# Flag File

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On Oct. 30, 1983, Raul R. Alfonsin of the Radical Civic Union, a predominantly middle-class party, was elected Argentina's new president with 52 per cent of the popular vote. Alfonsin's victory was considered a landmark event, a stunning defeat of the ...


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United States Marines and Army Rangers invaded the tiny Caribbean island of Grenada on Oct. 25, 1983. It was the first U.S. military intervention in the Western Hemisphere since American troops were sent to the Dominican Republic in 1965. President ...


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Asia was shaken by many different forms of violence during 1983, from wars in Afghanistan and Kampuchea (formerly known as Cambodia), to savage clashes between ethnic groups in India and Sri Lanka, to the Soviet shooting down of an unarmed South ...


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The Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS)


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ushered in a year of sweeping political changes in 1983 as the Australian Labor Party won a national election on March 5. Robert Hawke, leader of the Labor Party for only a month, became prime minister as the Liberal-National Party coalition ...


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Chancellor Bruno Kreisky resigned on April 24, 1983, when his Socialist Party lost its majority in parliament in national elections. Final election results gave the Social Democrats 90 of the 183 seats, a loss of 5; the People's Party 81; and the ...


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The United States automobile industry's long-awaited recovery finally began in 1983. Lower interest rates and increasing consumer confidence in the U.S. economy boosted car and truck sales to their highest levels in four years. Quarterly profits of ...


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Trees are apparently able to warn one another of dangers such as invading insects, botanists discovered in 1983. The scientists theorized that trees send chemical signals through the air that are received by other members of their species and prompt ...


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Earl Anthony of Dublin, Calif., added to his records in career earnings and tournament victories in 1983. Then he retired from the Professional Bowlers Association (PBA) tour at age 45.


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Larry Holmes of Easton, Pa., widely recognized since 1978 as the best heavyweight boxer in the world, showed signs of wear and tear in 1983. But at age 33, Holmes still ruled his division, though he talked of retirement because he said he had beaten ...


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British Columbia, Canada's Pacific province, lived through a year of dramatic confrontation in 1983. It began with an election campaign that featured Premier William R. Bennett's governing Social Credit Party and the socialist New Democratic Party ...


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Bulgaria remained strong economically in 1983. Its net material product grew by about 4.6 per cent, compared with a 4.3 per cent increase in 1982. Industrial output in the first six months of 1983 was 6.3 per cent higher than in the same period in ...


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James G. Watt, the controversial secretary of the interior appointed by President Ronald Reagan in 1981, resigned from the Cabinet on Oct. 9, 1983. Watt had long been opposed by environmental groups and many Democrats for his policy of opening public ...


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Editors and publishers from 25 countries, attending a meeting of the International Press Institute in Talloires, Francenear Annecyon Sept. 30, 1983, agreed that government curbs on press freedom increased sharply throughout the world ...


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Belisario Betancur, Colombia's dynamic president, received high marks in 1983 for moving toward his pledged goal of Change with Justicea program aimed at promoting a fairer distribution of national income. In foreign affairs, ...


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The United States communications system braced in 1983 for the dramatic changes in pricing, services, and policy surrounding the breakup on Jan. 1, 1984, of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T). It was a painful year for the ...


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In the history of digital computers, 1983 will be noted as the year in which work on the next generationsometimes called the fifth generationof these machines began in earnest. Japan and Great Britain intensified national efforts to ...


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The first session of the politically divided 98th Congress produced a mix of compromise, consensus, and confrontation, as well as substantive progress and political posturing, in advance of the 1984 elections. With Democrats in firm control of the ...


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United States Secretary of the Interior James G. Watt resigned on Oct. 9, 1983, ending a bitter controversy over his policies for managing the nation's natural resources. Watt was driven from office, however, not primarily because of his policies, but ...


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A growing controversy over defense cast doubt on Denmark's credibility as a viable member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1983. Prime Minister Poul Schluter's Conservative-led minority coalition government suffered defeats on ...


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A drug that in experimental use has promised to revolutionize organ transplantation won tentative approval from the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in late August 1983 for use in kidney, liver, and heart transplants. Isolated from a ...


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Russian Orthodox services for Soviet head of state Leonid I. Brezhnev, who died on Nov. 10, 1982, provoked controversy in 1983. On Nov. 14, 1982, Pimen, patriarch of Moscow and all Russia, celebrated a memorial service for the repose of Brezhnev's ...


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The predicted drop in college and university enrollments in the United States failed to materialize in 1983. Although some 100,000 fewer students graduated from high school in 1983 than in 1982, other trends upset early predictions. More adults ...


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The government of President Hosni Mubarak improved its relations with other Arab states in 1983. Egypt backed Iraq in its war with Iran with equipment and advisers. In December, Egypt and Jordan signed a five-year trade agreement. It was the first ...


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Hotly contested mayoral contests, some with heavy racial overtones, claimed the election spotlight in the United States in 1983. None attracted more attention than the election of the first black mayor of Chicago.


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Most areas of the United States in 1983 reported increases in hunger and malnutrition caused by budget cuts in welfare and food programs, stricter eligibility rules for participation in those programs, and unemployment. Several states reported a high ...


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The face and salary structure of professional football was changed in 1983 by the debut of the United States Football League (USFL), which played in the spring and summer. Even though the 63-year-old National Football League (NFL) played at a higher ...


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The weakness of the franc caused a series of crises in France in 1983. In March, the franc twice touched its lowest permissible limit of 2.89 francs against the West German Deutsche mark. In the week ending on March 12, French financial authorities ...


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New evidence supporting the theory that the collision of a giant meteorite or asteroid with the earth about 65 million years ago led to the extinction of many animal species, including dinosaurs, was presented in 1983. The meteorite theory was first ...


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Hal Sutton, in only his second year on the Professional Golfers' Association of America (PGA) tour, and Tom Watson, an international star for a decade, were the most successful male golfers in 1983. Patty Sheehan was named Player of the Year on the ...


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The personality and policies of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher continued to dominate the political scene in 1983, highlighted by her resounding victory in general elections that were held on June 9. But a new face appeared at the head of the Labour ...


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In 1983, for the second consecutive year, Americans won the world figure-skating championships for men and women. Scott Hamilton of Denver took the men's title for the third straight year. Among the women, Rosalynn Sumners of Edmonds, Wash., dethroned ...


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A six-year effort to enact the most sweeping overhaul of United States immigration laws in nearly two decades was derailed on Sept. 29, 1983. On that day, Thomas P. (Tip) O'Neill, Jr. (D., Mass.), Speaker of the House of Representatives, announced he ...


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Thousands of people were killed in India's Assam state during February 1983 by fighting among ethnic, religious, and linguistic groups. Estimates of the dead ranged from 3,000 to 5,000 people, and another 400,000 were left homeless.


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United States Secretary of the Interior James G. Watt created a storm of controversy on Jan. 18, 1983, when he said during a television interview that Indian reservations were an example of the failure of socialism. Watt said that the 1.4 ...


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Indonesia's parliament, the People's Consultative Assembly, unanimously elected President Suharto to his fourth five-year term on March 10, 1983. The parliament also gave him wider powers to deal with national security problems. At Suharto's request, ...


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Iran continued to escalate its war with Iraq in 1983 as the struggle between the two Islamic neighbors entered its fourth year with no end in sight. On February 7, the Iranians launched an offensive that resulted in the recovery of some of Iran's own ...


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The savage war with Iran entered its fourth year in 1983 with no prospect of a settlement. Although Iraq continued to hold about 450 square miles (1,170 square kilometers) of Iranian territory, the war was fought chiefly on Iraqi soil. Several ...


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A coalition government of the Fine Gael (Gaelic People) and the Labour Party initiated discussions in 1983 aimed at uniting Ireland and Northern Ireland. A New Ireland Forum was proposed on March 11 to draft a plan for unification.


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Israel thought it had reached a second milestone in its relations with its Arab neighbors in May 1983 with the signing of a security agreement with Lebanon. The agreement, negotiated by United States mediators, provided for the phased withdrawal of ...


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Bettino Craxi became the first Socialist to lead an Italian government when his five-party coalition cabinet was sworn in on Aug. 4, 1983. His predecessor, Christian Democrat Amintore Fanfani, resigned on April 29, after the Socialists withdrew their ...


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In elections on Dec. 18, 1983, Japan's ruling Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) lost its majority in the lower house of the Diet (parliament). The LDP won 250 seats, 6 short of a majority in the 511-member House of Representatives, as the powerful lower ...


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A number of significant developments affected world Jewry in 1983. The continuing conflicts in the Middle East, the status and security of Jewish communities around the world, and major religious issues topped the agenda of Jewish concerns.


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Despite a slow recovery from the recession, the United States publishing industry demonstrated its confidence in the future of literature by issuing an extraordinary number of short-story collections during 1983. Such volumes almost never break even. ...


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Publishers of children's books reissued many old favorites in 1983, including Pinocchio, The Velveteen Rabbit,


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Magazine advertising revenues in the United States in 1983 increased by about 12 per cent over 1982's record high, reaching nearly $4 billion, while the number of pages of advertising grew by nearly 7 per cent. The combined circulation per issue of ...


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A dispute arose in 1983 over the power of Malaysia's king. Hereditary rulers, most of whom are called sultans,


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Manitoba saw an old ghost arise in 1983the controversial issue of language rights for the 60,000 Manitobans who speak French. Guaranteed the freedom to use their language in education and in the legislature by Manitoba's original constitution of ...


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Manufacturing in the United States enjoyed a year of recovery in 1983. Industrial production rebounded from the throes of a recession that crippled industry from July 1981 through November 1982. The economy roared back in the first half of 1983, then ...


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One of the most dramatic experiments in the history of medicine ended on March 23, 1983, when Barney B. Clark, recipient of the first artificial heart, died at the University of Utah Medical Center in Salt Lake City. Clark, a 62-year-old retired ...


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On Jan. 28, 1983, the government announced that it had chosen Woensdrecht air base in the southern part of the country as the site for the installation of 48 medium-range nuclear missiles. In 1979, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) had ...


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The province of New Brunswick set up a $4-million (Canadian dollars; $1 = U.S. 80 cents on Dec. 31, 1983) endowment fund in September 1983 to support a French-language daily newspaper in Moncton. The daily l'Evangeline


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The traditional economic mainstay of Newfoundland, its fisheries, experienced deep trouble in 1983. Overfishing, high interest rates, and poor markets emphasized the boom-and-bust cycle of the industry. A federal study recommended issuing licenses and ...


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The Administration of President Ronald Reagan took steps to cut the flow of certain government information to the public in 1983. One White House directive in March ordered that federal employees with access to classified national security data sign ...


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The Sandinista National Liberation Front, a leftist group ruling Nicaragua, came under increasing attack during 1983. From the sanctuary of Honduras to the north, rebels calling themselves the Nicaraguan Democratic Forces launched scattered raids into ...


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Nigeria returned to military rule on Dec. 31, 1983, as the government of President Shehu Shagari was overthrown in a nonviolent coup. The civilian government was replaced by a 14-member Supreme Military Council, headed by Major General Mohammed ...


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The International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1983 approved all plans for the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. Selection of the last of the sites for the 26 sports was completed in June. During the year, pre-Olympic international competition took ...


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A major financial scandal involving three Ontario trust companies dominated the news in early 1983. The issue arose from the complicated sale and resale of 10,931 Toronto apartments (10 per cent of the city's units) in November 1982, an operation that ...


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Extraordinary weather, characterized by cyclones in the east and searing droughts in the west, hit the Pacific Islands in 1983. The weather was blamed on a phenomenon called El Nino, which brings abnormally warm waters to South America's west coast ...


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On Aug. 12, 1983, Pakistan's President Mohammad Zia-ul-Haq announced his timetable for the first national elections since he seized control of the country in 1977. In a speech to the National Advisory Council, a hand-picked consultant group he created ...


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A report published in July 1983 strongly supported the theory that birds first began to fly by jumping off the ground while chasing insects rather than by gliding from branch to branch like flying squirrels.


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Criticism of the democratically elected government's failure to end a three-year-old rebellion mounted in 1983. Critics charged that President Fernando Belaunde Terry was not dealing firmly enough with guerrillas of the Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path) ...


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Prince Edward Island, Canada's smallest province, achieved a 10-year objective in 1983 when an agreement was signed in June to establish a new veterinary college at the University of Prince Edward Island by 1987. Half of the funding for construction ...


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Despite a three-year reduction in the rate at which Americans commit serious crimes, the population of United States prisons rose to a record level in 1983. A survey by the Bureau of Justice Statistics, a unit of the U.S. Department of Justice, found ...


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The major ecumenical news of United States Protestants in 1983 came from the two major Presbyterian bodies, who healed their 122-year schism. The United Presbyterian Church of the U.S.A. (UPUSA), chiefly Northern, and the Presbyterian Church in the ...


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New findings in 1983 added to the growing knowledge about relationships between biological and psychological processesthe mind-body problem. Researchers Paul Ekman, Robert W. Levenson, and Wallace V. Friesen of the Department of ...


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One of the century's most mysterious and deadly afflictions, acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), sparked worldwide interest and concern throughout 1983. As of mid-December, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in Atlanta, Ga., reported ...


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Puerto Rico's economy continued in the doldrums during 1983. Nearly 25 per cent of the island's work force was unable to find jobs. Only the help of federal food stamp programs kept many families from going hungry.


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Yuri V. Andropov solidified his position in the first half of 1983 despite his indifferent health. Andropov had succeeded Leonid I. Brezhnev as general secretary of the Soviet Communist Party after Brezhnev died in November 1982. On May 9, 1983, ...


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The Consumer Product Safety Commission, the United States government office with the broadest authority to protect consumer safety, spent much of 1983 fighting for its life. Two proposals approved by the House of Representatives on June 29 were ...


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The Progressive Conservative (PC) Party, led by Premier Grant Devine, celebrated its first year in office in April 1983 after 11 years in opposition. The first session of the new legislature, ending on March 10, resulted in the enactment of 67 laws, ...


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Saudi Arabia kept a low profile in the Middle East during 1983, preferring to work behind the scenes with other Arab states and distributing its wealth more selectively in the face of declining oil revenues. In May, the Saudis cautiously endorsed the ...


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In 1983, American Alpine skiers enjoyed their greatest success ever. Phil Mahre of White Pass, Wash., won the World Cup men's overall championship for the third consecutive year. Tamara McKinney of Squaw Valley, Calif., became the first American woman ...


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United States and Canadian soccer suffered severe setbacks in 1983 both on the playing field and in the committee room. The greatest blow came when separate bids by the two countries to stage the 1986 World Cup competition were dismissed in favor of ...


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Higher stock prices, lower interest rates, and an expanding economy made 1983 a fairly happy year in United States securities markets. The stock market, which had foreseen the economic recovery as early as August 1982, set new records every few weeks ...


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President and Prime Minister Gaafar Mohamed Nimeiri was reelected to a third six-year term in a 12-day referendum held in April 1983. Nimeiri, who was the only candidate, won 99.6 per cent of the vote.


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SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES (1983)

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In a term marked by a number of significant constitutional rulings, the Supreme Court of the United States in 1983 continued several recent trends: strengthening state powers against federal encroachment, bolstering police search powers, and ...


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On April 26, 1983, Sweden accused the Soviet Union of gross violations of Swedish territorial integrity and of carrying out a series of coordinated and carefully planned submarine maneuvers inside Swedish waters. Sweden said ...


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In 1983, male swimmers enjoyed great success. World records were broken in 11 of 16 events for men. Only 3 of the 16 women's records fell, all to East Germans.


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Syria returned to the forefront of Middle Eastern affairs in 1983 through its involvement in Lebanon. President Hafiz al-Assad strongly opposed the Israeli-Lebanese peace agreement, signed in May, which called for the withdrawal of all foreign troops ...


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Taiwan reduced government spending in the fiscal year beginning July 1, 1983. The reduction was the first in 30 years, after steady increases.


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Turkey took a decisive step toward the restoration of parliamentary government on Nov. 6, 1983, when elections were held for a new parliament called the Grand National Assembly (GNA). Parliamentary government had been suspended since September 1980, ...


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United Nations (UN) institutions in 1983 held major debates on the Soviet Union's shooting down of a South Korean airliner, the United States invasion of Grenada, and troubles in Cyprus, Central America, and Lebanon.


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The federal government of the United States was awash in red ink throughout 1983. The budget deficit for fiscal year 1983, which ended on September 30, was a record $195.35 billion. The old record was $110.66 billion, set a year earlier.


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Jaime Lusinchi was elected president on Dec. 4, 1983, easily defeating former President Rafael Caldera. Lusinchi and his Democratic Action Party (AD) also won solid control of both houses of the National Congress. The AD's margin in both houses ...


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enjoyed improved economic conditions in 1983. A third successive year of good harvests and a continued use of incentives to encourage private production combined to raise living standards. The Communist regime began during 1983 to try to gain more ...


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International loan exhibitions highlighted the art world during 1983. Reputedly the most expensive such show ever mounted, The Vatican Collections: The Papacy and Art opened in February at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. ...


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Despite urging from the United States, Jordan's King Hussein I in 1983 refused to endorse U.S. President Ronald Reagan's peace plan for the Middle East. The key elements of the plan were Jordanian participation in peace talks and the establishment of ...


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Unemployment in the United States dropped with unexpected but welcome suddenness to 8.2 per cent by December 1983, according to seasonally adjusted Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data, from a 42-year peak of 10.8 per cent in December 1982. Recovery ...


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Latin America worked hard during 1983 to recover from a recession brought on by spiraling national debts and a slowdown in the world economy. Fears of deepening social unrest mounted as many governments cut back on social programs at a time of record ...


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Lebanon remained the storm center of conflict in the Middle East throughout 1983 as the country struggled to establish some sort of national agreement in the face of foreign occupation and recurrent civil strife. In the process, the multinational ...


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The John Fitzgerald Kennedy Library in Boston on June 27, 1983, released the first 710-minute portion of approximately 260 hours of conversation taped during the last 16 months of Kennedy's presidency. The tapes covered such events as James H. ...


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The hand of Leader of the Revolution Muammar Muhammad al-Qadhafi was seen in several actions that raised tensions in the Middle East and Africa during 1983. On February 22, Libya was implicated in an alleged plot to over-throw the Sudanese government. ...


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The Soviet Union withdrew from the World Psychiatric Association in February 1983, several months before a scheduled discussion of alleged Soviet abuses of psychiatry at the World Congress of Psychiatry in Vienna, Austria, in July. At the July ...


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Shaken by the worst financial crisis in more than 50 years, Mexico edged back onto the road to recovery in 1983 with strong support from the United States. In the wake of 1982's 70 per cent devaluation of the peso, most Mexicans suffered economic ...


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Israel's invasion of Lebanon, launched in June 1982 with high hopes of ensuring permanent security for Israel and the destruction of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), turned into a nightmare in 1983. Other than the enforced departure of the ...


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Morocco made important progress in 1983 toward resolving the seven-year conflict in Western Sahara, which has undermined its economy and isolated the country politically from its African neighbors. Libyan leader Muammar Muhammad al-Qadhafi and ...


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In the early fall of 1983, rumors in the United States motion-picture industry promised a spectacular marriage of movies and politics in The Right Stuff,


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Although music-producing organizations in the United States seemed to spend less time lamenting their money problems in 1983and more time celebrating happier eventsfinancial difficulties continued to plague them. Evidence of the problem ...


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Singer Michael Jackson and producer Quincy Jones became the most successful pair of pop music-makers in 1983. Their album, Thriller,


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Nobel prizes in peace, literature, economics, and the sciences were awarded in 1983 by the Norwegian Storting (parliament) in Oslo and by the Royal Academy of Science, the Caroline Institute, and the Swedish Academy of Literature, all in Stockholm, ...


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A new assembly failed in 1983 to make progress toward ending direct rule by the British Parliament, largely because of a boycott by the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP), the largest Roman Catholic minority party. The boycott squelched chances ...


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Scientists formed an expedition in 1983 to explore an underwater mountain range extending from Ellesmere Island in Canada's Northwest Territories to Siberia in the Soviet Union. Working in April and May about 300 miles (480 kilometers) from the North ...


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Prime Minister Kaare Willoch formed a three-party non-Socialist government on May 31, 1983, replacing his Conservative minority administration. The new government took office on June 9, with a 79-76 majority in the Storting (parliament). Willoch ...


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National Sea Products Limited of Halifax, Canada's largest fishing company, announced on Aug. 16, 1983, that it was closing five processing plants and tying up 23 trawlers. About 1,500 workers would be laid off because of the shutdown, blamed on high ...


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On March 10, 1983, President Ronald Reagan signed a proclamation claiming a 200-nautical-mile (370-kilometer) exclusive economic zone (EEZ) for the United States. Reagan also issued a statement on U.S. oceans policy. The statement dealt with matters ...


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Demonstrations against the continued rule of President Ferdinand E. Marcos agitated the Philippines in late 1983. The demonstrations were touched off by the murder on August 21 of opposition leader Benigno S. Aquino, Jr. He was killed at Manila ...


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Experiments announced on Jan. 20, 1983, revealed the essential unity of two of nature's fundamental forcesthe electromagnetic force, which accounts for electricity and magnetism; and the weak force, which is responsible for the decay, or ...


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The military regime of Wojciech Jaruzelski consolidated its power in 1983, and Poland's economy improved. However, political tension and economic hardship continued.


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President Antonio dos Santos Ramalho Eanes dissolved parliament on Feb. 4, 1983, in an attempt to end a government crisis caused by the resignation of Prime Minister Francisco Pinto Balsemao in December 1982. However, a general election on April 25 ...


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In fiscal 1983, for the second straight year, the U.S. Postal Service ran an operating surplus. The 1983 surplus was $606 million, down from $802 million a year earlier. However, Robert L. Hardesty, chairman of the Postal Service's Board of Governors, ...


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Ronald Reagan found himself wrestling with problems of national security and foreign policy throughout 1983. The nation's attention was focused on Reagan's projected defense build-up, arms control talks with the Soviet Union, the civil war in El ...


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Prime Minister Rene Levesque's Parti Quebecois (PQ) government faced a severe challenge from public sector employees in January 1983. The government decided it had to order layoffs and cut public employee salaries by 20 per cent for the first three ...


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A major influence on radio in the United States in 1983 ironically may have come from television. That influence was Music Television (MTV), a cable television channel featuring rock video performances. Suddenly, it seemed that FM rock stations were ...


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Most news of world religion in 1983 came in connection with news of unrest or military actions, as it has so often in recent years. The conflicts occurred between peoples whose differing faiths intensify their competing interests.


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The Republican Party spent most of 1983 in a state of suspended animation, awaiting word from President Ronald Reagan on whether he would be the party's 1984 candidate. Reagan said he wanted to withhold his decision as long as possibleand he ...


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On May 3, 1983, the Roman Catholic bishops of the United States adopted by a vote of 238 to 9 a pastoral letter stating their views on nuclear war and peace. The 150-page document, titled The Challenge of Peace: God's Promise and Our ...


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Romania improved its relations with the West and maintained a measure of political independence within the Eastern bloc in 1983. The government ended a controversy over an education tax that it had imposed in November 1982. The tax law required ...


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In January 1983, the National Commission on Social Security Reform produced a compromise package of proposals for changing the United States social security system. With help from President Ronald Reagan and Speaker of the House Thomas P. (Tip) ...


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In a referendum on Nov. 2, 1983, white voters approved a new Constitution that will permit limited participation in government decision making by South Africans of mixed race or Asian descent. However, blacks, who make up nearly 70 per cent of the ...


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The United States space shuttle orbiter Challenger


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Spain and the United States saved a disputed defense pact on Feb. 24, 1983, when they signed an agreement that allowed Spain to reconsider its proposed entry into the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Without this agreement, the United States ...


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Drug scandals rocked professional and amateur sports in 1983. Most involved the use and sale of cocaine among professional athletes and the use of anabolic steroidsartificial male hormonesamong amateurs. In many cases, the professional ...


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Sri Lanka was ravaged during 1983 by fighting that developed out of tensions between the majority Sinhalese Buddhist community and the minority Tamil Hindus. About 400 persons were killed, most of them Tamils, and an estimated 100,000 people were made ...


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The first order of business for nearly all state legislatures in the United States in 1983 was balancing the budget. In their legislative messages, most governors listed the budget, the economy, and jobs as their main concerns. At least 30 governors ...


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United States President Ronald Reagan, concerned about record federal deficits that were approaching $200 billion a year, proposed conditional stand-by tax increases in his Jan. 25, 1983, State of the Union address. Under Reagan's ...


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Network televisionABC, CBS, and NBCdominated viewership in the United States in 1983, but the networks continued to lose viewers to cable television and to the increasingly successful independent stations. The shift in viewing habits and ...


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Martina Navratilova of Dallas dominated women's tennis in 1983 for the third straight year, winning the Wimbledon championship for the fourth time and the United States Open for the first. Among the men, John McEnroe of New York City won his second ...


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Thailand held parliamentary elections on April 18, 1983. Prem Tinsulanonda again became prime minister, but the elections showed the political power of the army, headed by General Arthit Kamlang-ek.


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The first world track and field championships were held from August 7 to 14, 1983, in Helsinki, Finland. A total of 1,572 athletes from 157 nations competed.


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Transportation rebounded smartly in the United States in 1983 as the economy gained strength and companies learned how to cope with deregulation. Many airlines and trucking firms enjoyed sizable earnings gains, but some wrestled with severe financial ...


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An unusual pattern of air circulation brought the warmest winter in 25 years to the Eastern United States in early 1983, along with colder than normal temperatures and heavy snows in the West. Storms did not follow their normal path across the central ...


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In a continuing push to reduce growth in federal spending, United States President Ronald Reagan proposed in his annual budget message on Jan. 31, 1983, that welfare outlays be cut from $8.2 billion in the 1983 fiscal year ending September 30 to $7.5 ...


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At the request of eight small island countries of the Caribbean, the United States, together with forces from six of those countries, invaded the West Indian country of Grenada on Oct. 25, 1983. The multinational invasion force found evidence that ...


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The main problems in Yugoslavia in 1983 were internal disunity and financial instability. In May, the collective state presidency elected Mika Spiljak, a Croat, president for one year; and the Presidium of the ruling political party, the League of ...


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Yukon Territory received help for its hardpressed mining industry in 1983. On September 30, the federal government presented the first installment of a $19.6-million (Canadian dollars; $1 = U.S. 80 cents on Dec. 31, 1983) interest-free loan to the ...


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The government of Zimbabwe, led by Prime Minister Robert Mugabe, used controversial methods against suspected rebels in 1983. In January, it dispatched the elite Fifth Army Brigade to Matabeleland province in southwestern Zimbabwe, the scene of ...


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A recently discovered microscopic marine animal is so unique that scientists in October 1983 described it as a new animal phylum. There are 35 phyla


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Zoos in the United States encouraged motherhood during 1983 as populations of many animal species continued to dwindle in the wild. The most popular expectant mother of the year was Ling-Ling, a giant panda at the National Zoological Park in ...


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The plight of Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., son of the late senator, in 1983 dramatized the spread of heroin to all segments of U.S. society. In September, Kennedy was arrested for possession of heroin after apparently overdosing on an airplane. He ...


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The major public health problem in the United States during 1983 was acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Victims of the usually fatal disease, mainly male homosexuals, easily fall prey to infections and a rare form of cancer because their ...


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Despite the economic recovery that benefited some segments of the United States economy in 1983, most U.S. farmers remained unhappy with the economic situation. Many experienced their fourth bad year in a row. Complicating the situation was the ...


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President Joao Baptista de Oliveira Figueiredo received increasing criticism in 1983 as Brazil's economy slipped into a deep recession. On October 19, the National Congress defeated a law that would have cut government spending and limited wage ...


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Controversy over police intelligence activities and a debate on Los Angeles' first freedom-of-information ordinance captured the city's attention in 1983. Also during the year, county voters defeated a rent-control initiative, and the region's massive ...


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Mayor Marion S. Barry, Jr., was inaugurated for a second term on Jan. 2, 1983, after receiving a strong mandate from constituents in his November 1982 reelection. The Barry administration proposed a relatively austere $2-billion budget for fiscal 1984 ...


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The United States Bureau of the Census continued in 1983 to release information gathered during the 1980 census and statistics collected since then. By Jan. 1, 1984, the population of the United States was about 234.9 million, about 2.1 million more ...


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Montreal's economy continued to slide in 1983, as it has for more than a decade. But there were signs of a long-term recovery as the year ended. The city's aviation industry, its brightest point in past years, took a serious blow in June when the ...


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After a three-year decline, world production of crude oil began to stabilize during 1983 as economic conditions improved in industrialized countries. Oil production during the first six months of the year averaged 51.2 million barrels per day (bpd), ...


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The world's population rose to an estimated 4.7 billion in mid-1983, 27 per cent more people than in 1970 and 54 per cent more than in 1960, according to the United States Bureau of the Census. The bureau estimated that if the current annual rate of ...


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The worldwide economy improved modestly in 1983, largely because of a strong economic recovery in the United States. Many less-developed nations, however, remained in seriousor even criticalfinancial straits, and unemployment in Western ...


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Major publications from a number of prominent American poets appeared in 1983. The Complete Poems 1927-1979


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Philadelphia voters on Nov. 8, 1983, elected W. Wilson Goode as the first black mayor in the city's 301-year history. Goode, 45, a Democrat and son of a sharecropper, captured 55 per cent of the vote. His opponentsJohn J. Egan, Jr., a former ...


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Albania continued cautiously to strengthen its relations with the West in 1984 against a background of economic difficulties. In January, Albania and Italy signed an agreement on cultural, educational, and scientific cooperation, and the countries' ...


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Southern Alberta experienced a hot dry summer in 1984, similar to those of the Dust Bowl years of the 1930's. Crops on nonirrigated land were severely damaged by the drought, and the worst plague of grasshoppers in a decade compounded the problem. On ...


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Chadli Bendjedid was reelected to a second five-year term as Algeria's president on Jan. 12, 1984. He had no opposition, but nevertheless 96 per cent of eligible voters cast their ballots. The ruling National Liberation Front (FLN) had declared that ...


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In October 1984, a team of scientists working in Kenya reported the discovery of the most complete Homo erectus


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On May 15, 1984, a joint team of United States and Guatemalan archaeologists discovered the first painted Maya tomb to be found intact since the early 1960's. Led by Richard E. W. Adams of the University of Texas at San Antonio, the team found the ...


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Architecture served as a festive framework for two public events during 1984: the Louisiana World Exposition, held from May to November in New Orleans, and the Summer Olympic Games, held in July and August in Los Angeles. The New Orleans fair featured ...


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It was a demanding first full year in office in 1984 for President Raul Alfonsin of Argentina, who was elected in October 1983 following seven years of military rule. Alfonsin was confronted with a nation ravaged by economic problems, including an ...


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Efforts by the Administration of United States President Ronald Reagan to resume talks with the Soviet Union on nuclear arms control remained at a stalemate during much of 1984. In June, the Soviets proposed September talks on banning the ...


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A traveler in Asia during 1984 would have found most of the continent's more than 2 billion people quietly eking out a living. From villages where too many people tried to wrest enough food from too little good land, to overcrowded cities where some ...


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In January 1984, atmospheric scientist Larry W. Esposito of the University of Colorado at Boulder announced that at least one and possibly more of the volcanoes on Venus are active  that is, capable of erupting. When a volcano is inactive, it no ...


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The Detroit Tigers made baseball history in 1984 by getting off to the fastest start ever, winning 35 of their first 40 games. The Tigers went on to win the American League's Eastern Division, the American League pennant, and the World Series.


