year. The five-year-old gelding raised his total-career earnings to $1,011,940, with six victories and four seconds in 12 races ...


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Hungary (pop. 10,000,000) began to feel the more liberal policies of international communism's de-Stalinization program. In March, the government of Premier Janos Kadar endorsed privately owned farm plots and livestock. It was a tacit ...


Description:
The powerful Montreal Canadiens again finished first in the National Hockey League, and for the second successive year, were eliminated in the first round of the Stanley Cup play-offs by the Chicago Black Hawks. The Toronto Maple Leafs won the Stanley ...


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Canada's veteran figure skaters dominated the world championships, held in Prague, Czechoslovakia, March 14 to 17. Canadians scored two first places, and no Canadian entry placed lower than sixth. Donald Jackson of Toronto rallied to win the men's ...


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The first permanent legislation to admit refugees outside the United States quota system became law in June, when President John F.Kennedy signed the Migration and Refugee Assistance Act of 1962. It replaced temporary refugee legislation due to expire ...


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Israel clashed with Syria in a fierce six-hour frontier battle on the night of March 16. An Israeli army communique said the attack was in retaliation for Syrian attacks on Israeli fishermen and police boats on the Sea of Galilee. On April 9, the ...


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Italy, a late starter in Europe's economic growth race following World War II, rode a wave of prosperity in 1962. It forged ahead economically even as the other West European nations were slowing down.


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Japan faced an ironic problem: the rate of growth of its economy was too high. The gross national product for fiscal 1961-1962 leaped 15 per cent, far exceeding the estimated 10.3 per cent government experts considered the safe maximum.


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The execution of war criminal Adolf Eichmann, and the immigration of large numbers of Algerian Jews into France dominated the attention of world Judaism in 1962.


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Jordan on January 30, 1962, celebrated the birth of an heir to the throne. King Hussein I proclaimed his newborn son, Abdullah, crown prince. The king also conferred the title of princess on his British-born wife.


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Labor movements, always restless and dynamic force in the American economy, came to the end of 1962 with mixed feelings of satisfaction and discomfort. Wages continued their steady rise, whereas the cost of living increased only slightly. Average ...


Description:
Latin America seethed with upheaval and unrest in 1962. Its peoples sought, under various political banners, to improve their miserable lot. The military and conservative elements, meanwhile, tried to thwart what they considered, at times with good ...


Description:
It was a year of anniversaries and beginnings. In 1962, music marked the centennial of the birth of Debussy and Delius, both of them long dead. And it marked the birthdays of two outstanding living composers, Igor Stravinsky, who was 80, and Darius ...


Description:
The tragic birth of a large number of children with extreme congenital defects was the most widely reported event in medicine in 1962, The cause: the mothers having taken the sleeping preparation thalidomide


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One of the most encouraging developments in mental health during the year was the rise in the percentage of voluntary first admissions to state mental hospitals. This is important because the patient who recognizes his illness and seeks cure is likely ...


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Mexico and the United States of America took steps to settle the thorny Colorado River problem in 1962. The river's high saline content, caused by a U.S. drainage and irrigation project in the Welton-Mohawk region of Arizona, had already ruined about ...


Description:
The Middle East found itself split into two conflicting camps in 1962. In one group were the royalist forces, typified by King Saud of Saudi Arabia. They symbolized old-style Arab nationalism. In the other camp were the republican revolutionary ...


Description:
Morocco (pop. 11,626,470) overwhelmingly supported King Hassan in a constitutional referendum held December 7. Nearly 97 per cent of the voters approved the royal constitution which would give the country its first parliament. Under it, the permanency ...


Description:
Norway (pop. 3,586,000) formally opened negotiations for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC or Common Market) on November 12. Foreign Minister Halvard M. Lange earlier had told the EEC Council of Ministers that Norway was prepared ...


Description:
On Jan. 1, 1962, Western Samoa became independent. It was the first of the Pacific island to achieve such status. Pago Pago, in American Samoa, was the scene of a six-nation South Pacific Conference in August. Both events reflected growing world ...


Description:
Controversy raged in 1962 over whether the School of New York, the seat of abstract expressionist painting, was waning or waxing in importance. This meant, of course, further controversy over the question of a return to realism. In the discussion, it ...


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Pakistan (pop. 93,812,000) was given a new constitution by President Mohammed Ayub Khan in March. Under it, a presidential system of government was adopted as was a one-chamber national legislature. The new charter became effective on June 8, ...


Description:
(Pop. 10,857,000). A military junta seized the government on July 18. It declared that the June 10 national elections, in which Dr. Victor Raul Haya de la Torre had won a plurality, were fraudulent and therefore annulled. The incumbent, Manuel Prado y ...


Description:
The Philippines under President Diosdado Macapagal, attempted to play a more independent role in Asia. At the same time, it instituted several major reforms on its domestic front to correct such conditions as corruption in government.


Description:
Puerto Rico hoped to hold a plebiscite in December in which the islanders would decide whether they wanted an improved commonwealth status, statehood, or independence. But late in the year, the referendum was postponed so that Puerto Rico could first ...


Description:
The uncertain economic health of the radio industry aroused much concern in official quarters. Newton N. Minow, chairman of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). revealed in an address before the National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) that ...


Description:
The Republican Party won the governorships of three key states in the 1962 elections, but failed to make the traditional off-year gains on the national political scene.


Description:
The country, which was then part of what was called the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, remained split by racial tensions as Europeans and Africans struggled for political power. Complicating the problem was a rising African demand that the ...


Description:
On October 11, 1962, the first phase of the eagerly awaited Second Vatican Council was convened at St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. The council was the first held since 1870, and the 21st in the entire history of the church. Representatives of ...


Description:
Romania (pop. 18,403,000) nearly completed its farm collectivization program in 1962. In April, President Gherorghe Gheorghiu-Dej announced that 93.4 per cent of the nation's farm acreage had been collectivized. He also announced that a new system of ...


Description:
For the U.S. motion picture industry, 1962 marked a new low. At year-end, only 138 films had gone into production, 26 per cent fewer than the year before. For Hollywood itself, the statistics were even more devastating. At least half of these pictures ...


Description:
An alliance with country and Western music was the most notable trend in the popular music world in 1962. It resulted in the pressing of many country-Western song records aimed for the first time at a general audience. The trend was started by singer ...


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The Netherlands (pop. 11,480,000) surrendered the last fragment of its once-vast East Indian empire in 1962. West New Guinea, formerly Netherlands New Guinea, was handed over to the United Nations (UN) on October 1, under an agreement providing that ...


Description:
Nicaragua (pop. 1,477,000) saw its hopes dashed for a promised free election. President Luis Anastasio Somoza had promised one would take place in February, 1963. Toward the end of September, however, opposition groups were dismayed to learn that the ...


Description:
The Western Region of Nigeria was placed under emergency rule on May 29, 1962. The action followed the dismissal on May 21 of the region's premier, Samuel L. Akintola, by the governor, Sir Adesoji Aderemi, at the request of the Action Group party. His ...


Description:
Nobel prizes for literature and science were presented at ceremonies in Stockholm, Sweden, on Dec. 10, 1962. The laureates, as usual, receive their medals from King Gustaf VI Adolf.


Description:
More inside secrets of the atom were laid bare by physicists in 1962. After six months of firing particles from the world's most powerful atom smasher through a 42-foot-thick filter of armor plate, researchers at the Brookhaven National ...


Description:
(pop. 29,731,200) suffered from a poor harvest and rising prices. Bad weather caused agricultural output to drop 7 per cent below 1961 yields. The resultant food squeeze was further aggravated when U.S. grain shipments were temporarily cut off pending ...


Description:
Portugal (pop. 9,125,000) rumbled with discontent in its 34th year in the dictatorial rule of Premier Antonio de Oliveira Salazar. At 72, Salazar faced mounting economic troubles and weakening political support. Both ills were linked to his policies ...


Description:
John F. Kennedy weathered several crises at home and overseas in 1962. On the domestic scene his presidential authority was defied by Governor Ross Barnett of Mississippi, by U.S. Steel Corporation Chairman Roger M. Blough, and, at times, by members ...


Description:
Frank L. Morris, John Anglin, and Clarence Anglin dug their way out of Alcatraz Federal Prison in San Francisco Bay with spoons on June 12. But the presumption was that all three drowned in their attempt to reach the mainland. John Paul Scott, a bank ...


Description:
The massive social changes of our time, notably the ideologies of communism, nationalism and secularism, forced change upon the Protestant world in 1962. The fundamental division of the world into communist and noncommunist orbits was felt most ...


Description:
RUSSIA (pop. 218,000,000) scored a major scientific victory and suffered a severe diplomatic setback in 1962. In mid-August, its prestige advanced when two Russian cosmonauts circled the earth in adjacent orbits 64 and 48 times respectively. But in ...


Description:
Safety took a step backward in the United States in 1962. Traffic fatalities reached an all-time high. An estimated 96,500 persons were killed an all accidents, 4,250 more than in 1961. The death rate per 100,000 of population rose to 51.9, against ...


Description:
Saudi Arabia remained deeply embroiled in its feud with the United Arab Republic (UAR). Each nation was vying for the supremacy of its form of government in the Arab world.


Description:
Sierra Leone (pop. 2,450,000) held its first legislative elections since independence on May 25. For the first time, newly enfranchised women joined the men at the polls.


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In the Cold War-riven world Alpine championships at Chamonix, France, Austrian skiers won five of the six races, and 15 of the 24 medals. The host nation, France, was beset by troubles. It refused to grant visas to the East German team. As a result, ...


Description:
The New York Hungarians won the National Open Challenge Cup, defeating the San Francisco Scots, 4 to 1, in the final of a 144-team elimination. America of Brazil defeated Belenenses of Portugal to win the International Soccer League championship. ...


Description:
The 87th Congress took action to even the score a bit for two groups of taxpayers. First, it came to the aid of retired persons who have some taxable income but who get few or no Social Security benefits. A tax law amendment, applicable to 1962 ...


Description:
Sweden (pop. 7,480,000) paid in full its last remaining debt to the United States in 1962. The payment, made 21 years ahead of schedule, amounted to more than $16,000,000. The loan, which had been advanced after World War II under the Marshall Plan, ...


Description:
Swimming marks continued to be erased almost as quickly as the ink had dried in the record books. At the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) men's indoor meet at Bartlesville, Okla., Californian Roy Saari, 17, set U.S. records in the 220 and 440-yard ...


Description:
Switzerland (pop.5,429,061) settled a controversy that had been raging throughout the country for almost two years. In a national referendum held March 31-April 1, the male electorate rejected a constitutional amendment that would have banned the use ...


Description:
Syria (pop. 3,655,904) was beset by political problems rooted in its withdrawal from the United Arab Republic (UAR) late in 1961. Some advocated reunion with the UAR; others opposed it.


Description:
The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) marked its 100th anniversary on July 1. The agency that had been founded to help pay for the Civil War proved in 1962 that it was keeping up with the times. Early in the year, it began using its new central automatic ...


Description:
The push-button phone went into first commercial use in December. Subscribers in Chardon, Ohio, could get the 10-button, electronic instruments for an extra $1.50 a month. They are faster than dial phones and can transfer incoming calls to another ...


Description:
The United Nations (UN) demonstrated in 1962 that it can be a world force for positive action. It took a major diplomatic role in averting a threatened nuclear war over Cuba. Because of its conciliatory efforts, the war clouds that gathered over ...


Description:
The United States and the administration of President John F. Kennedy faced one of the tensest moments of the Cold War in 1962. On October 22, the President announced to the nation that Soviet missile bases were being secretly installed in Cuba. These ...


Description:
Uruguay (pop. 2,801,000) installed Faustino Harrison as president of the republic's nine-man National Council of Government on March 1. The position rotates annually among the leading councilors of the majority political (Blanco) party. In general ...


Description:
President Romulo Betancourt was forced to rely heavily on the armed forces to support his government. On May 5, about 450 marines and military policemen revolted at the port of Carupano. The uprising was smashed, but only after 136 people had been ...


Description:
Guerrilla-type fighting between the communist north and the anticommunist south became even more savage in 1962. Procommunist Viet Cong forces poured large numbers of men and heavy weapons into the south through their recently won Laotian corridor. ...


Description:
A howling nor'easter with winds up to 80 mph struck the Atlantic seaboard in early March causing up to $200,000,000 in damage. The coastal regions of New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina were officially designed as ...


Description:
Federal and provincial officials signed a cost-sharing agreement for the $63,000,000 Greater Winnipeg floodway. The project was designed to prevent recurrent spring floods along the Red and Assiniboine rivers. The federal government agreed to pay 58 ...


Description:
A Royal Commission recommended that degree-granting universities in the province be reduced from six to three. The three to remain would be the University of New Brunswick, at Fredericton; Mount Allison University, at Sackville; and a proposed ...


Description:
Premier Joseph R. Smallwood won his fifth consecutive election victory in December. Smallwood had called the election to gain a mandate to carry out a long-term $70,000,000 fisheries development program.


Description:
Area coal mining was dealt a severe blow in March when a large New Waterford colliery closed down. The colliery's 1,000 employees were forced to seek other employment. This was a serious problem for the already depressed area. However, construction ...


Description:
A record budget of $1,005,000,000 was presented in March. No new taxes or tax increases were proposed. A small surplus was forecast. Education was allotted the largest sum earmarked for any department$329,000,000. It was $60,000,000 more than ...


Description:
Prince Edward Island saw its long-standing plea for a more permanent link with the mainland nearing reality. In April, Prime Minister Diefenbaker announced that a causeway would be built across the nine-mile-strait separating Prince Edward Island from ...


Description:
Tom Brett of Detroit won the individual radio-control model airplane world championship at Kenley, England, in August. Great Britain ran up the highest team score, with the United States second.


Description:
Afghanistan reopened its border with Pakistan in 1962. The move permitted the transshipment into landlocked Afghanistan of a 25,000-ton backlog of U.S. aid goods that had piled up at Pakistani railheads. The border had been sealed since September, ...


Description:
On Jan. 16, 1962, a DC-8 from Miami landed 42 passengers in Chicago. A half-hour later an American DC-6 took off with 72 passengers for Tucson, Ariz., and San Diego, Calif. Thus, two nonjet planes inaugurated service at the new 770-foot twin terminals ...


Description:
The Regional Plan Association, a nonprofit research group, made public in September its gloomy predictions of things to come in the New York megalopolis by 1985. The study was partly based on a previous analysis of the area's economic trends made by ...


Description:
Rwanda (pop. 2,500,000), one of the smallest, least-known African territories, became a free nation on July 1. Before independence, it had been part of Belgin-administered Ruanda-Urundi, a United Nations (UN) Trust Territory.


Description:
Detroit enacted a city income tax urged by the new mayor, Jerome P. Cavanagh. It became effective July 1. At a basic 1 per cent rate, with a $600 personal exemption, it is expected to produce some $35,000,000 annually, of sorely needed new revenue. ...


Description:
The oil industry's share of the Free World's energy market rose to more than 45 per cent during 1962. Crude oil demand was expected to rise from a little below 20,000,000 barrels a day in 1960, to 30,000,000 barrels a day by the end of the decade. The ...


Description:
The population growth rate was outpacing economic development in some countries of the world. It was seriously endangering the standards of living in others, notably India, where feeding, clothing, and housing the surging tide of humanity was a ...


Description:
On March 1, 1962, President John F. Kennedy in a special message to Congress warned: By 1980 our national water needs will nearly doubleby the end of the century they will triple. But the quantity of water which nature supplies will remain ...


Description:
Pressure built up during 1962 for liberalizing the restrictions on growth and flexibility of metropolitan commercial banks. The strict laws and regulations, according to big-city bankers, have put them at a disadvantage with other types of financial ...


Description:
Private and public new construction volume in 1962 soared to a new high of about $61,200,000,000, topping the $57,300,000,000 volume of 1961 by about 7 per cent. Gains in both private and public housing and public spending for municipal and state ...


Description:
The chief topic of city interest in 1962 was a decision of the Supreme Court of the United States. It concerned the more than 70 per cent of the U.S. populace that lived in urbanized areas. The decision was of great importance to the city dweller ...


Description:
Somalia (pop. 1,990,000) continued to bicker with Kenya over the Northern Frontier District in Kenya. The 50,000 Somalis residing in the area wished to secede from Kenya and unite with Somalia. The Somalia national assembly unanimously supported them ...


Description:
Prime Minister Hendrik Verwoerd announced on January 23, that Transkei, a native reserve inhabited by 2,000,000 people, would be given internal self-government in 1963. Its all-African parliament would have authority over agriculture and other ...


Description:
On Aug. 11, 1962, at 11:30 A.M. Moscow time, a two-stage rocket soared from the Soviet Cape Canaveral in Kazakhstan, carrying into orbit a Vostok


Description:
(Pop. 30,128,000). General Francisco Franco reorganized his cabinet in July. He named an old friend to a newly created post: Agustin Munoz Grandes became vice-premier. Munoz Grandes would automatically succeed Franco as head of government in the event ...


Description:
Sports fans, from the little guy in the last row of the tip balcony of Madison Square Garden to President John F. Kennedy, were worried about a squabble in sports that could cripple U.S. performance in the 1964 Olympics. The Amateur Athletic Union ...


Description:
Rising populations and complex public problems spurred the states to improve and expand their services in 1962. To do so required the passing of record budgets.


Description:
Sudan (pop. 11,770,000) harvested one of the largest crops of long-staple cotton in its history. The bumper yield of 173,000 metric tons offered hope of restoring the nation's trade balance, which showed a deficit of $56,000,000 in 1961.


Description:
Telstar launched a new era in television and world communications in 1962. Orbiting the earth, it beamed live television programs across the Atlantic. Perhaps its most dramatic telecast was the opening on October 11 of the Second Vatican Council.


Description:
Rod Laver of Australia became the second man in history to win the grand slam of amateur tennis. He equaled the 1938 feat of American Don Budge in capturing the championships of Australia, France, Great Britian, and the United States. He also annexed ...


Description:
Thailand (pop. 25,520,638) nearly became embroiled in the Laotian conflict in 1962. In May, Viet Cong and Pathet Lao guerrillas based in Laos launched an all-out attack on Nam Tha, a major access route into Thailand. Fearful that the pro-communist ...


Description:
The most important off-stage event in the American theater in 1962 was a donation by the Ford Foundation of $6,100,000 to nine theatrical groups across the country. Emphasis was placed on the development of resident acting companies and the ...


Description:
Track and field athletes wound up a year of mixed blessings in 1962. Although records continued to topple right and left, factional fights among official groups seriously threatened the sport's future.


Description:
Turkey (pop. 23,196,410) passed through a series of political crises in 1962. The trouble stemmed partly from an inability of the nation's five political parties to form an effective coalition government under President Cemal Gursel. Although Turkey's ...


Description:
Yugoslavia made moves toward renewing its ties with the Soviet Union. In September, Soviet Union President Leonid I. Brezhnev was warmly welcomed in Belgrade. In December, President Tito visited Moscow for talks with Premier Nikita S. Khrushchev. ...


Description:
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) awarded a contract in 1962 to the Communication Research Institute to study the dolphin as a tool for research on communication between man and other forms of life. Directing the study was Dr. ...


Description:
There was much interest in the preservation of endangered species of animals among zoo officials in 1962. At the National Congress of the American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums, held in Kansas City in September, a resolution was ...


Description:
In Wyoming, 27 layers of petrified forests, one stacked on top of the other, were found in north Yellowstone Park. Dr. Erling Dorf, professor or geology at Princeton University, believes that periodic volcanic eruptions covered the forests which, in ...


Description:
Alberta, which draws 22 per cent of its gross product from agriculture, saw increases in both grain crops and livestock production. Wheat yielded a total of 112,000,000 bushels, up from 84,000,000 in 1961. The marketing of choice butcher steers and ...


Description:
A lengthy legal battle shaped up over the expropriation in 1961 of the privately owned British Columbia Electric Company by the government. Although the government had offered further compensation to former shareholders, appeals questioning the ...


Description:
Budget estimates for fiscal 1962 totaled $952,000,000. This represented an increase of $92,000,000 over the fiscal year that ended in March. A deficit of $143,000,000 was forecast. Greatly increased sums were earmarked for education, health, and ...


Description:
Saskatchewan made world headlines in 1962. Its physicians closed their offices in July to protest the passing of a government Medical Care Insurance Act. The act, which was the first of its kind to be enacted in North America, provided a compulsory ...


Description:
Water pollution, called a national disgrace by the President, was tackled under a broad federal-state program. U.S. grants to municipalities for construction of waste treatment facilities rose from $50,000,000 to $90,000,000 in the year. ...


Description:
The venerable halls of the Curtis Publishing Company The Saturday Evening Post, Ladies' Home Journal, Holiday, The American Home, Jack and Jill


Description:
Newspapers were affected by a postal increase, among other woes they faced during 1962.


Description:
The toughest set of controls on farm production since the U.S. government began regulating agriculture in 1933 was porposed to Congress by President John F. Kennedy on Jan. 31, 1962. In his message, the President told Congress that his was a ...


Description:
Brazil (pop. 65,743,000) traced a good many of its economic and political woes in 1962 to social pressures brought to bear by landless peasants, slum dwellers, and workers whose pay lagged far behind soaring prices. Businessmen, struggling with an ...


Description:
Houston in 1962 was experiencing the greatest boom in its history. With its population growing by leaps and bounds, it was beginning to nose out Baltimore in 1962 for sixth place among the most populous U.S. cities. Construction was rocketing along at ...


Description:
Los Angeles in 1962 started work on the first phase of its $25,000,000 Music Center for the Performing Arts. Covering seven acres, the center will contain a 3,310-seat symphony hall to be called Memorial Pavilion; the 1,800-seat Center Theater for ...


Description:
A long-lasting strike involving Canda's largest hotel, the Royal York in Toronto, was settled in April. A threatened strike by employees of the Ontario Hydro-Electric Power Commission was referred to arbitration.


Description:
The President approved a report in June that is expected to have a wide influence in official building in the capital, and in cities across the country. The report endorses advanced architectural concepts for a new large-scale building program. It ...


Description:
By the end of 1962, the U.S. population had topped the 188,000,000 mark, a gain of about 2,700,000 in a year, and California and New York were in a close race for the position of the most populous state in the Union.


Description:
In 1962, construction began on a 21-mile subway system which would serve Montreal and several of its suburbs. The largest office building complex in the Commonwelth, the $80,000,000 Place Ville Marie in midtown Montreal, opened in September. Montreal ...


Description:
Business gained in everything but confidence through most of 1962. Personal income, corporate profits, retail sales, expenditures on new plant and equipmentin fact, almost every U.S. economic index climbed some during the year. Yet the ...


Description:
International trade was dominated by one imponderable as 1962 ended: when and under what terms would Great Britain join the European Economic Community (EEC or Common Market). The future of many nations' trade was at stake.


Description:
As in 1961, when he was asked to read his poems at the inauguration of President John F. Kennedy, 1962 was Robert Frost's year in American poetry. The 88-year-old poet was prominent in the news throughout the year. His new poems were published in a ...


Description:
Richardson Dilworth resigned as mayor in the middle of his second term in order to run for the governorship. He lost. He was succeeded by city council president James H. J. Tate, who will hold the mayoralty until 1964.


Description:
The United Arab Republic (UAR), as Egypt was called, quarreled less with its neighbors and concentrated more on its own internal affairs in 1962. Chief among these domestic concerns was the furtherance of Arab socialism, a prime political goal of ...


Description:
Like most creations of man in 1963, architecture showed signs of giantism. A building planned for the moon launch center at Cape Kennedy, Florida, for example, will be one of the largest enclosed spaces on earth. And unusual as Launch Complex 39 may ...


Description:
Argentina returned to a duly elected constitutional form of government in 1963. On October 12, Arturo Illia was sworn in for a six-year term as president, thus ending nearly 19 months of military-dominated rule. Illia succeeded Jose Maria Guido, the ...


Description:
The military balance of power shifted clearly to the West in 1963. The United States boosted its nuclear superiority over the Soviet Union and, together with its allies, attained at least a standoff in conventional fighting ability. This was due ...


Description:
ASIA still reverberated in the wake of a shock wave set off in 1962 by Communist China's invasion of India. That aggressive move, in itself, was responsible, as no other factor, for the shifts in Asian power alignments that characterized 1963.


Description:
Scientists from many countries converged on the North American continent in 1963 to observe the total solar eclipse of July 20. The path of the eclipse curved from Alaska through Canada, slightly south of Hudson Bay, and across Maine. Many of the ...


Description:
Australia returned the Liberal-Country party coalition of Prime Minister Robert G. Menzies to power in a general election held November 30. The victory, after 14 continuous years in office, boosted Menzie's parliamentary majority from one, where it ...


Description:
Rapid strides were made during 1963 in the artificial production of complex molecules of living matter. In a number of laboratories, scientists exposed solutions of compounds to ultraviolet light to produce the molecules.


Description:
Boating enjoyed a big year in 1963. In some areas, boat sales increased as much as 25 per cent over 1962, and most manufacturers budgeted for further gains in 1964.


Description:
Another significant step toward understanding photosynthesis


Description:
After the National Bowling League's failure to establish bowling as a big-time spectator sport, attention focused in 1963 on the traditional individual championships.


Description:
It took Sonny Liston four extra seconds to retain his heavyweight championship in 1963. He knocked out Floyd Patterson, the former champion, in the first round of the match at Las Vegas' Convention Center in July in 2 minutes and 10 seconds. The ...