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The Boston Celtics won the National Basketball Association (NBA) title in June 1984 for the 15th time by defeating the Los Angeles Lakers, 4 games to 3, in the play-off finals. Georgetown University won the National Collegiate Athletic Association ...


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Prime Minister Wilfried A. E. Martens announced on March 17, 1984, a drastic three-year austerity plan to stave off Belgium's bankruptcy. Martens was concerned for a number of reasons. The unemployment rate of 15 per cent was one of the highest in ...


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In 1984, yachting groups in the United States started a campaign to regain the America's Cup, the sport's most hallowed trophy. The United States had lost the cup to Australia in 1983 after having held it for 132 years.


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Many kinds of trees in the forests of the Eastern United States are growing more slowly than they used to, scientists reported in 1984. The researchers theorized that the cause of the trees' declining growth rate may be acid rain


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Bob Chamberlain, Mike Durbin, Mark Roth, and Earl Anthony won the major bowling tournaments for men in 1984. Aleta Sill and Lisa Rathgeber were the most successful women bowlers.


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Greg Page of Louisville, Ky., and Pinklon Thomas of Philadelphia ended 1984 as the heavyweight champions recognized by the world's two most important governing bodies in professional boxing  the World Boxing Association (WBA) and the World ...


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In 1984, Premier William R. Bennett's governing Social Credit Party advanced toward its goal of establishing a new conservative orientation for Canada's most westerly province. To bring government expenditures more into line with income, Bennett ...


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Secretary of Labor Raymond J. Donovan was indicted on Sept. 24, 1984, on charges that, while an officer of a New Jersey construction company in 1979, he had defrauded the New York City Transit Authority of nearly $8 million. Donovan, who took an ...


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The government of President Paul Biya survived a 36-hour military uprising in April 1984. On the morning of April 6, units of the 1,500-member presidential guard tried to capture Biya and gain control of the capital city, Yaounde. Regular army units ...


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The face of Canadian politics was changed on Sept. 4, 1984, when the Progressive Conservative Party (PC or Conservatives) won a massive electoral victory. Brian Mulroney, 45, who had been chosen leader of the Progressive Conservative Party in June ...


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Canadian literature faced threats on several financial fronts in 1984. McClelland and Stewart, Limited, Canada's leading publisher of books for the general public, required $3 million in loans and grants from the provincial government of Ontario to ...


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Computer technology continued to develop as a branch of the technology of information storage and movement in 1984, and the several branches of the larger technology continued to merge. For example, it became difficult in 1984 to discuss computer ...


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When the second session of the 98th Congress convened on Jan. 23, 1984, members immediately began grumbling about money  how much to spend and how much to borrow to keep the government functioning. And when Congress adjourned on October 12, it ...


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Conservation leaders in the United States in 1984 launched the most ambitious political campaign in the history of the U.S. environmental movement. Rafe Pomerance, president of Friends of the Earth, began the campaign at an acid rain conference in New ...


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In a rebuff to the United States, the International Court of Justice at The Hague, in the Netherlands, decided unanimously on May 10, 1984, that the United States should cease its attempts to mine or blockade Nicaragua's ports. The United States had ...


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Terrorism in support of political objectives continued to plague governments throughout the world during 1984. The most serious incident was the assassination on October 31 of India's Prime Minister Indira Gandhi by two of her bodyguards in New Delhi, ...


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President Fidel Castro marked the 25th anniversary of the Cuban revolution on Jan. 2, 1984, with a speech that bitterly attacked the Administration of United States President Ronald Reagan and the 1983 U.S. invasion of Grenada. Castro called U.S. ...


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A record number of students registered for the 1984-1985 school year at the approximately 3,000 colleges and universities in the United States. Enrollment reached 12.6 million, up from 1983's record enrollment of 12.5 million. Fewer high school ...


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In 1984, President Hosni Mubarak continued to rebuild links broken between his country and other Arab states when Egypt signed a peace treaty with Israel in 1979. On Jan. 19, 1984, the 42-member Islamic Conference Organization, meeting in Casablanca, ...


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Republican Ronald Reagan was reelected President of the United States with a record number of electoral votes on Nov. 6, 1984, defeating a Democratic ticket that included the first woman ever nominated for the vice presidency by a major political ...


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Digital electronics continued to make news in 1984, though the hectic pace of growth of recent years slowed somewhat. Instead, digital technology began to move into established fields of electronics. (Digital components process data in bits


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Jose Napoleon Duarte of the Christian Democratic Party was elected president of El Salvador on May 6, 1984, following two years of transitional rule. Duarte won 54 per cent of the vote in a special runoff election against his only opponent, Roberto ...


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William D. Ruckelshaus, administrator of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), resigned unexpectedly on Nov. 28, 1984, effective on Jan. 5, 1985. He had taken over as EPA chief in May 1983, two months after Anne M. Burford resigned ...


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Retail toy sales in the United States showed healthy growth in 1983, while toy manufacturing was stable. Stores concentrated on moving their inventories and used caution in placing new toy orders. But as the U.S. economy improved, consumers bought ...


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The war between Soviet Union occupation forces and the Afghan mujahedeen


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Harold Washington was elected Chicago's first black mayor on April 12, 1983. Washington, a United States representative from the city's South Side since 1980 and an Illinois state legislator for the 15 previous years, received 51.7 per cent of the ...


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New York City experienced a strong economic rebound in 1983, paced by retail sales, construction, and air passenger traffic. As an indication of its improved fiscal condition, the city on May 25 sold bonds competitively for the first time since its ...


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Dallas was one of several Southern and Western cities trying to develop mass transit. Voters in the city of Dallas and its larger suburbs on August 13 approved the creation of an $8.9-billion, 160-mile (260-kilometer) regional rail-transit system. The ...


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Buoyed by the resurgence of the automobile industry, Detroit's recession-battered economy showed signs of revival in 1983. But persistently high unemployment created serious fiscal problems.


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Houston was battered by Hurricane Alicia on Aug. 18, 1983. The storm formed rapidly over the Gulf of Mexico before heading north and hitting the Texas coast with winds of 115 miles (185 kilometers) per hour, tornadoes, and heavy rains. The storm ...


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Storms and unusually cold air swept over the Colorado Basin in May 1983, creating an unprecedented situation. The snowpack in the Rocky Mountains became higher on June 1 than it had been on May 1. And then a heat wave struck the Rockies at the end of ...


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Congress and the Federal Reserve System (Fed) continued to lift banking regulations in 1983, making it a year of opportunities for banks in the United States. But it was also a year of danger as competing institutions lured away customers, and poorly ...


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An improved economy in the United States sparked an increase in spending for new construction in 1983. Based on activity for the first eight months of the year, the Department of Commerce estimated that spending for 1983 would total $276.1 billion, up ...


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Minority groups made major political gains in the cities of the United States in 1983. The election of Harold Washington as mayor of Chicago and W. Wilson Goode as mayor of Philadelphia put blacks at the head of four of the nation's six largest cities ...


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The United States enjoyed a year of healthy recovery in 1983 from the severe recession of 1981-1982. The gross national product (GNP)the total amount of goods and services producedgrew by about 10 per cent to $3.3 trillion in current ...


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The United States is still decades away from achieving its long-standing goal of total energy independence, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) said on Oct. 2, 1983, in announcing a new national energy plan. Secretary of Energy Donald P. Hodel said ...


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Australian voters reelected Prime Minister Robert Hawke in national elections on Dec. 1, 1984. Hawke, who had succeeded Malcolm Fraser as prime minister in March 1983, called the new election to take advantage of his popularity and to try to secure ...


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Chancellor Fred Sinowatz had trouble getting parliament to approve measures to strengthen the economy in 1984. Inflation had almost doubled to 5.8 per cent, and new taxes had increased energy prices by 20 per cent by May 1984, one year after Sinowatz ...


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The United States automobile industry recorded another year of solid progress in 1984. At the same time, the industry was dogged by the feeling that the old exuberance of the American car market was gone  perhaps forever.


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In 1984, as always, the high speeds involved in automobile racing meant accidents, injuries, and death. The lone fatality in major United States races in 1984 occurred in stock car racing. Terry Schoonover died on November 11 of massive head and ...


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AVIATION in the United States rebounded smartly in 1984, helped by the economic recovery, firmer fares, and lower labor costs. Many major carriers and new airlines prospered, but others struggled to stay aloft. Passengers endured long runway delays ...


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Bangladesh made several false starts toward returning to an elective system of government during 1984, amid sometimes violent political demonstrations. The weather was sometimes violent as well, causing the worst floods in a century.


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In August 1984, biomedical engineers Robert S. Langer and Howard Bernstein of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (M.I.T.) in Cambridge reported that they had developed a device for removing heparin, an anticlotting chemical, from the blood of ...


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World champion Anatoly Karpov of the Soviet Union struggled in Moscow against his countryman Gary Kasparov in a title defense that broke a modern record for games played but did not produce a victor in 1984. At year-end, Karpov led, 5 games to 1, with ...


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Increasingly militant street demonstrations by a broad spectrum of Chileans threatened in 1984 to cut short the dictatorial rule of President Augusto Pinochet Ugarte. Pinochet's military government is empowered to rule until 1989 under a Constitution ...


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Calling torture an epidemic in the world, Amnesty International, an independent, worldwide human rights organization based in London, released its annual report on human rights in 117 countries on Oct. 24, 1984. According to the report, ...


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President Belisario Betancur achieved worldwide recognition in 1984 for his pragmatic and conciliatory peacemaking efforts. Domestically, Betancur negotiated a historic truce between the government and leftist guerrillas, virtually ending more than 30 ...


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The breakup of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) on Jan. 1, 1984, changed telephone service dramatically throughout the United States. The breakup stemmed from the 1982 settlement of an antitrust suit brought by the United States ...


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Czechoslovakia remained the Communist bloc's chief advocate of the hard-line approach in 1984. In March, the Czechoslovak Communist Party daily newspaper Rude Pravo


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If any one person dominated dance in the United States in 1984, it was Twyla Tharp. This modern-dance choreographer not only had astoundingly successful engagements with her own company, but she also made important inroads into the ballet ...


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The United States general election, held on Nov. 6, 1984, marked the second successive landslide defeat of a Democratic presidential ticket. The loss was made less painful, however, by a Democratic gain of 2 seats in the Republican-controlled U.S. ...


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The Conservative-led minority coalition government of Prime Minister Poul Schluter narrowly won a general election on Jan. 10, 1984. At first, they seemed to have lost. But eight days after the vote, a miscount was discovered in the constituency of ...


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The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on May 18, 1984, approved a new nonprescription drug for the relief of pain. The medication, ibuprofen, appeared on pharmacy and supermarket shelves under the brand names Advil and Nuprin. Both are ...


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Unity remained an elusive goal at the 1984 meeting of the Roman Catholic-Eastern Orthodox Theological Commission. The commission has met every two years since 1980 to discuss ways of resolving the disagreements that have divided the Eastern and ...


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Ethiopia in 1984 suffered from devastating famine caused by chronic drought, loss of soil fertility by erosion, and the disruption of food distribution by civil war. Rebel guerrillas seeking secession or regional self-government operated in four ...


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Western Europe continued its climb out of recession in 1984 against a background of labor problems and international discord. The nearly bankrupt European Community (EC or Common Market) added to the difficulty by creating quotas and rules that turned ...


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The man-tailored look for women was dramatically introduced in Milan, Italy, by the Italian designer Giorgio Armani in his spring 1984 collection. By fall, the menswear theme had affected fashion collections everywhere.


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The United States food industry continued to improve during 1984. A good harvest helped to hold food prices to a moderate 3.7 per cent increase, which was lower than the 4 per cent price gain for all items in the government's Consumer Price Index ...


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Controversy marked professional and college football in the 1984 season and overshadowed the triumph of the San Francisco 49ers, who defeated the Miami Dolphins in the 1985 Super Bowl. Controversy even dogged the unofficial national college champion, ...


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After six months of industrial unrest, strikes, and blockades, Socialist Prime Minister Pierre Mauroy resigned on July 17, 1984, ending 27 months of stormy alliance with the Communists. Since 1981, Mauroy's support in public opinion polls had plunged ...


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The Edmonton Oilers, the highest-scoring team in National Hockey League (NHL) history, won the Stanley Cup as the NHL champions in 1984. They defeated the New York Islanders, 4 games to 1, in the play-off finals, ending the Islanders' string of four ...


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The first Breeders' Cup Series, held at Hollywood Park near Los Angeles, made Nov. 10, 1984, the richest day in thoroughbred racing history. Seven races offered total purses of $10 million.


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Hungary continued to reform its economy while maintaining good relations with Eastern bloc nations and the West in 1984. In April, Hungary's Communist Party Central Committee approved further decentralization of the economy, including a measure that ...


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Figure skaters Scott Hamilton of Denver and Katarina Witt of East Germany won gold medals in the Winter Olympic Games held in February in Sarajevo, Yugoslavia. The British team of Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean won the Olympic gold medal in ice ...


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Congress adjourned on Oct. 12, 1984, without taking final action on the most sweeping overhaul of United States immigration laws in nearly two decades. The House of Representatives had joined the Senate in passing a controversial immigration bill. ...


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The assassination of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi on October 31 rocked India in 1984, and the worst industrial accident in history on December 3 added to the country's woes. Gandhi was shot by two of her own bodyguards as she walked from her residence ...


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Socialist Prime Minister Bettino Craxi's five-party coalition government was in difficulty in the first seven months of 1984 as opposition to his anti-inflation program intensified. Craxi proposed on February 14 to cut automatic wage hikes that ...


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Japan seemed to enter a period of new political stability and continuity in 1984. Prime Minister Yasuhiro Nakasone easily won reelection on October 28 to the presidency of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), which despite its name is basically ...


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The major issues of concern to Jews in the United States in 1984 focused on the presidential campaign. For the first time in recent years, anti-Semitism, the role of Jewish voters, and public policy questions of a religious nature all became election ...


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Jordan's King Hussein I broke ranks with other Arab leaders on Sept. 25, 1984, by announcing the restoration of full diplomatic and trade links with Egypt. Jordan severed relations in 1979 after Egypt signed a peace treaty with Israel. Hussein acted ...


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Unemployment in the United States fell from 8.2 per cent of the civilian labor force in December 1983 to 7.2 per cent in December 1984, after registering a sensational drop of nearly three percentage points the year before. The labor force, which grew ...


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Prospects for the reconciliation of warring factions and an end to civil war glimmered fitfully in Lebanon in 1984, like a dim light at the far end of a dark tunnel. By early February, continued fighting between the Lebanese Army and Muslim militias ...


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In May 1984, the first direct measurements of the movement of the earth's continents were reported by scientists at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md. The scientists found that ...


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Tom Watson became the Professional Golfers' Association of America (PGA) Player of the Year in 1984 for a record sixth time. The title was decided at the Pensacola (Fla.) Open from October 25 to 28, the final official tournament of the 10-month PGA ...


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British coal miners walked off the job on March 12, 1984, beginning a strike of marathon proportions, even by British standards. The strike developed into a gargantuan struggle between the National Union of Mineworkers (NUM), led by left wing ...


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Greece continued its verbal battle with Turkey throughout 1984. This conflict crippled operations of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Greece and Turkey are NATO members, but they refused to cooperate in ...


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Disabled persons emerged as a political force in the United States in 1984, as Republicans and Democrats alike courted their support in the November elections. Edward M. (Teddy) Kennedy, Jr.  the son of Senator Edward M. Kennedy (D., Mass.) ...


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Major advances in the international scientific effort to understand the mysterious disease known as acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) were reported in 1984. On April 23, U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services Margaret M. Heckler ...


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Indian leaders, federal officials, and natural resource developers met in Washington, D.C., on June 19, 1984, to try to ease the growing conflict over the West's scarce water resources. Assistant Secretary of the Interior for Indian Affairs Kenneth L. ...


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Indonesia recorded steady economic growth during 1984. Western aid givers and the World Bank, a United Nations agency that loans funds for development, at a meeting in June praised Indonesia's decisive and timely measures to cope with ...


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Iran in February 1984 marked the fifth anniversary of the revolution that overthrew Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi with the regime of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini in full control. The principal opposition leaders, former President Abol Hasan Bani-Sadr and ...


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Despite some minor setbacks, Iraq improved its position significantly in 1984 in its war with neighboring Iran, which began in September 1980. Advanced weaponry, strong defensive positions, and an improved military command structure gave Iraq a clear ...


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Hopes for a solution to the continuing political violence in Northern Ireland were focused on a November 1984 meeting between Great Britain's Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and Prime Minister of the Republic of Ireland Garret FitzGerald. However, ...


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National elections held on July 23, 1984, produced a political deadlock that underscored the deep divisions among Israelis on domestic and foreign policy issues. The divisions were accentuated by the costly and apparently fruitless occupation of ...


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Legislation signed into law by President Ronald Reagan in September 1984 authorized the construction of a facility to give new life to old books. Utilizing a process patented by chemists at the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C., the treatment ...


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An attempt to overthrow Leader of the Revolution Muammar Muhammad al-Qadhafi on May 8, 1984, underscored growing internal opposition to the Libyan leader. Fifteen guerrillas attacked Qadhafi's military headquarters in Tripoli, but they were all killed ...


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Although a number of interesting and well-crafted novels were published in the United States in 1984, few works of fiction seemed to meet the acid test of literature: Is it worth rereading? The handful that passed the test included Gore Vidal's 19th ...


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Books for children aged 6 months to about 3 years flourished in 1984. Pop-up books and picture books remained popular. Strong characterization highlighted books for older readers, the realism often lightened by touches of humor. Informational books ...


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Magazine advertising revenues in the United States increased in 1984 by about 18 per cent over 1983's record high, reaching nearly $4.75 billion, and the number of pages of advertising grew by about 8 per cent. The combined circulation per issue of ...


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On Feb. 9, 1984, the sultans who reign over 9 of Malaysia's 13 states elected Mahmood Iskandar Al-Haj Ibni Almarhum Sultan Ismail, the sultan of Johor, to be the country's king. Under Malaysia's unique system of rotating king-ship, the sultans elect ...


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Premier Howard Pawley's New Democratic Party government in February 1984 was forced to abandon its effort to pass a bill restoring language rights to Manitoba's 60,000 French-speaking citizens. Progressive Conservative Party members of the provincial ...


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Manufacturing in the United States continued to recover in 1984 from the recession that ended in 1982. Production and profits surpassed even the most optimistic projections, especially in the first half of 1984. The gross national product  total ...


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There were two major developments in heart surgery in 1984. On October 26, surgeons at Loma Linda University Medical Center in California transplanted a baboon heart into a 15-day-old girl born with a fatal heart defect. The infant, known as Baby Fae, ...


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Results of the most comprehensive survey of mental illness ever conducted in the United States were released on Oct. 2, 1984, by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) in Bethesda, Md. The study, which cost $15 million and surveyed nearly ...


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Mexico's President Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado continued to cope in 1984 with growing frustration among Mexican workers who were struggling under an economic austerity program. Prior to the Mexican president's visit to Washington, D.C., on May 14, ...


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The evacuation of United States Marine Corps units from Beirut, Lebanon, in February 1984 to ships off the Lebanese coast marked the end of direct American involvement in that country and a return to the customary U.S. role as a liaison between the ...


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In a general election on July 14, 1984, voters decisively rejected the conservative National Party government headed by Prime Minister Sir Robert D. Muldoon, which had held power since 1975. The moderate left Labour Party headed by David R. Lange won, ...


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Advertising revenues of United States newspapers increased, and 13 of the 20 largest daily newspapers in the country grew in circulation in 1984. The U.S. newspaper industry was encouraged by the surprising success of USA Today.


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Daniel Ortega Saavedra, as expected, was elected president of Nicaragua in the Nov. 4, 1984, elections, the first elections held in Nicaragua since the Sandinista National Liberation Front came to power in 1979. However, the victory margin of 63 per ...


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Following their successful coup of Dec. 31, 1983, Nigeria's military leaders established a government headed by Major General Muhammadu Buhari. He presided over a 19-member policymaking body, the Supreme Military Council, consisting of other military ...


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Nobel prizes in peace, literature, economics, and the sciences were awarded in 1984 by the Norwegian Storting (parliament) in Oslo and by the Royal Academy of Science, the Caroline Institute, and the Swedish Academy of Literature, which are in ...


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The first major Inuit (Eskimo) land-rights agreement in Canada's North was enacted by the federal Parliament on June 29, 1984, and went into effect a month later. The agreement gave the Inuit of the western Arctic about $45 million in 1977 Canadian ...


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Pakistan was disturbed by religious controversies during 1984. President M. Zia-ul-Haq proclaimed in April a law banning Pakistan's Ahmadiyya religious sect from calling itself Muslim. The Ahmadis accept most Muslim teachings but recognize their ...


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In March 1984, a group of scientists led by physicist Walter Alvarez of the University of California at Berkeley reported additional evidence supporting their theory that a mass extinction occurring 65 million years ago was caused by the collision of ...


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During 1984, President Fernando Belaunde Terry presided over an economic crisis that seemed to deepen with every day he spent in office. Peru's future appeared bleak as the country headed toward national elections to choose a new president and a new ...


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Experiments on dense and highly energetic matter provided technical progress and major discoveries in 1984. In July, physicists led by Ronald Parker at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (M.I.T.) in Cambridge published details of passing a ...


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The government of General Wojciech Jaruzelski continued its struggles with the underground labor union Solidarity and the Roman Catholic Church in 1984. Poland's relations with the West improved, and its economy grew.


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A devaluation of the currency and the adoption of severe financial measures in 1983 produced a dramatic drop in Portugal's balance-of-payments deficit in 1984. The balance fell from $3 billion in 1982 to $1.3 billion in 1984. However, the country's ...


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Eighty tall sailing ships from 18 countries visited Quebec City for five days in June 1984. The visit was the highlight of a celebration of the 450th anniversary of French explorer Jacques Cartier's first voyage to the Gulf of St. Lawrence in 1534.


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The most important event on radio in the United States in 1984 may have been a remark not heard over the air. Shortly before a radio address in August, President Ronald Reagan jokingly said, My fellow Americans, I'm pleased to tell you today ...


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Ronald W. Reagan, 40th President of the United States, hit few bumps along the road to a reelection landslide in 1984. But one bump was a tooth rattler that threatened, if only briefly, to derail his drive toward a second term. In a televised debate ...


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Religion made news in 1984 through violent clashes in India and other parts of the world and through political skirmishes in the United States.


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Republicans had mixed fortunes in the United States national elections held on Nov. 6, 1984. The Republican Party (GOP) retained the White House with a landslide, but lost two important Senate seats and gained only 14 or 15 seats in the U.S. House of ...


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The appropriate place of religion in politics became a major issue for Roman Catholics in the United States during the 1984 election campaign. Representative Geraldine A. Ferraro (D., N.Y.), the Democratic vice presidential candidate, had attended ...


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Trustees of the United States social security system reported on April 5, 1984, that programs providing monthly benefits for retirees, survivors, and the disabled were in good financial health. The trustees credited the improved economy and payroll ...


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The white-minority government of South Africa won significant concessions in 1984 from two of its black-ruled neighbors. On February 16, Angola agreed to prevent Namibian nationalist guerrillas who had been fighting South African rule in Namibia from ...


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Space shuttle missions launched by the United States in 1984 dramatically illustrated the triumphs and troubles involved in developing the first reusable space transportation system. Problems and progress began on February 3 with the perfect liftoff ...


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Commitment to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and Spain's proposed entry into the European Community (EC or Common Market) dominated Spanish politics in 1984. Spain had joined NATO in May 1982 and had immediately started preparing to ...


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The athletic programs of many major universities and colleges in the United States came under close scrutiny in 1984. A number of college presidents attempted to gain a greater voice in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), the major ...


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Sri Lanka groped unsuccessfully in 1984 for a solution to the strife between its Sinhalese Buddhist majority and Tamil Hindu minority. The government continued to reject Tamil demands for the creation of a separate Tamil state. Tamil guerrilla attacks ...


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Government-ordered price increases of up to 67 per cent for basic foodstuffs set off a week of rioting in Morocco in January 1984. The increases had been required by the International Monetary Fund, an agency of the United Nations, as a condition for ...


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After years of concentrating on urban themes, the motion-picture industry in the United States demonstrated a renewed interest in the American heartland in 1984. Hollywood released three films in as many months that centered on the plight of small ...


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Music's harmonies, enjoyed throughout the world, were interrupted by discord from time to time in 1984. The New York Philharmonic, on a tour of the Far East in August, planned to play Ernest Bloch's Schelomo,


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Business boomed for the United States popular music industry in 1984. Cassette and album sales were up. Merchants reported an increase in new store openings. Compact disks (CD's) and CD players went down in price and up in sales. And music videos ...


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Mounting public pressure led the Dutch government on June 1, 1984, to postpone the installation of United States nuclear cruise missiles in the Netherlands. In 1979, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) had decided to place 572 nuclear-armed ...


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Plans for a government-backed French-language newspaper to be published in New Brunswick failed to bear fruit in 1984. However, a private daily, L'Acadie nouvelle


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Norway and Great Britain discussed a $26-billion natural gas deal in 1984. But the deal fell through when the two countries failed to decide which one would take the tax benefits from the pipeline that would carry the gas from Norwegian deposits under ...


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The Progressive Conservative government of Premier John Buchanan was reelected by a wide margin on Nov. 6, 1984. It was the third consecutive victory for Buchanan's government, in power since 1978. The Progressive Conservatives won 42 seats in the ...


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In July, United States President Ronald Reagan signed a proclamation declaring the period from July 1, 1984, to July 1, 1985, the Year of the Ocean. This nationwide celebration of the United States ocean heritage concentrates on the many uses of the ...


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Despite a boycott by the Soviet Union and 13 allied nations of the XXIII Olympic Summer Games and a severe snowstorm that disrupted Alpine skiing at the XIV Winter Games, the 1984 Olympics were considered a rousing success. The Winter Olympics were ...


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William G. Davis, premier of Canada's most populous province for 13 years, announced on Oct. 8, 1984, that he was stepping down from that post. The Progressive Conservative Party leader said he was retiring to make room for new leaders with new ideas. ...


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Relations between Indonesia and Papua New Guinea were strained for much of 1984. Members of the Free Papua Movement staged an unsuccessful uprising against Indonesian rule of Irian Jaya, the western half of New Guinea, in February. After the rebels ...


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The Postal Rate Commission recommended on Sept. 7, 1984, that first-class mail rates be raised in 1985 from 20 cents to 22 cents for the first ounce (28 grams). This was part of a $2.2-billion package of rate increases, which would be the first ...


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A new headquarters building for the federal Department of Veterans Affairs was opened on June 28, 1984, in Charlottetown, the capital of this island province. The Department of Veterans Affairs is the only federal public service department ...


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The incidence of serious crime dropped in the United States in 1984, for the fourth consecutive year. The prison population, however, continued to rise. A survey by the Bureau of Justice Statistics, a unit of the U.S. Department of Justice, indicated ...


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Black Protestant churches in the United States made news during the 1984 presidential primary season by openly supporting Democratic candidate Jesse L. Jackson. Although political observers said it was the strongest public endorsement ever made by a ...


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Developments during 1984 continued to link psychology to neuroscience, the study of the biology and biochemistry of the brain and nerve cells. One example of how neuroscience is related to psychology involves anxiety. People given drugs called ...


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Rafael Hernandez Colon, leader of the Popular Democratic Party, defeated incumbent Carlos Romero Barcelo in the Nov. 6, 1984, election to win the post of governor of Puerto Rico. Hernandez Colon pledged to resolve the economic problems of the island, ...


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Romania continued to pursue a foreign policy independent of the Soviet bloc in 1984. At home, the family of President Nicolae Ceausescu increased its power as a growing number of his relatives were given high government posts.


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Soviet leader Yuri V. Andropov, 69, died on Feb. 9, 1984, after only 15 months in office. On February 13, Konstantin U. Chernenko succeeded Andropov in the top post of the Soviet Communist Party  general secretary of the Central Committee. On ...


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After dropping for three years in a row, the traffic death toll in the United States began to rise in 1984. In March, the Department of Transportation (DOT) reported that in 1983 the number of motor-vehicle deaths hit its lowest level in 10 years ...


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The Progressive Conservative Party, led by Premier Grant Devine, lost a seat in the Legislative Assembly in April 1984 when Bill Sveinson quit the party and crossed the floor to sit as a Liberal. The defection left the Conservatives with 55 seats, ...


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Saudi Arabia moved briefly into the front lines of regional conflict in 1984 through its direct involvement in the Iran-Iraq war. On March 27, a supply ship from the Arabian American Oil Company, a Saudi-owned oil company, was sunk by an Iraqi missile ...


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Pirmin Zurbriggen and Erika Hess of Switzerland won the 1984 overall titles in World Cup Alpine skiing. Each had to fight off a previous champion in the final week of the season.


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Professional soccer in the United States and Canada fought for survival in 1984. The year was one of continuing disappointment for the sport, which seemed on the verge of success in the late 1970's.


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Forty-three state legislatures held regular sessions in 1984, and Oregon and Texas conducted special sessions but no regular session. In addition, there were some 200 statewide referendum measures on ballots in 44 states in the November 6 elections.


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Although the United States stock market hit its high for 1984 only six days into the new year, the news from the securities market during the rest of the year was not all bad. The Dow Jones industrial average (the Dow), the most widely watched index ...


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President and Prime Minister Gaafar Mohamed Nimeiri came under increasing attack in 1984 from opponents of his 1983 plan to divide the semi-independent southern Sudan into three provinces. Southern Sudanese, most of whom are Christian or practice ...


Title:
SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES (1984)

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Moving to limit the rights of criminal suspects, the Supreme Court of the United States in 1984 carved out a wide loophole in the long-standing exclusionary rule, which prohibits the use of illegally obtained evidence at a criminal trial. ...


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Sweden worried about whether Soviet submarines were patrolling Swedish waters during the first half of 1984. On February 27, the Swedish Navy hurled hand grenades and fired machine guns into the water inside the Karlskrona naval base near the southern ...


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In August 1984, at the Summer Olympic Games in Los Angeles, the United States swimming team won gold medals in 20 of 29 events. In those 20 events, 17 gold medals were won by six U.S. swimmers who finally got their chance to compete in the Olympic ...


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During 1984, Thailand found itself drawn into the continuing war in Kampuchea (formerly Cambodia), where a coalition of Communists and anti-Communists was fighting Vietnamese occupation forces and a puppet government installed by Vietnam. Thailand ...


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In an interesting reversal of entertainment trends, the Broadway theater during the 1984 season was dominated by serious drama and revival productions, instead of the usual comedies and lavish musicals. A revival of Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman


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Carl Lewis of the United States, Sergei Bubka of the Soviet Union, and Uwe Hohn of East Germany were among the most successful track and field athletes of 1984. The Summer Olympic Games in Los Angeles provided Lewis with a prime forum to display his ...


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Transportation companies in the United States benefited greatly from the economy's expansion during 1984. Airlines had combined record profits as more carriers registered traffic increases, improved earnings, and reduced labor costs. Railroads ...


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Prime Minister Turgut Ozal received firm public support in 1984, both for his political leadership and his programs designed to solve Turkey's long-time economic problems. The results of local elections held on March 25 for mayors and other municipal ...


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Meetings sponsored by the United Nations (UN) in 1984 helped pave the way for disarmament negotiations between the Soviet Union and the United States, and for peace negotiations between El Salvador's government and Salvadoran rebels by bringing ...


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No major changes were made in United States social welfare programs during 1984. But there was no shortage of election-year talk about the adequacy of existing programs.


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The Caribbean economy was in the doldrums during 1984, according to a report issued on May 22 by the Caribbean Development Bank based in Barbados. Prospects for relief were not on the horizon, said the bank report, which blamed the worsening economic ...


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struggled with economic and political problems in 1984. On July 7, workers at an abrasive-materials factory in Kratovo, Macedonia, struck because they feared that a proposed merger with another business enterprise would lead to a loss of jobs. The ...


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After 10 years of negotiation, the Canadian federal government and Yukon Indian leaders agreed in principle on Indian land claims in January 1984, only to see the accord collapse at year's end. Under the agreement, the Indians were to receive $540 ...


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On Aug. 11, 1984, delegates to a national congress of the Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU), the nation's ruling political party, approved a draft constitution calling for the creation of a socialist one-party state. At that time, four different ...


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In the summer of 1984, zoologist Sydney Brenner, director of the Medical Research Council's Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Great Britain, reported on a 20-year research project investigating the complete embryological development of an animal. ...


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Zoos in the United States made major progress in breeding endangered species during 1984. The most dramatic advances involved embryo transfer


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Brazilians in 1984 impatiently demanded the restoration of direct elections by popular vote for all of Brazil's political leaders. Brazil's leaders are currently chosen by an electoral college. During the first half of 1984, millions of people took to ...


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The toy industry had one of its best years ever in the United States in 1984. For the first 11 months of the year, manufacturers' shipments were 52 per cent higher than during the same period in 1983, and orders were up 69 per cent. By year's end, ...


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The Soviet Union sharply escalated its war with Afghan mujahedeen


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The United States Bureau of the Census made it official in April 1984: Chicago, with a population of 2,997,155, was no longer the nation's second city, having been surpassed by Los Angeles  population 3,022,247  sometime during ...


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A historic redevelopment plan for Times Square received the approval of the Board of Estimate, New York City's highest legislative body, on Nov. 9, 1984. The West 42nd Street block of Times Square, long known as the Crossroads of the World ...


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The Detroit Tigers' victory over the San Diego Padres in the 1984 World Series  the Detroit baseball team's first championship since 1968  lent an air of optimism and cheer to this recession-ravaged city in October.


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Houston continued in 1984 to wrestle with problems caused by the lingering effects of the worldwide crude-oil glut on the city's economy, which relies heavily on the energy industry. In June, Houston's leaders started a major effort to attract new ...


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Swiss voters rejected five major proposals in 1984. On February 26, 64 per cent of the voters who went to the polls turned down a proposal that young men should be allowed to choose civilian work as an alternative to service in the armed forces. On ...


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President Hafiz al-Assad returned to active leadership of the ruling Baath Party and the Syrian government in early 1984 after reportedly spending several months recuperating from a heart attack suffered in 1983. In Assad's absence, a power struggle ...


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Taiwan moved toward younger, locally trained leadership in 1984 after being ruled since 1949 by an aging group of refugees from mainland China. President Chiang Ching-kuo was elected by parliament on March 21 to a second six-year term.


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On July 18, 1984, President Ronald Reagan signed into law the Deficit Reduction Act of 1984. The measure, which revised more than 200 income tax provisions and also raised liquor taxes and extended an excise tax on telephone bills, was designed to ...


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Network television in the United States in 1984 was punctuated by events that take place only every four years  the Olympic Games and the U.S. presidential election. Television coverage of both events drew some criticism and some raves.


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Martina Navratilova of Dallas became the most successful tennis player of 1984 by sweeping the three most important tournaments for women  the United States Open, Wimbledon, and the French Open. She defeated Chris Evert Lloyd of Amelia Island, ...


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The government of the United States produced few surprising initiatives in 1984, sticking largely to its essential chores while setting aside difficult problems until after the election year. Continued concern about the federal budget deficit, ...


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Uruguay's military leaders followed through on their pledge to return the country to civilian rule by holding national elections on Nov. 25, 1984. Julio Maria Sanguinetti, a 48-year-old lawyer and the candidate of the Colorado Party, was elected ...


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In February 1984, Venezuela's newly inaugurated President Jaime Lusinchi, with his Democratic Action Party (AD) in control of the National Congress, announced an austerity program designed to trim public expenditures and a bloated bureaucracy. The ...


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Vietnam forged closer ties with the Soviet Union in 1984. In mid-April, the Vietnamese and Soviets held their first-ever joint military exercises. The maneuvers apparently were stimulated by a Chinese attack along Vietnam's northern border earlier in ...


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Several lavish exhibitions honored leading European painters during 1984. From June to September, the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., in cooperation with the Grand Palais in Paris, presented Antoine Watteau 1684-1721 on the ...


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The abnormal global weather of 1982-1983 gave way to normal conditions in 1984. Rainfall was abnormally low in most parts of Africa, however, worsening a drought that began in the early 1970's in some areas. Most other agricultural regions had good ...


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As the terrible drought continued in 1984, famine struck a number of African countries, with Ethiopia and Mozambique reaching a state of crisis. Civil wars persisted in Angola, Chad, Ethiopia, Mozambique, and Uganda, and only in Mozambique was there ...


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Newfoundland received a stunning blow on March 8, 1984, when the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that the central government, not the province, owns and controls the rich Hibernia oil fields off Newfoundland's coast. However, the Progressive ...


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Latin-American countries made progress in 1984 in restoring democracy and returning to civilian rule. Many of the new civilian governments and the remaining military regimes in the region, however, were hard-pressed to maintain order in the face of ...


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In 1984, China announced major changes in its economic system that would reduce government control over the economy. The changes, to be made gradually over the next five years, were intended to improve living standards and speed up modernization and ...


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United States farm families continued to experience economic and social stress in 1984. Many began to realize that family farms may no longer provide an adequate living.


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Los Angeles saw a busy 1984 in which it hosted the Summer Olympic Games for the first time since 1932, moved ahead of Chicago as the second most populous city in the United States, and revamped plans to construct a subway system.


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Federal law officials in 1984 conducted several investigations into the administration of Washington Mayor Marion S. Barry, Jr. A probe of alleged drug use by district employees led in June to the conviction of Karen K. Johnson, a city worker, on ...


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The United States Bureau of the Census continued in 1984 to release information collected during the 1980 census and statistics gathered since then. On Jan. 1, 1985, the population of the United States was about 237.2 million, about 2.3 million more ...


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Montreal began to reverse four years of economic decline in 1984. Two major construction projects were announced for the downtown area. They are a controversial $140-million concert hall and commercial center to be built on the southern end of McGill ...


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A persistent world oversupply of crude oil led Statoil, Norway's state-owned oil company, on Oct. 15, 1984, to cut official prices for oil produced in its rich North Sea fields. The action triggered similar price cuts by bigger producers, raising ...


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In mid-1984, the population of the world stood at nearly 4.8 billion  30 per cent more people than in 1970 and 59 per cent more than in 1960, according to the United States Bureau of the Census. If the current rate of annual increase  1.7 ...


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The world economy gained further momentum in 1984, largely because of an unusually vibrant United States economy, which grew by more than 6 per cent, the highest rate since the 1950's. Japan and Canada also registered strong economic growth, in the 4 ...


Description:
Several poets of modest reputation emerged in 1984 with major honors and important new works. Most notable was Czechoslovak poet Jaroslav Seifert, the winner of the Nobel Prize for literature. The 83-year-old poet, whose work was long censored by the ...


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In one of the biggest scandals in the history of the Philadelphia Police Department, 20 former officers by the end of 1984 had been convicted on bribery charges or had pleaded guilty to such charges, and 14 of them had been sentenced to prison.


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The most significant political event of 1984 in Ireland was the release of the New Ireland Forum report on May 2. This 38-page document represented 11 months of effort by Ireland's main political parties to solve the problem of political violence in ...


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President Ferdinand E. Marcos signed on Dec. 2, 1985, a National Assembly bill calling an election for president on Feb. 7, 1986. The unusual election, a year ahead of schedule, was Marcos' response to increasing domestic pressure caused by an ...


Description:
The famine crisis, which spread in 1984 to more than one-third of the countries in Africa, moderated considerably in 1985 as rains came to many areas of the continent. The bloody civil disorders that erupted in South Africa in late 1984, however, ...


Description:
Albania changed leaders in 1985, but its foreign and domestic policies remained unchanged. Enver Hoxha, 76, first secretary of the Communist Party and the country's ruler since 1944, died on April 11. He was succeeded by Ramiz Alia, 59, who since ...


Description:
Donald Ross Getty was sworn in as premier of this oil-rich province on Nov. 1, 1985. Getty, an oil industry executive and former provincial energy minister, became premier as a result of winning an election for leader of Alberta's Progressive ...


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President Chadli Bendjedid visited the United States in April 1985 on the first official U.S. visit by an Algerian head of state since that country became independent in 1962. Relations between the United States and Algeria remained cool, however, ...


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Scientists from around the world gathered in Johannesburg, South Africa, from Jan. 27 to Feb. 4, 1985, for a conference celebrating the 60th anniversary of the discovery of the Taung skull. The Taung skullfound in 1924was the first truly ...


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In an article published in March 1985, archaeologist E. James Dixon of the University of Alaska in Fairbanks reviewed evidence challenging the long-held belief that the earliest Americans arrived in North America from Asia and then spread southward. ...


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Villanova University was the upset winner of the 1985 National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) championship tournament. The Los Angeles Lakers, who had never defeated the Boston Celtics in a National Basketball Association (NBA) final, finally ...


Description:
A riot at Heysel Stadium in Brussels on May 29, 1985, forced an early national election and almost toppled the coalition government. Thirty-eight fans died after a concrete wall collapsed during a riot at the European Cup soccer championship game ...


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The owners of a major United States yacht, preparing for the America's Cup races, unveiled a radical change in 1985. The yacht, Courageous III


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In October 1985, botanists said they had confirmed the long-held theory that roots of plants grow toward watera response called hydrotropism


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Mike Aulby of Indianapolis, Marshall Holman of Medford, Ore., and Mark Williams of Beaumont, Tex., won the three major bowling tournaments for men on the 1985 Professional Bowlers Association (PBA) tour.


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Boxing's most dramatic moment of 1985 came on September 21 in Las Vegas, Nev., when Michael Spinks of St. Louis, Mo., won the International Boxing Federation's (IBF) heavyweight title from Larry Holmes. Spinks became the first light heavyweight to ...


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Premier William R. Bennett affirmed in 1985 that three years of reduced government spending by his Social Credit Party administration had succeeded in controlling the province's budget deficit. The 1985-1986 budget, introduced on March 14, called for ...


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Bulgaria suffered serious economic problems and political turbulence in 1985. In March, the government announced that severe winter weather had disrupted supplies of coal and electricity, retarding industrial output. Production fell short of official ...


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In its annual review of human rights around the world, the United States Department of State reported on Feb. 13, 1985, that human rights abuses continued in most of the 164 countries surveyed but that there were significant improvements in Latin ...


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Musical anniversaries abounded in 1985. The Baltimore Opera Company and the Canadian Opera Company celebrated their 35th year, and the Boston Pops Orchestra marked its 100th. Composer William Schuman celebrated his 75th birthday, and fellow composers ...


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The ash rain increased and the whole world began to scream, said a resident of Armero, describing the eruption of the Colombian volcano Nevado del Ruiz on Nov. 13, 1985. The eruption of hot ash and gases melted the snowcap atop the ...


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In 1985, the second year after the breakup of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T), forecasters who had predicted turmoil in the United States market place were proved to be correct. Major regulatory changes throughout 1985 ...


Description:
The pace of technological advancement in the United States computer industry accelerated in 1985 as competition took on a more international look. The United States maintained its technological lead, but France, Great Britain, Japan, and West Germany ...


Description:
Taking the deficit bull firmly by the horns, Congress on Dec. 11, 1985, passed a bill requiring that red ink in the federal budget be reduced in each coming fiscal year and that the budget be balanced by 1991. President Ronald Reagan, who had ...


Description:
On July 31, 1984, the United States Senate voted to continue selling at cost electric power generated at the Hoover Dam in Nevada. Lawmakers rejected demands to raise the price to normal market rates. The legislation guaranteed inexpensive power to ...


Description:
The year 1984 was a good one for the United States economy, but it was an uncertain year for the U.S. banking industry. The gross national product (GNP)  the total amount of goods and services produced  grew at an unusually high rate of ...


Description:
An increase in construction activity in the United States, begun in 1983, continued in 1984. This recovery paralleled the improved U.S. economy. Spending for new construction, led by a surge in residential building, reached a record $265 billion in ...


Description:
Urban leaders in the United States in 1984 labored to overcome a discouraging lack of concern at the national level in urban problems. The U.S. Conference of Mayors and other groups fought back with determination not to let cities deteriorate further. ...


Description:
The United States economy grew briskly during the first half of 1984 and then slowed significantly in the second half. The net gain in the gross national product  after adjusting for inflation  was 6 per cent for the year, the most rapid ...


Description:
A milestone in the development of the United States synthetic fuels industry was marked on July 28, 1984, when the Great Plains coal gasification project near Beulah, N. Dak., began selling natural gas made from coal. The gas was pumped through an ...


Description:
President Ronald Reagan's Cabinet underwent major changes in 1985. Several Cabinet members departed and were replaced, presidential counselor Edwin Meese III became United States attorney general, and two Cabinet members switched jobs.


Description:
Canadians in 1985 seemed hesitant to pass judgment on the performance of Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and his Progressive Conservative Party (PC) government during its first year in office. With 211 of the 282 seats in the House of Commons filled ...


Description:
Canadian literature enjoyed a productive year in 1985, highlighted by the publication of The Canadian Encyclopedia.


Description:
In September 1985, polymer scientist Ioannis V. Yannas of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (M.I.T.) in Cambridge announced that he and his colleagues had regenerated


Description:
Gary Kasparov of the Soviet Union captured the world championship of chess from his countryman Anatoly Karpov on Nov. 9, 1985. The two contestants played a total of 72 games in two matches, the first of which began in Moscow on Sept. 10, 1984. On Feb. ...


Description:
The military government of President Augusto Pinochet Ugarte responded to growing pressures at home and from abroad on June 16, 1985, by announcing an end to the state of siege that he imposed in November 1984. The military authorities, however, ...


Description:
China made sweeping leadership changes in 1985. Deng Xiaoping (Teng Hsiao-p'ing in the traditional Wade-Giles spelling), China's dominant political figure, engineered the leadership changes. Deng wanted to replace the aging, poorly educated generation ...


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The United States House of Representatives approved a three-year extension of the Endangered Species Act (ESA) of 1973 on July 29, 1985. The act gives legal protection to species listed as endangered. Environmentalists nevertheless claimed that the ...


Description:
In one of the most controversial hearings at the International Court of Justice in years, Nicaragua charged in September 1985 that the United States was conducting military operations against Nicaraguan territory without declaring war. This marked the ...


Description:
International terrorism in support of political objectives escalated during 1985. On June 14, Lebanese Shiite Muslim gunmen hijacked a Trans World Airlines jet carrying 153 people shortly after take-off from Athens, Greece. The terrorists murdered a ...


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The governments of Cuba and the United States exchanged angry words during 1985. The United States increased the volume of the exchange on May 20 by throwing the switch on Radio Marti, a broadcasting service operated by the Voice of America and aimed ...


Description:
On May 22, 1985, Gustav Husak, 72, was reelected for his third five-year term as president of Czechoslovakia. On June 19, he stressed his regime's rejection of market-oriented economic reforms. In line with a drive for greater discipline in the Soviet ...


Description:
In 1985, a number of once-stable ballet organizations in the United States experienced administrative and artistic ferment. Perhaps the most dramatic instance concerned Lincoln E. Kirstein, one of the founders of the New York City Ballet and School of ...


Description:
Most elections held in the United States in 1985 resulted in a continuation of the status quo. Candidates of the party in powernew-comers as well as incumbentswon the vast majority of contests, which included two governorships and an array ...


Description:
The United States electronics industry in 1985 continued to struggle through its deepest recession in a decade, with U.S. manufacturers of semiconductor chips


Description:
During most of 1985, the six-year civil war in El Salvador had seemed to be winding down, despite the failure of meaningful negotiations between rebel and government factions in 1984. With troops trained by the United States, the government of El ...


Description:
The safety of the chemical industry came under intense investigation in the United States during 1985. Attention was focused on the issue in large part as a result of a December 1984 toxic chemical leak from a Union Carbide Corporation plant in ...


Description:
The government of Ethiopia in 1985 complicated relief operations aimed at helping the nation's estimated 8 million famine victims. Ethiopian officials made it difficult for food and medical supplies to be delivered, and they forced thousands of ...


Description:
Many European countries suffered set-backs and international embarrassments in 1985. The European Community (EC or Common Market) failed to solve its financial problems and to reduce its growing surpluses of grain, butter, and wine.


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The mood of the country appeared to be shifting against the ruling Conservative Party government of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher during 1985. Thatcher's personal style was the subject of intense political debate among Toriesmembers of the ...


Description:
Greece was stunned on March 9, 1985, when Socialist Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou withdrew his support for the reelection of President Constantine Karamanlis, a member of the conservative New Democracy Party, and backed Christos Sartzetakis, a ...


Description:
Marco Vinicio Cerezo Arevalo won a landslide victory in a runoff election on Dec. 8, 1985, for the Guatemalan presidency. The Christian Democrat, a left-of-center candidate, won 68 per cent of the vote in the runoff against Jorge Carpio Nicolle of the ...


Description:
There is a large wage gap between handicapped and other workers in the United States, according to a study released in August 1985 by researchers at Syracuse University in Syracuse, N.Y., and Union College in Schenectady. N.Y. The study found that ...


Description:
The Edmonton Oilers and the Philadelphia Flyers dominated the National Hockey League's (NHL) 1984-1985 season. The Oilers won the Stanley Cup play-offs for the second consecutive year.


Description:
The second Breeders' Cup Series, held on Nov. 2, 1985, attracted many of the best horses in the United States and Europe. The seven races, offering total purses of $10 million, were run at Aqueduct Race Track near New York City. Proud Truth won the ...


Description:
Iran's President Ali Khamenei was reelected to a second four-year term on Aug. 16, 1985, receiving 12.2 million of the 14.2 million votes cast. He was opposed by two relatively unknown candidates.


Description:
Iraq sharply escalated its war with Iran on March 4, 1985, by raiding Iranian cities and bombing civilian targets. On March 12, the Iranians launched a major ground attack through the Huweiza marshes north of Al Basrah, Iraq's second largest city. The ...


Description:
Local elections on June 22, 1985, indicated the unpopularity of the coalition government of the Labour Party and Fine Gael (Gaelic People), headed by Prime Minister Garret Fitz-Gerald. The opposition Fianna Fail (Soldiers of Destiny) won in many areas ...


Description:
Israel completed the withdrawal of all of its forces from Lebanon on June 10, 1985, ending a three-year occupation. The operation had been undertaken to destroy Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) bases in Lebanon and help establish a Lebanese ...


Description:
The hijacking of the Italian cruise ship Achille Lauro


Description:
Japan faced increasing tension in its relations with its trading partners, especially the United States, during 1985. The tension was caused by Japan's huge trade surplus, which reached a record $44.2 billion in 1984. Efforts by other countries to ...


Description:
The attention of the world Jewish community was focused in early 1985 on the plight of Ethiopian Jews, who are known as Falashas. In the wake of the famine that has afflicted millions of Ethiopians in recent years, this ancient community of black Jews ...


Description:
Leader of the Revolution Muammar Muhammad al-Qadhafi continued to play the role of an agitator in Middle Eastern and international affairs in 1985. For example, in February, he spoke by satellite to a meeting of the Nation of Islam (Black Muslims) in ...


Description:
Although no extraordinary novels were published in the United States in 1985, the year was commendable for the number of younger fiction writers who added to their reputation. Conventional realism was the order of the day, though some notable ...


Description:
Historical fiction that revolved around family life appeared with greater frequency in 1985 than in previous years. Fewer books of poetry were published, but fantasy, realism, and informational books of all kinds abounded. Picture books were available ...


Description:
Magazine advertising revenues in the United States increased in 1985 by about 6 per cent over 1984's record high, reaching nearly $4.8 billion, and the number of pages of advertising grew by about 1 per cent. The combined circulation per issue of all ...


Description:
diversified its economy during 1985. The country had grown prosperous by Asian standards from its exports of petroleum, rubber, palm oil, and other commodities, but it sought to expand its manufacturing industries, particularly those that produced ...


Description:
In a historic decision on June 13, 1985, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that almost all laws in Manitoba are and always have been invalid and of no force or effect. The decision was based on the fact that the laws were written in ...


Description:
Motion pictures in the United States sank in 1985 to what most critics considered one of the lowest levels of quality in many years. And 1985 was also one of the worst financial years for Hollywood in recent memory. Gross box-office receipts during ...


Description:
The Dutch government agonized in 1985 over whether to install United States nuclear cruise missiles on its soil. In 1979, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) had decided to place 572 nuclear-armed Pershing 2 ballistic and cruise missiles in ...


Description:
Premier Richard B. Hatfield, in power since 1970 and Canada's longest-serving premier, found himself at the center of a political, storm during 1985. On January 29, Hatfield was acquitted of a charge of drug possession. In 1984, the Royal Canadian ...


Description:
On Feb. 11, 1985, Canada's Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and Newfoundland Premier Brian Peckford signed an agreement that gave the province control of offshore oil and natural gas resources jointly with the federal government. The agreement allows ...


Description:
A wave of mergers and big-money take-overs swept through the United States newspaper industry during 1985. Gannett Company, the chain that owns USA Today,


Description:
Nicaragua's President Daniel Ortega told the United Nations (UN) General Assembly on Oct. 21, 1985, that Nicaragua had suffered 11,000 killed, 5,000 wounded, 5,000 kidnapped, and the relocation of 250,000 people since the Sandinistas' ruling junta was ...


Description:
Reeling after the landslide defeat of former United States Vice President Walter F. Mondale in the November 1984 presidential election, the Democratic Party spent much of 1985 trying to regroup. Democratic leaders also worked to spruce up the party's ...


Description:
Denmark suffered from labor unrest and nationwide demonstrations during March and April 1985. Employers resisted union demands for a two-year wage agreement with a 4 per cent pay hike and a cut in the workweek from 40 to 38 hours. Danes fearing a ...


Description:
A number of widely used brand-name prescription drugs became available to consumers in 1985 in lower-priced generic versions after the drug patents expired. The best known of these were the blood pressure medication Inderal and the tranquilizer ...


Description:
In a New Year's message ushering in 1985, Archbishop Seraphim, primate of Greece, announced that he was donating his eyes and kidneys for transplantation upon his death. His announcement reflected the growing concern of Orthodox churches with ...


Description:
The drive for excellence in education in the United States continued in 1985. A series of strongly worded reports calling for reforms in public schools ignited the nationwide movement in 1983. Georgia, Illinois, Kentucky, Massachusetts, and South ...


Description:
Relations between Egypt and the United States were strained when U.S. jets intercepted an Egyptian airliner carrying the Palestinian hijackers of the Italian cruise ship Achille Lauro


Description:
Diametrically different styles existed side by side in 1985, often in the same woman's wardrobe. Long hemlines appeared along with very short ones. Clingy, draped dresses were acceptable, as were oversized sweaters and jackets.


Description:
In 1985, the news for the United States food industry was generally good. Bountiful harvests of major food crops helped to hold food prices down to a relatively low 4.1 per cent increase. The Consumer Price Indexthe most widely used measure of ...


Description:
The Chicago Bears, professional football's dominant team in the early 1940's, returned to form in 1985, winning 15 of their 16 regular season games. In Super Bowl XX in New Orleans, the Bears defeated the New England Patriots. The University of ...


Description:
Francen drew heavy criticism on Sept. 22, 1985, when Prime Minister Laurent Fabius admitted that French security forces had been involved in the sinking of a ship owned by an environmentalist organization on July 10. French agents sank the ship, ...


Description:
On Nov. 13, 1985, a volcano in northern Colombia that had not erupted in nearly 400 years exploded, causing floods of water and mud that killed at least 25,000 people. Other major geologic events in 1985 included earthquakes in Mexico, more evidence ...


Description:
In the first three Grand Slam tournaments of 1985, four playersCurtis Strange in the Masters, Tze-Chung Chen in the United States Open, and Bernhard Langer and David Graham in the British Openheld leads going into the final rounds. All ...


Description:
Hungary continued to reform its economy but suffered some political strains in 1985. In March, delegates at the Communist Party congress reelected 73-year-old Janos Kadar as leader for another five years. The delegates also elected three individuals ...


Description:
The Soviet Union took three of the four titles in the 1985 world figure-skating championships. In speed skating, the major world championships were won by Dutch and Soviet men and East German women.


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For the third time in four years, the United States Senate voted in 1985 for a landmark revision of the nation's immigration laws, a congressional objective since the late 1970's. The Senate passed a sweeping measure by a vote of 69 to 30 on September ...


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Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi moved in 1985 to solve some of India's long-standing problems. He sought solutions to complaints in Punjab and Assam states, initiated political reforms, and loosened government controls on the economy.


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Canada's Parliament on June 28, 1985, struck down provisions in the 114-year-old Indian Act that denied rights associated with native status to many Indians living in Canada. According to the provisions struck down, any Indian woman who married a ...


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Indonesia experienced political troubles and slower economic growth in 1985. In January, bombs damaged a magnificent Buddhist temple dating from the 800's at Borobudur in central Java, and fire ravaged a royal Javanese palace. These and other ...


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Jordan's King Hussein I took a bold step toward revitalizing the Middle Eastern peace process in February 1985. The king reached an agreement with Yasir Arafat, leader of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), that called for a joint ...


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Job growth, a major concern of United States workers, continued to surge in 1985. From December 1984 to December 1985, 2 million civilian jobs were added to the U.S. economy. Unemployment held steady at about 7.3 per cent of the civilian labor force ...


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Latin-American nations drew renewed attention during 1985 to their inability to make scheduled payments on an estimated $400 billion in foreign debts that had accumulated over the last 10 years. In the mid-1970's, world economic conditions had ...


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The withdrawal of the last Israeli forces from Lebanon in June 1985 briefly raised hopes that the various Lebanese factions could finally unite behind the government of national unity of President Amin Gemayel. But the most violent civil ...


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On Oct. 15, 1985, Liberia held its first national election since 1980, when a military coup toppled the civilian regime. Samuel K. Doe, the head of state and leader of the 1980 coup, was elected president with 51 per cent of the vote. His National ...


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Libraries in the United States sharpened their promotional skills in 1985 in an effort to combat illiteracy. United States media donated nearly $6 million in print space and television and radio time to a campaign designed to increase public awareness ...


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In 1985, the United States economy continued to experience greater growth in service industries than in manufacturing. During the year, leading economists and industrialists debated the significance of this apparent shift toward a largely ...


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Use of the Jarvik-7 artificial heart continued during 1985, but enthusiasm for the device diminished because so many recipients suffered strokes and related complications following surgery. Nevertheless, some artificial-heart recipients survived. On ...


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Electroshock therapy, the most controversial treatment for mental illness, received a cautious endorsement on June 29, 1985, from a panel of experts appointed to evaluate the procedure by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in Bethesda, Md. The ...


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A devastating earthquake, measuring 8.1 on the Richter scale, struck Mexico at 7:18 A.M. on Sept. 19, 1985, toppling buildings and wreaking havoc in Mexico City. A second quake, or aftershock, followed on September 20 and measured 7.3 on the Richter ...


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Conflict continued to plague the Middle East in 1985 with little hope of resolution. The five-year war between Iran and Iraq remained stalemated, despite a sharp escalation in the fighting. Talks aimed at a political settlement to end the struggle in ...


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King Hassan II marked the 24th anniversary of his rule in 1985 with renewed efforts to end the war in Western Sahara with Polisario Front guerrillas, who have been fighting for independence since Morocco annexed the area in 1976. In March 1985, Hassan ...


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On Aug. 27, 1985, Nigeria experienced its fifth military coup since gaining political independence from Great Britain in 1960. Members of the ruling Supreme Military Council (SMC) deposed the nation's head of state, Major General Muhammadu Buhari, and ...


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Nobel prizes in peace, literature, economics, and the sciences were awarded in 1985 by the Norwegian Storting (parliament) in Oslo and by the Royal Academy of Science, the Caroline Institute, and the Swedish Academy of Literature, which are in ...


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On Nov. 15, 1985, Prime Ministers Margaret Thatcher of Great Britain and Garret FitzGerald of the Republic of Ireland signed an agreement giving the Irish republic an advisory role in the affairs of Northern Ireland. The agreement established an ...


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The controversy increased during 1985 over the proposed division of the Northwest Territories into two regions for administrative purposes. Canada's Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development David E. Crombie urged a division by 1987. In ...


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Prime Minister Kaare Willoch's Conservative-led coalition government held on by one seat in general elections on Sept. 8 and 9, 1985. The Labor Party increased its share of the vote by 4 per cent, a triumph for its leader, Gro Harlem Brundtland. Labor ...


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Nova Scotia felt the harsh effects of the Canadian government's cost-cutting measures in 1985. On May 23, federal budget cuts were announced. They included the immediate closing of two government-owned plants on Cape Breton Island that made heavy ...


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On July 28, 1985, Alan Garcia Perez, the charismatic 36-year-old leader of the left-of-center American Popular Revolutionary Alliance, took office as president of Peru. At his inaugural, Garcia issued a challenge to the existing world economic system, ...


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Scientists who study the structure of solid substances attempted in 1985 to explain an astonishing discovery made in late 1984 by an international team of physicists at the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) laboratory in Gaithersburg, Md. The NBS ...


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Communist Party First Secretary Wojciech Jaruzelski consolidated his position during 1985. The nation's financial situation remained shaky, however, and there was little sign that economic reforms promised by Jaruzelski would get underway soon.


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The United States popular music business prospered and grew in 1985. There were 46 per cent more platinum


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Social Democrat Anibal Cavaco Silva became prime minister of Portugal on Nov. 6, 1985, succeeding Mario Soares, a Socialist. Soares had headed a coalition government of Socialists and Social Democrats.


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The Postal Service increased first-class mail rates on Feb. 17, 1985, for the first time since 1981. The first-class rate for the first ounce (28 grams) rose to 22 cents from 20 cents. In addition, the post-card rate rose to 14 cents from 13 cents, ...


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Ronald Reagan, after four years of lambasting the Soviet Union as the evil empire, made what he termed a fresh start in 1985 in dealings with Moscow. Reagan's year was capped, in the foreign policy area, by a November 19-20 ...


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The Progressive Conservative (PC) administration of this island province's Premier James M. Lee was shaken temporarily by the resignation of one of its supporters early in 1985. On February 7, Peter Pope, a representative from Summerside, the ...


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The population of prisons in the United States hit record high levels during 1985. A survey by the Bureau of Justice Statistics, a unit of the U.S. Department of Justice, revealed that 490,041 inmates were housed in state and federal prisons at ...


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Protestants around the world focused much of their attention on South Africa in 1985. Support for the government's apartheid


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The idea that states of mind can affect health gained respect among scientists during 1985. A new discipline called psychoneuroimmu-nology


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Representatives of 33 North and South American nations on Aug. 9, 1985, urged the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization, both agencies of the United Nations, to support a massive effort to improve public health ...


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Disaster struck at 2:15 A.M. on Oct. 7, 1985, when a wall of mud and rock from surrounding hills buried Mameyes, a slum community just north of Ponce on Puerto Rico's south coast. Governor Rafael Hernandez Colon called it the worst tragedy to ...