Description:
Bulgaria continued its purge of pro-Stalinist elements from the Bulgarian Communist party. Premier Todor Zhivkov, who was also the party's first secretary, was an ardent supporter of the policies advocated by Soviet Premier Nikita S. Khrushchev. He, ...


Description:
Burma remained under the autocratic rule of General Ne Win and his 17-man revolutionary council during 1963. Under Ne Win's leadership, there was a distinct shift toward socialism. Beginning in February, moderate military leaders were replaced by ...


Description:
Burundi changed premiers in 1963 as the result of three political arrests ordered by the government of Premier Andre Muhirwa on March 22.


Title:
The Second Office: Nixon Looks at the Vice Presidency

Description:
Historic Special Report: The following article appeared in the 1964 edition of World Book's Year Book.


Description:
AFRICA moved toward greater Pan-African solidarity in 1963. The continent's dream of unity within the framework of a Pan-African organization, however, was tempered by an awareness of the difficulties involved in maintaining such a unity. New gains ...


Description:
Historic Special Report: The following article appeared in the 1964 edition of the World Book Year Book.


Description:
Albania remained a European beachhead for Communist China in 1963. Peking continued to provide financial and technical assistance to the Albanians. In return, Albania kept up its verbal sparring with the Soviet Union. It protested, for example, that, ...


Description:
Algeria celebrated its first birthday as an independent nation on July 1. The occasion marked the beginning of a series of notable firsts for the former French territory in 1963.


Description:
The record of man and his evolution was put into new perspective in 1963 by two studies. One opened up a controversy which promises to rage for years to come. The other took a relatively somber view of man's future.


Description:
The great temple of Abu Simbel, which has commanded Egypt's Upper Nile for more than 3,000 years, will continue its dominance, safe above the coming flood. This was assured when agreement was reached in 1963 on a plan proposed by Swedish engineers to ...


Description:
Austria experienced the longest governmental crisis in its post-World War II history. The crisis followed a national election held on Nov. 18, 1962, in which the conservative People's party won 81 seats; the Socialists, 76; and the Freedom party, 8. ...


Description:
AUTOMOBILE manufacturers of the United States generally added to the size, engine, and trimmings of their cars in 1963 and wound up with one of their best years on record.


Description:
America's top three car makersFord, General Motors, and Chryslerreentered U.S. racing in 1963 after a six-year layoff.


Description:
AVIATION in 1963 made further advances toward developing a commercial airliner that would travel faster than sound. An X-15 rocket plane was being modified late in the year to enable it to raise its top speed of 4,104 mph to 5,300 mpheight time ...


Description:
The mighty Yankees struck out a record 15 times in the first game of the 1963 World Series, and went on to a stunning defeat by the Los Angeles Dodgers in four straight games. It was, however, only the eighth World Series defeat for the Yankees since ...


Description:
A funny thing happened to the University of Cincinnati on its way to an unprecedented third straight national championship. The Cincinnati Bearcats lost a 15-point lead in the last 12 minutes and were beaten 60-58 in overtime by Loyola of Chicago in ...


Description:
Belgium settled an ancient dispute with The Netherlands in 1963. On May 13, an accord was signed calling for completion during the next 10 years of a 25-mile inland waterway that would link the Belgian port of Antwerp on the Scheld with the Rhine ...


Description:
With continuity his byword, President Lyndon B.Johnson kept all members of the Kennedy Cabinet on through 1963. Its only new face had been added on September 30, when John A. Gronouski, Jr., was sworn in as Postmaster General. He replaced ...


Description:
Cambodia was at odds with two of its close neighbors and one of its most powerful allies. On August 27, it broke diplomatic ties with South Vietnam because of the Diem government's persecution of Buddhist monks.


Description:
Cameroon signed a mutual cooperation pact with Nigeria on February 7. The agreement included mutual trade expansion measures, cultural and technical exchanges, and rules governing movement of persons and goods across their common border.


Description:
Relations with the United States formed a major theme in Canada's politics during 1963. They helped to topple the six-year-old Conservative government of John G. Diefenbaker and provided many problems for its Liberal successor, Prime Minister Lester ...


Description:
Biography, autobiography, and the diary dominated the 1963 literary output. Outstanding titles in the first two categories were Renegade in Power: The Diefenbaker Years


Description:
A 33-year-old Russian philosophy student, Tigran Petrosian, gained the world chess title when he dethroned defending champion Mikhail Botvinnik, a Leningrad engineer, in a match played at Moscow in May. Botvinnik had held the world championship almost ...


Description:
Lawyer delegates from 105 nations met in Athens, Greece, to discuss the possibility of attaining World Peace Through Law. In the Proclamation of Athens, the delegates called upon peoples and governments to help establish an effective ...


Description:
What might have been on of the greatest jewel robberies in the history of the United States turned into a Keystone Cop incident in New York City on November 8. An old stationwagon transporting jewelry and gold valued at more than ...


Description:
Cuba suffered both natural and man-made misfortunes in 1963. Early in October, the island was struck by a hurricane that tore the Cuban economy to shreds. This domestic calamity aggravated further the nation's continuing international problems ...


Description:
Czechoslovakia moved warily along the path of de-Stalinization in 1963. At the 12th party congress held in December, 1962, a commission had been established to review the violations of Party Principles and of Socialist Legality during the period ...


Description:
The triumphs of Americans abroad highlighted the story of the dance for the first 11 months of 1963. The Robert Joffrey Ballet, sent on tour of the Middle and Far East by the Cultural Presentations Program of the U.S. Department of State, was so ...


Description:
The nation and the world were stunned by the slaying of President John F. Kennedy in 1963. President Lyndon B. Johnson took over as party leader at once, and asked John M. Bailey to remain as chairman of the Democratic National Committee for the 1964 ...


Description:
Denmark took drastic measures to curb its spiraling inflation in 1963. The Folketing


Description:
The surge toward unity in Western Europe was dramatically interrupted in 1963. Just when hopes were highest that economic union was at hand and that political union might follow, French President Charles de Gaulle vetoed Great Britain's application ...


Description:
Fashion was swept along on a great wave of youth in 1963, to the delight of teen-agers and grandmothers alike. The "young look" took the form of knee-high skirts, sleeveless dressed, lower heels, and close-cropped, natural hair.


Description:
Emphasis in the U.S. food industry in 1963 was on new products and advanced methods of preservation. General Mills developed a granular flour that pours like sugar. An instant and all-purpose flour, it created no dusty fallout, dissolved quickly ...


Description:
Just two yards and the clock prevented Army from upsetting Navy in the highlight game of the college football season. With a minute and 38 seconds left to play, Army drove to a first down on the Navy seven-yard line, and then to the two-yard line in ...


Description:
France cast a long shadow over world affairs in 1963. It was a shadow in the towering image of its president, Charles de Gaulle. It was De Gaulle who threw Western Europe's plans for unity into confusion by his veto of Great Britain's application for ...


Description:
New evidence was disclosed in 1963 to support the theory of continental drift, which holds that the earth is an ever-changing planet upon which the continents drift and the North Pole shifts. At a meeting of the International Union of Geodesy and ...


Description:
Representatives from 65 nations met in Copenhagen, Denmark, from June 24 to 29, to explore new approaches to medical and social problems created by the increasing number of disabling accidents. The occasion was the ninth world congress of the ...


Description:
Public health authorities became increasingly concerned with air pollution control following London's December (1962) killer smog. They took note of the fact that it could happen here.


Description:
Kelso ran his way into contention as the greatest horse of all time. The dark bay six-year-old gelding, owned by Mrs. Richard C. duPont, won horse-of-the-year honors for an unprecedented fourth straight time. His earnings of $559,762 were the largest ...


Description:
Hungary followed a deliberate course of de-Stalinization in 1963. An amnesty decree, announced by Premier Janos Kadar, became effective April 4. Under it, all political prisoners and all imprisoned criminals, except murderers and those convicted of ...


Description:
The Toronto Maple Leafs emerged as the new kingpins of the National Hockey League by winning the league championship and the Stanley Cup for the second successive year. It was the first league title for the Maple Leafs in 15 years. Chicago was second, ...


Description:
European figure-skaters won three of the four titles at the world championships held in Cortina d'Ampezzo, February 28 to March 3. Sjoukje Dijkstra of Holland won her second straight women's world title, and Eva Romanova and Pavel Roman of ...


Description:
Ireland gave a rapturous welcome to U.S. President John F. Kennedy during his visit in June. At Dunganstown, the President met and drank tea with 15 of his Irish cousins. His great-grandfather had left that area for Boston a century before. Ireland ...


Description:
Israel marked an unexpected change in leadership in 1963. On June 16, Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion abruptly quit the post he had held for all but 14 months since the state was founded in 1948. He said he resigned for personal reasons.


Description:
Italy drifted in political indecision throughout most of 1963. This instability had an eroding effect on the economy, which, in contrast to the healthy boom of the previous year, faced a threat of serious inflation.


Description:
Japan experienced a marked slowdown in its economic growth. The gain in its gross national product (GNP) dropped from the 1962-1963 figure of 15 per cent to 3.8 per cent. Japan's international payments showed a deficit of $123,000,000. A general price ...


Description:
Just as the ecumenical movement in Christendom was bringing Protestants and Catholics together, so were the three principal branches of Judaism drawing closer in 1963. And the year also saw more cooperation between Jew and non-Jew in the United States ...


Description:
Jordan was plagued by a series of cabinet crises in 1963. In February, a plot to assassinate King Hussein was thwarted, but Premier Wasfi al-Tall resigned when it was suggested that he had not sufficiently foreseen the threat. His successor, Samir ...


Description:
The accelerated pace that had for several years marked the U.S. book publishing scene continued in 1963. Judged by the flourishing production of new titles in fiction, nonfiction, and poetry, it was a good year. Yet no serious critic at the year's end ...


Description:
In a year of tension and hate, a year of tragedy, children's literature showed a realism that a child could comprehend, and hardship that a child could bear and survive. The realistic fiction of 1963 was mature, but not sordid, because it was full of ...


Description:
MALAYSIA consisting of Malaya, Singapore, Sabah (North Borneo), and Sarawak, became a reality on September 16,1963. Its formation followed months of protracted haggling and delays which were largely the result of Indonesian opposition.


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Rapid progress in replacing damaged or diseased body parts with healthy transplants was reported extensively in 1963. Known as replacement surgery,this relatively new field accomplished a major breakthrough in the successful transplant of kidneys from ...


Description:
A new approach to the nation's mental health problems was charted during 1963, as Congress passed legislation to spur research on mental retardation.


Description:
Mexico prospered politically, economically, and socially in 1963. President Adolfo Lopez Mateos, in his state of the union address on September 1, noted that the nation's gold and U.S. dollar reserves had climbed to a record $510,000,000, up ...


Description:
A new political force emerged in the Middle East during 1963. The revived Arab-Socialist Baath


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Chile struggled with inflation, a restless labor force, and a backlog of domestic and international debts in 1963. By July, living costs had jumped 48.8 per cent over a 12-month period. In an effort to curb a further rise, the government froze prices ...


Description:
China spent a considerable portion of the year trying to recover the position of leadership it had lost in Asia by its 1962 attack on India. A difficult enough task, it was complicated even further by the deepening ideological dispute with the Soviet ...


Description:
The year 1963 witnessed increased agitation for the protection of human rights and for the abolition of racial discrimination throughout almost the entire world.


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Colombia was frustrated for a time by a balky congress in its efforts to launch a badly needed austerity program. The legislature was quick to approve such politically popular measures as a 40 per cent across-the-board wage increase, but it dragged ...


Description:
Although there were no major advances in basic computer theory, computer machines were put to a wider variety of uses in 1963. This development was particularly striking in the field of medicine where the application of computers ranged from the ...


Description:
The first session of the 88th Congress opened on Jan. 9, 1963, with a resounding victory for the administration. By the time it had adjourned on Dec. 30, 1963, however, there were few other major victories, except for the ratification of the nuclear ...


Description:
The drug industry was hit by conflicting trends in 1963. Improvements in oral contraceptives boomed prospects for some companies; but new and tougher drug laws in the United States and Canada put brakes on the industry as a whole.


Description:
On August 31, 1963, the first pan-Orthodox Festival of Faith was held in Pittsburgh. It was sponsored and organized by the Council of Eastern Orthodox Youth Leaders, which represents 12 national Orthodox youth movements. More than 13,000 ...


Description:
The year in education was marked by important proposals, early skepticism, and unexpected action. In January, President John F. Kennedy submitted the National Education Improvement Act to the Congress of the United Statesan omnibus measure that ...


Description:
Many advances in electronics were dictated by space-age needs in 1963. In May, for example, Telstar II was put into orbit 10 months after its historic predecessor which was relaying telephone calls and transmitting telecasts between Europe and the ...


Description:
El Salvador was a symbol of stability in a largely unstable region during 1963. Under reformminded President Julio A. Rivera and his sound fiscal program, the republic became a favorite center for foreign investment. Overseas firms either building or ...


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Ethiopia played host to a summit conference of 31 African nations in May. Emperor Haile Selassie I served as honorary president of the conference. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia's capital, was named the official site of the Provisional Secretariat of the ...


Description:
GERMANY marked the end of one era and the start of a new one. On October 15, 1963, Chancellor Konrad Adenauer resigned. The following day, the Bundestag


Description:
Jack Nicklaus and Arnold Palmer, two big men, loomed large on the golf horizon as each won more then $100,000 in Professional Golf Association (PGA) tournaments. Palmer amassed $128,230; Nicklaus earned $100,040, and also $50,000 as winner of the ...


Description:
The United Kingdom acquired a new prime minister in 1963, Sir Alexander (Alec) Douglas-Home. He was officially named by Queen Elizabeth II on October 19, to succeed Harold Macmillan. Home thus became the first peer of the realm to form an ...


Description:
Greece switched political leadership in 1963. On November 3, nearly 5,000,000 Greeks flocked to the polls. When the final vote was tallied, the Center Union party, led by George Papandreou had gained a slight edge over the National Radical Union of ...


Description:
Guatemala exchanged its constitutional government for a military one in 1963. On March 25, President Miguel Ydigoras Fuentes had decreed a 30-day state ofsiege in order to counter what he called a vast [communist] plan of agitation and ...


Description:
Haiti remained a poverty-stricken, dictator-terrorized country in 1963. On May 22, President Francois Duvalier took office for another six-year term. His inauguration was preceded by a month-long series of violent incidents that included bloodshed and ...


Description:
With an annual combined quota of almost 109,000, England, Germany, and Ireland have been sending only about 53,000 immigrants a year to the United States. On the other hand, Italy, with a quota of 5,666, has 265,000 persons waiting to be admitted to ...


Description:
spent most of 1963 trying to recover from the shock of Communist China's attack of the previous year. Most of the nation's internal and external actions throughout the year reflected its continuing efforts to cope with the Chinese menace.


Description:
New strides in education, vocational training, and health services were taken in 1963 by the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) and the U.S. Public Health Service. New classrooms were added to accommodate 3,000 Indian children, and inadequate ...


Description:
Indonesia began the year in a jubilant mood. Because of its peaceful victory regarding West Irian, the defense budget had been almost halved and greater attention could be paid to internal development. The optimism, however, proved premature. The ...


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Reactions to Shah Mohammed Riza Pahlevi's modern reforms brought considerable unrest in 1963. Dissatisfaction with the ambitious land reform program shifted from the landowners to the seminomadic tribes. In March, Qashqai and Mamasani tribesmen ...


Description:
Premier Abdul Karim el-Kassem was ousted in a military coup on February 8. The following day, he was executed. Colonel Abdul Salam Muhammad Arif, who had participated in the coup, was named provisional president of the newly established National ...


Description:
As 1963 began, strikes and threats of strikes dominated the industrial relations scene. But for the year as a whole, it proved to be one of the most strike-free since the end of World War II. It also was one of significant new developments in ...


Description:
Latin America broke out in a rash of militarism in 1963. Within one nine-day period in the fall, the constitutional governments of the Dominican Republic and Honduras were toppled in a swift series of military coups that had previously brought down ...


Description:
Lebanon found itself embroiled in a quarrel not of its making in 1963. On October 19, three Lebanese soldiers were killed in a clash with a Syrian patrol. It was the worst of 17 such clashes in two months. Most occured when Syrian troops made attempts ...


Description:
Liberia re-elected President William V. S. Tubman to another term on May 7. The 68-year-old chief executive received 565,044 votes out of the 570,000 cast. In February, the government succeeded in crushing a military plot to assassinate President ...


Description:
Approximately 128,000,000 Americans had either inadequate library services or none at all in 1963. About half of this total lived in urban areas. To improve this situation, the U.S. Senate passed the Library Services and Construction Act on November ...


Description:
Libya reaped the benefits of its bountiful oil resources in 1963. For the first time in its history, the nation received enough money from its petroleum exports to meet the costs of its imports. Barely two years after Libya began exporting petroleum, ...


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Political discord led King Hassan II to reshuffle his cabinet in January. All ministers who were members of the Istiqlal party were removed and a new party, the Front for the Defense of Constitutional Institutions (FDCI), was formed. In the May ...


Description:
Like that other fabulous invalid, the theater, Hollywood refused to take seriously reports of its imminent demise. In 1962, prophets had discerned disaster in the mounting tide of super-spectaculars, yet Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (M-G-M) rode out the storm ...


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In a year that marked the 150th anniversary of the births of Verdi and Wagner, whose works are the cornerstone of the international repertory, modern opera recognized anew its dependence on the old masters.


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The folk-music trend gained great momentum in 1963. At one point during the fall, three of the six top-selling records in the United States were albums by a folk trio, Peter, Paul and Mary. Folk music attracted crowds to hootenannies all ...


Description:
The Netherlands was adrift in the hands of a caretaker government for 70 days in 1963. The crisis followed the quadrennial elections held on May 15, in which none of the 17 contending parties won a clear majority. Not until July 23 was the crisis ...


Description:
Nicaragua inaugurated Rene Schick Gutierrez as president on May 1. The elections, which were held in February, had been marred by demonstrations touched off by opponents of Schick, the hand-picked candidate of outgoing president Luis Somoza. Somoza ...


Description:
Nigeria became a republic within the British Commonwealth on October 1. As such, it recognized Queen Elizabeth II as head of the Commonwealth but no longer as Nigeria's head of state. Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe became the country's first president.


Description:
Nobel prizes in literature and science were presented at ceremonies in Stockholm, Sweden, on Dec. 10, 1963. Two Nobel peace prizes were awarded this year, since no award in this field was made in 1962. Peace laureates are selected by the Norwegian ...


Description:
The Labor party government that had ruled Norway almost continuously sinnce 1935 briefly lost power during 1963. On August 24, the government of Prime Minister Einar Gerhardsen resigned following a 76-74 nonconfidence vote on his policies in the ...


Description:
A long-range program to explore the world's oceans was announced by the President's Office of Science and Technology in July, 1963. It would be the government's largest effort in the field of oceanography, and is expected to cost $2,300,000,000 over a ...


Description:
Racial and political controversy continued to threaten the future of the Olympics as the host cities made final preparations for the games and contests in 1964. Both Innsbrucd, Austria, site of the 9th Winter Games (January 29-February 9), and Tikyo, ...


Description:
Pacific islands noted an increase in inter-island communication in 1963, due in part to the opening of jet airstrips on Tahiti, Fiji, and Guam in recent years. Forging of quicker communication and transportation links brought a greater sense of unity ...


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Portugal came under increasing world criticism for its policies in the African territories of Angola, Mozambique, and Portuguese Guinea. The United Nations (UN) Security Council, in July, adopted a resolution calling on Portugal to cease its ...


Description:
Lyndon B. Johnson began his administration firmly and with confidence, as he took over after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy on November 22. The continuity and stability of the U.S. system of government were once again demonstrated. ...


Description:
Alcatraz, for 30 years the maximum security federal prison for dangerous criminals, was closed in 1963. On March 21, the last prisoners were transferred to other federal institutions. One of the prisons to which the inmates were sent was at Marion, ...


Description:
For the second year in a row a decision of the Supreme Court of the United States affected religion, in its public aspect, in America. One year after it barred a 22-word prayer, written and authorized for use in public schools by the New York State ...


Description:
Affection from playmates is so important to normal emotional development among monkeys that it can overcome the destructive effects of poor maternal care or none at all. This was the conclusion of studies made at the Wisconsin Regional Primate Center ...


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Under the island's 13-year-old industrial development program, the number of new factories established on the island since 1950 was expected to hit the 1,000 mark during fiscal 1963-1964. Ford Motor Company began work on a $12,000,000 ballbearing ...


Description:
The scene in the world of art in 1963 was neither especially bright nor really rewarding. The progress of pop art continued, provoking wild enthusiasm in some quarters and annoyance in others. As the year progressed, the impression grew that pop ...


Description:
Pakistan continued its efforts to normalize  its relations with neighboring Communist China. To accomplish this, a major trade agreement was signed early in the year. This was followed, in March, by a treaty defining the boundary between ...


Description:
Peru replaced its military government with a civilian one in 1963. On July 28, reform-minded Fernando Belaunde Terry took office as president after winning an election sponsored by the military junta that had seized power in 1962.


Description:
The Philippines devoted most of 1963 to politics, even though it was not a presidential election year. The Liberal party government of President Diosdado Macapagal, because of its domestic policies, came in creasingly under Nationalist party ...


Description:
Intense research on all aspects of laser, devices that amplify light waves into extremely powerful beams of one frequency, continued throughout 1963. Methods were found to produce laser action in solids, liquids, gases, and even plasmas.


Description:
Poland faced deepening economic and political problems in 1963. On July 25, the government tightened its control over the nation's factories in a move to step up lagging industrial output.


Description:
After years of struggle, FM radio seemed about to round the economic corner in 1963, A Har-vard Business School study predicted that, if current trends continue, the average FM station will show a profit for the first time in 1964. It also forecast ...


Description:
Republican leaders undertook a re-assessment of the 1964 president campaign after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy on November 22. A 30-day truce on political maneuvering was observed by both parties, the Republicans postponing a session ...


Description:
The Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, of which modern-day Zimbabwe was a part, ceased to exist at the end of 1963. In March, at a constitutional conference held in London don between British colonial officials and African political leaders, the ...


Description:
Roman Catholic efforts were concentrated on Vatican Council II as the new pope, Paul VI, announced upon his election that the council would reopen September 29, 1963. This was just three weeks later than the date originally set by John XXIII, who died ...


Description:
Romania was a reluctant copartner of the Soviet Union in 1963. Repeatedly during the year, it balked at plans drawn up by the Soviet Union-dominated Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON) which called for a centrally directed distribution of ...


Description:
RUSSIA regained during 1963 much of the prestige had lost in 1962 when, bowing to a U.S. ultimatum, it removed its missiles from Cuba. In August, it signed a test-ban treaty with the United States and Great Britain. It continued to foster friendly ...


Description:
The pendulum of space rocket power swung toward the United States in 1963, with the first successful launch on November 27 of a Centaur booster. Centaur was of great importance to the U.S. space program because its engines, fueled with liquid ...


Description:
Spain worked toward better relations with Western Europe and the United States. In September, the United States and Spain extended for five years their agreement on U.S. air and naval bases in Spain first negotiated in 1953. Spain was unsuccessful, ...


Description:
The two-year-old feud between the American Athletic Union (AAU) and the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) over the control of amateur sports was settled during 1963, through the arbitration of General of the Army Douglas A. MacArthur. ...


Description:
Rising needs of a growing population in 1963 brought a broad expansion of state services and budgetsespecially for edcucation. The year also saw the issues in the long-smoldering rural-versus-urban dispute over the apportionment of legislatures ...


Description:
Spurred by a record divident payout of more than $3,000,000,000 based on a record $50,000,000,000 of corporate profits, investors flocked into the market and bid common stock prices to new peaks. Anticipated tax cuts for 1964 improved profit ...


Description:
Sudan was gripped by terrorism during the year. Guerrilla bands, active in the southern provinces, had as their goal secession form Sudan and territorial independence for the provinces of Equatouial, Upper Nile, and Bahr-el-Ghazal. In November, the ...


Description:
Sweden was rocked by a spy scandal in 1963. On June 20, Colonel Stig Wennerstrom admitted he had been in the employ of the Soviet Union since 1948. Wennerstrom, who was adviser to the foreign minister, had also served as air chief in the defense ...


Description:
Swimming marks continued to flood the record books as swimmers set their sights on the 1964 Olympics. U.S. records were set in all 14 events at the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) men's indoor championships in Yale's 25-yard pool. The winner in three ...


Description:
Switzerland sought ways to control its booming economy. Expansion, encouraged by a great influx of foreign investment cash, had led to a repid increase in the cost of living and an imbalance of imports over exports. Instead of unemployment, the Swiss ...


Description:
On March 8, for the eighth time in 14 years, the government was overthrown by a military coup. A new coalition government was formed consisting of independent Arab nationalists, Baathist socialists, and Nasserites. Salah el-Biter was appointed premier ...


Description:
Taxationor the tantalizing prospect of less of itgripped the nation's imagination throughout 1963. It all started with the State of the Union message delivered by President John F. Kennedy on January 14. He proposed a $13,500,000,000 tax ...


Description:
Global communications expanded impressively in 1963. The first transatlantic cable to link England directly with the United States opened on October 16. Not quite two months later, the first telephone cable across the Pacific linked Australia and New ...


Description:
The United Nations (UN) began the year by winning its own small war in the Congo (Leopoldville). It ended it by nurturing somewhat improved East-West relations. The 18th General Assembly which convened on September 17, operated with calculated ...


Description:
The United States (population 190,000,000) entered 1963 in a new mood. Only two months earlier the world had been perched on the brink of nuclear disaster. After the Cuban crisis and the Soviet missile withdrawal, Americans began to suspect that the ...