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The Ocean Drilling Program (ODP), a 10-year scientific research project, began its first expedition in January 1985. A new drill ship, the JOIDES Resolution


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The National Broadcasting Company (NBC) in 1985 won the United States television rights to the 1988 Summer Olympic Games to be held in Seoul, South Korea. In October 1985, NBC agreed to pay at least $300 million and up to $500 million to the Olympic ...


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Canada's most populous province saw dramatic political change in 1985. After almost 42 years of uninterrupted power, the Progressive Conservative (PC) Party was swept out of office by an alliance between the Liberal and New Democratic parties. David ...


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Pacific islands continued to grapple with issues concerning nuclear weapons in 1985. Nuclear testing by France at Mururoa Atoll in French Polynesia, a sore point with island nations since the tests began in 1966, held the spotlight through much of the ...


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Pakistan elected a National Assembly on Feb. 25, 1985. The military government of President M. Zia-ul-Haq barred political parties from campaigning. Opposition groups called the election a sham and urged a boycott, but the government claimed that 52 ...


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In October 1985, chemists from the University of Chicago reported that a vast fire storm ignited by the impact of a meteorite may have swept across Earth 65 million years ago, contributing to the mass extinction of dinosaurs and many other groups of ...


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The Liberal Party, led by Robert Bourassa, roundly defeated the Parti Quebecois (PQ), under Prime Minister Pierre Marc Johnson, in general elections on Dec. 2, 1985. Johnson had served as prime minister for only two months, having succeeded retiring ...


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The most unusual event on United States radio during 1985 may have taken place at noon on April 5. At that time, an estimated 8,000 U.S. radio stations simultaneously played We Are the World, an anthemlike song that cried out against the ...


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Religion made world news again in 1985, chiefly when religious groups met up with political or military forces. Thus, news stories spotlighted the continued tensions between Sikhs and Hindus in India's Punjab state, where members of the Sikh religion ...


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The national leadership of the Republican Party (GOP) was kept intact in 1985, thanks largely to President Ronald Reagan, whose personal influence was high in the months following his 1984 landslide reelection. Meeting in Washington, D.C., on Jan. 18, ...


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An extraordinary synod of Roman Catholic bishops, called by Pope John Paul II, met in Rome from Nov. 24 to Dec. 8, 1985. The purpose of the synod, an advisory body, was to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the conclusion of Vatican Council II, held ...


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Romania suffered economically and politically in 1985. In 1984, industrial output had grown 7 per cent, compared with rates of up to 3 per cent from 1981 through 1983. But severe weather during the winter of 1984-1985 stopped many kinds of economic ...


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Republican Party leaders in the United States Senate proposed curbing the annual cost-of-living adjustment (COLA) in social security benefits as part of a 1985 drive to reduce federal budget deficits. Senate Republicans, led by Majority Leader Robert ...


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South Africa in 1985 was shaken by angry and often bloody protests by blacks against the whiteimposed system of racial discrimination. South Africa's racial policies are summed up by the Afrikaans term apartheid,


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The United States completed nine space shuttle missions in 1985. In the first flight, the shuttle Discovery


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On June 12, 1985, Spain signed treaties to bring it into the European Community (EC or Common Market) on Jan. 1, 1986. Before signing the treaties, Spain had to reach a trade agreement with Portugal, which also was to join the EC in January 1986. ...


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College and university athletic programs came under tighter control in 1985. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), the major governing body for intercollegiate sports, found several member institutions guilty of violating rules ...


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Negotiations between the government and representatives of Sri Lanka's Tamil ethnic minority began on July 8, 1985, in an effort to end years of bloodshed. At year's end, however, the talks had produced little result.


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The legislatures of all 50 states met in 1985. Kentucky held a special session but not a regular session.


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Taiwan experienced scandals and economic troubles in 1985. The Ministry of National Defense disclosed on Jan. 15, 1985, that Taiwanese officials had been involved in a 1984 murder in California. Henry Liu, a Chinese-American author who had criticized ...


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President Ronald Reagan made revision of the United States tax code his chief domestic objective in 1985, but the year ended without final action on tax reform. In a May 28 television address, Reagan called the current tax system unwise, ...


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In business terms, 1985 was easily the most turbulent year in the history of United States television. All three major networksAmerican Broadcasting Companies (ABC), CBS Inc., and the National Broadcasting Company (NBC)became the object of ...


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Boris Becker, an exuberant, 17-year-old West German, created the greatest tennis excitement in 1985. He became the youngest man ever to win the men's singles title at Wimbledon and the first unseeded player to win the hallowed English tournament.


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Before dawn on Sept. 9, 1985, some 500 soldiers seized the headquarters of Thailand's supreme military command and sent 22 tanks into downtown Bangkok, the capital, in an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the government. It was Thailand's 16th coup ...


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Steve Cram of Great Britain and Said Aouita of Morocco, both 24 years old, took turns in 1985 breaking world records for middle-distance and long-distance runs. Perhaps because they ran so often, however, they suffered hamstring injuries that kept ...


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Corporate business in the United States continued its close connection to the art world during 1985. The Whitney Museum of American Art in New York City opened its fourth branch museum, and the third donated by business firms, in the lobby of ...


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The coldest weather in the United States during 1985 occurred in the second half of January after an arctic high-pressure center developed near the northern fringe of North America. On January 20, Chicago recorded a record low of -27 o


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In his proposed budget for the 1986 fiscal year beginning Oct. 1, 1985, United States President Ronald Reagan called for reductions in social welfare spending to partially offset a hike of $31.2 billion in defense spending. The budget resolution ...


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The Caribbean region was relatively peaceful during 1985. On June 12, the United States withdrew the last of its troops from Grenada, almost two years after the United States invaded the island nation. On October 9, Great Britain's Queen Elizabeth II ...


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Yugoslavia continued to struggle with economic and political problems in 1985. In 1984, Yugoslavia had begun to negotiate with Western banks to reschedule payments on $19.5 billion owed to the West. The negotiations ended in September 1985 with an ...


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Christopher Pearson, government leader and Progressive Conservative Party leader in the Yukon since 1978, retired in March 1985. Succeeding him in both posts was Willard Phelps, who had served as the Yukon's land claims negotiator. Phelps called ...


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The Labor Party government of Australia's Prime Minister Robert Hawke maintained firm political control during 1985. The opposition Liberal Party elected John Howard party leader on September 5, replacing Andrew Peacock, who resigned the post. Howard, ...


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Airline crashes and safety issues dominated aviation news in 1985. The United States airline industry did well financially in spite of major strikes, and the number of passengers increased over 1984 levels. Passenger traffic for the first eight months ...


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In 1985, an unusually eventful year for the automobile industry, total United States sales of new cars and trucks rose to a record 15.6 million units. Cut-rate financing, generally good economic times, and a variety of new models contributed to the ...


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On Sept. 11, 1985, the International Cometary Explorer


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United States farmers harvested bumper crops in 1985, but stiffening competition from abroad and a continued decline in U.S. farm exports further eroded the underpinnings of the U.S. agricultural economy.


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Brazilians mourned the death on April 21, 1985, of Tancredo de Almeida Neves, the man they had elected their first civilian president after 20 years of military dictatorship. The 75-year-old president-elect underwent the first of a series of ...


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Retail sales of toys in the United States were expected to be 10 to 15 per cent higher in 1985 than in 1984. The industry's biggest business news, however, came from indications that sales, traditionally heaviest in the fourth quarter of the year, ...


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San Diego Mayor Roger Hedgecock was found guilty in San Diego County Superior Court on October 9, 1985, of illegally funneling more than $360,000 into his 1983 campaign and of lying about it. He had been overwhelmingly reelected 11 months earlier ...


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Toronto, Canada's largest metropolitan area and its main commercial and financial center, appeared in 1985 to be heading into an era of unprecedented growth and development. Wrecking companies tore down old buildings throughout the city core, and ...


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Washington, D.C., in 1985 celebrated the 10th anniversary of home rule. The system, which was approved by Congress in 1973 but did not go into effect until 1975, gave Washington the authority to pass its own local laws, subject to congressional review ...


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On Jan. 1, 1986, the population of the United States stood at about 240.4 million, about 2.1 million, or 0.9 per cent, more than a year earlier. In April 1985, the U.S. Bureau of the Census reported that between 1980 and 1984 the black population of ...


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Results of a general election held on Dec. 2, 1985, in the province of Quebec were expected to have profound effects on Montreal. In the elections, the Parti Quebecois (PQ), led by Pierre Marc Johnson, was swept from power. The Liberal Party won the ...


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Sharp disagreement among members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) in 1985 forced the 13-nation oil cartel to loosen its economic stranglehold on the world's oil supply. OPEC members failed several times during the year to ...


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World economic growth in 1985 slowed to about 3 per cent, largely because of an unexpectedly sharp decline in the United States growth rate to about 2.4 per cent. Japan's economy also grew more slowly than in 1984, while countries in Western Europe ...


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Perhaps the biggest poetry news of 1985 came from the past. What may be a previously unrecognized poem by William Shakespeare, Shall I die? Shall I fly, written in the late 1500's, was discovered in November 1985 at Oxford University.


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Philadelphia was preoccupied during much of 1985 with the aftereffects of a disaster that occurred on May 13. A dispute between city officials and a radical group called MOVE ended that day when police bombed a West Philadelphia house where members of ...


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Increasingly violent opposition to the South African government's racial policies hastened efforts in 1986 to isolate South Africa from the rest of the world community. Elsewhere on the continent, famine continued to ease in most countriesthe ...


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The most important political event in Albania in 1986 was the Ninth Congress of the ruling Communist party, which took place in Tirane, the capital, from November 3 to 8. This was the first congress since the death in April 1985 of Enver Hoxha, who ...


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Severe recessions in the province's oil and agriculture industries in 1986 disturbed Premier Donald Getty's first full year in office as head of a Progressive Conservative (PC) government. Plunging oil prices in the early months of 1986 brought ...


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Russia in 1985 changed its top leader for the third time in four years. The new government put new stress on economic efficiency and discipline. The Soviets became friendlier toward China, and chilly relations with the United States thawed enough to ...


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Transportation hazards became a major safety concern in the United States in 1985. As a result, there were calls for new government controls over industries that had only recently won various degrees of deregulation.


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A special election was held on March 28, 1985, to fill the seat in Saskatchewan's Legislative Assembly made vacant by the expulsion in 1984 of Progressive Conservative Party (PC) politician Wilbert Colin Thatcher. Thatcher had been convicted of the ...


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King and Prime Minister Fahd ibn Abd al-Aziz Al Saud met with President Ronald Reagan in Washington, D.C., on Feb. 11 and 12, 1985, in the first U.S. visit by a Saudi leader in 14 years. Questions about United States efforts to mediate a Middle East ...


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Switzerland, led by Pirmin Zurbriggen, took the major honors in the 1985 World Alpine Skiing Championships. The biggest surprise was the victory of 17-year-old Diann Roffe of Williamson, N.Y., on February 6 in the women's giant slalom. She became the ...


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Soccer had a disastrous year in 1985 in much of the world, especially in Europe and North America. Internationally, more than 100 soccer spectators were killed in riots and a fire. In the United States and Canada, the North American Soccer League ...


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The United States economy slowed in 1985, but stock markets around the world took off in anticipation of good times. The Dow Jones Industrial Average (the Dow), the most widely watched index of stock prices, began the year at 1,198.87, hit its low for ...


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After 16 years in power, President and Prime Minister Gaafar Mohamed Nimeiri, who had survived numerous coup attempts, was overthrown by his own military commanders on April 6, 1985. They acted while he was in the United States seeking aid for the ...


Title:
SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES (1985)

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A year after making a sharply conservative shift in civil rights cases, the Supreme Court of the United States edged back toward a more moderate stance during the term ending in 1985. The justices supported, to a surprising extent, the rights of the ...


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Social Democrat Prime Minister Olof Palme won a hollow victory in a general election on Sept. 15, 1985, losing his three-seat majority over Sweden's three non-Socialist parties and forcing him to rely on Communist support to remain in power. The ...


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When Matt Biondi won a gold medal during the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, many observers of the sport were surprised. He had little experience swimming at the national level, let alone in the Olympics.


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The Swiss government decided in February 1985 to submit the question of whether to seek United Nations (UN) membership to a referendum,


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President Hafiz al-Assad was reelected for a third seven-year term in a national referendum


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Transportation companies in the United States saw sharp drops in earnings and traffic during 1985. Railroad freight traffic for the first 40 weeks of the year was 5.3 per cent below 1984 levels. Trucking industry earnings also showed a sharp drop. ...


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Turkey in 1985 continued its steady progress toward the full restoration of civilian rule. In February, the founder and 23 leaders of the outlawed National Salvation Party, an Islamic fundamentalist party, were acquitted by a Turkish court of trying ...


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The United Nations (UN) commemorated its 40th anniversary during 1985. The UN General Assembly's 40th regular fall session began on September 17, with the election of Jaime de Pinies of Spain as president.


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More than ever in 1985, the United States government's agenda was dominated by the subject of money: how to raise more of it, how to spend less of it, and how to get the most for what it does spend.


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Pope John Paul II drew huge crowds on a visit to Venezuela from Jan. 26 to 29, 1985, the first ever by a Roman Catholic pope. The pope hoped to reinvigorate faith among the people of a country that is about 90 per cent Roman Catholic, but where only ...


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Vietnam tried to improve relations with the United States in 1985 by cooperating in the search for the more than 1,800 Americans missing since the Vietnam War, which ended in 1975. Contacts between the two countries from 1975 until mid-1985 had ...


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The Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF), the party of Prime Minister Robert Gabriel Mugabe, won national elections in 1985. Whites and blacks voted separately, whites on June 27 and blacks on July 1 and 2. ZANU-PF took 63 of the ...


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In December 1985, only six wild California condors remained alive, the last survivors of a species that once ranged from Los Angeles to San Francisco. Urban development in southern California has destroyed vast tracts of land used by condors for ...


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Zoos and aquariums in North America opened a number of notable new exhibits in 1985 that focused on a specific geographic region or a particular animal family. The largest and most elaborate of these was JungleWorld at the New York Zoological Park ...


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For dramatic pennant races and an exciting World Series and for history making by some of the game's long-time stars, the 1985 baseball season ranked high. The Kansas City Royals provided much of the drama. They entered the final week of the regular ...


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Public health officials grew concerned in 1985 about an epidemic of fear surrounding acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), a viral disease that cripples the body's disease-fighting immune system. Concern about AIDS intensified on ...


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Asia made slow progress toward raising the living standards of its people during 1985 amid a number of setbacks and economic problems. Continuing wars left millions of people living in refugee camps, but some regional cooperation efforts were ...


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The war between forces of the Soviet Union occupying Afghanistan and the Afghan mujahedeen


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Although 1985 was not an election year in Chicago, politics influenced almost every aspect of civic life. The so-called Council Wars raged on between Mayor Harold Washington, elected the city's first black mayor in 1983, and the white majority of the ...


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Mayor Edward I. Koch won a decisive victory in the Nov. 5, 1985, mayoral election, collecting more than 75 per cent of the votes cast. Koch became the third mayor in New York City historyalong with Fiorello H. La Guardia and Robert F. ...


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At the beginning of 1985, the United Nations (UN) Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) identified 21 African countries as suffering severe food shortages: Angola, Botswana, Burkina Faso (formerly Upper Volta), Burundi, Cape Verde, Chad, Ethiopia, ...


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The United States automobile industry, based in Detroit, continued its gradual recovery in the 1985 model year, selling nearly 8.4 million carsmore than in any year since 1979. Despite that bright note, the economic picture was mixed, with three ...


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Mayor Kathryn J. Whitmire was elected to a third term on Nov. 5, 1985, after a campaign marked by discord over homosexuals and their civil rights. The controversy began in 1984, when the City Council passed ordinances barring discrimination against ...


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Los Angeles in 1985 took a stand against the racial policies of South Africa, agreed to raise the pay of female city employees, and adopted a landmark ordinance banning discrimination against victims of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). ...


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World population in 1985 exceeded 4.8 billionabout 30 per cent more people than in 1970 and 60 per cent more than in 1960, according to the United States Bureau of the Census. The current rate of annual increase in worldwide population is about ...


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There was disagreement during 1985 between the Congress of the United States and the Administration of President Ronald Reagan over funding for water-treatment plants. On June 13, the Senate voted unanimously to renew and strengthen the Clean Water ...


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Construction growth in the United States slowed in 1985 after two years of solid gains. Spending for new construction reached a record $313 billion in 1984an increase of 12 per cent over 1983 after adjustment for inflationand the total for ...


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The cities of the United States continued to suffer the impact of several continuing trends in 1985, including decreasing federal grants; population shifts; increasing poverty, unemployment, homelessness, and hunger; high crime rates; high tax ...


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The United States economy grew moderately in 1985. Unemployment was at its lowest level since 1979, and the rate of inflation remained low. In December 1985, the gross national product (GNP)the total value of goods and services producedwas ...


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Officials at the only full-scale synthetic fuels plant in the United States, the Great Plains coal gasification plant near Beulah, N. Dak., announced on August 1 that they were abandoning the project. They also said they would default on $1.5 billion ...


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The government of President Chadli Bendjedid continued to steer a middle course in Arab and African affairs in 1986, concentrating its efforts on economic development. In January, Bendjedid met with Libyan leader Muammar Muhammad al-Qadhafi in Algeria ...


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The discovery of a nearly complete 2.5-million-year-old hominid


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A rock shelter in a sandstone cliff in northeastern Brazil has provided evidence of the earliest known human presence in the Americas, according to a report by French scientists published in June 1986. In the lowest layer of sediment in the rock ...


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Many events around the world in 1986 honored the 100th anniversary of the birth of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, one of the most influential architects of the 1900's. Centennial observances included a retrospective exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art ...


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Three members of the military junta that led Argentina into the 1982 Falkland Islands war with Great Britain were found guilty on May 16, 1986, of negligence in conducting the war. Argentina lost the war, and ever since, public opinion has demanded ...


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United States warplanes conducted intensive bombing raids against Libyan military targets in 1986. The first attacks were launched on March 24, shortly after U.S. jetspart of a naval task force conducting freedom of navigation ...


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Andrew Wyeth, a world-famous American realist painter whose best-known work is Christina's World


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The big news in aviation in the United States in 1986 was a wave of airline mergers that eliminated most discount carriers and reduced the importance of discount fares to the industry. This prompted a round of fare increases in October.


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Hussain Muhammed Ershad was elected president of Bangladesh on Oct. 15, 1986. He had headed the nation as martial law administrator since 1982 and self-proclaimed president since 1983. The official election results gave him 21.8 million votes. ...


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The New York Mets capped a superb 1986 season by defeating the Boston Red Sox in seven games to win the World Series. The World Series and the league championship play-offs were exciting, with dramatic come-from-behind victories in the late innings.


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The Boston Celtics, the best team in the National Basketball Association (NBA) during the 1985-1986 regular season, were the best in the play-offs, too, and won the league championship. The University of Louisville in Kentucky, ranked seventh at the ...


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Labor problems followed a May 1986 bid by Prime Minister Wilfried A. E. Martens' center-right government to reduce public spending by 10 per cent in 1987. Government employees, including teachers, railroad and other transportation workers, and ...


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Preliminary competition for the America's Cup, the most cherished prize in yachting, began in October 1986 and was scheduled to run until January 1987. The winner among the 13 challengers was scheduled to meet one of six Australian defense candidates ...


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Democratic elections were held in several Asian countries during 1986, while others remained under one-person or one-party rule. In the Philippines, a controversial election led to a change of presidents. Regional cooperation flourished in South and ...


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In 1986, astronomers received photographs from the first space probes to fly by the planet Uranus and Halley's Comet. They puzzled over a double quasar and wondered why galaxies seem to be located on giant bubbles in space.


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The troubled economy, plagued by continued deficits in overseas trade, a depressed currency, and a stubbornly high rate of inflation, was Australia's dominant news story of 1986. Despite the economic bad news, the Labor Party government of Prime ...


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Austria conducted three national elections in 1986. The first was a presidential vote held on May 4 after a stormy election campaign. In this, election, former United Nations (UN) Secretary-General Kurt Waldheim outpolled all other candidates but ...


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The United States automobile industry continued to hold its own in 1986, the fourth consecutive year of prosperity. Most economic conditions in the United States during the year favored automakers. An important change in international currency values ...


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Bobby Rahal and Dale Earnhardt of the United States and Alain Prost of France won major automobile-racing series championships in 1986. Rahal won the Championship Auto Racing Teams (CART) series for Indianapolis-type cars, Earnhardt the National ...


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Meeting in Washington, D.C., in September 1986, some of the leading botanists and conservationists in the United States called for worldwide action to slow the accelerating mass extinction of plant and animal species caused by the destruction of ...


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In 1985, Walter Ray Williams, Jr., won his fourth world championship in horseshoe pitching. In 1986, he became the dominating player on the Professional Bowlers Association of America (PBA) tour.


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The major boxing developments of 1986 were mainly preliminaries to two major fights scheduled to take place in 1987. One of those 1987 attractions would be a bout between Marvelous Marvin Hagler and Sugar Ray Leonard for Hagler's undisputed world ...


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Leadership of the governing Social Credit (Socred) party changed hands during 1986. On May 22, William R. Bennett, premier of the province since 1975, unexpectedly announced his retirement. William N. Vander Zalm, a 52-year-old millionaire ...


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Bulgaria's Communist Party reelected Todor Zhivkov as its leader at its congress in April 1986. Zhivkov has been party leader since 1954 and head of state since 1962.


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Two major changes occurred in President Ronald Reagan's Cabinet in 1986. Secretary of Agriculture John R. Block resigned in February and was succeeded by Richard E. Lyng, a former deputy secretary in the Department of Agriculture. In November, Vice ...


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A trip by an 81-year-old musician may not have been the most significant musical event of 1986, but it was the most noted. The eminent Russian-born pianist Vladimir Horowitz returned to his homeland in April, 61 years after he left to build his ...


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The Liberal Party of Colombia returned to power on Aug. 7, 1986, when Virgilio Barco Vargas took office as Colombia's president. The 64-year-old Barco pledged that his administration would continue efforts begun by his predecessor, Belisario Betancur ...


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The American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) continued to dominate the intercity long-distance telephone business in the United States in 1986, despite challenges from an old competitor & MCI Communications Corporation & and a new ...


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Computer sales in the United States were weak in 1986, but the computer industry made striking advances in technology and product development. Industry executives followed a strategy that had worked before in high-technology areas: Generate a wave of ...


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Before adjourning for the year on Oct. 18, 1986, Congress overcame its seeming paralysis and surprised even itself by achieving one of the most productive legislative sessions in recent history.


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Most United States citizens in 1986 were concerned about preserving the nation's natural environment and wildlife, shorelines, and habitats, according to a study prepared for the President's Commission on Americans Outdoors in February. The survey ...


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Public concern about drug abuse in the United States intensified in 1986 with the availability of a new, inexpensive, and highly addictive form of cocaine called crack


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Recombivax HB, the first human vaccine produced with genetic engineering, or recombinant DNA technology, was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on July 23, 1986. The new vaccine protects against hepatitis B, a disease ...


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A number of Orthodox churches responded in 1986 to the statement on baptism, the Eucharist, and ministry issued in 1983 by the World Council of Churches, an organization of Eastern Orthodox and Protestant churches. Overall, the responding ...


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The teaching profession in the United States was the subject of two influential reports prepared in 1986. In April, education deans from 40 leading universities presented Tomorrow's Teachers,


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The worst outbreak of political violence since the 1981 assassination of President Anwar el-Sadat erupted on Feb. 25, 1986, in Cairo. As many as 17,000 draftees assigned to the paramilitary police force rioted after hearing false reports that their ...


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The Democratic Party claimed control of the United States Senate by a surprisingly wide margin in midterm elections on Nov. 4, 1986. But Republicans made a strong showing in gubernatorial races and virtually held their own in contests for the House of ...


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The electronics industry, still in the grip of a recession in 1986, did what it does best in hard timesdevelop and market new products and technologies. The emphasis on the new had a profound impact on the semiconductor chip,


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The biggest winners in football in the United States in 1986 were the New York Giants and the Denver Broncos among the 28 professional teams in the National Football League (NFL) and Pennsylvania State University among the 105 colleges with major ...


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A narrow right wing victory in a national election on March 16, 1986, led to an unprecedented power-sharing arrangement known in France as cohabitation.


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A cloud of toxic gas released by Lake Nios in the central African country of Cameroon on Aug. 21, 1986, killed more than 1,700 people. Shortly after the accident, the United States Agency for International Development dispatched a team of scientists ...


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Greg Norman of Australia and Bob Tway and Pat Bradley of the United States became the golfers of the year in 1986. The 31-year-old Norman and the 27-year-old Tway dominated the men's tour, and the 35-year-old Bradley dominated the women's. They broke ...


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As 1986 began, the Conservative Party government of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher was already engulfed in a major political crisis that forced the resignation of two of her Cabinet ministers in January and weakened her chances for reelection. The ...


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Relations with the United States became strained in the spring of 1986 after Greece criticized the United States for bombing what the U.S. called terrorist-related targets in Libya on April 15. Greece called for an emergency meeting of ...


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After more than a decade of failed attempts and controversy, Congress passed a major overhaul of United States immigration laws in 1986. In October, just three weeks after a procedural vote in the House of Representatives had seemingly doomed the ...


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India was disturbed by internal strife during 1986, and the country made slow economic progress while many of its people suffered hunger and poverty. The worst violence continued to arise from a militant minority of the Sikh religious community. They ...


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The United States Department of the Interior reported in December 1986 that the economic status of Indians living on reservations was poor and was expected to worsen. The report said that poverty and high levels of unemployment had been aggravated by ...


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Indonesia was plagued in 1986 by economic problems caused by a drop in world oil and gas prices. The two commodities provide 60 to 70 per cent of Indonesia's foreign earnings and 55 per cent of the government's tax revenues.


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Divisions and rivalries among factions within the regime of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini broke into the open in 1986, creating a more serious threat to Iran's internal stability than the danger from any organized opposition.


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The six-year-long war with Iran seemed as endless as ever in 1986. Iraq lost some ground in February when Iranian forces captured the strategic Fao Peninsulasite of the former Persian Gulf oil port of Fao.


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The job picture continued to be generally bright in the United States during 1986. About 2 million more people were employed in 1986 than in 1985. More than 10 million jobs had been created between December 1982, the close of the devastating 1981-1982 ...


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More than 400 million Latin Americans struggled with the problems of over-population and recession during 1986. Those who were born during the mid-1960's baby boom, when Latin-American women gave birth to an average of six children each, compared with ...


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In January 1986, fighting broke out between Maronite Christian factions, dashing hopes that the Syrian-sponsored unity pact signed by Lebanon's warring factions on Dec. 28, 1985, would ease the suffering of the Lebanese people. A large segment of the ...


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On Jan. 6, 1986, Samuel K. Doe, who had headed a military government in Liberia since coming to power in a 1980 coup, was sworn in as president under a new Constitution. Citizens and outside observers rejected the results of the 1985 election, in ...


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One of the largest library fires in United States history blazed through the Los Angeles Central Public Library for almost six hours on April 29, 1986. The fire, which the fire department believes was set by an arsonist, caused $22-million in damages.


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A war of nerves between the regime of Leader of the Revolution Muammar Muhammad al-Qadhafi and the United States over the issue of alleged Libyan support for international terrorism reached a flash point in 1986. On April 15, 33 U.S. ...


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The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on June 4, 1986, approved the first commercial use of a drug manufactured with genetic engineering technology. The medication is alpha-interferon, a protein produced by the body to fight infections. ...


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Citing the difficulty in curing mental illness and its enormous economic impact on society in the United States, a national commission on May 5, 1986, recommended intensifying efforts to prevent mental and emotional disorders.


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Mexico made its peace with foreign bankers at meetings in September 1986 with the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF)both agencies of the United Nationsin Washington, D.C. Under a new arrangement, Mexico was to receive $12 ...


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Revelations that the United States had secretly provided arms to Iranapparently in return for Iranian help in obtaining the release of American hostages held by pro-Iranian groups in Lebanoncreated a major foreign policy problem in the ...


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King Hassan II incurred the wrath of much of the Arab world in 1986 by inviting Israel's Prime Minister Shimon Peres to meet him in July for talks in Ifrane in the Middle Atlas Mountains. Earlier, Hassan had marked his quarter-century of rule with a ...


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The year 1986 was unexciting in the world of motion pictures. No major movie trends were set, andin the opinion of most criticsno artistic peaks were reached. Among 1986 releases, there was the usual mix of surprise hits and unexpected ...


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Canada's Progressive Conservative Party administration, led by Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, reached the midpoint of its first term in 1986. Under Canadian electoral law, Mulroney must call an election by September 1989, five years after taking ...


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Canadian authors welcomed the formal establishment in 1986 of the Public Lending Right Commission to oversee the spending of an annual $3-million fund (Canadian dollars; $ 1 = U.S. 72 cents on Dec. 31, 1986) allocated by the federal government to pay ...


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World chess champion Gary Kasparov of the Soviet Union held on to his title, narrowly defeating countryman Anatoly Karpov on Oct. 9, 1986. At the end of the 24-game match, which was held in London and in Leningrad, Kasparov had won 5 games, Karpov had ...


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Chile's 70-year-old President Augusto Pinochet Ugarte was slightly wounded on Sept. 7, 1986, in an assassination attempt in which 5 of his bodyguards were killed and 11 wounded. The attack occurred in the Maipo canyon, 18 miles (29 kilometers) ...


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China during 1986 continued its slow movement away from the system of political and economic beliefs developed in the Soviet Union and adapted for China by Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung in the traditional Wade-Giles spelling), China's leader from 1949 to ...


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Oppressive regimes that violated the civil rights of their citizens were toppled or threatened in several Asian and Latin-American nations in 1986. In the United States, issues involving drug testing and victims of acquired immune deficiency syndrome ...


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A ruling by the International Court of Justice at The Hague, in the Netherlands, ordering the United States to cease its military involvement in Nicaragua fizzled in 1986. United States officials rejected the court's findings and then vetoed a ...


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White-collar crimes set new records in the United States in 1986. The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) brought its largest case ever against an investment banker and received its largest settlement in history from another convicted ...


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Tense relations continued between Cuba and the United States in 1986. Although Cuba's President Fidel Castro released a number of political prisoners during the year, the United States government took a hard line against Cuba's support for Third World ...


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Czechoslovakia in 1986 remained politically and economically the most hard-line Communist state in Soviet-dominated Eastern Europe. This fact was evident in March, when Czechoslovakia's Communist Party held its congressa national meeting that ...


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Although rising costs have cut into international touring, the United States in 1986 saw an unusually large number of companies from around the world. The trend of commissioning dances from modern-dance and post-modern choreographers for U.S. ballet ...


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leaders hailed their party's recapture of the United States Senate in the 1986 midterm elections as evidence that Republican hopes of an enduring political realignment were without foundation. Ever since President Ronald Reagan's 1980 landslide ...


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Denmark put its membership in the European Community (EC or Common Market) to a referendum,


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An earthquake rocked San Salvador, El Salvador's capital, on Oct. 10, 1986, destroying almost all the city's hospitals and thousands of houses. Doctors set up emergency tent facilities, and the world watched via television the pitiful spectacle of ...


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The worst release of radioactive material from a nuclear power plant occurred on April 26, 1986, at the town of Pripyat, near Kiev, in the Soviet Union. An explosion and fire at the Chernobyl reactor at Pripyat released a cloud of radioactive debris ...


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Drought and famine eased in most areas of Ethiopia in 1986 except for the Haarargez region in the east. Refugees from several parts of Ethiopia nonetheless continued to strain United Nations (UN) relief efforts in Sudan and Somalia.