Description:
Uruguay grew increasingly concerned over a continuing lack of growth or vitality in its economy. The national budget deficit for 1963 stood at $79,000,000. Foreign trade deficits were piling up.


Description:
Venezuela formally proclaimed Raul Leoni its president-elect on December 14. The proclamation was issued by the Supreme Electoral Council which was in charge of the December 1 elections in which Leoni received 32.8 per cent of the 2,918,896 valid ...


Description:
VIETNAM suffered from a year of political turmoil that ended on November 2 with the overthrow of President Ngo Dinh Diem by a military junta. The president and his brother, Ngo Dinh Nhu, died in the coup.


Description:
The year 1963 began and ended with record-breaking cold waves that engulfed virtually all of the United States. Throughout the Ohio Valley regions and the Southwest in January, the cold spell was the severest since the great cold wave of February, ...


Description:
Robert L. Stanfield, leader of the Conservatives since 1948 and premier since 1956, swept to his third consecutive victory on October 8. The Conservatives took 39 seats in the legislature, compared with 27 in 1960.


Description:
Premier John P. Robarts, fighting his first election as leader of the Conservative party, won a decisive victory on September 25. He increased his party's standing in the legislature to 78 seats, from the 71 left him by retiring premier Leslie Frost ...


Description:
Ground was broken in February for the $5,600,000 Fathers of Confederation Memorial Building in Charlottetown. The concert hall-museum-cultural center was scheduled for completion in May, 1964. The building was conceived as a national monument to the ...


Description:
Quebec was racked with terrorism in 1963 when the FLQ (Front de Liberation Quebecois), the extremist wing of the separatist movement, planted time bombs in public places in Montreal. Most of the terrorists had been apprehended and sentenced to stiff ...


Description:
The magazine field produced no new mergers or failures in 1963. Even at Curtis Publishing Company, which publishes The Saturday Evening Post,


Description:
The costliest newspaper strike in historythe 114-day stoppage in New York Citycame to an end March 31, 1963. The 129-day Cleveland strike, which revolved primarily around the issue of job security, ended the following week.


Description:
The wheat farmers of the United States made a decision in 1963 that may be a historic turning point in federal regulation of farm production. Under the terms of the Food and Agriculture Act of 1962, Secretary of Agriculture Orville L. Freeman set a ...


Description:
The assassination of President John F. Kennedy in Dallas on November 22 sent waves of shock and sorrow throughout the world, but the residue of bitter shame was borne heavily by the people of this city.


Description:
There was a strong air of optimism in Detroit in 1963. The automotive industry was healthy, hence the city also. By November, unemployment was down to 50,000, the lowest total in several years.


Description:
Spurred by oil production and the space program, Houston's surging growth and boundless optimism soared higher than ever in 1963. In construction, the city ranked third behind Los Angeles and New York. Population estimates placed the city sixth in the ...


Description:
On the sunny afternoon of December 14, the city's Baldwin Hills Reservoir Dam burst, sending a deluge of some 292,000,000 gallons of water into the suburban valley below. While the flood caused more than $10,000,000 in property damageenough to ...


Description:
Toronto's $45,000,000 University Avenue subway was opened February 28, giving the city a total of over eight miles of rapid underground transit.


Description:
Twice in 1963, deeply emotional events took place at Lincoln Memorial; the first, was almost joyous. The second was gravely moving. On August 28, 210,000 Americans met there to close their historic civil rights march in the capital. On December 22, ...


Description:
The U.S. population climbed above 190,000,000 in late September, 1963, according to Bureau of the Census estimates. In the 12 months ended October 1, it had grown by 2,600,000. This was well below the record gain of more than 3,000,000 in 1956. It ...


Description:
An unusual conference on the fate of urban living was held in June. Called by Greek city planner Constantine A. Doxiadis, it was held aboard a ship that sailed the Aegean Sea past some of the most celebrated urban sites of Western civilization. ...


Description:
Paced by a surging auto industry, the American economy smashed all previous records in 1963 as its total output of goods and services, or gross national product (GNP), soared to more than $585,000,000,000. It caught most of the experts with their ...


Description:
Petroleum industry conditions in 1963 offered the U.S. automobile owner a welcome breakas uneconomical as it was to the industry. Despite the healthy 10,600,000-barrel-a-day demand for petroleum, refineriesoperating at only 85 per cent of ...


Description:
International trade steered through dangerous shoals and entered some strange new waters during 1963. Russia and other communist-bloc nations stepped up their trade with the West, largely to make up for the disastrously poor gain harvests in Russia, ...


Description:
Three of America's finest poets died in 1963: Theodore Roethke, William Carlos Williams, and Robert Frost. Roethke, who died at age 55, had developed two principal poetic styles. One was the formal lyric, in which he explored themes of modern ...


Description:
Improved mass tranist was in prospect for Philadelphia by the end of 1963. Extension of both the subway system and rails in suburban New Jersey were planned. But the biggest news was the state law establishingeffective Jan. 15, 1964the ...


Description:
At first glance, safety seemed to make little progress in 1963. For the second consecutive year; U.S. traffic fatalities reached an all-time high. While the accident totals have risen since 1961the nation's sagest yearso also has the ...


Description:
Saudi Arabia mended one of its diplomatic fences January 26 by resuming relations with Great Britain. These had been severed in 1956 following Britain's invasion of Suez. The mending began with an announcement that London and Mecca would hold ...


Description:
Prime Minister Sir Milton Margai became the first head of a former British African colony to pay a state visit to France. Discussions were held on ways to improve ties between the French-speaking and English-speaking African nations. During the year, ...


Description:
Fast-improving Americans in 1963 assumed the role of second favorites behind Austria in Alpine skiing and Norway in Nordic skiing for the 1964 Olympics. A crack American Alpine team of eight men and six women, headed by National champions Wallace ...


Description:
The number of people receiving Social Security benefits continued to increase in 1963.This was a result of amendments to the Social Security Act, passed in 1960 and 1961, which liberalized earnings and work requirements and allowed monthly benefits to ...


Description:
Internal politics and external relations were determined more than ever in 1963 by a territorial dispute involving the Northern Frontier District (NFD) of Kenya. Somalis living in the area had unanimously demanded the separation of NFD from Kenya and ...


Description:
South Africa was the object of continuing international criticism because of its apartheid


Description:
Television distinguished itself in 1963 as never before in its coverage of the events following the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. Wrote Jack Gould, TV critic of The New York Times:


Description:
The United States won the Davis Cup for the first time since 1958, when its team defeated Australia, 3 to 2, the challenge round at Adelaide on December 28. In its own zone, where it lost in 1962, the U.S. team scored a victory over Mexico to move up ...


Description:
Thailand spent most of 1963 trying to secure its frontiers against subversive activity and infiltration by procommunist elements based in Laos and Cambodia. With U.S. help, Thai patrols were completely re-equipped with weapons, vehicles, and two-way ...


Description:
The U.S. theater seemed on the verge of significant new developments in 1963. Progress was made in decentralizing it at a time when commercial, so-called Broadway production was at a low ebb and was riddled with charges of corruption.


Description:
Two young Americans broke the world pole vault record 10 times in 1963. At year's end, one stood alone as the world's only 17-foot vaulter; the other lay in a hospital bed.


Description:
Turkey became an associate member of the six-nation European Economic Community (EEC, or Common Market) on September 12. This action was a major implementation of the Western-oriented policy begun 41 years earlier by the Turkish leader, Mustafa Kemal ...


Description:
Yugoslavia voted itself a new constitution and a new name in 1963. On April 7, the Federal Assembly unanimously approved a new national charter to replace one framed in 1946. The charter, which gave Marshal Tito unlimited tenure as president, also ...


Description:
Rats and human beings have at least one thing in common. Both are hardy offshoots of a prehistoric primate called anagalidae.


Description:
Rare animals and those facing extinction will be housed in an animal survival center under construction in a 22-acre area of the Bronx Zoo in 1963. It will provide a natural refuge in which endangered species may reproduce.


Description:
Alberta's Social Credit government, in power since 1935, won a landslide victory on June 17. The party won 60 of the 63 seats in the legislature, leaving a token opposition of two Liberals and a coalition member. The victory was a tremendous personal ...


Description:
Premier W.A.C. Bennett led his Social Credit government to a resounding victory in an election on September 30. Winning 34 seats, the party reduced its opposition to 13 members of the New Democratic (socialist) party and five Liberals. Shortly before ...


Description:
The Liberals under Primer Louis J. Robichaud emerged from a provincial election on April 22 with the same standing in the legislature as before: 31, with 21 seats held by the Conservation opposition.


Description:
Parliament was expected to approve legislation to split the Northwest Territories into Mackenzie and Nunassiaq, which means the Beautiful Land in the language of the 5,000 Eskimos who live in that eastern portion of the NWT. Uncertainty on ...


Description:
President Joao Goulart reassumed the full powers of his office on January 24. As a result of a plebiscite held January 6, he signed into law a decree abolishing the 16-month-old parliamentary system under which the nation had been ruled by Premier ...


Description:
The United States won the team championship at the radio-control model airplane world match held at Genk, Belgium, in August. The individual championship was won by Ralph C. Brooke of Seattle, Wash.


Description:
Afghanistan reopened its eastern border with Pakistan in May 1964, after a 22-month rift. By mid-September, goods were again moving over the Khyber Passlandlocked Afghanistan's traditional trade route through Pakistani territory to the Arabian ...


Description:
Mayor Richard J. Daley won a third term in April. His victory meant that Democratic control of the mayor's office would be extended to 36 years in succession. The mayor's margin of victory, however, was only 137,500 votes.


Description:
The year saw a marked increase in Mayor Robert F. Wagner's political power and effectiveness. With his successful intervention into complex labor troubles, a stronger hand in running the city, and firmer control of Democratic party machinery, his 10th ...


Description:
Under its newly inaugurated President Gregoire Kayibanda, Rwanda signed a number of agreements with neighboring Burundi, with which it had been formerly united as a United Nations (UN) trust territory. The agreements called for the continuance of ...


Description:
The province of Quebec was racked with terrorism in 1963 when the FLQ (Front de Liberation Quebecois), the extremist wing of the separatist movement, planted time bombs in public places in Montreal. Most of the terrorists had been apprehended and ...


Description:
Industry conditions in 1963 offered the U.S. automobile owner a welcome breakas uneconomic as it was to the industry. Despite the healthy 10,600,000-barrel-a-day demand for petroleum, refineriesoperating at only 85 per cent of ...


Description:
World population reached an estimated 3,180,000,000 in mid-1963. Asia with approximately 1,800,000,0000 or 56 per cent, has the largest share of the world's people.


Description:
The Supreme Court of the United States on June 3 set the stage for far-reaching developments affecting the water outlookand the economic futureof the entire Southwest.It upheld Arizona's contention that allotment of Colorado River water ...


Description:
Bank mergers continued apace in 1963 despite a landmark decision against them by the Supreme Court of the United States in June. In the preceding 10 years, the total number of banks declined by almost 650, with mergers and take-overs responsible for ...


Description:
Construction put in place during 1963 climbed to a record $62,550,000,000, or 6.4 per cent above the Census Bureau's revised 1962 total of $58,764,000,000. New private construction accounted for the increase. The Engineering News-Record


Description:
The United Arab Republic (UAR), as Egypt was called,fared better at home than abroad during 1963. The chief setback for President Gamal Abdel Nasser's external policy came, ironically, on the heels of near success. On April 10, following talks in ...


Title:
Congress Makes a Decision: Passing the Civil Rights Act of 1964

Description:
Historic Special Report: The following article appeared in the 1965 edition of the World Book Year Book


Description:
AFRICA remained a continent in political ferment in 1964. Malawi, the former British protectorate of Nyasaland, became independent on July 6. Northern Rhodesia, another former British possession, became the independent state of Zambia on October 24. ...


Description:
Albania was the only European communist country to applaud the overthrow of Russian Premier Nikita S. Khrushchev. The Albanians continued to call for a total reversal of the Soviet Union's policy despite the fact that Communist Chinese Premier Chou ...


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The power struggle between President Ahmed Ben Bella and his political opponents dominated developments in Algeria. The president had certain key assets. They included the solid backing of the army and the majority of members of the national assembly, ...


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The discovery of a new fossil man by Dr. L. S. B. Leakey in East Africa excited anthropologists throughout the world. Dr. Leakey, who named his discovery Homo habilis


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The earliest undisturbed European site of prehistoric stone tools and extinct animals was found during the year by Professor Laszlo Vertes in Hungary. Named Verteszollos, the find extended man's knowledge of early European cultures several thousand ...


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Austria continued to steer a profitably neutral course. Politically, it was still divided almost evenly between the People's party and the Socialists, thus necessitating a coalition government in which each was equally represented.


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THE U.S. auto industry was hampered by strikes and parts shortages in 1964 but finished the calendar year with near-record production and sales figures. According to final, unofficial tabulations by Automotive News


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In the closest competition of Grand Prix history, Ferrari driver John Surtees of England captured the world driving championship by a one-point margin in 1964. Surtees won the title by finishing second in the season's final race, the Mexican Grand ...


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AVIATION jetted to new heights of prosperity in 1964, the 50th anniversary of scheduled air transportation. The airlines of the United States nearly doubled their profits for the year, from slightly over $76,000,000 in 1963 to an estimated ...


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John Joseph Keane started the 1964 season among the least heralded of the 20 big league managers. He ended it as the central figure in some of the most astounding developments in the history of baseball.


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The University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) went through the season undefeted, a feat previously accomplished only by San Francisco in 1956 and by North Carolina in 1957. UCLA clamaxed its success with 98-83 triumph over Eastern champoion Duck ...


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Burma remained under the militant rule of General Ne Win. His determination to eliminate the guerrilla bands and bandits met with considerable success. However, while the right-wing tribes in Karen province signed a truce with the Burma Revolutionary ...


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Premier Pierre Ngendandumwe was forced to resign in March, after less than a year in office. His resignation coincided with a cabinet shakeup, which was made, reportedly, because several members either were unable or unwilling to promote peaceful ...


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Robert F. Kennedy resigned from his post as Attorney General in President Lyndon B. Johnson's Cabinet on September 3, after accepting a nomination to run for Senator from the state of New York. The vacancy was temporarily filled by the Acting Attorney ...


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Prince Norodom Sihanouk and his tiny country were embroiled in a border dispute with South Vietnam. Their quarrel also involved the United States. The Vietnamese had become angered by repeated guerrilla thrusts from bases in Cambodia. They had ...


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Cameroon held national legislative elections based on universal suffrage for the first time in 1964. It was also the first such election held since East and West Cameroon became a federation in October, 1961. Both areas, however, had maintained their ...


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On the verge of celebrating its first its first 100 years of union, Canada faced the sore problem of maintaining that unity in 1964. The quickening pace of Quebec's quiet revolution introduced new strains into the Canadian community. It ...


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Ever since Sir Joseph Paxton built his great glass and iron Crystal Palace for the London Exhibition of 1851, some of the most significant architecture of the modern era has come out of specific, one-time events. The year 1964 was no exception, for if ...


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Argentina remained tense as political conflicts and labor problems posed a test for President Arturo Umberto Illia's policy of national conciliation. Political leadership was weak. It was further shaken in December by an attempted return from exile of ...


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The West maintained a 4-to-1 nuclear superiority over the communists in 1964 and was at least even in conventional fighting ability. Both sides possessed overkillmore than enough nuclear weapons to obliterate the other.


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ASIA was shaken politically as well as physically by an atomic explosion triggered by Communist China in October. It was a technological achievement that deeply impressed the Asiatic nations being courted by China. But for those whose inner stability ...


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In the midst of astounding quasistellar discoveries, the world celebrated the 400th anniversary of the birth of Galileo Galilei (1564-1642), the first man to study the sky with a telescope. Many scientific organizations throughout the world conducted ...


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Australia enjoyed a soaring economy for the second successive year. Means of controlling this growth became the chief problem of Prime Minister Sir Robert Gordon Menzies and his Liberal-Country party coalition. The Gross National Product (GNP) rose 9 ...


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Belgium found itself inescapably involved with events in its former African colony, Congo (Leopoldville). In November, it joined forces with the United States to rescue hundreds of whites held hostage by Congolese rebels in Stanleyville. The decision ...


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Biologists took another look at a famous meteorite in an attempt to determine whether life exists elsewhere in spacea question that has long intrigued scientists as well as science fiction writers.


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Boating enjoyed another tremendous year of growth, both as a sport and as an industry. Boat shows sprang up everywhereeven at harness race tracksand wherever they were held, throngs of boat-lovers attended to browse and to buy. At New York ...


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Seasonal flowers can made to bloom continuously all year long by increasing their supply of light and chemicals, horticulturist Henry M. Cathey revealed at the Food and Home Fair of the U.S.Department of Agriculture held in Washington, D.C., in the ...


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Billy Hardwick of San Mateo, Calif., and LaVerne Carter of St. Louis, Mo., were voted Bowlers of the Year by the Bowling Writers' Association of America.


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Heavyweight champion Sonny Liston, though an 8-to-1 favorite, lost his title to Cassius Clay in February, when he failed to answer the bell for the seventh round in a title bout at Miami Beach, Fla.


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Bulgaria remained ideologically closer to Russia than any other East European nation. Within hours of Soviet Premier Nikita S. Khrushchev's down-fall, it had congratulated the new Kremlin leadership notwithstanding its own leaders' debt to Khrushchev.


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History books were prominent among the distinguished volumes published in Canada in 1964. The Road to Confederation


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A new element was added to the periodic chart with the announcement of the production of element 104 by Soviet scientists. The chemical element, as yet unnamed, was produced by the bombardment of plutonium atoms with high-velocity neon ions in the ...


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For the first time in 16 years, the United States failed to qualify a player for the world title competition. The process of selecting a challenger for the world champion, Tigran Petrosian of Russia, included, as a first step, the Interzonal Chess ...


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Chile inaugurated Eduardo Frei Montalva as its president on November 3. In defeating Socialist-Communist Salvador Allende, Frei became the first Christian Democrat ever to be elected a chief of state in Latin America.


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China became the world's fifth atomic power when it exploded a nuclear device in October 1964. It was only the day before that Soviet Premier Nikita S. Khrushchev fell from power, and, with his downfall, Chinese Communist Party Chairman Mao Tse-tung ...


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Overshadowing all other events anywhere in the field of civil rights in 1964 was the action of the Congress of the United States in passing the Civil Rights Act, designed to protect the constitutional rights of Negro citizens. This legislation, ...


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Colombia made good economic progress on various fronts but without achieving any real momentum. Higher coffee exports at better prices, plus tight control on imports, narrowed the January-to-June trade deficit to $15,500,000 against $85,000,000 in the ...


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The national assembly re-elected President Antonin Novotny to a second seven-year term on November 12. His re-election came less than a month after Russia's ouster of its premier, Nikita S. Khrushchev. Novotny remained as leader of the Czechoslovakian ...


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The largest program of grants ever awarded the ballet in the United States ran into a barrage of criticism throughout 1964. The grants, totaling $7,756,750, had been awarded by the Ford Foundation late in 1963 to strengthen U.S. professional ballet.


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The 1964 election left the Democratic party stronger than at any time since Franklin D. Roosevelt's landslide triumph of 1936. President Lyndon B. Johnson, who succeeded the assassinated John F. Kennedy Nov. 22, 1963, ran for a full four-year term in ...


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Denmark expanded its contacts and trade with the U.S.S.R. and the communist nations in 1964. In February, Prime Minister Jens Otto Krag visited Russia, where he settled Danish property claims in territories taken over by the Soviets in World War II. ...


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Despite continued criticism from government, scientists, and even the medical profession, the drug industry counted up total 1964 sales of about $3,700,000,000 or some 7 per cent above 1963. The biggest gains were in exports. For several years, sales ...


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The Patriarch of Constantinople (Istanbul) Athenagoras I, the first among the equal within the episcopate of the Eastern Orthodox Churches, met Pope Paul VI in the Holy Land in January, 1964. This was the first encounter of the Bishop of Rome with a ...


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Education was marked by a significant increase in federal participation in school financing, important new developments on the civil rights front, and the recognition that education must shoulder the lion's share of the battle against poverty in the ...


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Across the nation on Nov. 3, 1964, the American people gave Lyndon Baines Johnson an overwhelming mandate for his Great Society. President Johnson and his running mate, Senator Hubert H. Humphrey of Minnesota, carried 44 states and the ...


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Electronics recorded striking technological advances in wireless power, including the test flight of an aircraft powered solely by radio energy. The experimental flight in November, conducted by Raytheon Company at Burligton, Mass., involved the ...


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Opposition leaders congratulated President Julio Adalberto Rivera on the elections held in March. It was the consensus that for the first time since 1931 nationwide voting took place without interference from the military. The president's Party of ...


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Ethiopia signed a truce with its neighbor, Somalia, in March, calling for an end to their six-month border dispute. Partly as a result of its relations with Somalia, which remained strained, Ethiopia signed a defense pact with Kenya in June. Kenya, ...


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EUROPE FLOUNDERED in indecision and a maze of cross purposes in 1964. In both Western and Eastern Europe, old allegiances and dependencies were fading, and no clear guide to the pattern that might replace them had yet emerged.


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Ken Venturi made the year's greatest come back, Tony Lema moved to the forefront of ranking golfers, Arnold Palmer won another Masters tournament, and Jack Nicklaus ended the season with the most money.


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The United Kingdom elected a Labour government for the first time in 13 years. On October 15, Labour leader (James) Harold Wilson, a 48-year-old economist, became the youngest prime minister of Great Britain in the 20th century, even though his ...


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Greece came perilously close to war with Turkey in 1964. Each nation was determined to support the rights of its respective nationals on Cyprus, where Greek and Turkish Cypriots were locked in a bitter civil war. An outbreak of open hostilities was ...


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Guatemala enjoyed growing prosperity at home and increased respect abroad. Most of the credit for the upswing went to the interim government of Colonel Enrique Peralta Azurdia.


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The national assembly voted to retain the nation's president for life on June 21. It also proclaimed a new constitution that had been ratified in a national referndum by a vote of 2,800,000 to 3,324. Under its provisons, President Francois Duvalier ...


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Rehabilitation of persons with physical and mental disabilities reached a new peak during the year ended June 30, 1964. The total number helped to obtain gainful employment was 119,708, a 9 per cent increase over 1963. Pennsylvania again led all ...


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Of all its 18 years since independence, India marked 1964 as its most difficult. The loss of its towering father figure, Jawaharlal Nehru, climaxed the events of a year that saw a crippling food crisis, frustrations in economic development, a deluge ...


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President Lyndon B. Johnson in January enlisted the American Indians in his war on poverty. He told representatives of the National Congress of American Indians that the Indians had suffered the most from poverty. He pledged that his administration ...


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Indonesia continued its bitter opposition to the Federation of Malaysia. Yet the serious problems within the country were often obscured by the inflammatory statements issued to the world at large by President Sukarno, much of whose crush ...


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Iran entered the second phase of its 10-year-old land reform program in 1964. Hassan Ali Mansur, who was named premier by Shah Mohammed Riza Pahlevi when Asadollah Alam resigned in March, won parliamentary approval for the new reform bill in May.


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Iraq negotiated a cease-fire with the rebellious Kurds in February. There was general relief at the signing of a truce in the unpopular, costly struggle. Unfortunately, the ending of hostilities brought the government no closer to solving the Kurdish ...


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Ireland suffered an economic jolt when Great Britain's newly elected Labour government slapped a 15 per cent surcharge on manufactured imports in October. Prime Minister Sean F. Lemass protested personally in London. Ireland's new dependence on ...


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Labor force problems, rooted in the events of 1963 and previous years, still were demanding solutions in 1964. Although most disputes were settled without strikes and gains were made in employment, a basic atmosphere of unrest persisted.


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Latin America accorded a tumultuous welcome to French President Charles de Gaulle during his September tour. His earlier trip to Mexico, in March, was the first time a European head of state had paid a state visit to any Latin-American country.


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Lebanon paid a unique honor to its outgoing president, General Fouad Chehab. On May 26, shortly after the newly elected 99-member chamber of deputies had convened, a group of 44 deputies urged Chehab to accept a second term in office.


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Liberia celebrated the 117th year of its independence in 1964. In observing the occasion, President William V.S. Tubman announced that adult citizens and foreign residents would be assessed $10 annually over a three-year period during which the ...


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Public, school, and college libraries will receive financial and consultant help as a result of major laws passed in 1964 by the 88th Congress of the United States.


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Libya notified the United States and Great Britain that it would not renew the treaties governing their bases on Libyan soil when they expire in 1973. Both the U.S. and British governments agreed in principle to give up their installations.


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World spacein the air, on land, under the seawas more heavily loaded with words and pictures in 1964 than ever before in history. During the year, the nations of the world joined hands to keep people-to-people dialogue moving freely over ...


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Computers entered a new field when Bell Telephone Laboratories at Murray Hill, N.J., made a 17-minute animated cartoon by using a computer linked to a cathode-ray tube and a movie camera. The picture was formed on a grid of spots on the face of the ...


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THE SECOND SESSION of the 88th Congress of the United States enacted more major legislation, met more national needs, disposed of more national issues, than any other session in this century or the last. This was the grateful tribute ...


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Events arising out of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy were of deep significance in the law. The Warren Commission, after nearly a year of careful investigation, issued its detailed report on the facts surrounding the assassination and ...


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A federal court ruling, handed down in 1964, could result in the release of thousands of prisoners who could not be tried again because witnesses and evidence would no longer be available, some observers believed. They based this opinion on the fact ...