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Three events dominated European affairs in 1986. The first was the United States air attack on Libya on April 15. The United States struck Libya because of what the U.S. called irrefutable proof of Libya's involvement in international ...


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The long and full wool coat emerged in the fall of 1986 as everybody's favorite fashion. It became the unifying link in a still-fragmented fashion picture where, increasingly, anything goes. The big coat, ending somewhere between lower calf and ankle, ...


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The United States food industry had a generally good year in 1986. The combination of plentiful harvests of major crops and a low inflation rate produced a modest 2.3 per cent increase in food prices. Food prices rose slightly more than the Consumer ...


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Haitians took to the streets in wild jubilation on Feb. 7, 1986, to celebrate the end of a father-son dictatorship that had lasted 29 years. That day, President Jean-Claude Duvalier flew into exile in France, following months of street protests and ...


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Government regulations requiring hospitals to treat newborn infants with severe handicaps were struck down by the Supreme Court of the United States on June 9, 1986. The so-called Baby Doe regulations also gave federal investigators access to hospital ...


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The National Hockey League (NHL) enjoyed a prosperous 1985-1986 season. Gate receipts and television income for the 21 teams exceeded $200 million, a record. Arenas were filled to 85 per cent of capacity. And the Stanley Cup play-offs produced one ...


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The third annual Breeders' Cup at Santa Anita Park in Arcadia, Calif., on Nov. 1, 1986, focused attention on two possible Horse of the Year candidates. They were Lady's Secret, the 4-year-old daughter of Secretariat, who won 10 of 15 races in 1986, ...


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Hungary during 1986 maintained its efforts to reform its economy and raise the standard of living. But the nation experienced growing economic and financial difficulties. Hungary's net foreign debt rose by $2.4 billion, from $5 billion in 1985 to $7.4 ...


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Americans enjoyed a highly successful year on the ice during 1986. Debi Thomas of San Jose, Calif., and Brian Boitano of Sunnyvale, Calif., the 1986 U.S. singles figure-skating champions, unexpectedly won the singles titles in the world figure-skating ...


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The unpopular Labour Party and Fine Gael (Gaelic People) minority coalition, headed by Prime Minister Garret FitzGerald, narrowly averted defeat on a vote of confidence in Parliament on Oct. 23, 1986. A vote of confidence


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Prime Minister Shimon Peres swapped jobs with Foreign Minister Yitzhak Shamir, leader of the opposition Likud bloc, on Oct. 20, 1986. Peres had completed his 25-month term under the power-sharing agreement that was reached between his Labor Party and ...


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The five-party coalition government of Socialist Prime Minister Bettino Craxi collapsed on June 27, 1986, one day after losing a key vote in the Chamber of Deputies, one of the two houses of Parliament. The Chamber of Deputies defeated a government ...


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Prime Minister Yasuhiro Nakasone and his Liberal Democratic Party (LDP)a conservative party despite its namewon an impressive victory in parliamentary elections on July 6, 1986. In the House of Representatives, the more powerful of the two ...


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The ongoing struggle to end the repression of the approximately 2.5 million Jews in the Soviet Union reached a high point in 1986. On February 11, religious activist Anatoly B. Shcharansky was released after spending eight years in Soviet prisons and ...


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King Hussein I announced in February 1986 that Jordan would no longer cooperate with the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in pursuing a Middle East peace settlement, thereby canceling a year-old agreement with PLO leader Yasir Arafat. That ...


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Fiction from other countries during 1986 overwhelmed the output of United States writers in quality, if not quantity. While most American novelists dealt with shallow issues and exotic language, foreign authors wrestled with cosmic questionsand ...


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Books for preschoolers were especially abundant in 1986, and a great variety of picture books were available. Many fantasy, realism, and informational books were published. Some outstanding books of 1986 were:


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Magazine advertising revenues in the United States increased in 1986 by about 4 per cent over 1985, reaching a record $5.1 billion. The number of advertising pages remained flat, however, numbering about 150,000 for the year.


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Parliamentary elections on Aug. 2 and 3, 1986, gave Malaysia's Prime Minister Mahathir bin Mohamed a strong new endorsement by voters. The 13-party National Front coalition won 148 of parliament's 177 seats. Of the 148 seats, Mahathir's United Malays ...


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Manitoba voters went to the polls on March 18, 1986, and the election was the closest in Manitoba's history. Premier Howard Pawley, 51, led the New Democratic Party (NDP) to a second victory over the Progressive Conservative (PC) Party. The NDP ...


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The short-term outlook for manufacturing in the United States continued to be sluggish in 1986. The industrial sector never really got out of low gear, reported Business Week


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Prime Minister Ruud Lubbers won a decisive victory in national elections on May 21, 1986. His centrist Christian Democrat Party won 34.6 per cent of the vote to increase its representation in the 150-seat Second Chamber of the States-General ...


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Speculation about whether the province's premier, Richard B. Hatfield, would resign or face re-election continued to intrigue New Brunswick politicians and voters in 1986. The 55-year-old Hatfield, Canada's longest-serving provincial premier and ...


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Premier Brian Peckford's Progressive Conservative administration faced a bitter strike by public employees on two occasions in 1986. On March 3, some 600 highway maintenance workers left their jobsdefying a court injunction restricting strikes ...


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The wave of purchases, mergers, and fold-ups that struck the United States newspaper industry in 1985 continued in full force in 1986, fueling concern that the traditional competition of the U.S. press was being weakened. The wave hit two old-time ...


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Uncertainty arose in late 1986 over the fate of the four-year-old war waged against the Sandinista regime in Nicaragua by rebels known as contras.


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Debate on Nigeria's return to civilian rule, which the military government has promised will occur by October 1990, began in March 1986. Educators, lawyers, journalists, market vendors, and other citizens gave their views on provisions to be included ...


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The International Olympic Committee (IOC), meeting in Lausanne, Switzerland, during October 1986, established a new schedule for the Olympic Games, chose sites for the 1992 games, and made new rulings concerning professional participation and ...


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The new Liberal government of Ontario, in office since June 26, 1985, experienced a tumultuous first year in power. As a minority government, the Liberals depended on the support of the New Democratic Party (NDP) to keep the Progressive Conservative ...


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The United States and the Soviet Union showed increased interest in the South Pacific in 1986. On October 20, the United States reached an agreement with Pacific island nations on fishing rights. The United States agreed to pay $60 million over five ...


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Party politics resumed in 1986, following President M. Zia-ul-Haq's decree that ended martial law on Dec. 30, 1985. Political parties had been banned since 1979.


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The discovery of what may be the largest animal fossil find in North America was reported in January 1986 by scientists at the Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory in Palisades, N.Y., and Harvard University in Cambridge, Mass. The scientists found ...


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Peru's President Alan Garcia Perez continued to defy the international financial community during 1986 by withholding payments on Peru's foreign debt. In Peru, he was credited with some success in slashing inflation, promoting a modest rise in the ...


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Corazon Aquino became president of the Philippines on Feb. 25, 1986, and former President Ferdinand E. Marcos fled to Hawaii.


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Nobel prizes in peace, literature, economics, and the sciences were awarded in 1986 by the Norwegian Storting (parliament) in Oslo and by the Royal Academy of Science, the Caroline Institute, and the Swedish Academy of Literature, which are in ...


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Members of the two Protestant unionist parties in 1986 launched a campaign of protest, some of it violent, in an effort to destroy the Anglo-Irish Agreement. The agreement, which was signed by Great Britain and the Republic of Ireland in November ...


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Canada's North was dealt a staggering economic blow with the announcement on Aug. 25, 1986, that Gulf Canada Corporation would suspend its oil-drilling operations in the Beaufort Sea. Only weeks before, the company had disclosed plans to exploit a ...


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Prime Minister Kaare Willoch resigned on May 2, 1986, two days after losing a key vote in the Storting (parliament) on a proposal to hike gasoline taxes. Willoch lost by only 1 vote, 79 to 78. Willoch's center-right coalition had held on in the ...


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Premier John Buchanan and his Progressive Conservative administration faced a barrage of opposition party criticism in 1986, much of it related to the conduct of one of Buchanan's close colleagues, former Culture Minister W. J. (Billy Joe) MacLean. ...


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In the spring of 1986, scientists drilled the first samples of zero-age rock from an ocean ridge. The drilling was part of the Ocean Drilling Program, a 10-year scientific research project that began in January 1985. Scientists on board the drill ship ...


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The theoretical physicist who won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1967 for his work on nuclear reactions in the sun may have helped to solve a fundamental problem involving these reactions in 1986. The physicist, German-born Hans A. Bethe of Cornell ...


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The Polish United Workers' Party, Poland's Communist Party, reelected Wojciech Jaruzelski as its leader at its 1986 party congress, which ran from June 29 to July 3. Jaruzelski had come to power in 1981, during a crisis brought about by the rise of ...


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The United States popular music industry had a mixed year in 1986. Cassette and album sales dropped. Artistically, however, critics regarded much of the new music as high in quality, with especially good work by many female and black musicians. There ...


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Mario Soares, a Socialist, won a hard-fought presidential election on Feb. 16, 1986, defeating the candidate of the united Portuguese right, Christian Democrat Diogo Freitas do Amaral, by 51 per cent to 49 per cent. Soares succeeded ...


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For the U.S. Postal Service, 1986 was the most trying period in its 15-year history as an independent agency. There were three postmasters general during the year, and the vice chairman of the Postal Service's Board of Governors pleaded guilty to ...


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Ronald Reagan was rocked by the backlash of a major foreign-policy controversy in 1986 as he neared the end of his sixth year in office. On November 25, Reagan announced that two of his key national security aides were leaving the White House ...


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In his second term as prime minister of Quebec, Robert Bourassa moved in 1986 to erase some of the policies associated with the separatist administration of the Parti Quebecois (PQ) and Prime Minister Rene Levesque. The PQ and Levesque had worked to ...


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A proposed merger of two of radio's biggestand oldestbroadcasters was abandoned near the end of 1986. The National Broadcasting Company (NBC), which owned eight radio stations, sought a merger with Westinghouse Broadcasting Company, owner ...


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At the invitation of Pope John Paul II, leaders of 12 religious groups met in Assisi, Italy, on Oct. 27, 1986, to participate in a World Day of Prayer for Peace. Governments and guerrillas involved in 11 wars around the world honored the ...


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Republican Party (GOP) fortunes sagged in the midterm elections of Nov. 4, 1986, as Democrats seized control of the United States Senate by a surprisingly large margin of 55 to 45. The GOP had held a preelection edge of 53 to 47 in the Senate and had ...


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The relation of traditional Roman Catholic beliefs to modern times and experiences held the attention of Roman Catholics in 1986. On August 18, the Vatican revoked the right of an American theologian to teach Roman Catholic morality. Charles E. ...


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Romania's economic crisis deepened in 1986, but the crisis posed no threat to the regime of Communist Party General Secretary and President Nicolae Ceausescu.


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Trustees of the United States social security system reported on March 31, 1986, that the system was strong financially and that both the Old-Age and Survivors Insurance Trust Fund and the Disability Insurance Trust Fund would be able to pay benefits ...


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South Africa in 1986 continued to suffer the escalating violence that began in September 1984. By some estimates, more than 4,000 people, nearly all of them blacks, had been killed by year's end. The hostility of the black majority to the government's ...


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Tragedy and failure thwarted the United States space program in 1986. An explosion that killed seven crew members grounded the space shuttle fleet, and the failure of several types of booster rockets curtailed the launching of other spacecraft and ...


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The Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) of President Felipe Gonzalez Marquez won national elections on June 22, 1986, capturing 184 of the 350 seats in the Chamber of Deputies, the lower house of the Cortes (parliament). Finishing second with 105 seats ...


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The use of illegal drugs continued to have a big impact on sports in 1986. The problem was dramatized by the cocaine-related deaths in June, eight days apart, of college basketball star Len Bias and professional football stand-out Don Rogers.


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Violence continued throughout 1986 as militants of Sri Lanka's Tamil Hindu minority continued to demand a separate statewhich they call Tamil Eelamin the northern and eastern sections of the island nation.


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A coalition of Socialists, pacifists, and youth and religious organizations presented to the Swiss government on Sept. 10, 1986, a petition to abolish the nation's army. Some 120,000 citizens signed the petition.


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Frequent charges by other countries that the regime of Syria's President Hafiz al-Assad is a major sponsor of international terrorism were given credence in October 1986. During the trial in London of a Jordanian, Nezar Hindawi, on charges of planting ...


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Amid growing challenges to its political control, the Kuomintang, Taiwan's ruling party, announced on Oct. 15, 1986, that it would end 37 years of martial law and allow the formation of opposition political parties. The government, however, set no ...


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The year 1986 was a transitional one for all three major television networksthe American Broadcasting Companies (ABC), CBS Inc., and the National Broadcasting Company (NBC)all of which were under new management. As the Big ...


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The most successful tennis players of 1985 repeated their winning ways during 1986. They were Ivan Lendl of Czechoslovakia and Boris Becker of West Germany among the men and Martina Navratilova of Dallas among the women.


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Thailand held parliamentary elections on July 27, 1986, and a record 61.4 per cent of eligible voters participated. The coalition of political parties headed by Prime Minister Prem Tinsulanonda won enough seats to remain in power. Prem himself ...


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Vietnam made sweeping leadership changes in 1986 after official admission of policy failures. On Dec. 18, 1986, the Vietnamese Communist Party named an economic reformer, Nguyen Van Linh, to the nation's top job, party general secretary.


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Warmer than normal temperatures occurred during the first three months of 1986 over most of the United States, including Alaska. The coastal city of Anchorage, Alaska, recorded the fourth warmest January in its history, and temperatures up to 15 o


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The poverty rate in the United States dropped slightly in 1985 for the second straight year, the Bureau of the Census reported on Aug. 26, 1986, and the median family income increased for the third consecutive year. This trend was attributed to a ...


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United States President Ronald Reagan visited Grenada on Feb. 20, 1986, to attend a meeting of Caribbean leaders and to honor the U.S. servicemen who died during the United States invasion of the island in 1983. During his visit, Reagan spoke of his ...


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Yugoslavia suffered from an economic slump in 1986. In the first nine months of the year, Yugoslavia exported 3.4 per cent less than during the same period of 1985. Exports to the West were 1.1 per cent lower; exports to Communist countries, 6.6 per ...


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A new commissioner for Yukon Territory, J. Kenneth McKinnon, was appointed on March 3, 1986. Although the commissioner holds authority from the federal government to administer the territory, the day-to-day business of government is carried out by the ...


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Retail sales of toys in the United States grew slowly in 1986, with an increase of 6 per cent over 1985 sales expected. A dominant, hot-selling new product failed to emerge in 1986. Toy experts predicted that this fact, along with the declining ...


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Najibullahhe uses only one namebecame the leader of Afghanistan's ruling Communist party on May 4, 1986. He succeeded Babrak Karmal, whom the Soviet Union installed in power when it invaded Afghanistan in 1979. Karmal resigned from all ...


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Democratic Mayor Harold Washington finally wrested control of the City Council from his Democratic opponents in 1986 with the April 29 victory of his ally, Luis V. Gutierrez, in a hotly contested special election for alderman of the 26th Ward. ...


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New York City's government in 1986 was shaken by its worst scandals in half a century. A series of disclosures of bribery and fraud began in January, when federal and local investigators alleged there was widespread corruption in the awarding of ...


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Detroit in 1986 weathered a 19-day municipal-workers' strike, pressed ahead with several major urban redevelopment plans, and enjoyed improved fiscal health. But spiraling crime plagued the city, and sales slipped in the automobile industry, the ...


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After faltering for more than a year, Houston's economy worsened sharply in 1986, primarily because of a continued decline in world-wide petroleum prices. By midyear, home foreclosures had become common. In June, Houston officials scrapped a ...


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The population of the world reached the milestone 5-billion mark during 1986. Since 1950, global population has about doubled. In the next 35 to 40 years, world population will increase by 3 billion more, according to projections by the United ...


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A major lawsuit involving ground-water contamination was settled out of court on Sept. 22, 1986, with an $8-million payment to the plaintiffs. The lawsuit was filed by eight Woburn, Mass., families who accused three industrial firmsUnifirst ...


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In 1986, the big news in banking was a series of nonevents, based on a list of dire predictions that failed to materialize. There was no wave of international defaults to send any big banks into failure, and though the Federal Deposit Insurance ...


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The value of new construction erected in the United States in 1986 was expected to total almost $360 billion, the U.S. Department of Commerce reported in June. Of that figureup $18 billion from 1985 and $47 billion from 1984$290 billion ...


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By the end of 1986, there was nearly unanimous consensus among government officials, urban affairs experts, and city-policy critics alike that there had been some improvement in the economies of many cities throughout the United States. They also ...


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In November 1986, the United States economy moved into the fifth year of its current expansionthe third longest expansion period since World War II ended in 1945. The length of the current expansion has been exceeded only four times in the more ...


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Canada's smallest province returned to the Liberal Party fold on April 21, 1986, after seven years of Progressive Conservative (PC) rule. Joseph A. Ghiz led the Liberals to power and was chosen premier.


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Prison crowding continued to be a severe problem in the United States in 1986. From 1980 to 1985, the nation's prison population had grown by almost 174,000, or 53 per cent. Most state prison systems and the federal system had been filled beyond their ...


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The enthronement of Desmond M. Tutu, winner of the 1984 Nobel Peace Prize, as the first black Anglican archbishop of Cape Town, South Africa, on Sept. 7, 1986, focused the eyes of the Protestant world on the struggle against apartheid,


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A 1986 book by psychologist Robert J. Sternberg of Yale University in New Haven, Conn., proposed a new theory of intelligence that could change the way psychologists and educators measure intellectual ability. Sternberg's book, Intelligence Applied,


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On March 13, 1986, officials of the U.S. Public Health Service and one of its agencies, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in Atlanta, Ga., recommended that Americans who run the risk of contracting acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) ...


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A fire in the Dupont Plaza Hotel in San Juan on Dec. 31, 1986, killed 96 people. The fire began when an arsonist ignited furniture wrapped in plastic. On Jan. 13, 1987, police arrested a hotel maintenance man and charged him with 96 counts of murder.


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Russia in 1986 continued to be preoccupied with its relationship with the United States, but the Soviets also tried to improve relations with China. At home, the government maintained its drive for greater efficiency and continued to fire corrupt and ...


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Transportation accidents again made headlines in the United States in 1986. Although the number of fatalities caused by large airline crashes dropped substantially from 1985's record level, a crash near Los Angeles on August 31 rekindled public ...


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Premier Grant Devine led his Progressive Conservative (PC) government to victory in a general election on October 20. The PC's won 38 of the legislature's 64 seats, well short of the 55 seats they won when first voted into office in 1982. The New ...


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The government of King Fahd ibn Abd al-Aziz Al Saud was bedeviled during 1986 by two long-standing problemsfalling oil revenues and the reluctance of the United States Congress to approve arms sales to the kingdom.


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Marc Girardelli of Luxembourg and Maria Walliser of Switzerland won the overall World Cup Alpine skiing titles in 1986. Girardelli took top honors for the second consecutive year, with 294 points to 284 for second-place Pirmin Zurbriggen of ...


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The best soccer player in the world in 1986 was 25-year-old Diego Armando Maradona. The stocky but swift Maradona led Argentina to victory in the World Cup competition, the world's largest and most widely watched sports event, which is held every four ...


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The economic situation faced by state legislatures varied widely in 1986. Many states in the Northeast and Middle Atlantic regions and on the West Coast had thriving economies. These states were able to pass savings along to taxpayers in the form of ...


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Despite several scares, 1986 was a good year for the United States stock market. The Standard & Poor's 500 Index (S&P 500), which tracks 500 stocks representing about 90 per cent of the dollar volume on the New York Stock Exchange, hit its low ...


Description:
The military leaders who overthrew President Gaafar Mohamed Nimeiri in 1985 kept their promise to restore civilian rule in 1986. The first multiparty elections since 1968 were held from April 1 to 12, 1986. Some 4.5 million voters cast ballots for a ...


Title:
SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES (1986)

Description:
In its 1986 term, which ended on July 7, the Supreme Court of the United States produced a body of landmark opinions that eluded such easy labels as conservative, liberal, or activist.


Description:
Sweden was shocked on Feb. 28, 1986, when an unidentified man gunned down its popular prime minister, Olof Palme, on a Stockholm street. Palme had just seen a motion picture with his wife, Lisbet, and one of their sons. The prime minister and his wife ...


Description:
Matt Biondi, the world's outstanding swimmer in 1985, was the most successful again in 1986. On July 24 and 26, during the United States world-championship trials in Orlando, Fla., he set world records in both the men's 50-meter (22.33 seconds) and ...


Description:
A charming Cockney lad who comes out of a London slum to become lord of an English manor won the hearts of Broadway theatergoers in 1986. Song-and-dance man Robert Lindsay proved irresistible as the star of Me and My Girl,


Description:
Sergei Bubka of the Soviet Union and Jackie Joyner of the United States set major world records in 1986. Bubka established both indoor and outdoor pole-vault records. Joyner twice bettered the record for the women's heptathlon, a two-day, seven-event ...


Description:
Transportation companies in the United States showed mixed results in earnings and traffic during 1986. Net income for the trucking industry for the first six months of the year rose 61 per cent above 1985 levels. Shipping lines, on the other hand, ...


Description:
Continued economic difficulties during 1986, plus the inevitable broadening of the political process following the restoration of civilian rule, brought a decrease in the popularity of the ruling Motherland Party headed by Prime Minister Turgut Ozal.


Description:
The United Nations (UN) on Oct. 10, 1986, elected Javier Perez de Cuellar of Peru to a second five-year term as secretary-general. On July 24, Perez de Cuellar had quadruple by-pass heart surgery, but before long he was back on the job.


Description:
The United States federal budget deficit totaled a record $220.7 billion in the 1986 fiscal year, which ended on Sept. 30, 1986. The huge shortfall occurred despite the enforcement of a landmark 1985 law aimed at reducing deficits in each fiscal year ...


Description:
Foreign-policy initiatives and discussions of a large building program highlighted the eighth conference of the nonaligned movementa group of 101 Third World nations and organizationsheld in September 1986 in Zimbabwe's capital, Harare. ...


Description:
Within the next few decades, between 25 and 50 per cent of the world's species of plants and animals may become extinct. Scientists speaking at a conference in Washington, D.C., sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences and the Smithsonian ...


Description:
Zoos and aquariums in the United States continued to improve their facilities in 1986 by opening imaginative exhibits devoted to specific ecosystems,


Description:
The United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) predicted on June 12, 1986, that the number of cases of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in the United States will reach staggering proportions by 1991. HHS ...


Description:
Record drought in the South, torrential autumn rains in the Midwest, and fewer acres planted resulted in a smaller harvest in the United States in 1986. Nevertheless, production greatly exceeded domestic and foreign demand. Grain bins bulged as ...


Description:
President Jose Sarney's centrist coalition won a sweeping victory in national elections on Nov. 15, 1986. The elections were the first in Brazil since the return of civilian government in 1985 ended 21 years of military rule. The coalition, made up of ...


Description:
Two fires, believed set by arsonists, swept through the Los Angeles Central Public Library in 1986 destroying hundreds of thousands of books, documents, and artwork at the downtown landmark. The first, and most severe, fire occurred on April 29. The ...


Description:
Toronto, Canada's largest metropolitan area and its main financial and manufacturing center, was buoyed by another year of growth and development in 1986. The continuing surge of prosperity prompted some grand schemes for the future, such as a huge ...


Description:
Democratic Mayor Marion S. Barry, Jr., easily won a third four-year term on Nov. 4, 1986, receiving 61 per cent of the vote. His Republican challenger, City Council member Carol Schwartz, captured 33 per cent of the vote.


Description:
On Jan. 1, 1987, the population of the United States was about 242.1 million, 2.2 million more than a year earlier. During 1985, the population increased by 1.6 million to 239.1 million, according to the U.S. Bureau of the Census. Because older age ...


Description:
Montreal saw the end of an era in 1986 as Jean Drapeau, 70, the city's mayor for 29 years, stepped down. Drapeau had held the post since 1954, with one four-year interruption.


Description:
The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) agreed on Aug. 4, 1986, to reduce production in an effort to bolster world oil prices, which had plunged to their lowest level since 1973. The members of the 13-nation oil cartel had failed to ...


Description:
The worst accident in the history of nuclear power occurred on April 26, 1986, near Kiev in the Soviet Union. The Chernobyl nuclear power station exploded and burned, spewing radioactive particles into the atmosphere. At least 31 people died either in ...


Description:
The world economy grew by less than 3 per cent in 1986, despite lower interest rates and falling oil prices. It was the second year in a row of decline in the world's economic growth rate. Growth rates among major industrial nations were remarkably ...


Description:
Several well-known poets issued collections or selected editions of their work in 1986. Derek Walcott's Collected Poems 1948-1984


Description:
Displaced families from a west Philadelphia neighborhood that was destroyed by fire in 1985 when the city bombed the home of a radical group moved into new houses on the same site in the spring and summer of 1986. The row houses were built by the city ...


Description:
For the third consecutive year in 1987, the rains returned to most parts of Africa, though Ethiopia was again afflicted with drought. Adebayo Adedeji, executive secretary of the United Nations (UN) Economic Commission for Africa, announced in January ...


Description:
This small Communist statewhich for years has cut itself off from contacts with most other countriescontinued to pursue its own brand of openness in both foreign and domestic affairs during 1987.


Description:
Savage tornadoes ripped through the suburbs of Edmonton on July 31, 1987, killing 26 people, injuring nearly 300 others, and leaving hundreds homeless. Many victims lived in a trailer park devastated by the storm. The Insurance Bureau of Canada ...


Description:
Algeria celebrated 25 years of independence from France in July 1987. Aside from economic success, Algeria's major accomplishment in its first 25 years as a nation was the establishment of a stable political system based on the National Liberation ...


Description:
A surprising discovery in Tanzania and research on ancient teeth, both reported in 1987, suggest that the earliest human ancestors were more primitive and apelike than anthropologists had believed.


Description:
A 1,200-year-old cache of jade, flint, and shell artifacts was found on March 5, 1987, at the ancient Maya city of Copan in western Honduras. The cache was discovered beneath an altar at the foot of a temple-pyramid by archaeologist David Stuart, a ...


Description:
Rapid, uncontrolled construction of new buildings in suburbsespecially clusters of office buildings called office parks


Description:
President Raul Alfonsin of Argentina was credited with averting the threat of a military coup in April 1987. Alfonsin personally intervened to put down a rebellion begun by a military officer who had been summoned to stand trial for human rights ...


Description:
The United States dramatically expanded its military presence in the Persian Gulf in 1987 in an effort to counter growing Soviet influence in the region and to assist pro-American Arab nations that were increasingly threatened by Iran. In the gulf, ...


Description:
Art prices soared to unheard-of levels in 1987. Vincent van Gogh, a visionary Dutch postimpressionist painter who committed suicide at age 37 in 1890, sold only one painting during his lifetime. In 1987, three paintings by van Gogh sold at separate ...


Description:
Unusually bad weather afflicted Asia during 1987, increasing hardships for some of the world's poorest people. From India across Southeast Asia and up to northeastern China, droughts and floods reduced food crops and caused suffering and death.


Description:
The first supernova visible to the unaided eye in 383 years topped the list of astronomical discoveries in 1987. Among the other discoveries were images of giant arcs and the existence of what may be planets around other stars.


Description:
Australian voters reelected Robert Hawke, leader of the Australian Labor Party (ALP), to his third consecutive term as prime minister on July 11, 1987. The ALP won a majority in the House of Representatives, but the party once again failed to obtain a ...


Description:
Austria formed a coalition government of its two largest parties on Jan. 14, 1987, with Franz Vranitzky, a Socialist, remaining in office as chancellor and Alois Mock, leader of the People's Party, becoming vice chancellor. The previous government, a ...


Description:
The mid-1980's sales boom of the United States automobile industry came to an end in 1987. Automakers looked ahead somewhat gloomily to a period of excess production capacity, intense price competition, and an increasingly crowded domestic car market. ...


Description:
Only 11 days before the 1987 Indianapolis 500, the most important automobile race in the United States, Al Unser, Sr., did not have a car to drive. After a series of improbable events, he won the race, becoming the oldest driver, at 47, to win it and ...


Description:
Plant pathologist Gary Strobel of Montana State University in Bozeman received widespread publicity and criticism in August 1987 for conducting an unauthorized experiment in which he injected elm trees with a genetically altered bacterium to protect ...


Description:
The younger generation swept the three most important tournaments on the Professional Bowlers Association of America (PBA) tour for men in 1987. The Ladies Pro Bowlers Tour (LPBT) was hurt when most of its leading players broke away and formed a rival ...


Description:
Heavyweight Mike Tyson and middleweights Sugar Ray Leonard and Thomas Hearns scored major victories in 1987. Tyson, of Catskill, N.Y., became the first heavyweight since Leon Spinks in 1978 to be recognized as the world champion by all of boxing's ...


Description:
Premier William N. Vander Zalm's Social Credit government followed a conservative economic agenda in 1987. His administration, elected in 1986, told the legislature that their major goal was to restrain the government from interfering with the private ...


Description:
Bulgaria followed Soviet leader Mikhail S. Gorbachev's policy of perestroika


Description:
Four major changes occurred in President Ronald Reagan's Cabinet in 1987, and a former Cabinet official was cleared of criminal charges. A jury in New York City in May found former Secretary of Labor Raymond J. Donovan not guilty of larceny and fraud ...


Description:
In its annual report on human rights throughout the world, released on Feb. 19, 1987, the United States Department of State severely criticized the Soviet Union and other Communist or Soviet-backed countries for continued abuses. The report said that ...


Description:
The experiences of the Detroit Symphony Orchestra served as an example of the ups-and-downs of United States musical institutions in 1987. In the spring, its directors announced that by the fall of 1988, the ensemble would return to a rebuilt ...


Description:
Carlos Enrique Lehder Rivas, a top Colombian drug trafficker, was arrested by Colombian police and military personnel on Feb. 4, 1987, as part of a joint campaign against illegal drugs by the United States and Colombia. Under a 1979 extradition ...


Description:
Jan. 1, 1987, was a milestone in the reshaping of United States telecommunications  the third anniversary of the breakup of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T). In 1974, the Department of Justice filed an antitrust suit ...


Description:
In 1987, manufacturers of computers saw bright signs of recovery from the sales slump of recent years. Although industry annual growth rates fell from 62 per cent in the early 1980's to 18 per cent in 1986, analysts predicted growth of 25 to 30 per ...


Description:
With both the Senate and the House of Representatives firmly controlled by the Democrats in 1987, Congress and the Republican Administration of President Ronald Reagan engaged in a yearlong test of wills over the federal budget. The fiscal tug of war ...


Description:
A general election on Sept. 8, 1987, left Denmark in political chaos. The four parties that ruled the nation via a center-right minority coalition lost seats in the Folketing (parliament), finishing with 70 of that body's 179 seats. The Conservatives ...


Description:
A national survey of high school seniors conducted by the University of Michigan's Institute of Social Research in Ann Arbor, Mich., and released in January 1988, revealed considerable drug use among the students surveyed. The study, conducted in ...


Description:
The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in Washington, D.C., on Sept. 1, 1987, approved a new prescription drug that reduces levels of cholesterol in the blood more effectively than any other medication. High cholesterol levels can ...


Description:
Centuries of tradition were broken in 1987 when Patriarch Demetrios of Constantinople, Turkey, the leading figure of the Orthodox world, traveled extensively to visit leaders of other Orthodox churches. In May, he visited the patriarchates of ...