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Cuba was offered the cheerless prospect of more hard work and a leaner larder by Premier Fidel Castro in September. The island's economy had suffered gravely from a drop in world sugar prices. Production failures in agriculture had brought widespread ...


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Fashion was hit by a shock wave of nudity that extended around the globe and caused world-wide controversy in 1964. First came the deeply plunging necklines introduced in Paris spring collections.Then came the American versions, attributed to the ...


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The food industry in 1964 concentrated on developing tastier products that were easy to prepare and attractive to the eye. The new margarines on the market emphasized quality rather than price. Dairy replacement products, such as coffee whiteners and ...


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Notre Dame came within 95 seconds of achieving its first perfect record since 1949 when Southern California struck for a touchdown in the most dramatic upset game of the season. The 20 to 17 loss dropped Notre Dame from first place ratings. Alabama, ...


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France continued to play a dominant political and diplomatic role in West European and world affairs. The efforts of President Charles de Gaulle to reshape the economic and polical patterns of Europe, and indeed the world, kept him in the spotlight as ...


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The greatest earthquake ever recorded on the North American continent occurred in Alaska on March 27. It lifted more than 25,000 square miles of the earth's surface from three to eight feet, and pushed one end of uninhabited Montague Island 33 feet ...


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THE TWO SEGMENTS of divided Germany sparred over trade and population movements. They made no progress, however, toward the unification that remained the goal of every German, East or West. The prosperity of the Federal Republic of (West) Germany ...


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Public health authorities continued to study the effects of smoking following a report issued by the Surgeon General's Advisory Committee on January 11. This committee said that it had found a statistical relationship between smoking, especially ...


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After a slow beginning in which he lost his first two races, the great horse Kelso came on late in the year to win five big races and earn horse-of-the-year honors for an unprecedented fifth straight time. The seven-year-old gelding replaced Round ...


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The official celebration of Christmas in 1963, for the first time under communist rule, was a portent of the cautious liberalization that continued in 1964. During the year, the nation saw such significant developments as: (1) the travel of nearly ...


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The champion Toronto Maple Leafs fell to third place in the regular season of National Hockey League play, but then went on to win their third straight Stanley Cup play-offs. The Maple Leafs edged out Montreal, four games to three. The regular season ...


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Europeans continued to dominate ice skating, though young Americans made steady progress. In figure skating, the leaders were Manfred Schnelldorfer, 21, of West Germany, and Sjoukje Dijkstra, 22, of Holland. Schnelldorfer won the men's world title as ...


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As a place to settle, the United States was in somewhat less demand in 1964. But for an increasing number of foreigners it was a popular place to visit. The immigrant quota system remained in effect, since the immigrant quota system remained in ...


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Israel and Syria strafed one another's boundaries with jet-fighter fire in November. Each claimed that border violations committed by the other had precipitated the air strikes. At Syria's urgings, the matter was placed before the United Nations.


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Italy struggled to achieve economic and political stability in 1964, but with only limited success. The inflationary trend of the preceding year had been halted, but a recession had followed. Although the precarious center-left coalition government ...


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Japan hosted the Summer Olymic Games in October. It was the first time the competitions ever had been held in Asia. The Japanese, taking great pride in their nprecedented role, expended considerable money, effort, and time to make the games a success. ...


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Jewish religious leaders in the United States played important roles in the principal domestic issue of 1964: the civil rights crisis. In June, 17 rabbis joined in the picketing of a motel in St. Augustine, Fla., and several others aided the ...


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Jordan mended its diplomatic fences with the United Arab Republic (UAR) in 1964 following an Arab summit conference in Cairo which was attended by Jordan's King Hussein I. Jordan also recognized the republican regime in Yemen as legitimate, the king ...


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Kuwait played the role of an oil-rich banker in the Middle East during 1964. It gave Jordan financial assistance to help build a series of electric power stations and a tourist hotel in Jerusalem.


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The best seller list has many uses in the world of publishing and selling books, including, some cynics say, the promotion of lagging titles by overzealous dealers, from whose reports of sales the lists are complied. Certainly, as all except the most ...


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Anniversary celebrations in 1964 were represented in some of the year's outstanding publications. The William Shakespeare Quadricentennial, observed throughout the English-speaking world, was the occasion for the publication of several worthwhile ...


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MALAYSIA survived a year of undeclared guerrilla warfare with Indonesia. Formation of the federation, which included Malaya, and the former British colonies of Singapore, Sarawak, and Sabah (North Borneo), had been bitterly opposed by President ...


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Medicine made use of the laser, a device that amplifies light waves into extremely powerful beams of one frequency, as its latest potential weapon against cancer. At the Foundation for Medical Research in Pasadena, Calif., Dr. James T. Helsper and Dr. ...


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The important position drugs occupy in the treatment of mental illness was pointed up in 1964 by the withdrawal and the subsequent return to the market of tranylcypromine


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Mexico witnessed the largest presidential election turnout in its history on July 5. Of the 10,000,000 votes cast, about 90 per cent favored Gustavo Diaz Ordaz. Both Diaz, who assumed office on December 1, and outgoing President Adolfo Lopez Mateos ...


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Nicaragua enjoyed political peace and unprecedented prosperity in 1964. As an indication of its fiscal soundness, the republic notified the International Monetary Fund in midyear that it would not adopt any international currency restrictions without ...


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Nigeria was paralyzed by a nationwide strike for higher wages in midyear. Between June 1 and June 13, almost all industries in Nigeria were shut down. Ports, railroads, and airways ceased operations. The strike ended when the government promised to ...


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Nobel prizes in literature and science were presented at ceremonies in Stockholm, Sweden, on Dec. 10, 1964.


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In 1964, Norway felt the restraining influence of the trade barriers erected by the European Economic Community. The nation, which was a member of the rival European Free Trade Association (EFTA) encountered declining markets for such exports as ...


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Exploration at great depths became more feasible with the completion and testing of a number of deep-diving submarines in 1964. On September 3, J. Louis Reynolds launched the Aluminaut


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AFTER A JOURNEY of 10,000 miles by foot and jet plane, the Olympic Flame entered the National Stadium in Tokyo, Japan, on October 10. It signed the beginning of the 18th modern Olympiad.


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Pacific Islands found themselves the objects of increasing attention by the world's larger powers. In part, this was due to the long-range strategic significance of the Pacific, but it also reflected a growing restiveness amoung the peoples of the ...


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The year 1964, in spite of the anniversaries of Michelangelo and Shakespeare and even with a number of major exhibitions, was not truly lively. The greatest exhibition was the monumental survey devoted to Goya at the Royal Academy, in London, in the ...


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Pakistan held an indirect presidential election that lasted nearly three weeks in 1964. Balloting began in West Pakistan on October 31 and ended in East Pakistan on November 19. The voters, of whom some 40,000,000 flocked to the polls, were to select ...


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Peru made rapid economic progress in 1964. Exports grew, business flourished, and modest starts were made toward solving some of the nation's social problems. The Gross National Product (GNP) was expected to reach a record $3,000,000,000 in 1964. The ...


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The Philippines were alarmed by an outbreak of hostilities between neighboring Indonesia and Malaysia in 1964. Although talks between Philippines President Diosdado Macapagal, Indonesia's President Sukarno, and Malaysia's Prime Minister Tunku Abdul ...


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Liquid helium has held a fascination for physicists ever since it was first poduced by the Dutch physicist Kamerlingh Onnes in 1908. Its most startling property is superfluidity. At a temperature of 2.18 degrees Kelvin (-270.97 degrees centigrade) it ...


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Communist leader Wladyslaw Gomulka continued his efforts in 1964 to persuade Soviet Premier Nikita S. Khrushchev to tone down his quarrel with Communist China. The Polish leader also expressed his apprehension over a proposed visit by Khrushchev to ...


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Puerto Rico elected a new governor for the first time in 15 years. On Nov. 3, 1964, Roberto Sanchez Vilella was chosen to succeed Luis Munoz Marin, who had refused to run for a fifth term.


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People in 110 cities across the land listened to their radios in 1964 enthralled by programs that had been among the standouts of the serials in the 1930's and 1940's. The year saw the return of The Shadow


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Republican Party leadership underwent an historic change in direction with the nomination of Senator Barry M. Goldwater of Arizona for the presidency of the United States. Goldwater, the idol of the inflexibly conservative elements within the party, ...


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Rhodesia (as Zimbabwe was then called) a self-governing British colony in Africa, remained locked in a bitter dispute with London over plans for its independence. Formerly known as Southern Rhodesia, it had been part of the threenation Federation of ...


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The third session of Vatican Council II opened Sept. 14, 1964, with a Mass concelebrated by Pope Paul VI with 24 council fathers. His Holiness stated that in continuing the work accomplished in the first two sessions, this session was to round ...


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Romania boldly declared its independence as a communist nation at an Enlarged Plenum of its Communist party in April. The Romanians, criticizing both the Soviet Union and Communist China, urged both nations to settle their differences ...


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Tensions ran high in the Middle East during 1964, but they did not reach the fever pitch of previous years. Syria and Israel again exchanged gunfire in a series of border incidents. Arab leaders continued to plot the grand design for Israel's eventual ...


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King Hassan II encouraged members of his cabinet to form a new political party in April, 1964. It was called the Democratic Socialist Party (PSD). Although dubbed the King's Party by the opposition, the new group supported agrarian reform, ...


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For the United States motion picture industry, 1964 was a profitable, but far from placid, year. Ironically what provided the profits also produced the headaches. For some time, in an effort to compete, not only with television, but also with the ...


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For those who take the long view, the most important event for music occurred on December 2, when President Lyndon B. Johnson took part in groundbreaking ceremonies for the $31,000,000 John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts. Located in ...


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The year 1964 was overwhelmingly the Year of the Beatles in popular music, a field that is not unknown for its cultivation of fads and fancies.


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The Netherlands was rocked by a crisis in the royal House of Orange. It was set off by Princess Irene, second in line of succession to the throne, who announced in February her plan to marry Prince Carlos de Bourbon y Parma, one of the claimants to ...


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Environmental pollution, a monster of modern industrial civilization, grew as waste chemicals filled the air, dirtied the nation's waterways, and killed living things. Dr. Luther L. Terry, surgeon general of the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS), ...


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Portugal resisted international pressures to revise its policies toward Angola and Mozambique, which the Portuguese government regarded as overseas provinces rather than colonies. It remained adamantly opposed to independence for either Angola, where ...


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Lyndon B. Johnson stamped his personality indelibly on his administration and on the nation in 1964, and the nation responded with an overwhelming mandate in the November election. The 36th President appealed eloquently for the Great ...


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Myrl E. Alexander became director of the United States Bureau of Prisons in 1964. A former assistant director, he left his present job as director of the Center for the Study of Crime, Delinquency, and Correction at Southern Illinois University to ...


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Protestant leaders of many denominations were increasingly active and outspoken in 1964 on the matter of civil rights for Negro citizens of the United States. The United Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A., a predominantly white denomination, with over ...


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Widespread publicity given to the ability to see with the skin aroused the interest of the public at large as well as many psychologists. The ability, named dermo-optical perception (DOP), may exist in varying degrees in all ...


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At Midnight on October 15, in an abrupt move that caught the world by surprise, the Communist party of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.) stripped Nikita S. Khrushchev of his post as first secretary of the party and premier. He was ...


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Safety in all areas except one, failed to move forward in the United States in 1964. Accidents took the lives of an estimated 105,000 persons, an increase of 4 per cent over 1963, or a 3 per cent rise in the death rate, to 54.9 per 100,000 population. ...


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Saudi Arabia changed rulers in a bloodless coup in 1964. On November 2, King Saud was dethroned and Crown Prince Faisal was proclaimed king. The accession of Faisal to the thron ended a lengthy power struggle between the two half brothers.


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Sierra Leone mourned the death of its prime minister, Sir Milton Margai, in April. Sir Milton had steered the nation to independence in 1961. The appointment of his brother, Albert Margai, to succeed him, was at first opposed by a few positical ...


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Austrian and French Alpine skiers continued to win the major honors in 1964, but Americans edged closer to the top in a long season that included the Winter Olympics at Innsbruck, Austria, in February.


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Navy went undefeated in 15 games and won the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) championship, while Trenton State won the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) championship.


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Investors bid stock prices to an all-time high in 1964, encouraged by a nearly unprecedented four-year peacetime business upswing.


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Sudan ended six years of military dictatorship in November, 1964. Bloody rioting forced President Ibrahim Abboud to resign and turn over governmental power to a 24-man civilian coaltion cabinet headed by Sir-el Khatim el-Khalifa. The new Sundanese ...


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Sweden retained the Social Demoratic government that had ruled it for 32 years. However, elections in September reduced the party of Prime Minister Tage F. Erlander to 113 seats in parliament, one less than before. The Liberal party gained eight sets ...


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Americans accomplished an outstanding feat in the Olympic Games when U.S. men and women swimmers won 16 of the 22 events and established 10 world records and two new Olympic marks.


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Switzerland took steps to solve its problems of overexpansion in 1964. Banks were forbidden to pay interest on deposits, except for savings accounts under $5,000. Investment of foreign funds in Swiss securities, real estate, and mortgages was put ...


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Syria pressed its search for political stability as a socialist state, but without noticeable success.


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Taxationor less of itbecame a major triumph for the Johnson administration in 1964. Cogress passed long-sought legislation reducing the American citizen's tax burden, and President Lyndon B. Johnson signed it into law on February 26. At ...


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Money problems that remained unsolved at the close of what Secretary-General U Thant termed a crucial year hobbled the United Nations (UN) during 1964. For the first time since its intial session in 1946, the General Assembly omitted ...


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Uruguay experienced its worst economic and financial crisis in 35 years in 1964. The budget deficit was a serious threat to monetary stability. Inflation, business stagnation, and declining productivity were other signs of the nation's distress. The ...


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saw proof that its democratic system was strengthening in 1964. When Dr. Raul Leoni succeeded Romulo Betancourt as president on March 11, it marked the first time that a democratically elected Venezuelan chief of state had fulfilled his term of office ...


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GUERRILLA WARFARE continued to sap Vietnam's energies in 1964. It was being fought in the jungles and on the river deltas of South Vietnam by ever-larger military units. It was being fought politically in the streets of Saigon, where the South ...


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The United States suffered one of its most disastrous years in weather history in 1964. It began with one of the great blizzards of the century which reached its greatest fury, in mid-January, over the Middle Atlantic states and left 140 persons dead ...


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Yugoslavia continued striving to get the best of many worlds without committing itself to any single one. In June, President Tito visited Finland where he expounded the cause of nonalignment. Later, on a reverse tack, he met Soviet Premier Nikita S. ...


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The prospect of using power from Grand Falls on Labrador's Hamilton River to run the subways of New York moved closer to reality in 1964. earlier, Quebec had raised some legal hurdles against the plan to run lines across that province. An engineering ...


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Halifax studied a bold new redevelopment plan in midsummer. The $35,000,000, 19-acre Cornwallis Center will include three 22-story apartment towers,a 450-room hotel, and a shopping and recreation complex. The province's new Lord's Day Act went into ...


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A record Ontario budget was introduced in February. Revenues were expected to total $1,200,000,000 for the fiscal year ending March 31, 1965. Education costs amounted to 35 per cent of the province's planned expenditure total of $1,300,000,000. A new ...


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Prince Edward Island celebrated the centenary of the first Confederation conference, held at Charlottetown, by completion of the Fathers of Confederation Memorial Building. The handsome structure, located on a square in the heart of Charlottetown, ...


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A bill to create the first department of education in Quebec's history the legislature early in 1964. In the place of a council of education relying on religious committees, the bill provided for a more centralized organization under state direction. ...


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The only socialist government in Canada tumbled from power after 20 years in office in Saskatchewan in April. Under a 47-year-old businessman, Ross Thatcher, the Liberals won 33 seats in the legislature and the New Democratic party (socialist), 25. ...


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Rwanda cut its last economic ties with Burundi, a neighboring country with which it had once formed the Belgian-administered United Nations Trust Territory of Ruanda-Urundi. It ended the monetary and customs unions and the central bank they had shared ...


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After a 134-day press blackout, the Detroit News


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Thousands of residents conducted a house-to-house drive against mosquito breeding places in August, as a result of a rare epidemic of encephalitis that struck the city. It was suspected to have caused 32 deaths, and hundreds of persons had to be ...


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Los Angeles accounted for nearly one-fourth of the nation's new housing starts in 1964, with much of the new building taking shape in planned communities on the region's perimeter. The area's 853,000 factory workers challenged metropolitan Chicago as ...


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Thanks to Amendment 23 of the U.S. Constitution, Washington, D.C., voted for the first time in a U.S. presidential election. Some 89 per cent of the city's registered voters cast ballots and more than 85 per cent voted Democratic. Supporters of a ...


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U.S. population growth in 1964 dropped to its slowest pace for any year since 1946-1947, when the postwar bumper baby crop put the rate near 2 per cent. On July 1, 1964, the estimated population of 192, 072,000, including members of the armed forces ...


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Work proceeded on preparing the St. Lawrence River site for the Montreal World's Fair, Expo'67. Capital and operating costs for the fair were estimated at $167,000,000. A new 620-room hotel was planned for Montreal in time for the opening of the fair ...


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Petroleum, the saying goes, is an industry that booms when times are good but still does very well, indeed when conditions are unfavorable. In 1964, it did very well, indeed. Overall industry profits set records for the sixth consecutive ...


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Population had spiraled to an estimated 3,283,000,000 people by mid-1964. Population distribution by continents gave Asia 56 per cent of the world's people. Latin America and Africa together accounted for 16 per cent. The remaining 28 per cent of the ...


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The rising demand for fresh, clean waterfor home, industry, and farmmade itself felt on several fronts in 1964. Congress passed the Water Resources Research Act in July, to provide grants for universities and scientific foundations to ...


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In the closing weeks of 1964, the U.S. banking community adjusted to the Federal Reserve Board (FRB) increase in its discount rate from 3 1/2 per cent to 4 per cent. There was uneasiness that commerical banks would follow suit and raise their basis ...


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Construction completed in 1964 reached an estimated record value of $65,898,000,000, an increase of 5.6 per cent from 1963. Engineering News-Record


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The Supreme Court of the United States, in a landmark decision on June 15, ruled that the states must apportion their legislatures on a basis of equal population of legislative districts. Some observers termed the decision the most important in ...


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Social Security emerged as a major legislative issue in 1964, and also became a part of the presidential election campaign. Debate on the matter began when President Lyndon B. Johnson, early in 1964, urged Congress to adopt a program of hospital and ...


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Somalia was embroiled in border conflicts with both Kenya and Ethiopia during 1964. The Ethiopian clash involved Somali claims to the Ogaden area of Ethiopia, which is inhabited by nomadic Somali tribes. The Organization of African Unity (OAU) ...


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South Africa reinforced its existing apartheid


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A pilot, a physician, and a space scientistSoviet citizens allcircled the earth 16 times on Oct. 12 and 13, 1964, to become the world's first multiman space crew.


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Spain forged ahead economically in 1964, although inflationary pressures were rising. Its gold and foreign exchange reserves stood at record high of $1,375,000,000 in September. Unemployment was down, partly because 400,000 Spaniards were at work in ...


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The eyes of all sports enthusiasts turned toward Tokyo and the Olympic Games, where an astounding U.S. team won 36 gold medals. In 1956 at Melbourne and in 1960 at Rome, the Soviet Union had taken the most first-place medals. Now the United States ...


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Apportionment of legislatures, financing of government, and expansion of public services were the chief concerns of officials in the state capitals in 1964. Unprecedented controversy, action, and study centered on apportionment. Most of the action ...


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THROUGH ITS COVERAGE of the presidential election and its moves to control or own sports properties, television became embroiled in two areas of public policy. The issues raised were not likely to be resolved for many years to come.


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The United States failed to retain the Davis Cup when Australia scored a 3-to-2 victory at Cleveland, tying the U.S. and Aussies at 19 victories each since the start of Davis Cup competition in 1900. Australia's Roy Emerson defeated Chuck McKinley and ...


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Thailand enjoyed a stable and prosperous year, despite the death of its premier, Field Marshal Sarit Thanarat. The transition to a new government was made smoothly under Thanarat's successor, Premier Thanom Kittikachorn.


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The year 1964 may be remembered chiefly for events that promised an upsurge in the American theater. The chief event was the opening, early in the year, of the long awaited first season presented by New York City's Lincoln Center Repertory Company.


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Track and field would have registered a memorable year even without the Tokyo Olympics. Fifteen new world records were set in non-Olympic meets, and a surprising new trend saw American distance runners take a position of world leadership.


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Turkey became deeply embroiled in the bitter Cyprus dispute to the detriment of its political and economic progress in 1964. For a time, war threatened to erupt between Turkey and Greece as each nation lent support to its respective ethnic group on ...


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Attention was increasingly directed toward the study and preservation of rare animal species. In January, 50 scientists from seven countries sailed to the Galapagos Islands where animal species have evolved free of outside influences over a long ...


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The New York Zoological Park (Bronx Zoo) opened a new building for aquatic birds in September, 1964. Two hundred birds of 70 species were included in the natural habitat exhibits. Some of the exhibits had no cage fronts between the public and the ...


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Alberta helped Canada's oil industry celebrate its golden anniversary in 1964 with the discovery of a vast reserve of heavy viscous crude oil 120 miles northwest of Edmonton. Larger than all the light oil reserves now known in Alberta, the deposit was ...


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The provincial government planned to establish a commercial bank, the Bank of British Columber, under a federal charter. Premier William A. C. Bennett early in the year said the province expected to put some of the capital required. There was talk of ...


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Manitoba's five-year-old Crop Insurance Fund wound up the year with an estimated surplus of $57,000. It had been $856,261 in the red at the start of 1964. The fund insured 1,000,000 acres for a coverage of $14,657,000 in 1964. What was thought to be ...


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Premier Louis J. Robichaud suggested that Canada's four Atlantic provinces consider uniting into a single province. Its total population would amount to almost 2,000,000. While the premiers of Newfoundland and Prince Edward Island were cool to the ...


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The Curtis Publishing Company (Holiday, The Saturday Evening Post, Ladies Home Journal)


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Newspapers themselves made news during the presidential election campaign in 1964. Not since 1932 had the Republican presidential candidate fared so poorly on the nation's editorial pages. Newspapers that had not endorsed a Democrat for President in ...


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Agriculture in the United States continued to reap the harvest of improvements whose seeds were sown in 1961. President Lyndon B. Johnson and his 3,500,000 fellow farm operators could look back on a year of relative stability, one that was counted ...


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Brazil changed chiefs of state three times within a 16-day period during 1964. On March 31, the army revolted against the regime of President Joao Goulart, replacing him on April 2 with Dr. Pascoal Ranieri Mazzilli, who was sworn in as interim ...


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It was the year of the monsters: grotesque, fantastic, and somewhat sinister figures showed up on toy counters and became an immediate hit. Made of plastic, they included old stand-bys such as Frankenstein's monster and Dracula, and also strange new ...


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Chicago began operation of the world's largest water filtration plant in October, 1964. Filtered water was thus available for the first time to some 2,800,000 residents north of 39th Street and in the suburbs. Previously, these Chicagoans drank ...


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New York City again showed that it was a city of superlatives in 1964. In June, the Real Estate Board reported taxable property worth $30,000,000,000. Twelve Manhattan office buildings were completed during the year, which brought the total erected ...


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Spurred by a multibillion-dollar tax cut, a 12 per cent increase in expenditures for new plant and equipment, and a third straight boom year in automobile sales and production, the U.S. economy surged to a $625,000,000,000 output of goods and ...


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Throughout most of 1964, the outlook for international trade expansion hung on another ultimatum from President Charles de Gaulle of France. He had given the European Economic Community (EEC, or Common Market) until December 15 to arrive at a common, ...


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Few poets in the English-speaking world could fail to mark their own overshadowing in 1964 by the spectral eminence of their master, William Shakespeare, whose 400th birthday was celebrated in special publications, convocations, seminars, and other ...


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Housed in the United States Pavilion at the New York World's Fair in 1964 was a model of a Philadelphia urban renewal project. It was selected by U.S. housing officials as the best example of urban renewal in the country. The model showed a ...


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The United Arab Republic (UAR), as Egypt was called, celebrated a historic achievement when the first phase of construction was completed on the Aswan High Dam in May. Ceremonies marking the occasion were attended by President Gamal Abdel Nasser and ...


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Political crisis and change again characterized the African continent during 1965. Nigeria opened the year deep in the throes of its worst political crisis since independence. In the aftermath of its general elections which were held on Dec. 30, 1964, ...


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Albania remained a stronghold of Stalinism and a Western outlet for Communist China's views. It continued to denounce the United States as the "head of the imperialist camp." The Soviet Union, however, ran a close second for Albania's wrath, with ...


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The three-year rule of President Ahmed Ben Bella came to an abrupt end in the predawn hours of June 19, 1965. With tanks clanking in the background, Colonel Houari Boumedienne, Ben Bella's defense minister, seized power in a bloodless coup d'etat.


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Evidence of new types of men on the family tree gave anthropologists more areas of disagreement in 1965. The latest proposal concerning the structure of its branches came from Professor Phillip V. Tobias of the University of Witwatersrand in ...


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Edward Lanning of Columbia University, who established in 1961 that men lived in Peru as early as 8500 B.C., showed in 1965 that five successive groups of hunting and gathering people occupied camps along the Peruvian coast over a period of 6,000 ...


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One of the truly great architects of the 20th century, Charles Edouard Jeanneret, known as Le Corbusier, died on Aug. 27, 1965. His landmark works, such as the Villa Savoye in Poissy, France; the Swiss Pavilion at the Cite Universitaire, Paris; ...


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The U.S. auto industry had its biggest year in 1965, with production, sales, employment, and profits soaring to all-time highs. An estimated 9,000,000 cars rolled off U.S. assembly lines during the year. This, easily shattered the old industry record ...


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Jim Clark dominated the auto racing world as few men have. The 29-year-old farmer from Duns, Scotland, not only won the World Grand Prix Drivers' title for the second time, but also captured first in the Indianapolis 500.


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Sandy Koufax of the Los Angeles Dodgers made baseball history as he pitched outstanding games that won his team the National League pennant and the World Series. The 29-year-old left-hander, who has been called "a league unto himself," won 26 games in ...


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An outstanding team--the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA)--and an outstanding player--Bill Bradley--dominated college basketball in the 1964-1965 season.


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Belgium changed leaders in 1965. In a general election held May 23, the coalition government of Prime Minister Theodore Lefevre failed to capture a two-thirds majority of seats in the chamber of representatives. As a result, Lefevre resigned and a new ...


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Clues to the origin and development of life on this planet have been found in ancient rocks that contain substances that were trapped during the early periods of the earth's history. Nobel prize winner Melvin Calvin reported in 1965 that he and a team ...


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Burundi was the scene of political intrigue and violence during 1965. On January 7, Mwami (King) Mwambutsa IV dismissed the government of Premier Albin Nyamoya. He called on former Premier Pierre Ngendandumwe to form a new government. Ngendandumwe was ...


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As 1966 opened, President Lyndon B. Johnson's Cabinet had four new faces in four old posts and one new post without a face. In addition, one of the Cabinet's acting members was made a full-fledged member when the President appointed Nicholas deB. ...


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Prince Norodom Sihanouk continued his efforts to appease Communist China. His attempts, however, yielded few tangible benefits to the country. Efforts toward a reconciliation with the United States proved equally fruitless, so much so that on May 3, ...


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Unopposed on the ballot, incumbent President Ahmadou Ahidjo and his running mate, Vice-President John Ngo Foncha, were elected to five-year terms in March, 1965. Later, Foncha resigned his post as premier of West Cameroon but continued as ...


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When Canada's new flag was raised officially on Feb. 15, 1965, the hopes of the nation rose with it--hopes for a deeper unity and a stronger sense of purpose. Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson, in saluting the red and white maple leaf flag, called its ...


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With a view toward Canada's world's fair, Expo '67, and the many expected visitors from other parts of the world who may want to learn about their country, Canadian librarians prepared a list of the outstanding books that have been written in recent ...


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The government of President Arturo Umberto Illia faced mounting criticism from civilian and military quarters. After two years in office, it had not been able to obtain any substantial foreign loans from the country's development. It had also failed ...


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Both the United States and Russia shifted more strongly to missiles during 1965 in maintaining the nuclear balance of terror. And both had more than enough in their intercontinental ballistics missile (ICBM) force to eradicate each other. To break the ...


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With its teeming millions, Asia remained the focus of a global struggle. It was primarily a three-way struggle for power and influence involving the anticommunist West led by the United States, the communism of the Soviet Union, and the vigorous ...


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On July 14, 1965, the Mariner IV spacecraft passed at about 5,600 miles of Mars, snapped 22 pictures, and then began beaming the first "close-up" photos of another planet back across 134,000,000 miles of space to an anxious audience on earth. The ...


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Australia, although visibly prosperous, was worried about its high imports and its falling international reserves. There were also misgivings in midsummer over a budget providing for expenditures that would exceed annual revenue by $286,728,000. ...


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The coalition government that had ruled Austria since the end of World War II was dissolved in 1965. The two-party cabinet, headed by Chancellor Josef Klaus, resigned on October 22. It had been unable to resolve differences over a forthcoming budget ...


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Boating enjoyed another growth year, both as an industry and as a sport. Retail sales rose an estimated 3 per cent, and sales at the New York City National Motor Boat Show hit a new record despite a decline in attendance.


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Scientists learned new facts about the complex process by which plants take nitrogen from the air and change it into valuable protein. In terms of man's food supply, the process is second in importance only to photosynthesis, whereby plants ...


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Dick Weber of St. Louis won his third All-Star championship, beating Jim St. John of Santa Clara, Calif., in the final three-game series. The women's championship went to Ann Slattery of Salt Lake City, who defeated Sandy Hooper of Anaheim, Calif. It ...


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Controversy raged over heavyweight champion Muhammad Ali's behavior both in and out of the ring. Ali, who was born Cassius Marcellus Clay, successfully defended his title twice, even though he had been stripped of the title in 1964 by the World Boxing ...


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Bulgaria remained firmly under the control of Communist Party First Secretary Todor Zhivkov, who proclaimed himself "bound to the Soviet Union in life and death." A plot to overthrow Zhivkov was foiled in April. Subsequently, a number of workers were ...


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Burma, under the military rule of General Ne Win, moved increasingly toward isolation from the rest of Asia. The Burmese army continued its fight to subdue rebellious tribal groups, but with indifferent success. Civil disorders in the northern and ...


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A chemical laser was developed in 1965, a feat some experts thought impossible. It uses the energy of a chemical reaction occurring within the laser to produce the laser effect, the amplification of light waves into extremely powerful beams of one ...


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Bobby Fischer, 22-year-old U.S. chess champion, made his plays via an overseas cable in the Capablanca Memorial Tournament held at Havana, Cuba, in August. He remained in New York because the U.S. Department of State held that Cuba was off-limits to ...


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CHILE was harassed by nature in 1965. On March 28, an intense earthquake shook the central area. Violent storms, floods, and avalanches struck in August. Accumulated losses from these catastrophes were estimated at a minimum of $175,000,000. About 500 ...


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The People's Republic of China, in pursuit of its international revolutionary goals, experienced a succession of major reverses. Within the communist orbit, the Chinese leaders who ruled from Peking continued to scorn any compromise with the Soviet ...


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In the United States, the protection of human rights in 1965 was closely allied with the building of the Great Society, the War on Poverty, and the improvement of the criminal law. At the same time, despite crimes of violence in the South, there was ...


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Colombia edged close to bankruptcy in 1965. Its economy was in grave straits; efforts by President Guillermo Leon Valencia to relieve the situation were thwarted by a congress that was reluctant to pass unpopular austerity measures.


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As the year opened, the New York City Ballet of New York City Center officially became part of Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts. In November, it was announced that the ballet company's school (The School of American Ballet) would follow suit ...


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Democratic party leadership centered on one man and his program--President Lyndon B. Johnson and his call to the "Great Society." With a Democratic majority of 155 seats in the House and 36 seats in the Senate, the President pushed hard and ...


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Denmark was forced to introduce a policy of tight credit early in 1965 in order to relieve pressures on its economy. Banks were asked to deposit 20 per cent of any increases in their deposits in the Central Bank, and new funds could be invested abroad ...


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Eastern Orthodox Archbishop Leonty (Turkevich), Metropolitan and Primate of the Russian Orthodox Church in America, died in New York, on May 17, at the age of 89. He was one of the last survivors of the "pioneer" generation of Orthodox missionaries in ...


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The most significant expansion of federal participation in the nation's educational plant, an important move by the states to compete with this trend, and the first broad-scale experiment offering preschool compensatory instruction to children from ...


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Elections for two state governorships, five state legislatures, and many large city mayoralties were held in November, 1965. Local issues overshadowed national politics, and many voters ignored party labels in electing local candidates. The Goldwater ...


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Michigan State, which had been picked to finish as low as seventh in the Big Ten Conference, achieved its first perfect record since 1952, and was acclaimed the outstanding college football team in the country. The team, however, was defeated by UCLA ...


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Taiwan, which enjoyed the highest agricultural production per land unit in Asia, was shifting increasingly to manufacturing to employ its growing population. The increasing number of American, European, and Japanese enterprises on the island was ...


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France departed from tradition in 1965 and chose a president by popular vote. In previous years, its chief executive had been elected by an electoral college consisting of members of the national assembly and senate. Under an amendment initiated by ...


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Project Mohole, the ambitious U.S. scheme to drill through the earth's crust to the underlying mantle, passed the experimental phase in 1965 after three years of fiscal and managerial difficulties. Early in the year, a site 100 miles northeast of the ...


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Germany continued to resent bitterly its status as a divided country. Although several authoritative statements were made reaffirming the Federal Republic of West Germany's determination to continue seeking reunification, no real progress was made to ...


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Big Jack Nicklaus won the most money; little Gary Player won the most honors.


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The United Kingdom spent much of the year on the brink of an economic crisis. Prime Minister Harold Wilson and his Labour party government had repeatedly to assuage international fears that the pound sterling would be devalued from the rate at which ...


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The trend toward liberalization continued during 1965 but at a somewhat slower pace. An estimated 1,500,000 Hungarians traveled abroad as compared to 942,000 the previous year. A large percentage visited the West and there were indications that the ...


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The Detroit Red Wings won their first regular season championship in eight years, and the second-place Montreal Canadiens won the Stanley Cup play-offs, ending a three-year monopoly by the Toronto Maple Leafs. On June 25, the National Hockey League ...


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The post-Olympic year was a big one for Petra Burka of Canada and Alain Calmat of France. At the World Figure Skating Championships in Colorado Springs, Colo., in March, 18-year-old Miss Burka won the women's title by defeating European champion ...


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An immigration reform bill was passed by the Congress of the United States in 1965 and signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson in a ceremony at the Statue of Liberty on October 3. Under the new law, the national origins quota system, which for ...


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For a country that has preached and practiced nonviolence, India was beset by violence on almost every front in 1965. It was at war with Pakistan over Kashmir and the Rann of Kutch. Its frontiers were threatened from Ladakh to Sikkim by Communist ...


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Efforts to help a half million American Indians win their way to self-sufficiency were focused on education in 1965. Indian citizens were given new and better opportunities for making the transition from a reservation-oriented culture. About 140,000 ...


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Many leaders of world Jewry hailed the October 29 Vatican Council Declaration on the "Relation of the Church to Non-Christian Religions." The declaration "deplored hatred, persecutions, and displays of anti-Semitism directed against the Jews at any ...


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Jordan remained politically and economically stable throughout 1965. Good harvests and a boom in tourism encouraged optimism about the success of the seven-year development plan introduced by Premier Wasfi al-Tell.


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Korea established normal diplomatic relations with Japan in June, 1965. It marked the end of 14 years of intermittent negotiations during which the two government sought ways to settle issues created by Japan's colonial rule over Korea from August, ...


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Because of the high level at which the economy was operating, most labor problems found solutions quickly in 1965. Full-time employment increased by more than 2,000,000,000 jobs between the third quarters of 1964 and 1965--the largest gain since ...


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Three major issues confronted Latin America in 1965. One of them--subversion by the communists and other extreme leftist groups--directly involved Bolivia, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Peru, and Venezuela. The second issue--genuine ...


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Lebanon experienced a parliamentary crisis in 1965 because of its "confessional representation" system of government. Under this system, Lebanon's one-chamber parliament is chosen by the people on the basis of religion; each Christian or Moslem sect ...


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Manufacturing plants in the United States and in virtually all of the industrialized nations of the world pushed their output to near-capacity to meet the demands of their booming economies. By November, U.S. personal income had reached a record ...


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British scientists were able to determine the three-dimensional structure of an enzyme for the first time in 1965. An enzyme is a complex molecule that produces a chemical action in the body while the enzyme itself remains unchanged. The particular ...


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President Lyndon B. Johnson, calling attention to the fact that one out of 10 Americans is in need of mental health care and about half the hospital beds are filled with mental patients, signed a bill to help staff community mental health centers and ...


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A sequence of diplomatic storms swirled across the Middle East during 1965, resulting in many vocal battles but little military action. In fact, warfare in the region was limited to the Kurdish mountains of Iraq and the highlands of Yemen. The Arabs ...


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King Hassan II moved dramatically to assert his authority and alleviate the political and economic chaos that had paralyzed his country for six months. On June 8, 1965, the king dismissed the cabinet and suspended the assembly. He appointed a ...


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If there was an optimistic look to the American motion picture industry in 1965, it was not without good reason. Domestic production, which had been gradually inching forward from a 1961 low of only 131 feature films, suddenly surged to about 250, a ...


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The first commercial transmission of live television between continents via satellite took place on June 28, 1965. The transmission was a landmark in communications progress. Signals were relayed from the Early Bird satellite hovering 22,300 miles ...


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The lengthy first session of the 89th Congress, which convened January 4, and adjourned shortly before 1 A.M. October 23, set a record for action unsurpassed since the early days of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal. Passing some 90 major ...


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President Lyndon B. Johnson appointment U.S. Attorney General Nicholas deB. Katzenbach to lead a National Crime Commission in a search for significant solutions to the nation's crime problems. The commission met in September and charted an 18-month ...


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President Lyndon B. Johnson established a 19-member national crime commission on July 26 to study the causes and prevention of crime and delinquency. Known as the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice and headed by ...


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Cuba launched one of the strangest, most dramatic airlifts of modern times in 1965. On December 1, 75 Cuban emigres landed in Miami, Fla. They were the vanguard of an estimated 300,000 who were leaving their homeland and the dictatorship of Cuban ...


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Czechoslovakia made major efforts to free its economy from the stagnation that had strangled it for several years. In January, the government approved a series of reforms that would go into effect on Jan. 1, 1966. These innovations, as in other ...


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Government aerospace programs continued to spur production of smaller circuit packages and more versatile solid state components. A matchbook-size television camera, for example, may handle photo assignments on the first U.S. moon landing. The tiny ...


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El Salvador remained preoccupied with the price of coffee, its principal source of income. On July 1, President Julio Adalberto Rivera began the fourth year of his five-year term by telling the legislative assembly that the nation faced grave economic ...


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Ethiopia reached a milestone in its 1961-1966 five-year plan when record coffee exports gave the northeast African nation its first favorable trade balance in six years. In addition, economic aid from the East and the West was helping Ethiopia to ...


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For the first six months of 1965, Europe was preoccupied with the problem of "bridge building." Optimism was the key word at the Western European Union (WEU) plenary sessions, held in Rome and Paris, as well as at the Council of Europe meetings in ...


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The mood of fashion was young in 1965. Andre Courreges, the young French designer of the bare knee, the square cut white dress, and flat white boots, offered the freshest and boldest look. He borrowed the cowboy hatchin strap and allto top ...


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The chemical development of new high-quality dietary protein from vegetable sources made progress in 1965. Discovery of new and inexpensive supplies of protein for human consumption has been made imperative by the constant increase in the world's ...


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Greece was shaken by a number of parliamentary crises in 1965. They began on July 15 when King Constantine XIII ousted Premier George Papandreou after the two had clashed over the question of political influences in the army. They did not end until ...


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Guatemala made plans to return to constitutional government after more than two years of government by decree. On September 15, a new constitution was promulgated. It provided for the holding of nationwide elections in March, 1966. At that time, ...


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Haiti remained the poorest of the Western Hemisphere countries. Its per capita income was $70 per annum or less. The illiteracy rate was about 90 per cent of a population numbering approximately 4,700,000 people. Coffee shipments, Haiti's main source ...


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A total of 136,859 disabled persons were returned to useful employment during the year ended June 30, 1965. Of these, Pennsylvania led all the states with the employment of 12,794 persons. New York was second with 9,067, and North Carolina third with ...


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Four major health bills were signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1965. They provided for medical care for the aged, disease immunization programs, health research, and new controls on the sale of drugs.


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The unprecedented five-year reign of Mrs. Richard C. duPont's Kelso as horse-of-the-year was ended when an eye injury took the horse out of competition. At year's end the honors were split between Louis Wolfson's four-year-old gelding, Roman Brother, ...


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Indonesia entered 1965 to the sound of a rooster crowing over Radio Malaysia. It was an ironic reminder that the nation had yet to "crush" the neighboring Federation of Malaysia, as President Sukarno had threatened to do. Before the year ended, an ...


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Iran opened 1965 with an ambitious plan--and a tragic assassination. Premier Hassan Ali Mansur launched a 30-year industrial expansion program that Shah Mohammed Riza Pahlevi called "a national progress crusade." To use the $450,000,000 anticipated ...


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Iraq resumed its war with the rebellious Kurds in April despite opposition from Arab and Western leaders and even its own civilian ministers. General Mullah Mustafa al-Barzani, leader of the Kurds, accused the government of reneging on its 1964 ...


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Israel avoided a serious confrontation with its Arab neighbors even though 1965 marked the start of Israel's long-planned diversion of River Jordan waters to irrigate the Negev desert. The Israelis began in January by channeling water from the Sea of ...


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Italy began to emerge slowly from the economic crisis that had begun in 1962. Progress, however, was more marked in some sectors of the economy than in others. The balance of payments gains made in 1964 held steady, and anti-inflationary measures paid ...


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Japan was worried by signs that the unprecedented economic prosperity it had enjoyed since 1955 might be declining. Rising consumer prices, a depressed stock market, and a tightening of the job supply caused part of the concern. But a rising number of ...


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President William V. S. Tubman dismissed three high ranking government officials for obstructing his policies. He also pardoned the country's former solicitor general and two others who had been sentenced to life imprisonment in 1955 for plotting to ...


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The Congress of the United States recognized the necessity for good library services by including provisions for libraries in every major act it passed relating to education during 1965.


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Libya observed King Idris I's 75th birthday in an atmosphere clouded with political uncertainty. The king dissolved the house of representatives in February, 1965, following numerous complaints of irregularities in the October (1964) elections. ...


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The name of still another literary giant, W. Somerset Maugham, was added to the lengthening record of major writers claimed by death in the decade of the 1960s. Just short of 92 years old, the English author of Of Human Bondage


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"Alice" is 100 years old. The world of children's literature is richer because a mathematician and a small girl watched a rabbit go down a hole over 100 years ago and started wondering. The story told to the real Alice has become one of the world's ...


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Malaysia began the year with guarded optimism regarding its ability to withstand Indonesia's "crush Malaysia" policy. Sorties by Indonesian irregulars operating against Malaya proper were easily blocked. The determination of the British to defend ...


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With the "Big Five" orchestras (in order of seniority, New York, Boston, Chicago, Philadelphia, and Cleveland) committed to contracts that call for 48 to 52 weeks of employment in the near future, the dream of the unending music season became reality ...


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While the Beatles maintained their position as the kings of pop in 1965, there was an upsurge in the acceptance of many U.S. and British vocal groups. The screams of teen-agers and the jingle of cash registers resounded across the land for the ...


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The Netherlands faced a crisis in the royal House of Orange for the second year in succession. In 1964, Princess Irene had married Prince Carlos de Bourbon y Parma and changed her religious faith to Roman Catholicism. In 1965, her sister, Crown ...


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Nicaragua pushed its industrial development programs during the year. Under the government's industrial incentive law, several factories were being built in and around Managua. To help maintain this industrial expansion, the Agency for International ...


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Nigeria began 1965 in the midst of a political crisis that threatened to tear the five-year-old nation apart. The crisis stemmed from charges of illegal nominating procedures and violence in the election for parliament on Dec. 30, 1964. As a result, ...


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Nobel prizes in literature and science were presented at ceremonies in Stockholm, Sweden, on Dec. 10, 1965. The peace laureate, selected by the Norwegian Parliament's Nobel Committee, was presented in Oslo, Norway.


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Filipinos were preoccupied with politics during 1965. On November 9, the nation ended the longest, most vigorous, and expensive presidential election in its history. President Diosdado Macapagal sought re-election to another four-year term, leading ...


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The effects that occur in superconducting systems were of great interest to physicists during 1965. Considered a rare oddity 10 years ago, superconductivity is now known to be a common phenomenon that occurs in many substances, most of which are ...


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Poland set the stage in 1965 for anniversary celebrations to be held in 1966. The communist regime said it would observe the 50th anniversary of the formation of Poland as an independent state. Roman Catholics, who comprise 90 per cent of the ...


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Portugal remained adamantly opposed to independence for Angola and Mozambique, its overseas provinces in Africa. It was reportedly spending 40 per cent of its annual budget, or about $122,500,000, to suppress the guerrillas who were fighting for ...


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Lyndon Baines Johnson began his first full term in office on Jan. 20, 1965, with a sweeping mandate from the American people for the policies that he termed the "Great Society." Despite the almost unbelievable accomplishments of the Congress under the ...


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Reports issued during 1965 indicated that U.S. Protestants were continuing to assure their churches a secure place in national life. Membership kept pace with population and financial support increased. Members of 41 denominations, reporting in 1965 ...


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Safety organizations in 1965 moved strongly in particular areas toward the long-term reduction of accidents. But the statistics for the first 10 months indicated clearly that the upward trend in total accidents had not yet been reversed: the probable ...


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Prime Minister Albert M. Margai declared in April, 1965, that his government's aim during Sierra Leone's fifth year of independence would be to increase the level of employment and double the national output in all fields.


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The aspirations of the U.S. skiing team to gain a top place in Alpine competition were shaken in March at the American International Ski Races in Vail, Colo. There, French women and Austrian men skiers scored decisive victories.


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St. Louis University won its fifth National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) championship. St. Louis eliminated defending champion Navy with a 3 to 1 victory in a semifinal match, and then bested Michigan State 1 to 0 on a penalty kick by Carl ...


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Social Security underwent its most important change since the original Social Security Act was passed in 1935. In addition to the provisions for payment of hospital and other major medical expenses, popularly called Medicare, the new law includes a ...


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Hard-hit by drought in early 1965, Somalia still managed to make economic gains, particularly in communications and transportation.


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Norway ended the 30-year-old rule of its Labor party in the 1965 fall elections. A coalition cabinet was formed in which the Conservatives held six of the 15 seats. The new government was pledged to work for "enlightened capitalism." The previous ...


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The murky world under the sea lost some of its mystery as teams of men explored the depths off California's coast from a 12-by-58-foot steel cylinder, resting at a depth of 205 feet below the ocean surface. The aquanauts studied fish and other marine ...


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Pacific islands and the vast ocean reaches surrounding them received increased attention during 1965. Some of the islands enjoyed independent status; others remained under the control of Australia, France, Great Britain, New Zealand, and the United ...


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Perhaps the most impressive accomplishment of the art world in 1965 was the opening of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, an imposing complex that cost some $12,000,000 and represented the culmination of years of endeavor. If some sensitive viewers ...


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Pakistan and India clashed over Kashmir in a tragic war that left no victors except perhaps Communist China. For years Pakistan had urged that a United Nations (UN) plebiscite be held in predominantly Moslem Kashmir to decide its status. India, after ...


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Constitutional guarantees were repeatedly suspended during the year due to unrest and "vest-pocket" guerrilla warfare. They were first suspended on April 6 for a 30-day period following two days of street rioting in Lima over a bus fare increase. On ...


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A chemical basis for learning and memory was discovered by researchers in both the United States and Denmark. This involves ribonucleic acid (RNA), which is present and produced in every living cell.


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Puerto Rico saw its economy grow by approximately 10 per cent in the fiscal year ended June 30. The only sector that continued to decline was agriculture. It had been plagued by drought. Investments in machinery and equipment and in new businesses, ...


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It was dramatically demonstrated on Nov. 9, 1965, that radio is the Number 1 communications lifeline for the public in a national emergency.


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Leaders of the Republican party struggled to build a facade of unity after the disastrous national elections of 1964. Their first major move was to replace a symbol of the defeat, Dean Burch of Arizona, as chairman of the Republican National ...


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Rhodesia, as Zimbabwe was then called, attracted world-wide attention on Nov. 11, 1965, when Prime Minister Ian D. Smith, the leader of the white minority government, unilaterally declared Rhodesia independent from Great Britain. The declaration ...


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The fourth and final session of Vatican Council II opened on September 14, with Pope Paul VI concelebrating Mass with 26 council fathers. In his opening address, the Holy father characterized the entire Vatican Council II as the spirit of love for ...


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Romania shifted leadership in March, 1965, following the death of Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, First Secretary of the Romanian Communist party and President of the Council of State. Nicolae Ceausescu succeeded him as first secretary; Chivu Stoica became ...


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South Africa strengthened the Nationalist government's control over the African majority, and continued to resist foreign opposition to its policies of racial segregation.


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In almost all important aspects of space achievement, U.S. leadership became increasingly evident in 1965, although the Soviet Union still held a slight advantage in booster power.


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Spain carried out a threat it had made in 1964 and imposed severe border restrictions on Gibraltar, the British fortress on its southernmost tip. Spain argued that the base which had been ceded to Great Britain in 1713 under the Treaty of Utrecht, ...


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Adolfo Lopez Mateos, a former president of Mexico, was appointed head of the Olympic Organizing Committee for the 19th Olympics, to be held in Mexico City October, 1968. He later became ill, and his place was taken by General Jose de Jesus Clark ...


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At least 20 legislatures reapportioned one or both of their houses in 1965. Some were temporary arrangements and some remained subject to court approval. Reapportionments were recorded as final in at least nine states, in view of acceptance by courts ...


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Stock prices and the volume of trading advanced to all-time high ground in 1965. In the second week of December over 48,000,000 shares changed hands, the largest weekly volume in the 173-year history of the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). A surge of ...


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Color television, which has been around for more than a decade, finally arrived in 1965. In September, 96 per cent of NBC's programs, 50 per cent of CBS's, and 40 per cent of ABC's were in color.


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Spain rose to a top place among the tennis powers by defeating the United States in Davis Cup competition, 4 to 1, at Barcelona. It was the fourth time in six years that the U.S. team failed to reach the challenge round. Spain then defeated India, but ...


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Thailand enjoyed a relatively prosperous year under its new premier, Thanom Kittikachorn. The economy was bolstered by a considerable amount of U.S. aid. More important, perhaps, was the fact that the government was spreading this aid into the rural ...