Description:
Education continued to be an important political issue in the United States in 1987. On July 25, the National Governors' Association issued a report calling for a stronger educational system to provide a foundation for American competitiveness in the ...


Description:
Elections for the People's Assembly, Egypt's legislature, held on April 6, 1987, underscored the steady advance of democracy under the regime of President Mohammad Hosni Mubarak. The elections were originally scheduled for 1988. But they were advanced ...


Description:
The United States food industry maintained stable prices in 1987. Ample supplies, continued high demand, and a low inflation rate combined to hold food prices to a 4.2 per cent increaseslightly higher than the overall rise in the Consumer Price ...


Description:
A 24-day strike interrupted the National Football League's (NFL) 1987 season, wiping out games on the last weekend in September and leading to games among hastily assembled replacement teams on the next three weekends. But the regular players ...


Description:
An unprecedented power-sharing arrangement, formed as a result of a national election in March 1986, faced a crisis in January 1987. According to the arrangement, France's top two leaders were members of opposing political parties for the first time ...


Description:
An earthquake measuring 5.9 on the Richter scale struck the Los Angeles area on Oct. 1, 1987. (The Richter scale


Description:
Each of the four 1987 Grand Slam tournaments for men went down to the final hole. None of the four were won by the favored contenders. Larry Mize of Columbus, Ga., won the Masters; Scott Simpson of San Diego won the United States Open; Nick Faldo of ...


Description:
Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher ended a period of intense political speculation on May 11, 1987, by calling a general election for June 11. Her sense of timing was vindicated when her Conservative Party gained a landslide victory in the election. The ...


Description:
The two Americans who won world figure-skating championships in 1986 lost them in 1987. Two other Americans won two World Cup titles each in speed skating and became favorites for the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary, Canada.


Description:
A major new United States immigration law, the product of a decade of effort and controversy in Congress, began to take effect on May 5, 1987six months after it was signed by President Ronald Reagan. Chief among the law's provisions was a ...


Description:
Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi's government was troubled during 1987 by waning political support, continuing religious and separatist violence, the worst drought in 125 years, and other serious problems.


Description:
Self-rule by native peoples continued to be an important issue in the United States and Canada in 1987. In January, the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) said that it planned to turn over responsibility for Indian schools to state governments or ...


Description:
Indonesia held general elections on April 23, 1987. The preceding three-week campaign was the most peaceful in the country's history, and election day brought a 91 per cent voter turnout, one of the largest in Indonesia's history.


Description:
In 1987, the regime of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini pressed ahead in its savage war with Iraq. Iran's relations with other countries, both in the Middle East and in the West, were also frequently adversarial. In September, Iran rejected a United ...


Description:
After 35 years in power, King Hussein I continued in 1987 to guide Jordan with a steady hand and to stay on good terms politically with all the country's neighbors. During the year, Hussein held a number of secret meetings with Israel's Foreign ...


Description:
The United States experienced its lowest unemployment rate in almost 10 years during 1987. Low inflation and the continued growth of the economy pushed the unemployment rate down to 6 per cent, the lowest rate since 1978, according to the U.S. ...


Description:
The presidents of five Central American nationsCosta Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaraguasigned a peace agreement on Aug. 7, 1987, in Guatemala City, Guatemala, bringing hope for an end to political violence in that ...


Description:
The return of Syrian forces to Beirut in February 1987 to restore order was one of the few bright spots in a disastrous year for Lebanon. The Syrians moved in, at the request of Lebanese leaders, after street battles between various factions and ...


Description:
The special relationship that Liberia has long had with the United Statesthe country was founded by Americans in the 1800's as a home for freed black slaveswas severely tested in 1987. In February, the U.S. General Accounting Office ...


Description:
The Congress of the United States and President Ronald Reagan officially designated 1987 as The Year of the Reader. Libraries and literacy organizations throughout the United States responded with programs and celebrations to focus ...


Description:
After years of stagnation, plant closings, and layoffs, United States manufacturers enjoyed a boom year in 1987. The turnaround was significant because in recent years U.S.-made goods have suffered from a reputation for shoddy quality and high cost. ...


Description:
On Sept. 5 and 6, 1987, in one of the rarest and most complicated operations ever performed, a 70-member surgical team at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore successfully separated 7-month-old Siamese twin boys joined at the back of the head.


Description:
Scientists reported strong evidence in 1987 that some forms of mental illness are hereditary  caused by defects in genes that can be passed from parents to their children. On February 26, three separate groups of researchers concluded that some ...


Description:
On Oct. 4, 1987, Mexico's ruling Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) named Carlos Salinas de Gortari, minister of budget and planning, as its presidential candidate in elections scheduled for July 1988. Salinas de Gortari's victory was considered ...


Description:
United States involvement in the quagmire of Middle Eastern politics deepened in 1987. An Iraqi missile attack on a U.S. naval vessel, the frigate U.S.S. Stark,


Description:
King Hassan II met with Algeria's President Chadli Bendjedid on May 4, 1987, in an attempt to resolve the conflict in Western Sahara. Since 1976, Polisario Front guerrillas, supported by Algeria, have been fighting for independence from Morocco, which ...


Description:
Flight delays, near-collisions, and other safety problems plagued the United States aviation industry in 1987. On July 8, the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) in Washington, D.C., revealed that errors by air-traffic controllers increased 50 ...


Description:
Bangladesh in 1987 suffered what President Hussain Muhammed Ershad called the nation's most devastating flood in 70 years. Some annual flooding in Bangladesh is a normal result of monsoon rains. But 1987 brought the most rainfall in 75 years, greater ...


Description:
On the field, the Minnesota Twins overcame preseason odds of 150-1 and won the 1987 World Series, defeating the St. Louis Cardinals. Off the field, major league owners faced charges of conspiring against free agency and failing to hire enough black ...


Description:
The national college basketball titles for the 1986-1987 season went to the Indiana University men and the University of Tennessee women. Among the professionals, the Los Angeles Lakers regained the National Basketball Association (NBA) title from the ...


Description:
Belgium faced possible political chaos after a national election in December 1987 failed to resolve a long-running dispute involving the country's two languages. Most Belgians belong to one of two ethnic groupsthe Flemings, who speak Dutch, and ...


Description:
The United States regained the America's Cup, yacht racing's most prestigious trophy, in 1987. The winning yacht was Stars & Stripes,


Description:
The Progressive Conservative government of Prime Minister M. Brian Mulroney, heir to the largest parliamentary majority in Canadian history in 1984, continued to fall in public favor during 1987. Opinion polls in September showed that only 27 per cent ...


Description:
Canadian literature had a record year in 1987, with publication of nearly 2,300 books. Although many of the new books were cookbooks and other instructional guides such as sports and self-help publications, Canadian publishers issued some 600 books in ...


Description:
The development of military aircraft that cannot be detected by radar took an unexpected turn in August 1987 when chemist Robert R. Birge of Carnegie-Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pa., reported the discovery of chemicals that absorb rather than ...


Description:
World chess champion Gary Kasparov of the Soviet Union held onto his title in 1987, playing countryman and former world champion Anatoly Karpov to a 12-12 tie. Under the rules, Karpov would have had to win the match outright to regain the title. At ...


Description:
A visit to Chile by Pope John Paul II in early April 1987 underscored the demands of many Chileans for democratic elections after 14 years of military rule. At a news conference before his visit, the pope criticized the military regime of President ...


Description:
The ruling Chinese Communist Party elected new leaders on Nov. 2, 1987, after a year of political turmoil in which party conservatives challenged the modernization policies of China's most powerful figure, Deng Xiaoping (Teng Hsiao-p'ing in the ...


Description:
In January 1987, the United States Congress passed a $20-billion Clean Water Act that provided $18 billion for the construction of sewage-treatment plants and $2 billion for the cleaning of waterways. President Ronald Reagan, who vetoed an identical ...


Description:
The lingering specter of Nazism unleashed a flood of emotions in 1987 as courts in France and Israel sought justice for crimes committed during World War II (1939-1945).


Description:
Tales of espionage in the United States Embassy in Moscow unfolded in 1987. Charges that U.S. Marine Corps guards stationed in Moscow and other European locations had for years engaged in forbidden relationships with Soviets rocked the Marines and ...


Description:
Tit for tat reprisals marked the first four months of United States-Cuban relations in 1987. To protest a December 1986 flight of a U.S. spyplane over Cuban military maneuvers, Cuba barred U.S. diplomats on the island from using chartered planes to ...


Description:
Czechoslovakia got a new leader on Dec. 17, 1987, when Gustav Husak resigned as Communist Party general secretary and was replaced by Milos Jakes (pronounced MEE lohsh YAH kehsh


Description:
On Sept. 30, 1987, the Joffrey Ballet unveiled what had always been considered an impossibilitya reconstruction of Russian dancer Vaslav Nijinsky's choreography for The Rite of Spring.


Description:
Democratic Party leaders were stunned on Dec. 15, 1987, by the announcement that former Senator Gary Hart of Colorado was reentering the race for the 1988 Democratic presidential nomination. Earlier in the year, Hart had been strongly favored in all ...


Description:
Three governorships were up for grabs in the United States in 1987, and the incumbent Democratic Party retained all three. In November 3 elections, millionaire political novice Wallace Wilkinson was elected governor of Kentucky by nearly a 2 to 1 ...


Description:
Semiconductor chips, the foundation of many electronic devices, were the focus of a trade dispute between Japan and the United States during 1987. In March, the United States accused Japan of violating a trade agreement signed in July 1986 by ...


Description:
As 1987 drew to a close, several volatile developments heightened political tensions in El Salvador. On November 23, President Jose Napoleon Duarte accused the country's best-known rightist politician, Roberto D'Aubuisson, of masterminding the 1980 ...


Description:
Hunger in Ethiopia has been a world concern since the early 1970's, and 1987 was no exception. A drought in mid-1987 raised the grim possibility of another famine in 1988.


Description:
Arms talks dominated European politics in 1987. In February, Soviet leader Mikhail S. Gorbachev offered to discuss the elimination from Europe of medium-range nuclear missiles known as intermediate nuclear forces


Description:
The big news in fashion in 1987 was the resurgence of the short skirt. For some time, fashion designers had insisted that anything goes when it came to the length of hemlines. Most women had accepted this approach, and some alternated long ...


Description:
Greece confronted Turkey over oil rights in the Aegean Sea in March 1987. Warships from both countries steamed toward three islands off the Turkish coast on March 27 after Turkey announced it had issued licenses for oil prospecting in the Aegean ...


Description:
Haiti's scheduled presidential election was canceled on Nov. 29, 1987, after voting was disrupted by violent attacks on polling places that left more than 24 people dead. The provisional military government of National Council President Henri Namphy ...


Description:
The United States government in June 1987 formed a panel to write new rules to prevent discrimination against physically impaired air travelers. At hearings on the issue in September, blind passengers and wheelchair users testified that airline ...


Description:
The Edmonton Oilers returned to the top of the National Hockey League (NHL) in the 1986-1987 season. The team achieved the best regular-season record and then won the Stanley Cup play-offs. Its captain, Wayne Gretzky, was again the league's Most ...


Description:
In January 1987, Lady's Secret was named 1986 Horse of the Year. The contenders for 1987 Horse of the Year were Ferdinand, winner of the $3-million Breeders' Cup Classic; Theatrical, winner of the $2-million Breeders' Cup Turf; and Java Gold.


Description:
Hungary got two new leaders, a severe economic program, and two new forms of taxation in 1987. The economy continued to stagnate throughout the year. The growth rate was only 1 per cent, with agriculture lagging behind production targets. Hungary's ...


Description:
The unrelenting war betweeen Iraq and Iran moved into its eighth year in September 1987, with no relief in sight for hard-pressed Iraqi ground forces. In January, Iranian troops followed up earlier advances with a massive assault on the key southern ...


Description:
Prime Minister Garret FitzGerald, leader of the Labour Party and Fine Gael (Gaelic People) minority coalition, called for a general election on Jan. 20, 1987, after the coalition collapsed over proposed welfare cuts. In a four-week campaign dominated ...


Description:
The 20th anniversary of Israel's June 1967 victory over the armies of three Arab neighborsEgypt, Jordan, and Syriafound Israelis bitterly divided and still searching for peace with their neighbors. Among the Arab countries, only Egypt by ...


Description:
A bitter political deadlock ended on July 29, 1987, when Giovanni Goria, a Christian Democrat, was sworn in as the head of Italy's 47th government since the end of World War II in 1945. At 43 years of age, Goria became Italy's youngest prime minister. ...


Description:
Noboru Takeshita became Japan's 17th postwar prime minister on Nov. 6, 1987, by winning the confirmation of Japan's Diet (parliament) required by the Constitution. One of his rivals for the post, Takako Doi, head of the Japan Socialist Party, was ...


Description:
Great contrasts characterized the major developments in the world's Jewish community in 1987. There was dissensionand unitybetween Jews in the United States and Israel, and tensionand reconciliationbetween Jews and the Roman ...


Description:
The military machine of Leader of the Revolution Muammar Muhammad al-Qadhafi suffered a severe defeat in neighboring Chad in 1987, as Libyan forces were driven from that country after a 14-year occupation. In January, Chadian forces captured Fada, the ...


Description:
An almost unparalleled bounty of literature was harvested in the United States in 1987. Books dealing with contemporary affairs and notable volumes of fiction were especially abundant.


Description:
Many books about the Constitution of the United States were published in 1987, the 200th anniversary of that document, along with an abundance of picture books and books for preschoolers. Some outstanding books of 1987 were:


Description:
Magazine advertising revenues in the United States increased in 1987 by about 5.5 per cent over 1986, reaching a record $5.4 billion. The number of advertising pages also rose in 1987, totaling nearly 156,000, an increase of 3.1 per cent.


Description:
Prime Minister Mahathir bin Mohamed defeated an unusual challenge to his leadership on April 24, 1987, when he was narrowly reelected president of the United Malays National Organization (UMNO). Because UMNO is the largest party in Malaysia's ruling ...


Description:
The New Democratic Party administration of Premier Howard Pawley, helped by a bustling economy, enacted a vigorous legislative program in 1987. This program included the passage of a controversial amendment to Manitoba's Human Rights Code that ...


Description:
The year 1987 proved to be a bright one for the motion-picture industry in the United States. For the first time in history, film rentals by U.S. theaters broke the $4-billion mark. The 1987 box-office total reached a record $4.2 billion, due both to ...


Description:
The Netherlands introduced rules on April 15, 1987, to stem the flow of refugees seeking asylum in the country and to speed up the procedures for ruling on refugee cases. The influx of refugees had brought the Dutch immigration service to a standstill ...


Description:
Canada's longest-serving provincial premier, Richard B. Hatfield, saw his hopes for a fifth term in office shattered as his Progressive Conservative (PC) party was routed in an election on October 13. Hatfield and his entire cabinet went down to ...


Description:
Premier Brian Peckford, though heading a Progressive Conservative provincial administration, disregarded party loyalty in 1987 and unleashed a bitter attack on Canada's Progressive Conservative federal government. The federal government had signed a ...


Description:
Newspaper ownership in the United States continued to become more concentrated in 1987 as newspaper chains expanded their holdings. Ralph Ingersoll II, through Ingersoll Publications Company, on August 6 paid an astonishingly high priceestimated ...


Description:
Hard-pressed economically and with scarce resources devoted to the military, Nicaraguan President Daniel Ortega signed a Central American peace accord on Aug. 7, 1987, along with the presidents of four other Central American nations. Following the ...


Description:
Oil, which has been the major reason for Nigeria's prosperity, was the main cause of the country's economic crisis in 1987. Declining world prices for oil reduced Nigeria's oil-export earnings to $6.5 billion in 1987, down from $24 billion in 1980. ...


Description:
Nobel prizes in peace, literature, economics, and the sciences were awarded in 1987 by the Norwegian Storting (parliament) in Oslo and by the Royal Academy of Science, the Caroline Institute, and the Swedish Academy of Literature, which are in ...


Description:
After months of protests in 1987, Northern Ireland's two Protestant unionist parties were forced to recognize that their campaign against the Anglo-Irish Agreement was a failure. The agreement, signed by the governments of Great Britain and the ...


Description:
A plan to divide into two separate territories the vast Northwest Territories, which cover 1.3 million square miles (3.4 million square kilometers), failed to come to pass in 1987. The plan stalled because leaders of Native groups could not agree on ...


Description:
The minority Labor government of Prime Minister Gro Harlem Brundtland barely survived a vote of no confidence in the Storting (parliament) on June 12, 1987. The two members of the right wing Progress Party voted with the government, giving it a ...


Description:
William J. (Billy Joe) MacLean, a former Nova Scotia cabinet minister who was expelled from the legislature in October 1986 after pleading guilty to falsifying expense accounts, recaptured a seat in a special election on Feb. 24, 1987. The government ...


Description:
During 1987, Peruvian President Alan Garcia Perez tried to juggle demands from the military, the workers, and international creditors. Judging from a September opinion poll that showed his popularity declining to 47 per centfrom 78 per cent in ...


Description:
Small groups of rebellious soldiers made three unsuccessful attempts to seize power from President Corazon Aquino during 1987. The largest effort occurred on August 28, when about 2,000 troops led by Colonel Gregorio Honasan attacked the presidential ...


Description:
Headlines in 1987 announced developments concerning three superlatives: the discovery of a celestial object known as a supernova, the United States government's decision to build a gigantic atom smasher to be called the Superconducting Super Collider ...


Description:
Poland attempted in 1987 to take a long and risky step down the path of economic and political reform. On November 29, the government held a referendum


Description:
Technological advancement in audio and video recordings, record-breaking pop acts, and high profiles for heavy metal and new age music highlighted 1987. Business boomed as sales of compact disk (CD) players rose rapidly and record companies issued ...


Description:
Prime Minister Anibal Cavaco Silva's Social Democrat Party won a landslide victory in general elections on July 19, 1987, taking 148 seats in the 250-seat parliament. Cavaco Silva's right-of-center minority coalition government had fallen on April 3, ...


Description:
President Ronald Reagan on May 31, 1987, urged wider use of blood testsincluding voluntary testing of marriage-license applicantsto prevent further spread of the virus that causes AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome). AIDS is a ...


Description:
King Juan Carlos I and Queen Sophia of Spain arrived in Puerto Rico for a two-day visit on May 24, 1987. Thousands of Puerto Ricans turned out to greet the king and queen. This was the first visit ever to the island by reigning monarchs of Spain, ...


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Robert Bourassa, Quebec's Liberal prime minister, won a significant personal victory in 1987 with the signing of a historic agreement that allowed Quebec to endorse the new Canadian constitution of 1982. Bourassa had worked with the federal government ...


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Modifying an earlier ruling, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC)which regulates radio and television stations in the United Statesin November 1987 said that stations would be free to air indecent material between ...


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Religious leaders made news in 1987 through controversies surrounding television evangelists in the United States and through the efforts of Pope John Paul II to tighten his control over the Roman Catholic Church. The pope also provoked Jewish leaders ...


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Republican Party (GOP) leaders in January 1987 chose the Superdome in New Orleans as the site of the party's 1988 presidential nominating convention. At a meeting of the Republican National Committee (RNC) in Washington, D.C., the site selection ...


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The Dallas Sidekicks, a team that was about to disband for financial reasons after the 1985-1986 season, won the 1986-1987 championship of the Major Indoor Soccer League (MISL), North America's most important soccer league.


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Trustees of the United States social security system reported on March 31, 1987, that the system promised to remain strong financially into the next century. They also said that the Medicare Hospital Insurance Trust Fund could remain solvent until the ...


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Opposition of South Africa's black majority to the policy of apartheid


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The Soviet Union outpaced the United States in both manned space flight and launch capabilities in 1987. While United States astronauts remained grounded, a Soviet cosmonaut broke the record for consecutive days in space. Cosmonauts worked inand ...


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Socialist Prime Minister Felipe Gonzalez Marquez faced a wave of strikes and student demonstrations in 1987. The students demanded more money for universities, more scholarships, and an end to special entrance examinations. They also complained that ...


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Drug problems, especially the use of cocaine, continued to plague the sports world in 1987. The most notable case involved 22-year-old baseball player Dwight Gooden, who was earning $1.5 million a year pitching for the New York Mets.


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The government's efforts to end four years of guerrilla warfarewhich has taken 6,000 liveswere marked by failure in 1987. Even the introduction of thousands of Indian troops as peacekeeping forces could not stop the bloodshed. The unrest ...


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State legislatures adjusted tax rates in response to changing economic conditions in 1987. The states as a whole reported a surplus of $2.3 billion for fiscal year 1987 (which ended on June 30 in most states). The National Governors' Association ...


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In the 1800's, when someone asked railroad tycoon and stock manipulator Jay Gould what the stock market was going to do, Gould replied, The market, sir, will fluctuate. And that was the story of 1987. For the first three quarters of the ...


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The effort to preserve a civilian democratic government in Sudan in the face of staggering economic and political problems nearly collapsed in August 1987, when the country's coalition government fell. The crisis was triggered by the withdrawal from ...


Title:
SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES (1987)

Description:
In its 1987 term, which ended on June 26, the Supreme Court of the United States issued significant rulings on the job rights of women and minority groups, possible racism in the imposition of the death penalty, and the teaching of creationism in ...


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Police arrested four members of the Kurdish Workers' Party on Jan. 20, 1987, in connection with the assassination of Prime Minister Olof Palme in 1986. The police said the Kurds were their principal suspects in the killing. Stockholm prosecutor Claes ...


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The United States unveiled two teen-aged world record-breakers in 1987 in Janet Evans and Dave Wharton. They helped the Americans dominate their major competitions of the yearthe Pan Pacific Games, the Pan American Games, and the World ...


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Thailand celebrated the 60th birthday of King Bhumibol Adulyadej on Dec. 5, 1987. The occasion was festive because, under the Buddhist traditions observed in Thailand, the completion of five 12-year periods of life is especially favorable.


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Broadway staged a healthy comeback in 1987. For the first time in three years, both theater attendance and the number of new productions rose. Most important, many of the new shows became instant hits.


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For the second time in the sport's history, world outdoor championships were held in track and field in 1987. For the first time, world indoor championships were held. The year will also be remembered for the world record that Ben Johnson set and for ...


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Transportation companies in the United States showed mixed results in earnings and traffic during 1987. Net income for the trucking industry rose an estimated 3.5 per cent above 1986 levels. Shipping lines continued to suffer from lagging demand, and ...


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Triple by-pass heart surgery in February 1987 failed to slow Prime Minister Turgut Ozal as he moved to reinstate full democracy in Turkey. Ozal hoped that holding elections a year early for the Grand National Assembly, Turkey's parliament, would ...


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Communist Party General Secretary Mikhail S. Gorbachev emerged in 1987 as a resolute and energetic reformist pushing the Soviet Union toward what many political observers saw as a second Russian revolution. The year also marked the 70th anniversary of ...


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Yugoslavia in 1987 plunged into its deepest economic recession since the end of World War II in 1945. Financial scandal also rocked the country's banking system and reached the highest levels of the ruling Communist Party.


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Yukon Territory enjoyed an economic boom during 1987, spurred by a reopened lead and zinc mine at Faro that returned to production in January 1986. During 1987, the mine shipped about 50,000 short tons (45,000 metric tons) of processed ore per month. ...


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After decades of domestic and international strife, Zaire in 1987 was realizing the full potential of its wealth in diamonds, tin, copper, cobalt, manganese, and other minerals. Minerals account for 90 per cent of Zaire's foreign trade. Even though ...


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In August 1987, Zimbabwe's Parliament voted to eliminate the seats reserved for whites in its two houses. The white minoritynow roughly 100,000 out of a total population of more than 9 millionhad been guaranteed representation under the ...


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A team of scientists reported in June 1987 that research findings indicate that people were directly and indirectly responsible for the extinction of two-thirds of the birds native to the Hawaiian islands. The extinctions occurred following the ...


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Zoos and aquariums throughout North America delighted millions of visitors with an array of impressive new exhibits in 1987. The National Zoo in Washington, D.C., focused attention on creatures without backbones when it opened its Invertebrate Animal ...


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United States Congressman Mario Biaggi, Democratic representative since 1969 from the Bronx, one of New York City's five boroughs, was sentenced on Nov. 5, 1987, to 30 months in prison and fined $500,000 on bribery charges. Biaggi was found guilty of ...


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Dallas and San Diego joined the list of U.S. cities with at least 1 million residents in 1986, according to estimates by the U.S. Bureau of the Census in October 1987. About one-third of the public housing in Dallas was scheduled for demolition after ...


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Detroit in 1987 witnessed a major air disaster, an unprecedented agreement between an automaker and a union, a teachers' strike, and the continued redevelopment of decaying parts of the city. Crime continued to dominate Detroit-area headlines, ...


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The economy of Houston seemed to stabilize in 1987 after a two-year decline. By March, the unemployment rate was 9 per cent, down from a record high of 10.7 per cent in May 1986.


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An earthquake struck the Los Angeles area on the morning of Thursday, Oct. 1, 1987, causing at least seven deaths, hundreds of injuries, and property damage estimated at more than $213 million. The quake, the third largest to hit Los Angeles in the ...


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Toronto, Canada's largest urban area and main financial center, was a paradox of prosperity and poverty in 1987. Signs of flourishing growth and development in the city coexisted with the specter of homelessness and hunger for many people.


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In early 1987, scientists on board the Ocean Drilling Program's research drill ship, the JOIDES Resolution,


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In 1987, North Korea continued to demand that it be allowed to co-host the 1988 Summer Olympic Games to be held in Seoul. South Korea. Plans proceeded smoothly for the 1988 Olympic Winter Games in Calgary, Canada.


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Ontario's voters gave resounding approval to the Liberal Party under Premier David Peterson in a provincial election held on Sept. 10, 1987resulting in the first Liberal majority in Ontario in 50 years. Holding 51 seats in the Legislative ...


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Two military coups in Fiji in 1987 culminated in the establishment of a republic and the severance of a 113-year-old link with Great Britain. The first coup occurred after a coalition of the Fiji Labor Party and the primarily Indian National ...


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Pakistan suffered from terrorism and military attacks by the Afghan government and its Soviet sponsors along the Afghanistan border during 1987. The trouble seemed to be intended to dissuade Pakistan from continuing to support the Afghan resistance ...


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A large collection of fossilized dinosaur nests with eggs containing unhatched dinosaurs was found in June 1987 in Alberta, Canada. The nests, which were discovered by scientists from the Tyrrell Museum of Paleontology in Drumheller, Alta., are only ...


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The 1987 Pan American Games became a multisport battle between the United States and Cuba. The United States won most of the honors, and Cuba was second best among the record total of 38 nations.


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Postal officials in 1987 once again sought an increase in the price of postage. In May, the Board of Governors of the United States Postal Service proposed an average 16 per cent hike in rates for all classes of mail. The price of a first-class stamp ...


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Ronald Reagan was beleaguered during much of 1987 as he tried to shake off the ill effects of the Iran-contra affair, a White House scandaluncovered in 1986involving arms sales to Iran and the funneling of profits from those sales to ...


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Premier Joseph A. Ghiz and his Liberal government, elected in April 1986, carried out an active legislative program during 1987their first full year in office. Seventy-seven bills were passed, compared with an annual average of 41 during the ...


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Cuban inmates rioted at federal detention centers in Oakdale, La., on November 21, 1987, and Atlanta, Ga., on November 23. The inmates seized control of the two facilities, setting fire to prison buildings and seizing more than 100 hostages. The ...


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Television evangelists in the United States made headlines in 1987some of them sensational. On January 4, Pentecostal evangelist Oral Roberts announced to his television followers that unless they donated $8 million by March 31 to a medical fund ...


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The link between psychological stress and physical health grew stronger in 1987. Researchers continued to find evidence that stress can weaken the body's disease-fighting immune system, leaving a person more susceptible to infection. In the May issue ...


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The Vatican in 1987 restated its position that dissent from official Roman Catholic teaching by members of the Roman Catholic Church is unacceptable. Pope John Paul II took this message directly to Catholics in September, when he began a highly ...


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Romania suffered in 1987 from undiminished austerity at home and a loss of prestige abroad. Behind the suffering were a continuing economic crisis brought on by years of overambitious planning and the government's poor record on human ...


Description:
Disastrous plane crashes in 1987 helped make the safety of air travel an important public concern in the United States. On August 16, 156 people were killed in Detroit after a Northwest Airlines jetliner failed to gain altitude during take-off and ...


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Saskatchewan  its economy weakened by falling prices for wheat, oil, potash (a fertilizer), and uranium  faced a deficit three times higher than expected in 1987. Premier Grant Devine's Progressive Conservative government, reelected in ...


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Saudi Arabia's policy of avoiding direct confrontation with other Middle Eastern powers while using its vast wealth for political and economic leverage was severely tested in 1987 by a clash with Iran. The Saudis, who have consistently supported Iraq ...


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Swiss men and women won almost all the skiing honors during the 1986-1987 season. In the world Alpine championships, they took all five gold medals for women and three of the five for men. In the annual World Cup series, they won all five titles for ...


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The center-right coalition that has ruled Switzerland since 1959 kept its overwhelming majority in parliamentary elections on Oct. 18, 1987. The four parties in the coalition won 159 of the 200 seats in the National Council, 7 fewer than in the last ...


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President Hafiz al-Assad worked diligently throughout 1987 to counter his country's image as a major sponsor of international terrorism. In February, at the invitation of Lebanon's Muslim leaders, he sent 7,000 Syrian troops into Beirut to serve as a ...


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The administration of Taiwan's President Chiang Ching-kuo took many steps in 1987 to expand its program of liberalization into political and economic activities. Chiang's political party, the Kuomintang, continued to be Taiwan's ruling faction, but it ...


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After declaring that taxes would be raised to help cut the United States federal deficit only over my dead body, President Ronald Reagan was prodded by worried fellow Republicans to accept a tax hike in late 1987. The pressure to raise ...


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The three major television networksthe American Broadcasting Companies (ABC), CBS Inc., and the National Broadcasting Company (NBC)continued to dominate viewer habits in 1987, but not as they had even a decade before. Half of the homes in ...


Description:
Ivan Lendl, a Czechoslovak who lives in Greenwich, Conn., and Pat Cash of Australia won the major tennis titles for men in 1987. In the four grand-slam tournaments for women, Martina Navratilova of Fort Worth, Tex., won two and was the runner-up in ...


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United Nations (UN) peacekeeping efforts in 1987 were highlighted by attempts to end the war between Iran and Iraq. On July 20, the Security Council unanimously adopted a resolution demanding that both sides cease fire, withdraw their forces to ...


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The first trillion-dollar budget in the history of the United States was proposed by President Ronald Reagan on Jan. 5, 1987. The record budget put Reagan on a collision course with Democrats in Congress, who for the first time in his presidency ...


Description:
Vietnam elected a new National Assembly on April 19, 1987. Voters selected 496 Assembly members from a field of 829 candidates. In mid-June, the Assembly accepted the resignations of Council of State Chairman Truong Chinh and Council of Ministers ...


Description:
The first half of 1987 was marked by persistently higher than normal temperatures over most of Canada and the Northern United States. Average temperatures were as much as 10 Fahrenheit degrees (5.6 Celsius degrees) above normal, and record high ...


Description:
On Feb. 24, 1987, during a meeting of the National Governors' Association in Washington D.C., governors of 49 states endorsed a plan to overhaul the public welfare system to emphasize job training and work requirements for many welfare participants. ...