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There were no extraordinary developments in the theater in the United States or in the rest of the world in 1965. Conditions were unfavorable to the self-sustaining, or commercial theater, and the dearth of significant new plays continued everywhere.


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Every major distance-running record (a total of 12) from one mile to 20,000 meters fell under a furious assault led by Ron Clarke of Australia, Michel Jazy of France, and Kipchoge Keino of Kenya.


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The performance of U.S. commercial transport companies moved generally upward in 1965, reflecting continued growth of the nation's economy. Air, sea, and land transport all recorded gains in traffic and profits. Capital outlays, at $2,830,000,000, ...


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Turkey held an election in October, 1965, that reversed the results of a coup five years earlier. The conservative Justice party, successor to the defunct Democratic party of Adnan Menderes that was ousted by the army in 1960, won over 55.5 per ...


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Three major events marked 1965 as a memorable year in the history of the United Nations (UN). On January 21, Indonesia became the first nation ever to withdraw from the UN when its ambassador, Lambertus N. Palar, handed UN Secretary-General U Thant a ...


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Uruguay faced serious problems in 1965. It was plagued by bank scandals, social unrest, and a stagnant economy. Inflation had caused living costs to rise an estimated 60 per cent. There was a substantial short-term foreign debt, and gross foreign ...


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Venezuela enjoyed political stability and an economic upswing during 1965. The government devoted considerable attention to the training of technicians and the fostering of industrialization--not only to provide employment but also to diversify ...


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Study of the atmosphere, the oceans, and the earth  and prediction of the weather problems they produce  were brought under the direction of a single federal agency. The new Environmental Science Services Administration (ESSA) was formed ...


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Yugoslavia embarked on what President Tito labeled its "third revolution" by closing all shops, without warning, on Saturday, July 24. (The first revolution was the overthrow of the Nazis and Fascists in 1941; the second, the 1948 break with Stalin.) ...


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Newfoundland set a new pattern in Canadian education by providing free tuition in 1965 to all first-year students at Memorial University. For next year the government promised free tuition and maintenance grants to all undergraduates at Memorial. By ...


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The Northwest Territories will not be split into two districts for the time being, the federal government decided. Instead, it appointed a three-member commission to consider steps to develop local self-government. Plans were also drawn up for the ...


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A new national park 150 miles west-southwest of Halifax, to be called Kejimkujik, was announced for Nova Scotia. A wilderness area of forest and lake, the new national park will cover 146 square miles.


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Ontario's legislature sat for 98 days in its longest session in history and passed 175 bills. Among the measures was a Medical Services Insurance Act under which the government will establish a standard, voluntary health insurance plan and will pay ...


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Construction was scheduled to begin on a nine-mile tunnel, bridge, and causeway in April, 1966. It will join the island province with the mainland in New Brunswick.


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Quebec separatist violence dwindled in 1965. There was evidence of much violence among the province's criminal elements, however. Five lye-eaten bodies were found near Quebec City in October. The victims were believed to have been killed in a gangland ...


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The popularity of skate boards continued upward in 1965 with sales nearing $100,000,000, triple the 1964 figure. Hospital records, however, noted the hazards of the new sport. In New Rochelle, N.Y., the city hospital reported that it treated 22 ...


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Afghanistan proceeded haltingly in 1965 toward its goal of a democratically based constitutional monarchy. In September, the nation elected the 216 members of the lower house and 28 of the 84 members in the upper house. Of the 56 other members in the ...


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The University of Illinois' Chicago Circle campus on the southwest edge of the Loop opened in 1965. The major new division of the university replaced a two-year branch that began operations in 1946 to handle the influx of veterans returning from World ...


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New York City residents, reputed to be the least concerned of any U.S. urbanites about civic problems, were roused by a spirited mayoral campaign in which underdog John V. Lindsay, 43, a Congressman from the city's "silk-stocking" district, scored an ...


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The housing and feeding of refugees, who had fled from Rwanda to neighboring African countries to escape tribal war, proved to be an international challenge in 1965. The flight of the refugees was the result of a conflict between the Inyenzi terrorist ...


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Dallas and Fort Worth, Tex., long friendly rivals, took important steps toward cooperation. The governing council of each city agreed to joint development of a regional airport. Voters of Fort Worth overwhelmingly approved a $7,500,000 bond issue for ...


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Twenty-eight persons, 15 of them children, died in a gas explosion that completely demolished an apartment block in suburban Montreal on March 1.


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It was an exceptional year for the oil industry, with total U.S. consumption of petroleum products up nearly 4 per cent from the more than 4,000,000,000 barrels in 1964. It was the next to largest increase in a decade.


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Every hour during 1965, the population of the world increased by about 7,000 people. The net gain for the year was about 65,000,000; the total world population was an estimated 3,300,000,000. The vital statistics underlying this increase revealed a ...


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The fourth consecutive year of drought in the northeastern states drew down reservoirs, serving millions of people, to dangerously low levels. The driest spring and summer since 1869 forced metropolitan areas, such as New York City, to take emergency ...


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Banks and banking enjoyed a prosperous year. Bank earnings increased. The time deposits of all U.S. commercial banks rose about 15 per cent in 1965. Nevertheless, their loan-to-deposit ratio climbed to a 30-year high of 65 per cent.


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Construction outlays in 1965 reached an estimated high of $68,500,000,000, an increase of 4 per cent above the $65,900,000,000 spent in 1964. Engineering News-Record


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The Congress of the United States responded warmly to the vital urban outlook of President Lyndon B. Johnson. It enacted legislation that makes 1965 a bench-mark year for the setting of new relationships between the nation's cities and the federal ...


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Sudan returned to representative government in 1965 after weathering a series of political crises. Following the overthrow of President Ibrahim Abboud in November, 1964, Premier Sir-el Khatim el-Khalifa resigned, but was asked to continue a caretaker ...


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Sweden, the largest and richest of the Scandinavian nations, saw the fiscally bright future it had enjoyed during the first half of 1965 fade somewhat during the last half of the year. Like so many Western European countries, Sweden was in the throes ...


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The University of Southern California won both the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) indoor titles, and the Santa Clara Swim Club won the men's and women's titles in the AAU outdoor championships.


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Switzerland continued to fight overexpansion by maintaining limits on bank interest, foreign investments, real estate, and mortgages. The embargo it had placed on nonessential building was extended through 1966 and the gasoline tax was increased.


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The ruling Ba'ath party continued on a path toward Arab socialism as industry was nationalized and the nation's traditional pattern of individual enterprise was severely disrupted. The first to fall were nine oil companies that were declared state ...


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Taxation from all sources in the United States reached a record high in the fiscal year ended June 30, 1965. There were prospects of increased federal spending to pay for the expanded programs of the Great Society and the growing U.S. involvement in ...


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Several species of whale will become extinct unless there is a strict enforcement of reduced catch quotas, marine biologists reported in 1965. The basis on which whale catches are calculated is the "blue whale unit." One such unit may consist of one ...


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The National Zoological Park in Rock Creek Valley in the District of Columbia began an extensive remodeling and modernizing program that is to be completed in 10 years. The zoo, a branch of the Smithsonian Institution, houses about 830 different ...


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Discovery of fossils from Pre-Cambrian times established the fact that life existed on earth much earlier than had previously been believed. One of the finds was made by a team headed by Harvard University paleontologist Elso S. Barghoorn. By means of ...


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Alberta rode a wave of prosperity in 1965. To its booming wheat sales was added the stimulus of new oil and gas finds in its north country. The biggest recent discoveries have been in the Zama Lake-Rainbow Lake area.


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A succession of snow and mud slides struck Canada's Pacific Coast province early in 1965. The worst was in February, when 26 men died in a massive snow slide that overwhelmed the Granduc mining camp in the isolated Stewart region of northwestern ...


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Work on a $7,000,000 Centennial concert hall was begun in downtown Winnipeg. The hall, to be completed in 1967, is part of an art center that will include two museums and a planetarium.


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New Brunswick adopted a distinctive provincial flag. It depicted a ship in full sail as a reminder of the province's great sailing days.


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Saskatchewan's fast-growing potash industry was expected to show a 65 per cent increase in production for 1965, to about 1,500,000 tons. Its output by 1975 was forecast at 12,000,000 tons. The Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company of Canada ...


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Water pollution control on the federal level was strengthened with the enactment of the Water Quality Act of 1965. The new law established a Water Pollution Control Administration under an assistant secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare. The act ...


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Magazines, along with books and newspapers, rolled off the press in record numbers in 1965. The Magazine Publishers Association reported that magazine circulation exceeded 210,000,000 copies per issue.


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Books, magazines, and newspapers rolled off the press in record numbers in 1965. Circulation figures accurately reflected the state of health of magazine and book publishers. But for metropolitan newspapers, it was a rocky year. Rising costs and ...


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Most nations of the world, including those under communist rule, continued to marvel at the accomplishments of U.S. farmers. But U.S. agriculturewhich had long played a dominant political and economic role in American lifefound itself ...


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Brazil was widely praised abroad for the efforts it made in 1965 to improve its economy. It was successful, for the most part, in moderating an inflationary spiral. It was also able to set its economy on a solid foundation and thus form a basis for ...


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Detroit voters overwhelmingly supported Jerome P. Cavanagh's bid for a second four-year term as mayor. The 37-year-old mayor-elect captured a stunning 68 per cent of the vote, adding to his reputation as a bright political prospect.


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Houston gained world attention in 1965 as the Manned Spacecraft Center directed the historic voyages of the Gemini astronauts. Throughout the flights, the complex facility flawlessly performed the role set for it by the National Aeronautics and Space ...


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The Dodgers won the World Series, a $12,000,000 County Museum of Art opened, and a glittering new Music Center Pavilion was dedicated in Los Angeles in 1965. But it was also a year in which a bloody riot in August sent shock waves through Los Angeles ...


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Toronto put on a festive mood with the opening of its new city hall on September 13. Two curved towers of 20 and 27 stories flank the low-lying, domed central building. The $30,000,000 concrete and steel structure is set in a 12-acre square across Bay ...


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Washington, D.C., came within a legislative whisker of gaining the right to govern itself for the first time since 1871. But, despite political support of the White House, the House Representatives failed to approve a Senate-passed bill that would ...


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By the last day of the calendar year 1965 the big census clock in the lobby of the U.S. Department of Commerce building in Washington, D.C., showed an estimated U.S. population of about 195,800,000, including members of the armed forces overseas. It ...


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By any test, 1965 was another superb year for the U.S. economy. Performance substantially outstripped even the most optimistic forecasts that were made as the year began. And when the final figures were added up, the Gross National Product (GNP) had ...


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From the American point of view, 1965 could be looked upon as an improvement over 1964. Its balance of payments gap narrowed from a deficit of slightly more than $3,000,000,000 in 1964 to an estimated $1,700,000,000 in 1965. A significant curtailment ...


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Once again, poetry was overshadowed by events having little to do with current work. Chief among them was the death in London on Jan. 4, 1965, of T. S. Eliot, who had been for some decades dean of English-speaking poets. Though his position had been ...


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Philadelphia elected its first Republican official since 1953. Arlen Specter, a 35-year-old Democrat running on the GOP ticket for the post of District Attorney, defeated the incumbent James C. Crumlish, Jr. Calling for "a return to reform," ...


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The year signaled the growing recognition by a large segment of the profession of the critical problems of human settlement. Faced with an unsatisfactory man-made urban environment and the increasing number of people that must work and live in the ...


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On June 28, a military junta ousted the civilian government of President Arturo Umberto Illia. Congress and the supreme court were dissolved and all political parties, of which there were about 200 in the nation, were abolished. Lieutenant General ...


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Asia became the focus of the world power conflict in 1966. The shift away from Europe was dramatically underscored late in the year, both by the appearance of President Lyndon B. Johnson at the Manila conference on U.S.-Asian defense policy, and by ...


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The massive struggle for ideological control over Asia's teeming millions entered a new phase during 1966. It saw a heightening of the conflict between the pro-Communist forces as led by the People's Republic of China and the anti-Communist elements ...


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Interest centered on both the closest celestial object, the moon, and what seem to be the most distant objects, the quasars.


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The two-party coalition government of Australia's Prime Minister Harold E. Holt won another term of office in the general elections held on November 26. The election results were seen as a national endorsement of the government's policy of sending ...


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A series of crises early in the year resulted in the resignation of Prime Minister Pierre Harmel and his cabinet. The government's resignation, after little more than six months in office, touched off a 33-day cabinet crisis.


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A series of experiments with hydrogen cyanide, one of the most potent of poison gases, has led to a modification in the theory of the orgin of life on earth. The experiments were conducted by Clifford N. Matthews and his colleagues of the Monsanto ...


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Boating activity expanded at a lively rate in 1966, as sales reached an estimated $2,817,000,000, a gain of more than 5 per cent over 1965. At the New York City National Boat Show alone, a record $46,600,000 in sales were made in just 12 days.


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Phytochrome, a complex molecule in plant cells, was further analyzed by scientists of the U.S. Department of Agriculture at Beltsville, Md., where it was first discovered in 1964. Phytochrome molecules regulate such processes as germination, growth, ...


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Defending champion Dick Weber of St. Louis scored one of his most satisfying victories in the All-Star tournament at Lansing, Mich. By a narrow margin of 684 pins to 681 over Nelson Burton, Jr., also of St. Louis, Weber took the matchplay final and ...


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Heavyweight champion Cassius Clay, who prefers to be called Muhammad Ali, took on virtually all comers in a feverish 12 months of activity inside and outside the ring. At Toronto, Clay outpointed George Chuvalo, and in London he stopped Henry Cooper ...


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The approaching centennial of Canadian Confederation in 1967 influenced the output of publishers in 1965 and 1966. The arts, biography, contemporary affairs, history, literature, and outdoor life were among the categories covered.


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Workers at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) made the first direct measurement of the minimum energy needed to initiate a chemical reaction. John M. White, a graduate student working under the direction of chemical physicist Aron ...


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Tigran Petrosian of the Soviet Union retained the world chess championship by defeating his countryman, Boris Spassky, in a 24-game match concluded in June at Moscow's Variety Theater. Spassky had won the right to challenge Petrosian by surviving a ...


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The facade of China's once monolithic Communist party was cracked wide open in 1966 by a violent power struggle between Mao Tse-tung and opponents of his policies. In the political convulsions that attended the struggle, new leaders rose to the front ...


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Racial riots in major cities across the nation and cries of black power made civil rights a leading concern in the United States in 1966. An agenda for new national policy was offered in President Lyndon B. Johnson's State of the Union ...


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National Front presidential candidate Carlos Lleras Restrepo won office in the May 1 elections. However, approximately three-fourths of the electorate showed their disillusionment with the government either by not voting at all or by voting for a ...


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Egypt, then called the United Arab Republic (UAR), renominated and then re-elected its President, Gamal Abdel Nasser, for a third six-year term in 1965. Nasser's majority was a solid 99.992 per cent of the vote. The official count listed 489 invalid ...


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The march toward self-determination for all Africans moved forward in 1966. The year marked the independence of two new nations: Botswana, formerly Bechuanaland, and Lesotho, formerly Basutoland. They increased to 38 the number of struggling ...


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Albania continued on its strongly pro-Communist Chinese course in 1966, with Premier Mehmet Shehu and China's Premier Chou En-lai exchanging visits early in the year.


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The ruling military junta wrestled with the political and economic problems it inherited when it overthrew President Ahmed Ben Bella's cult of personal power in 1965. While Ben Bella remained under house arrest, his followers and other ...


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Scientists from the University of Minnesota uncovered the fossil remains of two ancient primates (the order of creatures that includes apes and man) in the Purgatory Hills of eastern Montana. Of a genus previously unknown, the primates lived when ...


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Mary Leakey, a distinguished prehistorian and wife of anthropologist Louis S. B. Leakey, published in 1966 a detailed analysis of the earliest Stone Age tools and artifacts ever found. The tools making up the Oldowan industrial complex were discovered ...


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For the first time since 1945, the conservative People's party won a parliamentary majority in the national elections held in March. A new, one-party government was formed by Chancellor Josef Klaus, who was also head of the People's party. The new ...


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Safety was the main chapter of the automobile story in 1966 as the industry chalked up its second best sales and production year, topped only by record-setting 1965.


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Jack Brabham, the Australian who won the World Grand Prix Drivers' championship in 1959 and 1960 with a Cooper-Climax car, captured the 1966 championship driving a Brabham-Repco designed and manufactured largely by himself. John Surtees of England, ...


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The year 1966 may well be the year in which the Vertical Take-Off and Landing (VTOL) and the Short Take-Off and Landing (STOL) aircraft came of age. Helicopters with speeds of 200 mph to 400 mph, carrying 100 passengers, were in sight. Advanced ...


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An interleague trade, four months before the season started, turned the Baltimore Orioles into baseball's team of the year. The traded player, outfielder Frank Robinson, came to the Orioles from the Cincinnati Reds. He promptly assumed leadership of ...


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The 1965-1966 collegiate season turned out to be a Cinderella year for Texas Western University of El Paso, Tex., a team that had never before won any title of note. Coached by defenseminded Don Haskins, the Texas Western Miners squeezed through the ...


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The Central Committee, after much delay, approved far-reaching economic reforms in April. Under them, detailed planning functions were to be transferred from central agencies in Sofia to industrial branches. This decentralization goes far beyond that ...


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Burma continued to pursue a policy of isolationism toward its Asian neighbors as well as the nations of the West. Under its chief of state, General Ne Win, it also continued its efforts to nationalize the economy. The results were negligible.


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Crown Prince Charles Ndizeye, 19-year-old heir to the throne, seized the government on July 8. He formed a new cabinet and appointed Captain Michel Micombero to replace Leopold Biha as premier. Prince Charles' father, Mwami (King) Mwambutsa IV, was in ...


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On Nov. 6, 1966, President Lyndon B. Johnson selected Alan S. Boyd, undersecretary for transportation in the Department of Commerce, to head the new Department of Transportation.


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Cambodia found itself once again involved in a border dispute with the United States during 1966. On at least four occasionsJuly 31, August 2, September 7, and September 22American aircraft had violated Cambodia's frontiers while in ...


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Canada prepared to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the confederation of the provinces. The centennial was to be climaxed with a World's Fair, Expo 67, in Montreal from April 28 to Oct. 27, 1967. With the colorful observance, the country's unity ...


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Communications on a global scale was advanced late in 1966 when the 55-nation International Telecommunications Satellite Consortium began using its satellite Intelsat II, or Lani Bird, to relay signals over the Pacific Ocean. The October 26 launch, ...


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Computers may soon be able to display all the thinking processes of man according to Marvin L. Minsky, professor of electrical engineering and director of the artificial intelligence group at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (M.I.T.). ...


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By the time the second session of the fabulous 89th Congress adjourned on Oct. 22, 1966, it had shown a certain amount of independence and a general lack of enthusiasm for some of President Lyndon B. Johnson's Great Society proposals. ...


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Conservation adjusted itself to new goals in 1966. President Lyndon B. Johnson had keynoted the new approach a year earlier when he addressed delegates to the White House Conference on Natural Beauty in May, 1965. I have called for a new ...


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The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals, on Oct. 5, 1966, reversed the conviction of Jack Ruby, who had been sentenced in 1964 to die for the murder of Lee Harvey Oswald, accused assassin of President John F. Kennedy. The court also ruled that a retrial ...


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Three of the worst mass murders in America's history occurred within a period of four months in 1966.


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Metropolitan Antony Bashir, archbishop of the Syrian Antiochian Church in America, died in Boston on Feb. 15, 1966. For more than 30 years, he was one of the most articulate exponents and defenders of Orthodox unity in America and the main architect ...


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Education in the United States was marked in 1966 by another round of increases in federal support of local schools and of higher education, and, at the same time, by heated controversy over the government's role in bringing about school desegregation ...


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Elections held Nov. 8, 1966, restored the Republican party as a major force in U.S. politics. The Republicans made net gains of 47 seats in the House of Representatives, three seats in the Senate, and eight governorships.


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Tiny devices called integrated circuits (ICs) were successfully used in microwave equipmenta new area for IC technology. The components of ICs are built as inseparable parts of one solid chip. Though they have been widely used for lower ...


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Important changes were made by Emperor Haile Selassie I in 1966 to help Ethiopia in its gradual approach to democracy. One was a three-year study, begun in February, to prepare several unnamed provinces within the empire for selfgovernment. Selassie ...


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There were signs and portents that a new Europe was in the making in 1966. Politically, the continent remained divided into two ideological camps: In Western Europe, the democratic processes continued to flourish; Eastern Europe remained oriented to ...


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Jack Nicklaus and Billy Casper were the big winners in 1966, the richest year ever recorded in professional golf. Nicklaus passed up a number of tournaments but competed in all the major ones, winning two of the top fourthe Masters at Augusta, ...


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British voters supported the Labour party government in general elections on March 31. Prime Minister Harold Wilson saw his majority in the House of Commons leap from three to 97 as Labour won 363 seats. The Conservatives, under a new leader, Edward ...


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Greece enjoyed a relatively quiet year in 1966, free from the parliamentary crises and public riots that had marred 1965. It remained preoccupied, however, with the problem of Cyprus.


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The U.S. program of services for the handicapped was expanded in 1966 under the Vocational Rehabilitation Act, which became law in November, 1965. The new legislation authorized federal grants for the construction and staffing of rehabilitation ...


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Members of the 89th Congress of the United States, which adjourned Oct. 22, 1966, took an interest in the health of the nation as no previous Congress ever had. More than 1,500 health bills were introduced, and during the first session, ...


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The horse of the year was Buckpasser, three-year-old son of Tom Fool and Busanda, owned by Ogden Phipps. Although he missed three months of the season (including the triple crown races) because of an injury, Buckpasser won 11 stakes races, was the ...


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Indonesia abruptly changed its political course in 1966. In the changeover, President Sukarno retained his title but relinquished much of his power to Lieutenant General Suharto, an ardent anti-Communist who had charted the government's new course. ...


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Iran in 1966 patched up its troubles with Iraq, which had accused Iran of giving equipment and a haven to rebellious Kurdish tribesmen. Iran had countered with charges that Iraqi planes had bombed Iranian villages in May. The two countries ...


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Iraq concluded a cease-fire with its rebellious Kurds in June, 1966, after months of sporadic but fierce fighting. Kurdish Mullah Mustafa al-Barzani accepted the truce as a prelude to restoration of Kurdish rights, which Premier Abdul Rahman al-Bazzaz ...


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An explosion on March 8, 1966 shattered the towering Nelson Pillar in the heart of Dublin. The police blamed the outlawed Irish Republican Army (IRA) for the blast which brought down the 20-foot statue of Lord Nelson atop it.


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Clashes with Arab infiltrators along its borders with Syria and Jordan provoked a retaliatory attack by Israel on a Jordanian village in November. The United Nations Security Council and most of the world's nations censured Israel for the action.


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Italy was struck by disaster in November when storm winds up to 90 miles an hour battered its west coast from the Alps to Sicily. As a result of the torrential rains that accompanied the storm, scores of people died and thousands were made homeless. ...


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The country's traditional role as regional banker was shaken by a financial crisis in October, 1966. The country's largest private bank, Intra, shut down. Withdrawals of nearly $30,000,000 during the previous month had left Intra without enough cash ...


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Public libraries will benefit for the next five years from the expanded Library Services and Construction Act passed by Congress in 1966. The two existing programs for library services and construction were expanded in the new act, and two new ...


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Libya issued new oil concessions to 23 foreign companies under the terms of the law passed in November, 1965. The new law increases Libya's oil tax and will make funds available to further buoy Libyan economic development. The government formed a ...


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The British critic Walter Allen, writing in The New York Times Book Review


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Of interest to parents, grandparents, and other adults in 1966 were two anniversaries in children's literature as well as several books for family sharing, and two concerning children's literature and art. For teachers and others who work with ...


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MALAYSIA enjoyed a relatively quiet year due largely to a relaxation of pressures from Indonesia. In August, Indonesia formally terminated its confrontation with Malaysia by signing a peace accord in Djakarta. It marked the end of an ...


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Manufacturing output and sales continued to surge during 1966. But there were signs that this longest of postwar economic booms was topping out. Inflation and the increasing U.S. commitment in Vietnam were putting strains on the economy.


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Mounting economic and political troubles plagued the island during 1966, with the Castro regime possibly going through its greatest internal crisis in several years. Reports spoke of the arrest of army officers and the erratic behavior of Premier ...


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Czechoslovakia continued to follow basic Soviet policies in 1966. In March, it rejected a formal note from West Germany containing peace and disarmament proposals that might have led to a rapprochement between the two countries. In its rejection, the ...


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Federal agencies and private foundations contributed heavily to the support of the dance in the United States in 1966. Early in the year, the American Ballet Theatre received an emergency grant of $100,000 and a subsidy of $250,000, both from the ...


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Democratic candidates on Nov. 8, 1966, suffered their worst defeat at the polls in two decades with a net loss of 47 seats in the House of Representatives, three seats in the Senate, and eight governorships.


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In a sudden, unexpected move, Prime Minister Jens Otto Krag and his cabinet resigned on November 2, after encountering strong opposition from the right-wing Conservative and Social Liberal parties over a proposed pay-as-you-go-tax plan. In a general ...


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From January 17, when Dr. James L. Goddard was sworn in as commissioner of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), through the end of 1966, the U.S. drug industry became increasingly aware of the tough-minded new administrator.


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Fashion designers revolted against tradition in 1966. The thunder was first heard in England, where a youth rebellion resulted in world-wide recognition and profits for designers and manufacturers of the Mod look in clothes. Although the fashion ...