Description:
Prime ministers of six tiny nations in the eastern Caribbeanthe former British colonies St. Vincent and the Grenadines, St. Lucia, Dominica, Grenada, Antigua and Barbuda, and St. Christopher and Nevisand of Montserrat, a British ...


Description:
On May 6, French scientists reported that a second virus is capable of causing AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome). Researchers at the Pasteur Institute in Paris said the new virus, called human immunodeficiency virus type 2


Description:
Most economic indicators showed that the United States agricultural economy, which in the early 1980's had suffered the worst crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930's, began to turn around in 1987. Buoyed by near-record government subsidies, ...


Description:
President Jose Sarney revealed on Sept. 4, 1987, that Brazilian scientists had succeeded in enriching uranium, thus joining the group of nations capable of producing nuclear weapons. Sarney denied, however, that Brazil had any ambition to actually ...


Description:
Retail toy sales in the United States continued to grow slowly in 1987, with an increase of just under 5 per cent over 1986 sales. For the second consecutive year, there were no hot-selling items or new product trends. Lack of consumer interest in new ...


Description:
Despite widespread resistance, the Soviet-supported government of Afghan leader Najibullahhe uses only one nametried during 1987 to win broader political support.


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Harold Washington, the city's first black mayor, died of a heart attack on Nov. 25, 1987. His unexpected death at age 65 came less than eight months after an April 7 mayoral election in which Washington, a Democrat, became the first Chicago mayor ...


Description:
Federal investigators in 1987 conducted several wide-ranging probes into charges of corruption within the District of Columbia government. Mayor Marion S. Barry, Jr., who began a third four-year term in January 1987, repeatedly denied any wrongdoing. ...


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On Jan. 1, 1988, the population of the United States was about 244.4 million, 2.2 million more than a year earlier, according to estimates by the U.S. Bureau of the Census. The southern and western Sun Belt regions continued to record the largest ...


Description:
The year 1987 was Montreal's first year under the leadership of Mayor Jean Dore, who was elected and sworn in as mayor in November 1986. Dore replaced Jean Drapeau, Montreal's mayor for nearly three decades.


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Concern about attacks on oil tankers and production facilities in the Persian Gulf by warring Iran and Iraq intensified efforts to construct overland pipelines in the region in 1987. John S. Herrington, secretary of the United States Department of ...


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On July 11, 1987, the United Nations (UN) Fund for Population Activities symbolically proclaimed a newborn boy in Zagreb, Yugoslavia, as the world's 5 billionth living inhabitant. The world's exact population is difficult to assess, however, and some ...


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On Oct. 1, 1987, officials at the United States Bureau of Reclamation, an agency of the Department of the Interior, announced that beginning in 1988, its mission will change from developing water and other natural resources to managing existing water ...


Description:
Two eminent poets, Derek Walcott and John Ashbery, brought out new work in 1987. Walcott's The Arkansas Testament


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The celebration of the 200th birthday of the United States Constitution in 1987 was centered in Philadelphia, the city where the document was written. On September 17the anniversary of the signing of the Constitutionhumid, showery weather ...


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The Organization of African Unity (OAU)--an association of 49 African nations--in 1988 celebrated the 25th anniversary of its founding. Ironically, the OAU era has been marked less by unity than by civil wars, prolonged armed struggles between ...


Description:
The United States Department of Health and Human Services on May 26, 1988, began an unprecedented effort to inform the American public about AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome). AIDS is a disorder that affects the body's disease-fighting immune ...


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The Winter Olympic Games were held at Calgary, Alberta, for 16 days in February 1988. More than 1,750 athletes from a record 57 countries took part. Some events were delayed because of high winds and warm chinook air currents, but the games were the ...


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Riots broke out in Algiers--Algeria's capital--and nearby areas on Oct. 4, 1988, leading the government to declare a state of emergency. The rioters, mostly young people, protested high prices, unemployment averaging 40 per cent, corruption, and the ...


Description:
The origin of modern-looking human beings, Homo sapiens sapiens,


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Dangers threatened the United States banking system in 1987, though the nation achieved a peacetime record of five consecutive years of economic growth. A 22.6 per cent fall in average stock prices on October 19 and increasing uncertainty about the ...


Description:
Spending for new construction in the United States in 1987 was expected to rise to about $392 billion, according to an August forecast by the U.S. Department of Commerce. That figure topped the $388.8 billion spent for new construction in 1986. ...


Description:
United States cities in 1987 continued to experience two different trendslow-income areas that slipped deeper into poverty and a flourishing downtown renovation. Federal policiesincluding tax changes that become effective in 1988 and the ...


Description:
Despite the single largest decline of stock prices in history on Oct. 19, 1987, the United States economy remained surprisingly strong throughout the year. In November, the economy began the sixth year of its current expansion, the longest peacetime ...


Description:
The United States on May 11, 1987, urged the 20 other member nations of the International Energy Agency (IEA) to intensify efforts to stockpile petroleum to soften the effects of a possible future energy crisis. John S. Herrington, secretary of the ...


Description:
The world economy grew an estimated 2.8 per cent in 1987, slowing down for the third consecutive year. Growth rates among major industrial nations varied. Canada, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, and the United States reported higher growth during the ...


Description:
The discovery in Peru of one of the richest unlooted tombs ever found in the Western Hemisphere was reported in September 1988. The tomb, which is about 1,500 years old, is that of a high-ranking Moche warrior-priest. The Moche Indians, a warlike ...


Description:
Much of the architectural world's attention turned in 1988 toward Paris, where a vast series of civic buildings moved toward completion. The new buildings, called the Grands Projets


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Approaching the final year of his six-year term and ineligible to succeed himself, Argentine President Raul Alfonsin seized upon a minor rebellion in January 1988 to purge Argentina's armed forces of officers disloyal to democracy. But even so, ...


Description:
The United States armed forces started 1988 heavily committed in the Persian Gulf, where the eight-year-old war between Iran and Iraq still raged. The U.S. Navy devoted vast resources--more than 30 ships at times--to escorting Kuwaiti tankers through ...


Description:
Major museum exhibitions of 1988 included important shows of work by French artists from several periods. Museums in France, Canada, and the United States teamed up to organize a major retrospective of the work of impressionist master Edgar Degas. The ...


Description:
Asia led the world in economic growth in 1988, and most Asian countries prospered. Farmers saw less prosperity than city dwellers did, but generally good weather and rising commodity prices helped them. A few countries were hit by flooding or severe ...


Description:
Bangladesh in 1988 suffered its second consecutive year of devastating summertime floods. Three-fourths of the country was affected, with high-water records broken in most areas. Parts of Dhaka, the capital, were flooded for the first time in memory.


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In 1986, the Los Angeles Dodgers finished 15 games under .500, and in 1987, they finished 16 games under. Then the team was rebuilt so well that it won the world championship in 1988.


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The University of Kansas unexpectedly won the National Collegiate Athletic Association's (NCAA) 1988 championship tournament for men. Louisiana Tech won the NCAA women's championship. In professional basketball, the Los Angeles Lakers became the first ...


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Belgium ended a period of political chaos on May 6, 1988, when King Baudouin I asked Wilfried A. E. Martens to form a new coalition government. Martens had resigned as prime minister on Oct. 15, 1987, after a long-running dispute involving Belgium's ...


Description:
Scientists in 1988 found several ways to turn mice into effective models for research on AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) and other human diseases. In September 1988, researchers at Stanford University School of Medicine in California ...


Description:
In the 137-year history of America's Cup yachting, no series involved more controversy or bitterness than the 1988 defense won by the United States over New Zealand. Since the 1940's, America's Cup races had been sailed in sloops of the 12-Meter ...


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Bush, George H. W., 43rd Vice President of the United States, was elected President on Nov. 8, 1988. Bush and his running mate, Senator Dan Quayle of Indiana, won a solid victory over the Democratic presidential ticket, headed by Governor Michael S. ...


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The year 1988 was one of change for the United States Cabinet. By year-end, President Ronald Reagan had named three new members to his Cabinet, President-elect George Bush had made appointments to his Administration's Cabinet, and a new Cabinet ...


Description:
In a historic national election on Nov. 21, 1988, Prime Minister Brian Mulroney's Progressive Conservative (PC) Party won a decisive victory, taking 169 of the 295 seats in the House of Commons. The victory confirmed Canada's participation in the ...


Description:
The largest Canadian publishing venture of 1988 was the second edition of The Canadian Encyclopedia,


Description:
Chemist Keith N. Slessor and his colleagues at Simon Fraser University in Burnaby, Canada, reported in March 1988 that they had synthesized retinue pheromone,


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Women's world chess champion Maya Chiburdanidze of the Soviet Union successfully defended her title in a close match against Nana Ioseliani, also of the Soviet Union. The match took place in September and November in Telavi, a city in the Soviet ...


Description:
On Oct. 5, 1988, Chile's voters rejected another eight-year term for President Augusto Pinochet Ugarte, the 72-year-old military dictator who has ruled the country since 1973. In a yes-or-no plebiscite, 54.7 per cent of the more than 7 million Chilean ...


Description:
In January 1988, a group of environmental organizations charged that oil drilling near Alaska's Prudhoe Bay had polluted the North Slope tundra, a fragile ecosystem, and destroyed large areas of wildlife habitat. Claiming that the oil industry had ...


Description:
There were controversies and arguments about judges and judicial nominations to federal courts in the United States during 1988. Democrats led by Senator Edward M. Kennedy (D., Mass.) criticized the Administration of President Ronald Reagan for ...


Description:
Efforts to stem the flow of illegal drugs into the United States took on global proportions in 1988. In February, federal grand juries in Tampa and Miami, Fla., indicted Panamanian leader General Manuel Antonio Noriega Morena on charges that he ...


Description:
The signing of a pact at the United Nations Headquarters in New York City on Dec. 22, 1988, marked the success of negotiations designed to help end the civil war in Angola and to withdraw the Cuban and South African troops that have backed the ...


Description:
Czechoslovakia continued in 1988 to drag its feet in carrying out Soviet leader Mikhail S. Gorbachev's policy of perestroika


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The death of American choreographer Robert Joffrey on March 25, 1988, was a serious loss to the dance world. As founder and director of the Joffrey Ballet, he had given young experimental choreographers such as Twyla Tharp and Laura Dean their first ...


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A nine-year territorial dispute with Israel was resolved on Sept. 29, 1988, when an international arbitration panel awarded Taba, a small Israeli-occupied oceanfront resort in the Sinai Peninsula, to Egypt. Taba was the only part of the Sinai that was ...


Description:
Republican George Bush, Vice President of the United States for eight years under President Ronald Reagan, was elected 41st President of the United States on Nov. 8, 1988. Bush scored a convincing victory over Democrat Michael S. Dukakis, the governor ...


Description:
The remnants of the United States consumer electronics industry made a last stand in 1988. At midnight on January 1, Thomson S.A., one of France's largest manufacturers, took possession of the General Electric (GE) and RCA Consumer Electronics ...


Description:
As El Salvador headed toward presidential elections in March 1989, gunfire and explosions punctuated the nights in San Salvador, the capital. Elsewhere, leftist rebels mounted scattered attacks throughout the small country.


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Scientists found increasing evidence in 1988 that the pollutants unleashed by human activities may be seriously altering the earth's environment.


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The government of President Mengistu Haile-Mariam, while remaining committed to military rule and a socialist economy, adopted new agricultural policies in February 1988. The regime removed some of the controls on farmers, began paying higher crop ...


Description:
Curtis Strange won the United States Open in 1988, and Alexander (Sandy) Lyle of Scotland won the Masters. Gary Player of South Africa captured three major titles for seniors. They were among the year's most successful male golfers.


Description:
Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher's political agenda dominated 1988. With a comfortable majority in the House of Commons, her Conservative Party government pressed ahead with major reforms. But as the year progressed, economic troubles grew.


Description:
Greece and Turkey agreed in 1988 on a plan to cool their dispute over the ownership of the oil-rich floor of the Aegean Sea. In March 1987, this dispute had brought them to the brink of war. Greece's Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou and his Turkish ...


Description:
Vinicio Cerezo, Guatemala's first elected civilian president in more than 30 years, survived an attempted coup on May 11, 1988. But in its aftermath, Cerezo was reportedly more dependent than ever on military support to stay in power. The mutiny was ...


Description:
Political turmoil held Haiti firmly in its grip during 1988. Military coups--one in June and a second in September--rocked the nation. Violent attacks on dissidents were followed by reprisals against those who carried out the attacks, and a breakdown ...


Description:
The Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988, passed by the United States Congress in August and signed into law in September, extended federal protection for the first time to cover housing discrimination against people with mental or physical ...


Description:
Indians from the United States and Canada campaigned for independence for native populations on an international scale in 1988. At a press conference in Moscow in May during the summit meeting between President Ronald Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail ...


Description:
On March 10, 1988, the People's Consultative Assembly unanimously elected President Suharto to a fifth five-year term. Suharto, who turned 67 in 1988, has held the presidency since 1967.


Description:
After a year's delay, Iran on July 18, 1988, accepted United Nations (UN) Security Council Resolution 598, which called for a cease-fire and peace negotiations to end Iran's eight-year war with Iraq. The UN had passed the resolution in July 1987.


Description:
Victory celebrations throughout Iraq marked the Aug. 20, 1988, cease-fire that halted hostilities in the country's eight-year war with Iran. On August 8, both countries had formally accepted United Nations (UN) Security Council Resolution 598, which ...


Description:
After seven weeks of feverish, often rancorous negotiations following an inconclusive national election, Israel's two major political parties agreed on Dec. 19, 1988, to form another coalition government. The Likud bloc and the Labor Party had formed ...


Description:
Prime Minister Giovanni Goria resigned on March 11, 1988, because of a dispute over a partially built nuclear power plant. This was Goria's third resignation since taking office on July 29, 1987. The most recent had occurred on Feb. 10, 1988, but ...


Description:
Several exciting discoveries, including a remarkable pulsar and an Einstein ring, marked the year 1988 in astronomy. Astronomers also found rare light echoes from a supernova and learned that the planet Pluto has an atmosphere.


Description:
In 1988, Australia celebrated the 200th anniversary of the arrival of the British in what is now the city of Sydney. Australians took the Australian Bicentennial Authority's slogan--"Let's Make It Great in 88"--to heart, planning hundreds of events to ...


Description:
Controversy over Kurt Waldheim, Austria's president and former secretary-general of the United Nations, continued through 1988. In 1987, Waldheim was barred from entering the United States because of his activities as an officer in the German Army ...


Description:
United States automakers entered 1988 with dread, fearing that the stock-market crash of Oct. 19, 1987, had signaled the start of a general decline in automotive sales. Instead, car and truck sales quickly regained strength in 1988, helping the ...


Description:
The cars were similarsleek open-wheel, open-cockpit roadsters with aerodynamic wings to keep them from sailing off the ground at high speedbut they differed in weight. The lighter ones competed in 16 Formula One Grand Prix international ...


Description:
Turmoil between labor and management at Eastern Airlines and a special federal investigation into the airline and its parent company, Texas Air Corporation, dominated aviation news in the United States in 1988. At the heart of the dispute between ...


Description:
Scientists made further breakthroughs in the genetic engineering of grain crops in 1988. Geneticists at Sandoz Crop Protection Corporation in Palo Alto, Calif., reported in April that they had successfully transferred a foreign gene into maize


Description:
In April 1988, Pete Weber, the son of Hall of Famer Dick Weber, won the richest tournament and the richest winner's purse on the Professional Bowlers Association of America (PBA) tour. In August, PBA Commissioner Joseph R. Antenora suspended the ...


Description:
The seemingly unending saga of Mike Tysonin and out of the ringprovided headlines during much of 1988. At age 22, Tyson was recognized as the world heavyweight champion by the three major governing bodiesthe World Boxing Council ...


Description:
Premier William N. Vander Zalm, conservative and controversial leader of the Social Credit government, announced in February 1988 that his government would not provide public medical insurance for abortions unless the woman's life was in danger. The ...


Description:
Mystery surrounded the sudden political downfall of Chudomir Aleksandrov on July 20, 1988. Aleksandrov, 53, was a leading member of a new generation of economic planners and a strong advocate of accelerating the pace of an economic restructuring ...


Description:
Burma was wracked by violence during 1988 in an indecisive effort to end the military dictatorship of General Ne Win. Ne Win, who seized power in 1962, had created a system of government devoted to the "Burmese way to socialism," a mixture of ...


Description:
The long-suppressed hostility between Burundi's ruling Tutsi (also spelled Tusi


Description:
China struggled with economic problems during 1988. Plagued by inflation and government corruption, China's leaders curtailed an economic reform program that had permitted more free enterprise but led to shortages. Grain production remained ...


Description:
On Sept. 13, 1988, United States President Ronald Reagan signed into law a bill hailed as the most important U.S. civil rights law in the last 20 years. The law, the Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988, greatly strengthened federal laws banning ...


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More than 200 performers proved once again in June 1988 that music is an international language. Members of the New York Philharmonic and the Soviet State Symphony Orchestra gathered on the stage of an outdoor theater in Moscow's Gorki Park to make ...


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Colombia's Attorney General Carlos Mauro Hoyos Jimenez was kidnapped and later found murdered on Jan. 25, 1988, outside the city of Medellin. Hoyos was the latest victim of Colombian drug traffickers who have also killed a minister of justice and ...


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The most controversial issues of 1988 in the United States telecommunications industry concerned two variations on regular telephone service. One was the so-called 976 services


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The year 1988 saw strong growth in the computer industry. Dataquest, Incorporated, a market-analysis firm located in San Jose, estimated that in 1988 more than 10 million personal computers, with a total value of $22.4 billion, were sold in the United ...


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The United States general election of Nov. 8, 1988, resulted in the third straight defeat of a Democratic presidential ticket. But the loss, coming after midsummer polls had indicated a likely Democratic victory, was made less painful by Democratic ...


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A general election on May 10, 1988, failed to resolve a political crisis involving Denmark's nuclear-arms policy and the country's membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Denmark had prohibited the presence of nuclear weapons in ...


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On Nov. 18, 1988, President Ronald Reagan signed into law one of the most far-reaching antidrug bills in United States history. Among other provisions, the legislation allows up to a $10,000 fine for possession of even small amounts of illicit drugs ...


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Two unlikely prescription drugsthe first effective antiwrinkle cream and the first prescription treatment for baldnesscaused excitement among appearance-conscious people in the United States during 1988.


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During 1988, the Russian Orthodox Church observed the 1,000th anniversary of the introduction of Christianity to Russia. According to historians, Grand Prince Vladimir I, pagan ruler of the city of Kiev in what is now the Soviet Union, converted to ...


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Five years of educational reform and a $56-billion increase in spending only marginally improved public schools in the United States, leaving student achievement "unacceptably low," U.S. Secretary of Education William J. Bennett concluded in a report ...


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The European Community (EC or Common Market) cleared the way in 1988 for the elimination of all tariffs and other trade barriers between its 12 member nations by 1992. At summit meetings in February and June, EC leaders resolved long-standing crises ...


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The short skirts, the poufs and ruffles, and the sense of exaggerated femininity that took the fashion industry by storm in 1987 gave way to a more sober look in 1988. By fall, clothes were slimmer, slicker, and less exaggerated. Colors took on ...


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The United States food industry fell on harder times in 1988 as a result of one of the most severe droughts in U.S. history. Grain production dropped sharply and pushed food prices up, though large stockpiles from past harvests blunted the drought's ...


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The major titles in 1988 football were won by the San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League (NFL), the Winnipeg Blue Bombers of the Canadian Football League (CFL), and the University of Notre Dame among colleges. Continued crackdowns on ...


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President Francois Mitterrand won a second term of office in general elections in April and May 1988. His leading opponent was Prime Minister Jacques Chirac, with whom Mitterrand had established an unprecedented power-sharing arrangement in 1986. ...


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One of the most exciting geologic events of 1988 was a conference held in Snowbird, Utah, in October. More than 100 scientists gathered to discuss evidence for theories linking meteorite impacts with mass extinctions and geologic change.


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The Edmonton Oilers, the National Hockey League's (NHL) best team in the 1980's, won the Stanley Cup play-offs in 1988. Edmonton center Wayne Gretzky, the best player in the 1980's, failed to win the Most Valuable Player award, however, for the first ...


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In 1988, Alysheba and Personal Ensign won major thoroughbred honors, and Mack Lobell was the outstanding harness-racing horse, just as he was in 1987. After the season, all three 4-year-olds were retired for breeding.


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The Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party, Hungary's Communist party, changed leaders and approved a package of Western-style political reforms at a national conference of the party on May 20 to 22, 1988. The changes apparently had the full approval of ...


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Brian Boitano of Sunnyvale, Calif., and Katarina Witt of East Germany swept the major figure-skating championships in 1988. Among the successful speed skaters were Bonnie Blair of Champaign, Ill.; Yvonne van Gennip of the Netherlands; and Karin Enke ...


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A one-year amnesty program for many illegal aliens, established by a sweeping 1986 United States immigration law, expired on May 4, 1988, despite efforts in Congress to extend it. Although the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) had estimated ...


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The monsoon winds that sweep over India from the Arabian Sea brought plentiful rain in 1988, reviving agriculture in the rural areas where most of India's 813 million people live and spurring economic growth in the cities. But Prime Minister Rajiv ...


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Emperor Hirohito--Japan's emperor since 1926--became critically ill on Sept. 19, 1988, when he suffered an attack of intestinal bleeding. The news media reported that he had cancer, though there was no official confirmation. One year earlier, Hirohito ...


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Jews throughout the world commemorated two significant historical events in 1988the 40th anniversary of the creation of the state of Israel and the 50th anniversary of Kristallnacht


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King Hussein I abruptly announced on July 31, 1988, that he was severing financial and administrative ties between Jordan and the Israeli-occupied West Bank. The West Bank was a part of Jordan until 1967, when Israel occupied the territory during the ...


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The unemployment rate in the United States fell to one of its lowest levels in 14 years in 1988, hitting 5.3 per cent. This meant that only 53 out of every 1,000 people in the U.S. labor force were unable to find a job. Wage increases continued to ...


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Latin America quietly whittled away at its foreign debts during 1988. Creative and competent finance ministers tested new approaches to the debt problem. On December 19, United States President-elect George Bush pledged his Administration to helping ...


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Lebanon's strife-torn government was brought to a near standstill in 1988 after parliament failed to elect a new president to succeed Amine Gemayel, whose six-year term expired on September 23. The failure dimmed already faint hopes that the various ...


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Public libraries in the United States are busier than ever, according to an annual survey conducted by the Library Research Center at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and reported in August 1988. In 1987, total public library circulation ...


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Leader of the Revolution Muammar Muhammad al-Qadhafi reversed direction in both foreign and domestic policy in 1988. He improved Libya's ties with its neighbors in an attempt to enhance Libya's image abroad. In August, Qadhafi called for greater ...


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The year 1988 saw the return of the traditional novel in the United States. The most successful American fiction of the year championed traditional techniquessuch as character development, complex plots, and large themesrather than ...


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Children's books published in 1988 included more books for the very young. For older readers, informational books explored a wide range of topics, and much fiction involved current issues.


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Magazine advertising revenues in the United States increased in 1988 by about 10 per cent over 1987, reaching a total of $5.9 billion. The number of advertising pages also rose in 1988, totaling nearly 167,000, an increase of 7 per cent.


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Malaysia experienced political turmoil in 1988 even as it became more prosperous due to industrial growth and a rise in world prices for its rubber and palm oil exports. Prime Minister Mahathir bin Mohamed's narrow 1987 reelection as president of the ...


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The governing New Democratic Party (NDP) suffered a dramatic defeat in the legislature on March 8, 1988, when it lost a vote of confidence on its budget. Premier Howard Pawley, Canada's only NDP provincial head, resigned the next day, saying that he ...


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"The health of manufacturing improved significantly in 1988" in the United States, according to Alexander B. Trowbridge, president of the National Association of Manufacturers (NAM). The manufacturing renaissance that began in 1987 was partly the ...


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The lack of progress in successfully developing an artificial human heart sparked a controversy in the United States in 1988. On May 12, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in Bethesda, Md., announced a halt in funding for research to develop an ...


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The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) in Rockville, Md., on May 4, 1988, began an intensive nationwide campaign to inform the public about the symptoms and treatment of clinical depression. Psychiatrist Lewis L. Judd, director of the ...


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On Dec. 1, 1988, Carlos Salinas de Gortari was sworn in for a six-year term as Mexico's president, but the inaugural ceremony was marked by a walkout by more than 100 opposition lawmakers and by street demonstrations protesting vote fraud.


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The various conflicts that have kept tensions in the Middle East at a high level in recent years proved to be more susceptible to arbitration in 1988 than at any time since 1979, when Egypt became the first Arab state to recognize the existence of ...


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Oil earnings, which account for 95 per cent of Nigeria's foreign exchange, dropped to about $6 billion in 1988down from a high of about $25 billion in 1980. In July, the government of President Ibrahim Babangida took steps to attract new ...


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Nobel Prizes in peace, literature, economics, and the sciences were awarded in 1988 by the Norwegian Storting (parliament) in Oslo and by the Royal Academy of Science, the Caroline Institute, and the Swedish Academy of Literature in Stockholm, Sweden.


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An escalation of violence between the outlawed Irish Republican Army (IRA) and British troops overshadowed all other events in Northern Ireland in 1988. On January 25, controversy erupted when the British government announced that eight Royal Ulster ...


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On Sept. 5, 1988, in a tiny Indian village on the shores of the Great Slave Lake, Canada's Prime Minister Brian Mulroney signed an agreement-in-principle that would make 13,000 Dene Indians and Metis


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Prime Minister Gro Harlem Brundtland shuffled her cabinet on June 13, 1988, appointing ministers who strongly favored Norway's joining the European Community (EC or Common Market). Norway had decided in a referendum


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Scandals plagued the Progressive Conservative (PC) administration of Premier John Buchanan in 1988. Cabinet member Edmund Morris resigned his post in January after he was convicted of violating the province's Freedom of Information Act. Gregory ...


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Scientists aboard the Ocean Drilling Program's research drill ship, the JOIDES Resolution,


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Canada's 1988 economic boom was felt strongly in Ontario, the country's manufacturing and financial center. Economic growth outpaced Canada's national average, and the jobless rate of 5.1 per cent remained the lowest among Canada's provinces.


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Agreement on a 10-year peace plan between New Caledonia's ethnic French citizens and Kanaks


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President M. Zia-ul-Haq was killed on Aug. 17, 1988, when the air force transport plane he was riding in crashed near Bahawalpur. The crash killed all of the 30 people aboard, including 10 senior Pakistani army officers and the United States ...


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A discovery in Montana in 1988 provided new details of the early life cycle of ancient reptiles. The unearthing of dinosaur eggs containing the fossilized skeletons of dinosaur embryos was reported in March 1988 by paleontologist John R. Horner of the ...


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Peruvian President Alan Garcia Perez imposed new austerity measures on Sept. 6, 1988--and still more belt-tightening on November 23--after a bitter debate within his own party, the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance. Citing a lack of cooperation ...


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President Corazon Aquino voiced hopes for an end to the 20-year-old Communist guerrilla movement in her state-of-the-nation address on July 25, 1988, saying that 1988 "may be remembered as the year the insurgency was broken." Her claim was partly ...


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Physics made big news in 1988 with the announcement of the site for the proposed Superconducting Super Collider (SSC), a particle accelerator that will be the largest scientific instrument ever built; and with increases in the temperature at which ...


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A simple psychological test may predict whether a person is more likely to develop cancer or heart disease or remain unaffected by these conditions, according to research described by Hans J. Eysenck, a psychologist at the University of London's ...


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Surgeon General of the United States C. Everett Koop in 1988 warned that improper diet is a major health problem in the United States. In a 712-page report on nutrition and health released on July 27, he said that diseases associated with improper ...


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Puerto Ricans reaffirmed their desire to maintain their unique commonwealth status in voting for a new chairman of the dominant Democratic Party on March 20, 1988. (As a commonwealth, Puerto Rico receives assistance and protection from the United ...


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Prime Minister Robert Bourassa, leading a solid Liberal government, announced plans in March 1988 to build three more hydroelectric dams in the James Bay region of northern Quebec. The James Bay project, which Bourassa began in 1973 during his first ...


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The role of women in Christianity was a major concern of religious leaders in 1988. The issue was best dramatized on September 24 when delegates at a convention of the Episcopal diocese


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Winning the presidency for the fifth time in the last six elections, the Republican Party (GOP) nevertheless faced a mixed outcome in the general election of Nov. 8, 1988. The GOP lost one seat in the Senate and surrendered one governorship. The GOP ...


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The prospects for peace between Somalia and Ethiopia in 1988 were the brightest since 1977-1978, when the two countries fought a war over ownership of Ethiopia's Ogaden region. In March 1988, the two nations agreed to resume diplomatic relations, ...


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International efforts to isolate South Africa because of its policy of apartheid


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United States astronauts returned to space on Sept. 29, 1988, after a 32-month absence. The Discovery


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The United States agreed on Jan. 15, 1988, to withdraw 72 F-16 fighter-bombers and some 3,500 troops from Spanish soil within three years. These planes and troops are stationed at Torrejon air base near Madrid, one of four United States bases in ...


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Amateur sports in the United States were shaken in 1988 by power struggles and charges of mismanagement. The problems attracted special attention in women's gymnastics, bobsledding, boxing, and track and field.


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Prime Minister Ranasinghe Premadasa of Sri Lanka's United National Party (UNP) was elected president of the strife-torn island nation on Dec. 19, 1988, succeeding J. R. Jayewardene. The new president defeated Sirimavo Bandaranaike of the Sri Lanka ...


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The impeachment of a governor, state elections, new lotteries, and radical new approaches to health and automobile insurance were among the major developments in state government in 1988. No state hiked taxes sharply, but a movement to establish state ...


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President Chiang Ching-kuo died of a heart attack on Jan. 13, 1988. His death, which came after years of declining health, ended a dynasty established in China more than 60 years earlier by his father, President Chiang Kai-shek. The elder Chiang had ...


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The Congress of the United States passed a major tax bill on Oct. 22, 1988, minutes before adjourning for the year. The bill, which was designed to extend some popular tax breaks and make "technical" corrections in the massive 1986 tax overhaul law, ...


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Although the United States television audience might not have been fully aware of it, a strike by television writers greatly affected what they saw in 1988. For 22 weeks beginning on March 7, about 2,500 TV scriptwriters--members of the Writers Guild ...


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Steffi Graf, a 19-year-old West German, recorded tennis's first grand slam in 18 years in 1988 by sweeping the women's singles titles in the four grand-slam championships in the same year. The championships were the Australian, French, and United ...


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Prime Minister Prem Tinsulanonda gave up his post in 1988 after overseeing more than eight years of increasing prosperity and political stability in Thailand. He was succeeded on August 11 by Chatichai Choonhavan, the first civilian leader elected ...


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On Broadway and around the United States, 1988 was a lively year for theater. There were new shows and stars galore and theater festivals of unusual scope and ambition.


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Vietnam suffered grave economic problems throughout 1988 that lowered the nation's already depressed living standards. Vietnam's leaders seemed unable to cope with the country's problems, which included runaway inflation, declining industrial ...


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The outstanding weather news in the United States in 1988 was the extreme heat and drought that prevailed over most of the northern part of the nation. Crop yields showed their largest yearly decline since record-keeping began.


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A major, years-long effort to overhaul the United States welfare system reached fruition on Oct. 13, 1988, when President Ronald Reagan signed the Family Support Act, a law designed to help welfare parents get jobs through education, job training, and ...