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Consumer food prices in the first part of 1966 increased on an average of 5 per cent over those of 1965. Bread prices jumped by three cents a loaf, milk by two or three cents a quart, and a head of lettuce often cost as much as 40 cents. These general ...


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Notre Dame and Michigan State battled to a 10-to-10 tie in the most discussed college football game of the decade. The rivals came to their mid-November meeting at East Lansing, Mich., with unbeaten and untied records. In the first quarter, Michigan ...


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France pursued its independent, often unpredictable, ways in international relations in 1966. The key figure in France76-year-old President Charles de Gaullecontinued to champion his concept of a Third World, in which France would play a ...


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The centuries-old theory that a rock breaks apart because of freezing and thawing of water in its cracks was overturned by two scientists at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute at Troy, N.Y. James R. Dunn and Peter P. Hudec found that the breakdown is ...


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remained a divided nation during 1966. Politically, there seemed little hope of a reconciliation between the two Germanys. But there were indications that in at least one areatradethe division was no longer as deep as it had been.


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In May, 1966, after long discussion and delay, economic reform measures were approved by the government. Scheduled to take effect on Jan. 1, 1968, the reforms called for the transfer of considerable autonomy to various enterprises. They also called ...


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In a memorable National Hockey League (NHL) season, veterans Gordie Howe of the Detroit Red Wings and Bobby Hull of the Chicago Black Hawks set new scoring records.


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Peggy Fleming, a willowy 17-year-old high school senior from Colorado Springs, Colo., became the first American to win a World figure Skating gold medal since the 1960 Olympics. Her victory by a wide margin at Davos, Switzerond, in 1966, capped a ...


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The immigration reform bill signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on Oct. 3, 1965, brought 7,096 alien parents of U.S. citizens to this country in 1966. The figure was 87 per cent more than in 1965 and more than double the average number ...


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On January 24, Indira Gandhi became the third prime minister of India and the second woman in modern history to head a major government. The first had been Mrs. Sirimavo Bandaranaike of Ceylon. Mrs. Gandhi, whose father, Jawaharlal Nehru, had held the ...


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An energetic new effort to get the Indian people into the mainstream of national progress was spurred in the spring of 1966 by some sharp criticism of the Bureau of Indian Affairs from the Senate Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. It charged: ...


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Japan continued to play a role of increasing importance in Asian and world affairs. Possessing only limited military strength, Japan relied on diplomacy and its position as the world's sixth ranking economic power to spread its influence in ...


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Jewish intellectual leaders in 1966 were engaged in an examination of the fundamental theological grounds of Judaism, and were concerned over the nature and possible effects of interreligious dialogue.


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The borders of Jordan were violated in November 1966 when Israeli units attacked the town of Es Samu in Jordanian Palestine in retaliation of Arab guerrilla raids on Israel. Jordan's protest brought United Nations condemnation of Israel and placed ...


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Kuwait played the role of inter-Arab broker in both economic and political affairs in 1966. The national assembly increased the capital of the Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development (KFAED) to $560,000,000. KFAED loaned $6,700,000 to Lebanon, ...


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Labor force changes followed the pattern of the previous year in 1966. Civilian employment increased by 1,800,000 between the third quarters of 1965 and 1966 to 74,200,000 jobs. Unemployment continued to drop. The average rate for all of 1966 was ...


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Latin America continued to seek hemispheric unity in various ways in 1966. In some of its efforts, the area achieved notable successes; in others, success proved elusive.


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Artificial transplants of organs, the latest findings in cancer research, and the development of new vaccines encouraged optimistic predictions on the part of many medical researchers. Dr. Edward L. Tatum, noted geneticist and 1958 Nobel prize winner, ...


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In May, 1966, President Lyndon B. Johnson created a committee on mental retardation to evaluate programs in the field and to advise him on new national efforts needed to cope with the problem. He named as chairman John W. Gardner, Secretary of the ...


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Mexico continued to enjoy a growth rate that outpaced most of the other Latin-American countries. Industrial investments climbed notably in 1966. The gross national product was expected to rise by more than 6 per centup from 5.1 per cent in ...


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The most dangerous escalation of the Arab-Israeli conflict since the invasions of Suez in 1956 threatened to bring war to Palestine in 1966. Exactly 10 years to the month after the Suez incident, Israel struck again. Israeli commandos mounted a ...


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The strange twists of the Ben Barka affair involved Moroccan officials in French justice. In September, 1966, six persons went on trial in Paris, France, for the 1965 abduction and presumed murder of the exiled Moroccan leftist. But after seven weeks ...


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On the surface, 1966 turned out to be an excellent year for the American motion picture industry. The recovery spiral, begun in 1965, continued on all fronts in 1966more films, more theaters, and record grosses. Leading the list was The Sound of ...


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Artistic achievement and financial strain made up the most conspicuous elements of musical life in the United States during 1966. There was no question that further great things lay ahead, but the issue of paying the bills became paramount as ...


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Performances aimed at teenage audiences dominated the pop scene in 1966, but there were signs of growing sophistication in some of the music, and of amalgamation with other idioms. The sitar


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The Netherlands suffered from the disruptive activities of the Provos, an anarchist youth civil disobedience movement. Their first hostile demonstration was at the March wedding in Amsterdam of Crown Princess Beatrix to Claus von Amsberg, a former ...


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A political crisis that had been simmering in Nigeria's Western Region for weeks sparked a military uprising on Jan. 15, 1966. The crisis had been precipitated by the re-election in October, 1965, of Western Regional Premier Chief Samuel L. Akintola. ...


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Nobel prizes in literature and science were presented at ceremonies in Stockholm, Sweden, on Dec. 10, 1966. It was the 65th anniversary of the first presentation of the prizes in 1901. The Norwegian storting


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An economic boom continued in 1966 without any signs of diminishing, despite fears of some exporters that credit restrictions by importing countries would reduce demand later. Unemployment fell to 0.2 per cent of the labor force. There were renewed ...


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Poland celebrated the 1,000th anniversary of its founding as a Polish state as well as the nation's conversion to Christianity. The Roman Catholic Church stressed the religious aspects of the millennium and sought to demonstrate the continuing ...


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Portugal remained preoccupied with Angola and Mozambique during 1966. It stood firm on its policies toward the two overseas provinces in Africa but it did so in the face of uprisings, guerrilla warfare, and general condemnation by the African nations. ...


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President Lyndon Baines Johnson was first and foremost commander in chief of the armed forces during 1966. Criticism of U.S. policy in Vietnam mounted as the bombing of North Vietnam resumed early in the year and the number of U.S. soldiers at the ...


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Two conferences held in Europe in the summer and fall of 1966 dramatized differences among contemporary Protestants. They served to symbolize the two poles around which most Protestants organize their activity and orient their thought. In July, ...


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Investigators at the Oregon Primate Research Center near Portland, Ore., conducted an extensive study of the behavior patterns of infant rhesus monkeys in the hope of determining the physiological factors leading to sex differences. They found that ...


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The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) ruled, in 1966, that as of December 31, FM-AM stations under common ownership in 222 large market areas must offer different programs during at least 50 per cent of the broadcast day. This meant that AM ...


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King Faisal of Saudi Arabia, at a press conference held during his official 10-day visit to the United States in June, set off a storm of controversy. A statement by him, which was considered extremely anti- Semitic, aroused such a storm of protest ...


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The French national ski team in 1966 took most of the Alpine skiing honors in the World Championships, held in Portillo, Chile, in August. The French won six of the eight gold medals, seven of the eight silver medals, and three bronzes.


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England played host to the World Cup tournament in July, 1966, and captured its first championship in a series of matches that attracted world-wide attention. The final game, played before 97,000 spectators at London's Wembley Stadium, was seen by a ...


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In 1966, leaders of both major political parties promised Social Security beneficiaries a substantial increase in their monthly checks. President Lyndon B. Johnson announced that he would submit to the incoming 90th Congress legislation providing ...


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Prime Minister Hendrik F. Verwoerd was stabbed to death in the Parliament building in Cape Town on Sept. 6, 1966. His assassin, Dimitri Tsafendas, was arrested on the spot, and on October 20, was judged insane. Balthazar Johannes Vorster, minister of ...


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The nation's exploits in space in 1966 were overshadowed early in 1967 by the tragic deaths of three U.S. astronauts in a routine test for what was to have been the first manned Apollo flight. Dead in a flash fire that swept the command module of ...


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More than 1,700 scientists from 57 nations attended the Second International Oceanographic Congress, held at the University of Moscow from May 31 to June 9. The congress was convened under the auspices of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, ...


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Pacific islands received international attention in July, September, and October, when the French set off a series of nuclear explosions in the Society Islands. President Charles de Gaulle, on a world tour, witnessed a test there on September 11.


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The most dramatic, indeed tragic, story in the visual arts in 1966 was the flooding of Florence, Italy, by the waters of the Arno. Swollen by rains, the river overflowed its banks from November 3 to 5 and poured vast amounts of water, mud, and oil ...


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Pakistan remained a country divided, geographically as well as politically, in 1966. Only a sense of patriotism, and a common faiththe Islamic religion held East and West Pakistan together as a nation. East Pakistan, with 55 per cent of ...


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President Ferdinand E. Marcos re-emphasized his nation's alliance with the United States during the year. Under his guidance, the nation took an active role in foreign affairs.


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Much attention was focused by physicists, in 1966, on the possibility that our universe existed in a contracted, intensely hot state at some time in the remote past. Robert H. Dicke of Princeton University, in 1965, suggested that if there ever was ...


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God Is Dead. This headline on the front page of newspapers and on the front cover of mass circulation magazines startled America early in 1966. A Catholic Digest


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Republicans made a striking comeback in the 1966 midterm elections from the debacle of 1964 under the presidential candidacy of former Senator Barry M. Goldwater of Arizona.


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A unilateral declaration of independence by Rhodesia in November, 1965, caused Great Britain no end of frustration throughout 1966. (Zimbabwe was then called Rhodesia.) Under the white-dominated regime of Rhodesia's Prime Minister Ian Smith, the ...


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Just as peace was Pope Paul VI's last concern at the end of the year 1965, so it was his first in 1966 when on January 1 he sent messages reflecting his deep anxiety to the leaders of the United States, the Soviet Union, Communist China, and North ...


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The independent position Romania occupied within the Communist world was underscored by visits from Yugoslavia's President Tito in April, Leonid I. Brezhnev of the Soviet Union in May, and Communist China's Chou En-lai in June. It was also enhanced by ...


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The post-Khrushchev collective leadership weathered its second year without major crises. The team of Leonid I. Brezhnev and Aleksei N. Kosygin represented a kind of balancing of party and state and a division of functions between the two top Soviet ...


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In 1966, the U.S. death toll from accidents increased in all four major categories. All types of accidents took the lives of an estimated 112,000 persons, an increase of 4.6 per cent over 1965. The death rate climbed a little slowerfor a 3.6 per ...


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A new constitution was approved by 95.9 per cent of the voters in a national referendum held on Dec. 14, 1966. It was the first such referendum called in more than 19 years. The last one, which took place in July, 1947, had resulted in General ...


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The International Olympic Committee (IOC), in April, 1966, awarded the 1972 Summer Olympics to Munich, Germany. Munich was selected over Madrid and Montreal. Detroit, making its ninth bid for the games, finished last in the voting. Munich's winning ...


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In 28 states during 1966, official groups composed of legislators, citizens, legislative staffs, or all three, explored ways in which legislators may be helped in their work and more adequately rewarded for their services. Present biennial ...


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The year 1966 found the United States with a booming economy and a slumping stock market. After-tax profits of U.S. corporations were running at a record annual rate of $48,700,000,000 in the first six months, but in the third quarter the pace had ...


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Labor problems plagued the nation for most of 1966. They began early in January, when government-appointed arbiters tried to break a 52-day-old deadlock between unions and employers involving a national wage agreement. The workers, worried about a 6 ...


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It was the halfway year between the 1964 and 1968 Olympics, but the world's swimmers worked to set new records as if the Mexico City event were just around the corner. More than half the existing world records were broken, with the men's 400-meter ...


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Jim Ryun, in 1966, brought the world record for the mile back to the United States for the first time since 1937. His time of 3 minutes 51.3 seconds, made on July 17, at Berkeley, Calif., smashed Michel Jazy's previous mark of 3 minutes 53.6 seconds ...


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Transportation, for the fourth straight year, continued to grow faster than the gross national product (GNP). For 1966, overall freight volume rose 6.8 per cent from the 1965 high-outpacing the 5.5 per cent gain in GNP (asit was measured in constant ...


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Anti-American incidents were prevalent in 1966 as bitterness grew over the absence of Western support of the Turks in their dispute with Greece over Cyprus. A United States Information Agency library was bombed and the American Sixth Fleet, on a ...


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A crisis involving the United Nation's secretary-generalship aroused world-wide concern in 1966, when on September 1, Secretary-General U Thant announced he would not be available for re-election as the organization's chief operating officer. Worried ...


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The threat of inflation at home, and the escalating war in Vietnam, cast shadows on America's Great Society in 1966. At year's end, the United States and the Vietnams-North and South-seemed no nearer to the conference table than they were when the ...


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On Oct. 30, 1966, the government crushed an attempted military uprising by members of the National Guard headquarters garrison stationed near Caracas. It was the first uprising of any size against the rule of President Raul Leoni since he had taken ...


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Puerto Rico's annual growth rate of about 9.3 per cent in 1966 placed the island second only to Japan in a global comparison of economic growth. Its industrialization program completed its fifth record-breaking year, with 412 plant promotions for the ...


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Alberta saw a rich oil field, Rainbow Lake, come into production in the spring. The field may hold more than 6,000,000,000 barrels of oil. Forest fires farther north in the province consumed over 100,000 acres in June, destroying $30,000,000 worth of ...


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Premier William A. C. Bennett led his Social Credit government to its sixth consecutive election victory on September 12. It won 33 of 55 seats, the New Democratic party 16, and the Liberals 6. Although the government's share of the popular vote ...


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Manitoba was another of the five Canadian provinces that held elections in 1966. Premier Dufferin Roblin's Conservative government won a fourth term on June 23, capturing 31 seats out of the 57 in the legislature. But the party's share of the popular ...


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Premier Louis J. Robichaud's Liberal government won legislative approval for a sweeping program of municipal reform. Under the mandate, the provincial government will be responsible for assessment, taxation, education, welfare, justice, and health on ...


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Premier Joseph R. Smallwood won his greatest victory since Confederation in a provincial election held September 8. Smallwood, in power since the island became a province in 1949, saw his Conservative opposition in the legislature drop to ...


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The Nova Scotia legislature held a special session in September to ensure local control of the Maritime Telegraph and Telephone Company, Ltd. The Bell Telephone Company had previously acquired 51 per cent of the shares of Maritime, but is prevented by ...


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Canada's most populous province, with a gross provincial product of over $20,000,000,000 in 1965, had record provincial government expenditures of $1,846,000,000 in 1966. Taxes were increased on a number of items and the provincial sales tax was ...


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Canada's smallest province replaced the oldest premier in the country with the youngest. Conservative Premier Walter Shaw, 78, was succeeded by Alexander B. Campbell, 32, when the Liberals won 17 seats to the Conservatives' 15 in the island ...


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In a dramatic election upset, the Union Nationale party, led by Daniel Johnson, defeated Jean Lesage's six-year-old Liberal government on June 5. Quebec's first Sunday election gave the Union Nationale 56 legislative seats, the Liberals 50, and the ...


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The rural province passed controversial labor legislation after employees of the Saskatchewan Power Corporation struck in early September, demanding a wage increase of 8 per cent. Premier Ross Thatcher immediately called a special session of the ...


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Waterand keeping it cleanwas one of the last major items of business for the Congress. In October, it passed the Clean Rivers Restoration Act of 1966. It provided $3,900,000,000 over a period of five years for a massive attack on water ...


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In line with Prime Minister Mohammed Hashim Maiwandwal's publicized plan for progressive democracy, the Afghan parliament authorized the establishment of political parties in July. The widening of political freedom, however, was not ...


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The city's downtown building boom got a major boost on September 23. An Illinois Supreme Court decision gave the green light for an estimated $1,000,000,000 worth of construction on air rights over 186 acres of railroad property fronting Lake ...


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Mayor John V. Lindsay, who took office on Jan. 1, 1966, found that campaign enthusiasm did not automatically achieve results in office. Lindsay's term began amidst a paralyzing 12-day strike by transit workers that cost the city untold millions in ...


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Neighboring Burundi accused Rwanda in January of permitting armed bands to raid Burundi. Rwanda countercharged that armed Watusi (Tutsi) refugees in northern Burundi were planning to invade Rwanda. The two countries agreed in April to reestablish ...


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Detroit added to its cultural stature in June with the opening of the handsome, new south wing of the city's Institute of Arts. Faced with highly polished granite, the new wing's 389 galleries doubled the museum's space. Work also started on a ...


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Houston gained a major cultural facility on October 3 with the opening of the Jesse H. Jones Hall for the Performing Arts. Its acoustics, elegance, and flexible design won national acclaim from critics who gathered for the gala event. The 3,001-seat ...


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Credit, the chief stock in trade of banks and other lenders, became a scarce commodity in 1966. And, as with any other item in short supply and strong demand, its price rose sharply. The prime rate


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Construction expenditures reached an estimated high of $75,300,000,000 in 1966. This represented an increase of 4.9 per cent above the $71,900,000,000 spent in the preceding year, according to revised 1965 figures issued by the U.S. Bureau of the ...


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The White House and the Congress of the United States worked together to pass a legislative landmark, the Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act of 1966. The measure introduced a new approach toward revitalizing entire slum ...


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When 1966 came to an end, the United States had marked up another record year for its economy. Its gross national product (GNP) had risen nearly 8.7 per cent to approximately $740,000,000,000. But price increases reduced the rate of real growth in GNP ...


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U.S. motorists spent nearly $18,000,000,000 (including taxes) to buy gasoline in 1966. There were 2,000,000 persons working directly or indirectly in the U.S. oil industry. More than 300,000 gas stations served the public. Nearly 3,000,000 persons ...


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While governments argued and negotiated through 1966 on ways to reduce trade barriers and to improve the international monetary mechanism, the economy of the industrial world continued to prosper and world trade to flourish. The only major threat to a ...


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Switzerland ended the last of the restrictions on foreign investments that it had imposed in 1964. As a result, interest on foreign deposits in 1966 would again be payable by Swiss banks. Foreigners would be able to buy Swiss shares, investment trust ...


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A series of border incidents and repeated outbreaks of gun duels raised tension to a near-war level between Syria and Israel in 1966. Syria's domestic problems were equally serious because of a split between moderate and leftist elements in the ruling ...


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Politicians managed to avoid the issue of income taxes raises in 1966. Total federal cash spending for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1966, was reported at $137,600,000,000, up $15,200,000,000 from fiscal 1965. Cash receipts rose, too, but not enough ...


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In 1966, there was growing evidence that a vast number of the nation's living rooms were becoming family motion picture theaters. More and more, the three television networks (NBC, CBS, and ABC) were devoting prime evening time to old movies, and the ...


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It was a topsy-turvy year for the world's best amateur tennis players. In the four major tournaments, the men's and women's championships were won by eight different players.


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Thailand was increasingly, if unofficially, involved in the efforts of the United States to subdue the Communists in Vietnam during 1966. About 35,000 U.S. servicemen were stationed there and many U.S. construction workers were building a number of ...


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The most eagerly awaited American play of the fall season was Edward Albee's A Delicate Balance.


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The real, if undeclared, war involving the United States in Southeast Asia and specifically in Vietnam continued throughout 1966. As in all open hostilities, battles were fought and men died. Policies were questioned and sides taken. Despite its ...


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Global weather forecasting was enhanced in 1966 with the launching of three ESSA (Environmental Science Services Administration) satellites and Nimbus II, the first night-operating weather satellite. ESSA I was launched February 3. It was followed by ...


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The West Indies, a group of Caribbean islands, added another name to its roster of independent nations in 1966. On November 20, at 12:01 A.M., Barbados became the newest nation to achieve independence in the island group. Like its ...


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The dismissal of Alexsandar Rankovic, vice-president and party secretary, in July, marked a turning point in the conflict between conservative and progressive Communism in Yugoslavia. The move eliminated from the top leadership one of President Tito's ...


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Scientists urged that the Nimbus III weather satellite, to be launched in 1967, be assigned the added task of monitoring the migratory movements of animals throughout the world. In their proposal to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ...


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Russian and British zoo officials tried to mate two giant pandasChi Chi, a female from the Regent Park Zoo in London, and An An, Moscow zoo's male, in 1966. The London panda was flown to Moscow in October for the historic meeting, but she took ...


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Magazines did well in 1966. According to Publisher's Information Bureau, general magazines attracted more than $1,000,000,000 in advertising revenues for the first time. This was a rise of 8 per cent over 1965. Even the Saturday Euening Post,


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In 1900, there were 15 major daily newspapers in New York City. In 1966, at year's end, there were only four daily newspapers in the nation's largest city, down two from 1965. The New York Times


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A major reorganization of the U.S. Bureau of Prisons was announced by President Lyndon B. Johnson on November 30, 1966. The reorganization is designed to bring about more effective use of new techniques of rehabilitation. It was prompted by concern ...


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Agriculture strained to meet the needs of the world's ever-rising numbers of hungry people in 1966. The U.S. Food for Freedom program was utilizing food production as a bold instrument of world politics, and one with a strong humanitarian appeal. A ...


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General Arthur Costa e Silva, a former minister of war, was elected president by a joint session of the Brazilian congress on Oct. 3, 1966. Costa, who was not to take office until March, 1967, was expected to continue the austerity program instituted ...


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The wild skate board craze appeared to be dying out in 1966, as had hula hoops and other fads in earlier years. Interest in slot car racing remained high but had leveled off with approximately 3,000 raceways operating across the United States.


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Los Angeles, the city of the automobile, gave the pedestrian his day on May 18, 1966, when the first phase of the Civic Center Mall was dedicated. Built at a cost of $6,900,000 and including a two-level underground garage, this section will be joined ...


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It was a frustrating year for the nation's capital. Last-minute maneuvers failed to get congressional action on self-government. Progress was halting in such vital areas as transit, freeways, housing, and urban renewal. Behind the scenes, however, the ...


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As of Dec. 31, 1966, the population of the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Americans in the armed forces abroad was estimated at 198,000,000. A year earlier the estimate stood at 195,800,000. The 1.1 per cent increase compared with 1.2 per ...


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The relentless growth in world population that had characterized previous years continued in 1966. At the end of World War II, the number of people in the world was increasing annually by 25,000,000. By 1966, the annual increase was 60,000,000, with ...


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Waterand keeping it cleanwas one of the last major items of business for the Congress in 1966. In October, it passed the Clean Rivers Restoration Act of 1966. It provided $3,900,000,000 over a period of five years for a massive attack on ...


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American enthusiasm for public readings by poets reached a height in 1966 that surpassed anything the country had known since the great days of platform culture during the Chautauqua movement. As in the past, big-name poets continued their ...


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Its sights fixed on hopes for a big bicentennial observance of American Independence in 1976, Philadelphia revealed sweeping plans for improvement in regional mass transit and downtown redevelopment. Each plan hinges on the other. Together, they ...


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Conspiracies, political rivalries, and economic problems plagued President Gamal Abdel Nasser's regime in 1966. The prolonged trials of more than 100 members of the outlawed Muslim Brotherhood who had been arrested in December, 1965, ended in ...


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Two of Africa's most populous nations, Nigeria and Congo (Kinshasa), suffered internal revolts and armed clashes throughout 1967. Nigeria was torn by civil war. In parts of the Congo, white mercenaries and supporters of the exiled former premier, ...


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completed its 21st year as a people's republic with its basic course unchanged. Although it maintained trade with other Communist countries, Albania's foreign relations generally remained cool. Its sole ally remained Communist China, whose policies it ...


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Algeria mobilized its armed forces and went on a wartime footing for the June conflict with Israel. The fighting stopped, however, before Algerian troops reached the battlefront. Algerian aircraft were sent to aid the United Arab Republic (U.A.R.), ...


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Louis S. B. Leakey announced the discovery of several new skeletal fragments and identification of a new hominid species, Kenyapithecus africanus.


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Two potentially useful means of dating archaeological materials received attention in 1967. These were dating by obsidian hydration and by archaeomagnetism. It was also suggested that obsidian dating be combined with radiocarbon (C-14) dating, so that ...


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Although there were few hallmark projects during 1967, there was a significant recognition of the architect's role and responsibilities in a rapidly changing society. Discussions in articles, books, and at international conferences dealt less with ...


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Argentina made dramatic progress during 1967 in its efforts to recover from its economic doldrums. Restrictions on capital and services transfers were eliminated. Imports were liberalized. Scaled wage increases, to be in effect until December, 1968, ...


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The balance of nuclear might teetered precariously in 1967. In June, Communist China, far ahead of U.S. estimates, exploded a three-megaton hydrogen bomb less than three years after its first atomic bomb test on Oct. 16, 1964. By the end of 1968, it ...


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The fate of Asia revolved more and more around Communist China and its 723,000,000 people in 1967. This was primarily because the massive conflict within China between the followers of Mao Tse-tung and the more orthodox forces of Chinese Communism had ...


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It was surprising enough that the St. Louis Cardinals soared from a sixth-place finish the year before to run away with the National League pennant. But what made the 1967 campaign particularly memorable was the amazing leap by their World Series ...


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The 1966-1967 season marked the end of a long dynasty for the Boston Celtics in professional basketball, and the probable beginning of one for the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) in the college ranks. Important changes were made in the ...


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A trade recession, caused chiefly by a drop in exports to the Federal Republic of (West) Germany and the Netherlands, brought increased taxes to the nation and emergency powers to the government in January, 1967.


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Professor Sol Spiegelman, the University of Illinois microbiologist who synthesized the first self-reproducing virus in 1965, reported in April, 1967, that he and his associates had shaped what may be the smallest self-duplicating entity that ever ...


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Boating sales rose to a record level of slightly more than $3,000,000,000, some 7 per cent more than in 1966. At the New York City National Boat Show, bellwether of the industry, sales increased from $46,600,000 in 1966 to $48,900,000 in 1967.


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The function and nature of phytochrome, an important, light-sensitive pigment in plant cells, was the subject of many studies in 1967. The complex phytochrome molecules regulate such plant processes as germination, growth, and flowering, turning these ...


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Canada's year in history was the theme as the Dominion of Canada celebrated its 100th birthday in 1967. On July 1, the centennial of the proclamation of the British North America Act that had united Britain's colonies, the roar of 100 guns ...


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The centennial of Canadian Confederation encouraged Canadian authors, book illustrators, librarians, photographers, and publishers to produce an impressive variety of volumes and bibliographies. Credit for much of this was due to the Canadian ...


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Albert D. Allen and Caesar V. Senoff at the University of Toronto and James Collman at Stanford University combined, for the first time in the laboratory, molecular nitrogen directly with transition metal ions. The process is of prime importance in ...


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Bobby Fischer of Brooklyn, N.Y., eight times U.S. chess champion, won two of the major international tournaments played in 1967. In April, he captured the 10-man Grand Prix at Monte Carlo, scoring seven points compared to six and one-half posted by ...


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On July 16, 1967, President Eduardo Frei Montalva signed one of the most ambitious agrarian reform laws in the history of Latin America. Under it, some 100,000 landless Chilean farmworkers were to become owners of small plots within five years. To ...


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It looks like Berlin in 1945, said Mayor Jerome P. Cavanagh when the waves of summer rioting that rolled across the nation engulfed his city, Detroit, Mich., in 1967. In a six-mile area of the Negro ghetto, flames shot high against the ...


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Intensive research, in 1967, centered on objects whose existence was unknown to astronomers only five years before. Such objects included quasars and X-ray sources. The study of them, together with the subject matter of cosmology and cosmic ray ...


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The nation was deeply shocked in December by news that Prime Minister Harold E. Holt had vanished while swimming off a beach near Melbourne. When search by land, sea, and air failed to locate either the prime minister or his body, he was officially ...


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saw its hopes of entering the European Economic Community (EEC, or Common Market) dashed in 1967, when Italy opposed negotiations for Austrian membership because of the Austro-Italian dispute involving the border region of Trentino-Adige. Rome blamed ...


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The auto industry ran into rough going in 1967 and had to settle for its third best year in sales and sixth best in production. Labor problems were regarded as the prime roadblock.


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Denis Hulme, a 32-year-old New Zealander who had never won a Formula I Grand Prix race, emerged as 1967's world champion driver. Racing a Brabham-Repco, Hulme won only two of the 11 Formula I races, but placed second in three and third in four others ...


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The problem of congestionin, on, and around airportsbecame acute in 1967. It was created in large part by the doubling of the nation's airport traffic since 1962. The industry was adopting the systems concept in its attempt to ...


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Dave Davis of Phoenix, Ariz., led the professionals in earnings with $54,115 and topped old pro Dick Weber's record of five victories in the Professional Bowlers Association (PBA) schedule. Davis, who also won the $70,000 PBA championship, December 3 ...


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Heavyweight champion Muhammad Ali, born Cassius Clay, again made the headlines, both in and out of the ring in 1967. In January, his pleas for deferment as a conscientious objector and as a Black Muslim minister were rejected by Kentucky Selective ...


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Bulgaria remained one of the most loyal allies of the Soviet Union. Premier Todor Zhivkov paid two visits to Moscow early in 1967. During a subsequent visit of Communist Party General Secretary Leonid I. Brezhnev to Sofia in April, the two countries ...


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Burma enjoyed a relatively stable year on the domestic front. With the approval of Union Revolutionary Council Chairman Ne Win, some of the more burdensome restrictions on the civilian population were relaxed, and a number of political prisoners were ...


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Early in December 1967, an announcement that U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara would leave his post touched off a national uproar with world-wide repercussions. McNamara, head of the Department of Defense since 1961, announced he was ...


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Cambodia shifted stance on its long-standing pro-Communist Chinese policy in 1967. Prince Norodom Sihanouk, alarmed by a rapid build-up of Maoist fervor in the country, clamped down on pro-Peking elements within and outside the government.


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Colombia passed a foreign exchange and trade law in March, 1967, to keep imports in check, encourage exports, and thus narrow the republic's chronic balance of payments gap. Although the law established a fluctuating exchange rate based on supply and ...


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Man's ability to be in instant communication with others, no matter how far removed or dispersed, made impressive progress in 1967. Two more communications satellites, each with a capacity of 240 voice circuits, joined the pioneer Early Bird and Lani ...


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Spokesmen for the computer industry expressed hopes that technological developments would settle down enough to permit the industry to reduce development costs and retain more of their rental revenue. New developments in integrated circuits and memory ...


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The first session of the 90th Congress ignored many of President Lyndon B. Johnson's programs and distorted others. Its meager legislative record reflected the nation's dissatisfaction with the mounting costs of the war in Vietnam, rising prices, and ...


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In 1967, conservationists put increased emphasis on attacking the environmental problems of an urban society. President Lyndon B. Johnson keynoted this theme in his conservation message to Congress on Jan. 30, 1967. The air and water grow ...


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In a landmark decision in May, 1967, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled 8 to 1 that juvenile offenders were entitled to the same constitutional protection afforded adults. A 58-page opinion written by Associate Justice Abe Fortas, ruled that ...


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Prescription drugmakers were still under siege in 1967. In Congress, there were continued charges that drug prices were too high. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) pursued its strict regulatory policy, and its chief, Dr. James L. Goddard, said he ...


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Theodosius (Lazor) became the third American-born bishop of the Russian Orthodox Church in America. Consecrated on May 6, he was assigned the Alaska diocese, the oldest in North America.


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Education in 1967 was marked by a growing militancy among teachers, increasing debate over the relationship between church and state, and by mounting concern over skyrocketing costs of financing higher education. The focus of public attention was ...


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Negroes scored a historic advance, and the Republicans made scattered gains in off-year elections of mayors, governors, and state legislators. Negroes broke the color bar in city hall for the first time on Nov. 7, 1967, in two large U.S. cities. In ...


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Solid state diodes were used, in 1967, in experimental microwave transmitters instead of klystron tubes. These tubes have always been the most expensive and bulkiest component of such transmitters, but they could not be replaced by solid state diodes ...


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The tense border dispute between Ethiopia and neighboring Sudan continued in 1967. Ethiopia accused Sudan of harassing Ethiopian farmers along the border, insisting on an unacceptable 1902 border agreement, and supporting the rebel Eritrean Liberation ...


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Progress toward the unification of Europe at various levelspolitical as well as economicmade steady gains in 1967. An East-West dialogue, though slow and cautious, gave renewed hope of some future understanding that would bridge the gap ...


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Fashion focused on the look of the leg in 1967. Short skirts worn still higher above the knee gave legs exposure they had not had in years. Women took advantage of this fashionable trend by cloaking their legs in a wild assortment of textured and ...


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The feeding of a hungry world remained a pressing problem as human demand for food continued to exceed production in 1967. While population persistently grew larger in the developing countries, the pressure on world food supplies was somewhat ...


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Only one major college football team, Wyoming, managed to make its way through the regular 1967 season unbeaten and untied. The Cowboys' 65-man roster included players from 21 states, but only three from Wyoming itself. They finally met defeat in the ...


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It was not a vintage year for 77-year-old President Charles de Gaulle either at home or on the international scene. In the French parliamentary elections held in the spring, his adherents barely held their majority and were soon defending themselves ...


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New evidence was submitted in 1967 to support the theory of continental drift. The theory is more than 50 years old but has not been generally accepted until the last few years. It states that the continents were once part of a supercontinent that ...


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Damascus, a three-year-old son of Sword Dancer and Kerala, was the horse of the year. Owned by Edith W. Bancroft and trained by Frank Whitely, Jr., Damascus won 12 of 16 races, setting a one-year earnings mark of $817,941.


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Hungary held elections for the national assembly on March 19, 1967. For the first time since 1947, when the Communists came to power, the voters had an opportunity to choose between two rival candidates for 9 of the 349 parliamentary seats at stake ...


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The high-scoring Chicago Black Hawks, playing strongly over the last half of the season, won the 1967 National Hockey League championship by a wide margin. But in the post-season play-offs, the Toronto Maple Leafs captured the Stanley Cup.


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It was a good year for defending title-holders in the World Figure Skating Championships, held at Zurich, Switzerland, in March. For the second straight year, Peggy Fleming, 18, of Colorado Springs, Colo., won the women's world championship. European ...


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Legislation to amend the 1965 immigration reform law was introduced in Congress on Oct. 11, 1967, by Senator Edward M. Kennedy (D., Mass.) and Representative Emanuel Celler (D., N.Y.). Designed to remove inequities remaining in the ...


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India marked the 20th anniversary of its independence, with little to celebrate in 1967. A shaky federal government, a number of unstable state governments, irresponsible labor lockouts, food riots, and an economic recession all reflected the nation's ...


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With the disastrous floods of 1966 in mind, the Italian parliament approved a record budget in August, 1967, that included allocations of $597,000,000 for land reclamation, reforestation, and flood control. The total budget of $16,758,000,000 was 9.6 ...


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Japan held general elections for its house of representatives on Jan. 29, 1967. The results indicated that the conservative Liberal-Democratic party had won less than a majority of the popular vote. It had captured only 48.8 per cent of the total cast ...


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The war between Israel and the Arab states in June, 1967, had a powerful effect upon American Jews. It effectively recast their self-image and thus conditioned their relationships to other religious groups in the United States and abroad. The debate ...


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Jordan was the hardest hit of the Arab states during Israel's preventive attack in June 1967. The loss of territory and the heavy influx of refugees were most painful because Jordan had been marking modest gains in many areas of its ...


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South Korea's President Chung Hee Park was sworn in to a second four-year term on July 1, 1967. His inauguration followed a general election in May that had been accompanied by widespread violence and subsequent charges by the opposition party that ...


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Kuwait held its first elections since 1963 in January, 1967. At stake were 50 seats in the national assembly. A new election bill, which divided the country into 10 constituencies, was the basis for voting; each constituency returned five deputies. ...


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In the year in which Carl Sandburg died, one of his ageless Rootabaga Stories, The Wedding Procession of the Rag Doll and the Broom Handle and Who Was In It,


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enjoying a relatively stable year, achieved steady political as well as economic progress in 1967. One of its most significant political gains was an agreement with Great Britain for the gradual withdrawal of all British defense forces from Malaysia ...


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Manufacturing generally reflected uncertainties in the economy during 1967the war in Vietnam, the possibility of a 10 per cent corporate tax surcharge, the sluggish state of home building, a number of long strikes in basic industries, and the ...


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The worlds first successful human heart transplant occurred on Dec. 3, 1967, at Cape Town, South Africa. The five-hour operation was performed by a team of 30 surgeons, anesthesiologists, technicians, and nurses under the direction of Dr. ...


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Research into the problem of schizophrenia, a baffling disease that afflicts nearly 500,000 Americans and hospitalizes 250,000, led to an exciting development in 1967. Investigators at the Tulane University School of Medicine reported, in January, ...


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Mexico experienced unprecedented prosperity in 1967. The economy, as of the beginning of September, was growing at an annual rate of 7.5 per cent, which was similar to that of 1966. New construction was at record levels, due in part to the new hotels ...


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The official report of the President's 19-member Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice, published on Feb. 6, 1967, revealed the results of an 18-month study of crime in the United States. Titled The Challenge of Crime in a Free ...


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Premier Fidel Castro marked his ninth year in power more firmly in command than ever before. Through trade with various U.S. allies, Cuba was able to buy bulldozers, graders, heavy-duty trucks, and a multimillion-dollar fertilizer plant, as well as ...


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Tensions between the regime and the intellectuals increased following a writers congress held in July, 1967. The prominent novelist, Ludwick Vaculik, denounced the regimes abuse of power and criticized its failures. Other writers censured Czech ...


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The outstanding feature of 1967 was New York City's spring season. New York City Ballet and American Ballet Theatre appeared at New York State Theater, overlapping the six-week stay of Britain's Royal Ballet next door, at the Metropolitan Opera House. ...


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leaders were worried, unhappy, and divided in 1967, the last year before the 1968 presidential election campaign. President Lyndon B. Johnson appeared to be in deep trouble with his fellow Democrats, chiefly because of the way he had handled the war ...


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Denmark suffered from rising inflation and a serious trade deficit in 1967. Due partly to an antiinflationary measure proposed by Prime Minister Jens Otto Krag, his government fell in December.


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An exchange of letters between the heads of the (East) German Democratic Republic and the Federal Republic of (West) Germany in 1967 was considered a hopeful sign that diplomatic relations between the two states might be restored. The fact that each ...


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Jack Nicklaus and Arnold Palmer, two of golf's friendliest but most spirited rivals, maintained a wide lead over all other players in the Professional Golfers Association (PGA) tour in 1967. It was the richest year ever, with the PGA offering more ...


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The value of the pound sterling was cut approximately 14 per cent on November 18 by Prime Minister Harold Wilsons Labour party government. Its value in U.S. dollars fell from $2.79 to $2.40. Sterling was supported at its new level by large ...


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Greece suffered two major crises in 1967. One stemmed from a military coup that ended democratic rule and resulted in King Constantine II fleeing the country. The other erupted over Cyprus and nearly resulted in a war with Turkey.


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The President's Committee on Employment of the Handicapped observed its 20th anniversary in 1967. Created by President Harry S. Truman in 1947 to increase employment opportunities for the physically handicapped, the committee shortened its name and ...


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The cost of medical care in the United States continued to rise in 1967, and the increased demand for improved and expanded health care was expected to push prices still further upward. This was the bleak report released in March by John W. Gardner, ...


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The Bureau of Indian Affairs moved to give Indians increasing leadership in the development of Indian programs in 1967. In line with this policy, the Indian Resources and Development Act was introduced in Congress in May to provide up to $5,000,000 in ...


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Indonesia gained steadily in its efforts to restore political order, introduce a sense of fiscal responsibility, and reconstitute its image abroad as a responsible nation.


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Iran in 1967 signed military aid agreements with the Soviet Union amounting to $110,000,000. Previously, all of Iran's arms, nearly $1,000,000,000 worth, had come from the United States. Mohammed Riza Pahlevi explained that Russia had offered ...


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Iraq arranged a financial settlement with the foreign-owned Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC) over disputed royalties. IPC paid $39,200,000 as an advance against future production. Syria's continuing dispute with IPC over royalties for shipments across ...


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Ireland held local elections for 108 county and county borough council seats on June 28, 1967. They were the first such elections in seven years. About 41 per cent of the votes were cast for Fianna Fail party candidates, 33 per cent for those allied ...


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Israel nearly doubled its responsibilities in its sudden victory over the combined Arab armies in June. It also added many new headaches. Israeli forces seized Jerusalem and occupied the entire west bank of the River Jordan, the Gaza Strip, the Sinai ...


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Labor force changes in 1967 reflected the continued expansion of the economy. Despite the addition of almost 2,000,000 workers to the total labor force, the unemployment rate stabilized at slightly under 4 per cent. Figures below are based on ...


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Latin America pursued its goal of creating a hemispheric common market. It did so despite disruptive guerrilla activities in a number of its republics, trade barriers that would hamper Latin-American exports, and the constantly present problems of ...


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Lebanon continued to feel the aftereffects of the collapse of Intra Bank, the country's largest financial institution. Intra was declared bankrupt in January; its debt was given as $33,000,000. In October, the Boston, Mass., investment firm of Kidder ...


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The United States Office of Education, on July 18, 1967, announced details of a $3,500,000 Library and Information Sciences Research Program. All types of libraries were expected to benefit from the program, which was funded under Title II-B of the ...


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Libya supported the Arab cause against Israel in the Middle East war although it sent no troops to the front. Mobs rioted in Tripoli, causing damage to Jewish-owned property. On June 6, the government imposed an embargo on oil shipments to all ...


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If trivia, sensational novels, and controversial headlines seemed to predominate in much of the news of book publishing in the United States in 1967, the serious book buyer could at least take comfort in the wide diversity of popular as well as ...


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The third major clash of arms since Israel achieved its independence in 1948 erupted on June 5 between the Arab states and Israel. Heavily outnumbered, the citizen-soldiers of Israel again scored a swift military triumph, even more crushing than ...


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King Hassan II supported Arab unity against Israel, but urged a peace settlement. His political opponents used his moderation and alleged pro-Americanismshown by a state visit to the United States in February, which resulted in a $15,000,000 ...


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With its domestic grosses for 1967 estimated at about $1,000,000,000, the American motion picture industry enjoyed its most prosperous year in more than a decade. It also had other causes for rejoicing. Censorship, which had plagued the studios for ...


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The special distinction of the American symphony orchestra, its collective virtuosity and polish, traditionally has been the result of exceptional musicians working for years with a highly skilled resident music director. A continuing tradition of ...


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New stars, new ideas, and new instruments enlivened the pop scene in 1967. The trend toward innovation grew so powerful that it became difficult to classify any performance in a particular category.


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National elections held in February saw a new party emergeDemocracy 1966. It won seven seats in an attempt to prove that the electorate was sick and tired of proportional representation. The Catholics lost seven seats, the ...


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During the course of any year, the works that will prove to be really significant trends in the visual arts are all but impossible to spot. There may beand usually aremajor events of the moment, but what real and permanent significance ...


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Pakistan celebrated the 20th anniversary of its independence in the midst of an economic boom. Under President Mohammed Ayub Khan, its domestic political problems had become less acute and its foreign policy more independent of either East or West ...


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Athletes from the United States dominated the fifth Pan American Games, held in July and August, 1967, at Winnipeg, Man. The U.S. athletes took 120 gold medals of the 173 available. Their supremacy had been expectedthe gold medal total tied a ...


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Economic crises plagued the country in 1967. Included among them were a large trade deficit, a sizable budgetary deficit, financial woes in the fish meal industy, and a drop in cotton production, the smallest crop since 1951. To help the republic, a ...


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The Philippines held general elections on November 15, 1967, for eight senatorial posts, 65 provincial governorships, and 14,000 mayoral and other city-level offices. When the votes were tallied, the Nationalist party of President Ferdinand E. Marcos ...


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Among the phenomena that physicists understand best are those related to electromagnetic and gravitational forces. Occasionally, however, they discover unusual effects whose explanations lie outside the scope of existing theory. This happened in 1967, ...


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Diversity was the key to radio programming in 1967 for local AM-FM stations and at least one of the networks, American Broadcasting Company (ABC). The New York Times Magazine


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News of religion from the non-Western world ordinarily reaches the West in political and ideological disguises. In Europe and North and South America, it is possible to document religious change chiefly by reporting on church councils and congresses, ...


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Republicans were eager and expectant in 1967 as they contemplated the 1968 elections. Encouraged by public opinion polls and a deepening conviction that President Lyndon B. Johnson was in serious trouble with the voters, the GOP was convinced that ...


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Pope Paul VI again became the pilgrim for peace in 1967. Preaching at Fatima, Portugal, on May 13, he warned that world peace was threatened when moral progress lagged behind scientific and technical progress. The occasion commemorated the 50th ...


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Romania once again demonstrated its independence within the Communist world in 1967. In January, it established diplomatic relations with the Federal Republic of (West) Germany, and later strenuously defended its action despite East German criticism. ...


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Russia marked its 50th year under the Soviet system of government with ceremonial fanfare in almost every sphere of Soviet life in 1967. The regime, headed by Communist Party General Secretary Leonid I. Brezhnev, pursued the even tenor of its ways; ...


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Somali warriors in northeastern Kenya continued guerrilla attacks against Kenya forces in their efforts to make their territory part of Somalia. Kenya called the Somalis shiftas


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The United Nations (UN) General Assembly voted on May 19, 1967, to set up a council that would take over the territory of South West Africa from South Africa and administer it until independence was granted. Prime Minister Balthazar Johannes Vorster ...


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Efforts by the United States and the Soviet Union to land men on the moon were set back by the deaths of spacemen in 1967, but by year's end both countries were recovering their momentum.


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Spain held a national parliamentary election on Oct. 10, 1967, to choose 108 deputies to the 595-seat Cortes


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The business, politics, and chemistry of sports all made headlines in 1967. Sometimes newspaper sports pages seemed to read like the financial section. New highs were reached on the professional golftour, with more than $4,500,000 in prize money, and ...


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Racial problems plagued a number of states in 1967. Governors called out the National Guard 23 times to prevent or control violence resulting from racial antagonisms. Legislatures of 13 states debated bills to forbid racial discrimination in the sale ...


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The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and the American Stock Exchange (Amex) experienced a soaring volume of transactions in 1967. For the first time in history, annual trading volume topped 2,000,000,000 shares on the NYSE in October (2,500,000,000 for ...


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General Anastasio Somoza Debayle, presidential candidate of the ruling Nationalist Liberal party, won the elections held on Feb. 5, 1967, thus continuing the 35-year-old Somoza dynasty in Nicaragua. Sworn into office on May 1, Somoza ...


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Nigeria was torn by civil war between the federal government of Lieutenant Colonel Yakubu Gowon and the nation's Eastern Region. The central government, at Lagos, was formerly supported by the Northern, Eastern, Mid-western, and Western Regions, ...


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Nobel prizes in literature and science were presented at ceremonies in Stockholm, Sweden, on Dec. 10, 1967. The Norwegian storting (Parliament) Nobel Committee in Oslo, Norway, withheld the peace prize for the second consecutive year.


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Norway turned its September local elections into a nationwide opinion poll to test the popularity of the two-year-old coalition governmentthe first nonsocialist administration in 30 years. Labor made some gains, as did the Center Party ...


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The National Council on Marine Resources and Engineering Development, created by the Congress of the United States late in 1966, began to influence all facets of the national oceanographic program in 1967. Edward Wenk, Jr., was appointed secretary for ...


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Pacific islands emerged in varying degrees from their traditional isolation into modern patterns of economic and social life in 1967. A prime force was the Congress of Micronesia, an interisland commission formed to study and propose ways in which ...


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Poland gave its usual firm support to the Soviet Union's foreign policy in 1967. Twice during the yearonce in Poland in January, and again in Moscow in SeptemberSoviet leader Leonid I. Brezhnev conferred with Poland's Wladyslaw Gomulka. ...


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Premier Antonio de Oliveira Salazar marked the 39th anniversary of his rise to power as head of the Portuguese government on April 28, 1967. Shortly thereafter, he announced an ambitious new six-year development plan aimed at bringing the Portuguese ...


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President Lyndon Baines Johnson conferred with many of the world's leaders and traveled widely in 1967. But neither conferences nor trips could conceal the growing opposition to his policiesthe war on poverty at home, and the war in Vietnam ...


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World Protestantism celebrated its 450th anniversary in 1967 and encountered some of the most troublesome issues in its history. Most Protestants consider Oct. 31, 1517, as the symbolic beginning of the Reformation. On that day, Martin Luther issued ...


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Howard Moltz, David Geller, and Robert Levin, working at Brooklyn College in New York City, conducted experiments, in 1967, that suggest the mammary glands contribute little to either the initiation or maintenance of maternal behavior in rats. Female ...


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Puerto Rico held a national referendum on July 23, 1967, in which voters were offered a choice of statehood, independence, or continuing status as a commonwealth of the United States. In the final balloting, nearly 60 per cent of the electorate chose ...


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The number of deaths from accidents in the United States declined in 1967 as the result of decreases in two of the four major categories of accidents. Accidents took 112,000 lives, decreasing 1 per cent from 1966. The accidental death rate was reduced ...


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Saudi Arabia continued its support for the royalists in Yemen's civil war, sharpening King Faisal's differences with United Arab Republic President Gamal Abdel Nasser. Nasser, backing Yemen's republicans, seized the Saudi royal family's properties in ...


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Sierra Leone had two bloodless military coups in March, 1967, following political disputes and election tensions. With the elections approaching, interparty disputes had become so violent that a state of emergency was declared in the Eastern Region on ...


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Jean-Claude Killy dominated Alpine skiing as no one had since Austria's Toni Sailer won three gold medals in the 1956 Winter Olympics. Killy, a 23-year-old French customs inspector from Val d'Isere, France, won 16 out of 23 races against world class ...


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Soccer experienced a stormier year than usual throughout the world. At a game in Kayseri, Turkey, Sept. 17, 1967, a spectator riot resulted in the deaths of 42 fans and injuries to an estimated 600. At the World Club title game in Montevideo, Uruguay, ...


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Social Security legislation passed by the 90th Congress in December, 1967, will provide the largest single benefits increase in the history of the program. The 1967 amendments to the Social Security Act call for an increase of at least 13 per cent for ...


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Sudan held elections in March, 1967, in three provinces in the rebellious southern region to fill 34 vacant seats in the constituent assembly. The Umma party, the majority party in the country's coalition government, won 14 seats.


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Sweden switched from left- to right-hand driving on Sept. 3, 1967. The changeover, which followed four years of planning and an investment of $120,000,000, involved a brief no-traffic period and the instituting of a new, nationwide speed-limit system. ...