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Hurricane Gilbertthe fiercest hurricane of this centurydevastated the island nation of Jamaica on Sept. 12, 1988, killing 45 people. The storm left an estimated 500,000 people homelessnearly a fifth of Jamaica's entire population.


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Yugoslavia in 1988 became more deeply mired in economic recession, with the strains of a huge foreign debt, an inflation rate that exceeded 100 per cent, and seemingly endless strikes amid widespread unemployment aggravating ethnic conflict. In fact, ...


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The Council of Yukon Indians, representing 5,500 Indians living in the Yukon Territory, accepted an agreement-in-principle for settling long-standing land claims in July 1988. The agreement will transfer about 16,000 square miles (41,500 square ...


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A debate raged in 1988 over the possible reclassification of chimpanzees from the status of threatened species


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The city's political leaders spent much of 1988 jockeying for position following the sudden death of Mayor Harold Washington on Nov. 25, 1987. The stage for that contest was set a week later, on December 2, when a biracial coalition of regular ...


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The crack epidemic left its mark on New York City in 1988. In the borough of Queens in February, a war among rival gangs selling this smokable and highly addictive form of cocaine led to the assassination of a police officer, Edward Byrne, as he sat ...


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Redevelopment projects continued to put a new face on Detroit in 1988, though not without generating some major controversies. Meanwhile, crimeespecially among young peopleremained one of the city's most troublesome problems.


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The economy of Houston, which had faltered for four years, showed a moderate upturn in 1988. By August, unemployment was 6.3 per cent, down from a record high of 10.7 per cent in May 1986. Retail sales and home sales increased, while foreclosures ...


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Los Angeles residents in 1988 witnessed a year of escalating street violence caused by youth gangs. Reacting to public anger and fear, the Los Angeles City Council on April 12 approved $4.5 million in additional police overtime pay to put more ...


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San Diego had success with a program to increase available low-cost housing for the homeless. In 1987, the city relaxed building codes and granted low-interest loans to developers who built single-room-occupancy hotels, a traditional source of ...


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The 12-year conflict in Western Sahara, which has drained Morocco's resources, tied down its army, and affected Morocco's relations with other African states, seemed to be approaching a solution in 1988. The first sign of a breakthrough was the ...


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The most publicized film of 1988 was the never shown in much of the United States, Canada, and Europe. The Last Temptation of Christ,


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The Netherlands welcomed Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, who arrived on July 2, 1988, for a two-day visit to mark the 300th anniversary of the accession of the Dutch Prince William of Orange to the English ...


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Following the overwhelming election victory of the Liberal Party in October 1987, New Brunswick entered 1988 as the only Canadian province to have a legislature consisting of only one party. The Liberals, under Premier Frank J. McKenna, held all 58 ...


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Newfoundland, Canada's federal government, and a consortium of five oil companies announced a tentative agreement on July 18, 1988, to develop the Hibernia oil field, located in the North Atlantic Ocean about 200 miles (320 kilometers) southeast of ...


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Newspaper reporting in the United States came under increasing fire in 1988. Much of the criticism focused on the use of anonymous sources, a practice that has become much more widespread over the past two decades. On July 22, a Minneapolis, Minn., ...


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The Sandinista government and rebel forces known as contras


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Poland suffered in 1988 from internal disorders that had been common since December 1981, when the government suppressed the independent labor union Solidarity. Strikes, government threats, the use of troops, arrests, and a state of near-total ...


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Sales rose for both compact discs (CD's) and CD players in 1988, and record companies began to phase out traditional vinyl albums after sales figures showed that most buyers preferred CD's or cassettes. Technological innovations included 3-inch ...


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A 24-hour general strike called by Portugal's two main labor unions paralyzed much of the country on March 28, 1988. The unions were protesting labor legislation that Prime Minister Anibal Cavao Silva's center-right government presented to Parliament ...


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Anthony M. Frank, 56, a savings and loan official from California, was sworn in as United States postmaster general on March 1, 1988. Frank, formerly the chief executive of San Francisco's First Nationwide Financial Corporation, became the fifth ...


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In a nonbinding popular vote on Jan. 18, 1988, the residents of Canada's smallest province voted in favor of the construction of an 8.7-mile (14-kilometer) link to mainland Canada by a bridge or a tunnel. Historically, only boats and aircraft provided ...


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Crowding remained the number-one-problem plaguing United States prisons and jails in 1988 as inmate populations grew to record numbers. From January through June, the number of inmates in state and federal correctional institutions grew 4 per cent to ...


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The National Conference of Catholic Bishops in the United States, meeting at St. John's Benedictine Abbey in Collegeville, Minn., voted on June 27, 1988, to draft a new statement outlining the Roman Catholic Church's position on the moral issues ...


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An eruption of problems in several nuclear-weapons plants created a major safety issue in the United States in 1988. Precautionary actions were taken at three facilities. In August, the U.S. Department of Energy shut down three weapons-production ...


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On Feb. 25, 1988, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that Saskatchewan must either translate its laws into French or enact a new statute to confirm English as the only language of legislation. A largely ignored 1886 act, which predated the creation of ...


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Alberto Tomba, the brash 21-year-old Italian known as La Bomba


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United States soccer experienced an unprecedented high and a perilous low in 1988. Appropriately, the high came on July 4 when the United States was selected to host the quadrennial World Cup competition--the world championship of soccer--in 1994. The ...


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The trustees of the United States social security system reported on May 6, 1988, that the system is likely to remain in good shape for the next 60 years. In the most probable scenario of economic and demographic changes, the combined old-age and ...


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Compared with the wild stock-market fluctuations of the previous year--highlighted by the stock-market crash on Oct. 19, 1987--the year 1988 was relatively quiet. But the feeling of calm that pervaded the market was touched with nervousness. Many ...


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Sudan, once expected to become the breadbasket of the Middle East, was wracked by famine, civil war, and ruinous economic problems in 1988.


Title:
SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES (1988)

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In one of the last public sessions of 1987-1988 terms, the Supreme Court of the United States on June 29, 1988, upheld the authority of an independent counsel to investigate suspected criminal wrongdoing by top government officials. The 7 to 1 ruling, ...


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Prime Minister Ingvar Carlsson's Social Democrats lost three seats in the Riksdag (parliament) in a general election held on Sept 18, 1988. The loss cut the Social Democrats' representation to 156 seats in the 349-seat Riksdag. The Communists, who ...


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Kristin Otto of East Germany and Matt Biondi of Moraga, Calif., won the most honors in swimming in 1988. Janet Evans of Placentia, Calif., broke the most individual world records. David Berkoff of Huntington Valley, Pa., with his unusual underwater ...


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Switzerland was rocked in late 1988 by a scandal involving money laundering


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During 1988, the government of Syrian President Hafiz al-Assad found itself increasingly mired in the internal politics of neighboring Lebanon. Although the 25,000-member Syrian peacekeeping force stationed in Lebanon extended its security zone over ...


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Even before the Summer Olympic Games began in September 1988 in Seoul, South Korea, Florence Griffith Joyner and Butch Reynolds, two sprinters from the United States, broke world records by large margins. During the Olympic track competition, Griffith ...


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Prime Minister Turgut Ozal was wounded slightly in an assassination attempt on June 18, 1988, while addressing a convention of the ruling Motherland Party (ANAP) in Ankara. The gunman, an escaped convict, was member of the outlawed Gray Wolves, a ...


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When Soviet leader Mikhail S. Gorbachev set out in 1988 to implement perestroika,


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The United Nations (UN) served as a powerful instrument for peace in 1988. UN mediators paved the way to peace in Afghanistan, Iran, and Iraq. The UN General Assembly served as a forum for a stunning announcement of Soviet troop reductions and an ...


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Former Tupamaro guerrillas, who had terrorized Uruguay from the late 1960's to the early 1970's with acts of bank robbery, kidnapping, and murder, in 1988 were permitted to open their political headquarters in the capital city of Montevideo. The ...


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Former Venezuelan President Carlos Andres Perez handily won election to the presidency for the second time on Dec. 4, 1988, defeating his principal rival, Eduardo Fernandez of the Social Christian Party. Perez, 66 years old and the candidate of the ...


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New zoos opened in two major cities in the United States during 1988, and other zoos opened exciting new exhibits. On June 11, the New indianapolis Zoo welcomed the public to its 64-acre (26-hectare) site in the city's downtown area. More than 2,000 ...


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The Democratic-controlled 100th Congress of the United States adjourned on Oct. 22, 1988, after achieving an impressive election-year legislative record. The lawmakers got their work done in spite of partisan frictions between Democrats and ...


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The worst drought in recorded weather history in the United States scorched crops in most key farming regions during the early part of the 1988 growing season. For the entire season, the drought was the fourth worst in history. Barges moving grain ...


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A new Constitution for Brazil went into effect on Oct. 5, 1988, replacing the 1969 charter of Brazil's former military regime. The new Constitution provides for the direct election of Brazil's president for the first time since 1960 and sets the ...


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Retail toy sales in the United States had another year of slow growth in 1988, increasing only about 3 per cent over 1987 sales. One factor in the small increase was the return to popularity of lower-priced, traditional toys.


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The Soviet Union began on May 15, 1988, the first stage of a planned withdrawal of its troops from Afghanistan, which it had invaded in 1979. The withdrawal, scheduled to be completed by Feb. 15, 1989, did not end the war between the Communist regime ...


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Toronto, Canada's most heavily populated urban area and chief manufacturing and financial center, continued to prosper in 1988and continued to struggle with a housing crisis brought about by its prosperity. Another unwanted by-product of ...


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Washington, D.C., voters on Nov. 8, 1988, returned five incumbents and elected one newcomer to the 13-member District of Columbia Council. William P. Lightfoot, Jr., an independent, won an at-large council seat vacated by Republican member Carol ...


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Contrary to widespread predictions of economic problems made when Mayor Jean Dore took office in November 1986, Montreal's economy continued to boom in 1988, the city's second year under a socialist municipal government. Twenty-one major development ...


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A last-minute compromise by Iran enabled the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) in November 1988 to reach a new oil production accord designed to halt the plunge in world oil prices and help the organization regain control over ...


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The world's population has grown more rapidly in the late 1980's than was projected, the Population Reference Bureau in Washington, D.C., announced in 1988. The United Nations had projected earlier in the decade that the world's population would ...


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One of the most serious droughts of the century withered vast areas of the United States and southern Canada in the summer of 1988. In the United States, the widespread drought affected California, the Northwest, the northern Great Plains, the ...


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Major poets both within and outside the United States published collections of previous work in 1988. The leading American collection was New and Collected Poems


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Using a city regulation that empowers officials to seal houses they declare "public nuisances," Philadelphia Mayor W. Wilson Goode on July 25, 1988, began a campaign against crack,


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The victory of the South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO) in elections supervised by the United Nations (UN) in mid-November brought independence from South Africa one step closer for the people of Namibia. It signaled, moreover, the end of a ...


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The drug AZT (zidovudine) showed new promise in 1989 as a treatment for AIDS. Researchers at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in Bethesda, Md., reported in August that AZT may help many of the 1 1/2 million Americans who are infected with the ...


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A rigidly Communist state, in 1989 strengthened its economic ties with most major Western European countries, yet remained hostile toward the Soviet Union's policy of perestroika


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Alberta's Progressive Conservative (PC) Party, in power since 1971, won its sixth consecutive majority in an election on March 20, 1989. The party captured 59 seats in the Legislative Assemblyonly 2 fewer than it held before the ...


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The process of political and economic reform, dubbed the second Algerian revolution, continued in 1989 as the government of President Chadli Bendjedid worked to transform the country from a one-party socialist state into a multiparty ...


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The year 1988 was essentially a good one for the United States economy, but the banking system still suffered from years of bad loans and difficult changes. The U.S. economy expanded for a sixth straight year, a peacetime record. The gross national ...


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Work started early in 1988 on what will be the highest all-reinforced-concrete building in the world. The 946-foot (288-meter) office building at 311 S. Wacker Drive in Chicago will rise 87 feet (27 meters) above the previous recordholder, a Chicago ...


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As federal and state funding for housing, education, health care, and commercial development continued to decline in 1988, cities in the United States faced the challenge of standing on their own. The decline in funding was particularly disheartening ...


Description:
The United States economy had its sixth consecutive year of growth in 1988, setting a record for the longest period of peacetime economic expansion in U.S. history. Overall, the year's economic news continued to be good, though many Americans worried ...


Description:
A long heat wave and drought during the summer of 1988 strained the generating capacity of electric utilities in many parts of the United States. The extreme heat increased demand for electricity for air conditioning, and the drought decreased the ...


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International trade volume in 1988 rose by about 7 per cent, the highest rate since 1984. United States export volume soared by 25 per cent, and Japan's imports increased by 15 per cent. These increases reflected both Japan's extraordinary economic ...


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Evidence that hominids lived in Europe about 2.5 million years ago, much earlier than most anthropologists believe, aroused spirited debate at a conference in Paris in April 1989. (Hominids are modern human beings and our closest human and prehuman ...


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Excavations at construction sites in London in 1989 uncovered the remains of two theaters considered to be the birthplace of English drama. In October, archaeologists from the Museum of London found the remains of two walls and several foundation ...


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Architecture news was dominated in 1989 by I.M. Pei, a Chinese-born New Yorker who is perhaps the dean of American architects. In March, the vast Louvre art museum in Parisonce a royal palacereopened after being completely redone by Pei. ...


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Carlos Saul Menem, leader of the populist Justicialist Party, was sworn in for a six-year term as president of Argentina on July 8, 1989. It marked the first time in 61 years that one elected civilian president of Argentina transferred power to ...


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The United States invaded Panama on Dec. 20, 1989, in its largest combat operation since the Vietnam War (1957-1975), and installed a new government headed by Guillermo Endara, who had appeared to win presidential elections in May. United States ...


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A series of controversies brought art into the news in 1989. In March, Richard Serra's sculpture Tilted Arc,


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The two largest wars in Asia changed from international conflicts to bitter civil wars in 1989, and the sad plight of Asian refugees failed to improve. Nevertheless, most Asian nations enjoyed peace as well as economic progress, which slowly improved ...


Description:
It was a sad year for baseball in 1989. First, Pete Rose, a revered hero, was accused of betting on games, including those of the Cincinnati Reds, the team he managed. In the end, he agreed on August 24 to be banned from baseball for life. Then, on ...


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The University of Michigan won the 1989 championship tournament of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), the first team to take the title under an interim coach. The Detroit Pistons dethroned the Los Angeles Lakers in four straight ...


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Belgium completed the creation of a federal system of government on Jan. 9, 1989, to accommodate its two major ethnic groupsthe Walloons, who speak French, and the Flemings, whose language is Dutch. Since 1980, the central government has been ...


Description:
Researchers made great strides in 1989 in locating genetic defects that cause diseases. Genes


Description:
The United States, which won the America's Cup on the water in 1988, lost it in court in March 1989 to New Zealand, then regained it in court in September.


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Botanists have long known that some plants generate large amounts of heat from their flowers. On the day they bloom, these thermogenic


Description:
Mike Aulby of Indianapolis and Robin Romeo of Van Nuys, Calif., broke the single-season earnings records in bowling in 1989. Aulby, a 29-year-old left-hander, won $298,237 on the Professional Bowlers Association (PBA) tour for men. The 31-year-old ...


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Prime Minister Brian Mulroney's Progressive Conservative (PC) government, reelected in November 1988, saw only a slight reduction in its majority in the House of Commons during 1989. A judicial recount turned an Ontario seat over to the Liberals in ...


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Despite the almost 6,000 Canadian books published in 1989, fears persisted about foreign domination of the Canadian book industry. Most publishing firms operating in Canada were Canadian-controlled; only about 15 per cent were foreign-controlled ...


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A chemical process that cleans the exhaust of coal-fired electric power plants and helps pay for itself at the same time seems almost too good to be true. But in September 1989, chemist Shih-Ger Chang of Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL) in Berkeley, ...


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Elimination matches to determine who will challenge world champion Gary Kasparov of the Soviet Union continued in 1989. Three matches took place in February. Soviet Artur Yusupov eliminated Canadian Kevin Spraggett in Quebec City, Canada. Former world ...


Description:
Chileans thronged to the polls on Dec. 14, 1989, to choose a civilian leader in the first free presidential elections since 1970. The winner was Patricio Aylwin Azocar, 71, of the Christian Democratic Party, standardbearer of a coalition of 17 ...


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China suffered from political turmoil and economic recession in 1989. A continuing struggle over political direction exploded on June 4, when government troops killed hundreds of student demonstrators calling for democratic reforms. This marked an ...


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Conservationists from many countries in 1989 mounted what is probably the largest, most intensive campaign ever to preserve a single species  the African elephant. In 1979, there were more than 1.2 million elephants, but in 1989, the population ...


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In what was probably 1989's most controversial legal decision, a Tennessee judge ruled on September 21 that a human life begins the moment that an egg and sperm cell join together. Although the case pertained solely to who should get custody of ...


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A number of crimes involving semiautomatic firearms in 1989 brought new calls in the United States for limits on the sale and possession of such weapons. A semiautomatic weapon such as an AK-47 assault rifle fires a round each time the trigger is ...


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It was a difficult and perplexing year for Cuban President Fidel Castro, who has ruled Cuba for 30 years, becoming Latin America's longest-ruling leader in 1989. Castro found himself out of step with the reforms taking place in the Soviet Union, ...


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Czechoslovakia set the stage for drastic political change in 1989. For the first 10 months of the year, the nation's Communist government resisted the wave of reform sweeping through Eastern Europe. Opponents of the regime held demonstrations in ...


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Mikhail Baryshnikov, artistic director of the American Ballet Theatre (ABT) since 1980, quit his job twice in 1989. On June 21, he announced that he would step down in August 1990, at the end of the ABT's 50th anniversary season. He said that he ...


Description:
Egypt officially returned to the Arab fold in 1989, ending 10 years of isolation imposed by other Arab countries as punishment for Egypt's 1979 decision to sign a peace treaty with Israel. In May 1989, Egypt was readmitted to the Arab League and to ...


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Democrats scored big in the two statewide elections of Nov. 7, 1989, in New Jersey and Virginia. Black candidates recorded historic firsts in Virginia and in mayoral races from New York City to Seattle.


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For the United States consumer electronics industry, 1989 was a milestone year in more ways than one. Two Japanese video equipment manufacturers entered the business of making motion pictures. The first advanced television signal in the United States ...


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Leftist rebels launched one of the largest offensives of El Salvador's 10-year-old civil war on Nov. 11, 1989, with a dramatic assault on San Salvador, the capital. By November 20, government forces had succeeded in routing the guerrillas from most of ...


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Oil spills dominated the environmental news in 1989. Waters near Antarctica were fouled for the first time in history in January. Two months later, an oil tanker ran aground in Alaska's Prince William Sound, causing the worst oil spill ever in United ...


Description:
Ethiopia's President Mengistu Haile-Mariam, for the first time since seizing power in 1977, himself faced a coup attempt in 1989. Senior military officers in Addis Ababa and Asmara rebelled on May 16, as Mengistu was making a state visit to East ...


Description:
Tom Kite and Curtis Strange made golf history in 1989. In 1988, Strange won $1,147,644 in prize money, becoming the first professional to earn $1 million in a single year. In 1989, Kite raised the record to $1,395,278. Kite, Strange, and Tom Watson ...


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The year 1989 was a difficult one for Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. Her Conservative government continued to push for controversial tax and health reforms. In public opinion polls, the Conservative Party's popularity dwindled, while support for ...


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The fall in June 1989 of Andreas Papandreou, the controversial and charismatic Socialist prime minister of Greece, confirmed the strength of that country's democracy but left Greece politically unsettled. After eight years in power, the Panhellenic ...


Description:
Heading toward presidential elections in 1990, Guatemala was troubled in 1989 by political unrest. Many Guatemalans criticized Vinicio Cerezo Arevalo, the country's first civilian president in 20 years, for not taking tough measures to restore order.


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A majority of the disabled workers who lost their social security benefits during a review of the disabled rolls by the Administration of President Ronald Reagan were unfairly denied their benefits. That was the conclusion of a study by the General ...


Description:
The Calgary Flames, who achieved the best regular-season record in the National Hockey League (NHL) the previous season, did it again in the 1988-1989 season. This time, they also won the Stanley Cup.


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President Suharto maintained a firm grip on political power during 1989 while alternately stimulating and discouraging speculation about the presidential succession. Suharto, who has led Indonesia with almost no challenge since 1966, began a new ...


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Iran in February 1989, marked the 10th anniversary of the overthrow of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and the establishment of an Islamic republic. But the euphoria of the occasion turned to grief in June with the death of the republic's founder and ...


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Iraq's President Saddam Hussein in 1989 took steps to liberalize the country's political system following the 1988 cease-fire with Iran. Most observers doubted that the changes would significantly loosen Hussein's tight grip on power, however.


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Prime Minister Charles Haughey surprised the country on May 25, 1989, by calling for a general election on June 15, three years before one was due. It was Haughey's fifth attempt to win enough seats in the Dail (parliament) to give his Fianna Fail ...


Description:
Israel's Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir, under international pressure to respond to peace overtures by the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), in April 1989 proposed a peace plan for the Israelioccupied West Bank and Gaza Strip. Under the plan, ...


Description:
Italy continued its politics of revolving-door government in 1989 and made no significant progress in improving public services or curbing a mounting budget deficit. An ineffective public sector remained Italy's major economic problem. Government ...


Description:
In a historic year for solar system exploration, the interplanetary probes Voyager 2


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Prime Minister Robert Hawke and his Labor Party continued to dominate the political scene in 1989. The opposing National and Liberal parties, on the other hand, were in disarray for most of the year, thanks to changes in leadership. In May, both ...


Description:
Austria struggled in 1989 with its unique problems as a neutral nation located between Western and Eastern Europehoping to emerge as a partner of both Europes and a bridge between them. Austria applied on July 17 to join the European Community ...


Description:
Falling sales and rising competition made 1989 a difficult year for the United States automobile industry. But car lovers enjoyed the introduction of some of the most appealing cars in decades.


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Emerson Fittipaldi of Brazil won the 1989 Indianapolis 500, the most glamorous United States automobile race, and Alain Prost of France won the World Drivers Championship. After the season, both switched teams. Fittipaldi wanted stronger mechanical ...


Description:
The United States airline industry was rocked in 1989 by a string of fatal accidents, continued fears about terrorism, and, on the financial side, a wave of take-over efforts.


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On July 6, 1989, Prime Minister Moudud Ahmed introduced into Parliament a constitutional amendment limiting a president to two elected five-year terms and making the vice presidency an elective instead of an appointive office. Parliament passed the ...


Description:
In 1989, at age 22, Mike Tyson continued to rule the heavyweight ranks with an iron fist. He decimated all the contenders he faced, and the only one he avoided was Evander Holyfield, the number-one-ranked contender. Don King, the promoter who lined up ...


Description:
The popularity of Premier William N. Vander Zalm showed a decline in 1989 when his Social Credit Party failed to win four seats in the Legislative Assembly in by-elections


Description:
Bulgaria changed leaders and lost a tremendous number of its citizens in 1989. At a meeting of the Communist Party Central Committee on November 10, Todor Zhivkov resigned as general secretary of the party and chairman of the State Council, the top ...


Description:
The civil unrest that began in 1988 continued in 1989. In 1988, rioters and demonstrators called for an end to the 26-year dictatorial rule of General Ne Win, who officially retired in July 1988. Burma continued to be racked by agitation, and the army ...


Description:
On March 9, 1989, the Senate voted 53 to 47 to reject former Senator John G. Tower (R., Tex.) as secretary of defense. Tower, who had been accused of drinking, sexual misconduct, and conflicts of interest, was the first Cabinet nominee to be denied ...


Description:
Cambodia plunged into civil war in September 1989 after Vietnam announced that it had withdrawn all its troops stationed there. (On April 30, the nation resumed use of the name Cambodia after calling itself Kampuchea for several years.)


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Among the most important developments in United States civil rights law during 1989 was a series of rulings by the Supreme Court of the United States on race and sex discrimination, mainly in the workplace. In Richmond v. Croson,


Description:
Past and future made the biggest news in classical music in 1989. Retirement and resignation were the catalysts of change. So was the desire of musical institutions to look ahead to the 1990's.


Description:
Senator Luis Carlos Galan, a leading presidential candidate in elections scheduled for 1990, was fatally wounded on Aug. 18, 1989, by suspected drug traffickers. An outspoken foe of Colombia's powerful cocaine cartels, Galan was gunned down at a ...


Description:
The United States communications industry assumed more of a global presence in 1989 than ever before, as the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) and regional holding companies (RHC's) looked for new opportunities to expand. (Seven ...


Description:
Computer sales throughout the world increased by less than 10 per cent in 1989, compared with a hefty 17 per cent rise in 1988. Sales of the large, high-powered machines known as mainframe computers


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The 101st Congress, controlled by the Democrats, did little more than it had to in 1989. The Senate got off to its slowest start in years, and the House of Representatives endured months of uncertainty and upheaval as it wrestled with ethical ...


Description:
Ronald H. Brown, a lawyer and lobbyist known for his negotiating skills, was elected chairman of the Democratic National Committee (DNC) on Feb. 10, 1989. Brown, who succeeded Paul G. Kirk, Jr., was the first black to become chairman of either major ...


Description:
After decades of living with a rising international debt, Denmark moved in 1989 to recover its economic equilibrium, mainly by curbing public spending. Denmark is one of the most industrialized states in the world, but it had been falling into the ...


Description:
On Sept. 5, 1989, United States President George Bush outlined a $7.9-billion strategy for fighting drug abuse. The plan was drafted by William J. Bennett, who in March became director of national drug control policy, or drug czar.


Description:
Concern about the safety and effectiveness of generic drugs in 1989 led the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to order extensive tests of these widely prescribed medications. Generic drugs are less expensive copies of brand-name drugs ...


Description:
Progress was made in 1989 toward restoring unity between the Eastern Orthodox and the Oriental Orthodox churches. The Eastern Orthodox Church includes the Greek Orthodox and Russian Orthodox churches. The Oriental Orthodox Church includes the Coptic, ...


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Many United States leaders sought ways to improve public education in 1989. President George Bush convened an unprecedented education summit with the nation's governors on September 27 and 28. The officials met on the campus of the ...


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in 1989 experienced its most dramatic changes since World War II (1939-1945) as former Soviet satellite nations tore down the Iron Curtain that had isolated them from the West for 40 years. Eastern Europe's aspirations for political and economic ...


Description:
The fashion focus in 1989 was on jackets, as this staple of most women's wardrobes received new attention from designers. Silk, wool, and linen were the fabrics of choice. Many designers favored smaller shoulder pads and softly tailored silhouettes. ...


Description:
Food safety became a major concern of the American public in 1989 as several headline-grabbing incidents undermined confidence in a food supply generally considered the safest in the world.


Description:
The San Francisco 49ers won the National Football League (NFL) championship by defeating the Denver Broncos, 55-10, in Super Bowl XXIV on Jan. 28, 1990, in New Orleans. The 49ers became the first team to repeat as Super Bowl champions since the ...


Description:
World attention focused on Paris on July 14, 1989, as France celebrated the 200th anniversary of a major event of the French Revolutionthe storming of the Bastille, a fortress in Paris and a symbol of royal oppressionand as the city hosted ...


Description:
An earthquake of magnitude 7.1 on the Richter scale struck a large area in northern California on Oct. 17, 1989. (The Richter scale is a scale for indicating the strength of an earthquake. A quake of 7 or more can cause great damage and kill many ...


Description:
A yearlong rivalry between Sunday Silence and Easy Goer, two 3-year-old colts, highlighted the thoroughbred racing year. The outstanding harness horses were Matt's Scooter, a 4-year-old pacer, and Peace Corps, a 3-year-old filly trotter.


Description:
Hungary startled the world in 1989, becoming the first nation in the Soviet bloc to renounce Communism. Hungary also allowed tens of thousands of citizens of another Soviet-bloc stateEast Germany to flee over its soil to the West during ...


Description:
New rules governing figure skating began to take effect in 1989 and helped Kurt Browning of Edmonton, Canada, and Midori Ito of Japan win the world championships. The interim rules from the International Skating Union reduced the value of the ...


Description:
The 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act, which aimed at curbing illegal immigration, has succeeded in reducing the flow of illegal immigrants into the United States, according to a study released on July 20, 1989, by the Urban Institute. The ...


Description:
India held parliamentary elections from Nov. 22 to 26, 1989, and, in general, voters turned against those in office. The election was marked by charges of fraud and by violence in which at least 120 people died. Southern states that were governed by ...


Description:
American Indian leaders and officials of two leading archaeological collections settled long-standing disputes in 1989 over the skeletal remains of early Native Americans. Museums and universities regard these remains as scientific and historical ...


Description:
Emperor Hirohito died of cancer on Jan. 7, 1989, ending a 62-year reign, the longest in Japanese history. He had been gravely ill for four months.


Description:
Issues of major concern to Jews in the United States in 1989 included the immigration of Soviet Jews to the United States, the flareup in tension between Jews and Roman Catholics over a Polish convent, and abortion rights.


Description:
Riots protesting government austerity measures swept Jordan in April 1989. The violence, which left at least eight people dead, was triggered by price increases of up to 50 per cent on such government-subsidized commodities as gasoline, cooking oil, ...


Description:
After four years of decline, the unemployment rate in the United States remained steady in 1989, leveling off at just above 5 per cent. During the year, an average of 6.5 million people were out of work, putting the unemployment rate close to what it ...


Description:
Drugs, debts, armed conflicts in Central America, and a United States invasion of Panama made headlines in Latin America in 1989. Hemisphere leaders met on October 27 and 28 in San Jose, Costa Rica, for the first time in more than 20 years. Sixteen ...


Description:
In 1989, Lebanon was racked by one of the most destructive episodes in its 14-year civil war. The violence killed at least 900 people and nearly destroyed Beirut. Lebanon's civil strife also left the country's newly elected president dead and ...


Description:
On March 2, 1989, the nine hereditary rulers of state governments in Malaysia elected Azlan Muhibbuddin Shah ibni Sultan Yusof Izzudin to be the nation's king. Azlan succeeded Mahmood Iskandar on April 26. Malaysia's office of head of state is rotated ...


Description:
Summer 1989 brought the worst fires to the forests of northern Manitoba in the 80 years that records have been kept. A state of emergency was declared July 20, as more than 200 fires burned over rugged territory. Twenty-three mining towns, Indian ...


Description:
In December 1989, the United States entered an eighth consecutive year of peacetime economic expansion. But, after two high-growth years in 1987 and 1988, 1989 was sluggish for U.S. manufacturing and for the U.S. economy as a whole.


Description:
A United States government study concluded on July 7, 1989, that more than one-third of American adultsabout 64 million peoplehave dangerously high blood cholesterol levels. The study recommended that these people obtain medical help, such ...


Description:
At least 7.5 million children in the United States suffer from a diagnosable mental disorder, a major study concluded on June 7, 1989. But the study noted that of these children, only 2.5 million receive any treatment.


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Much of the Middle East remained in a holding pattern in 1989. The armed conflicts that had kept the region in turmoil for more than a decade still simmered in some areas, but the warring parties submitted to arbitration by outside forces.


Description:
President Samuel K. Doe continued his tight personal control over all aspects of Liberian government and business in 1989. Doe decides how more than 40 per cent of the government's revenues will be spent each year, without supervision by the National ...


Description:
Children and young adults received special attention from United States libraries in 1989, officially designated by Congress as The Year of the Young Reader. Sponsored by the Library of Congress's Center for the Book, a privately funded ...


Description:
in September 1989 celebrated with parades, speeches, and gymnastic displays the 20th anniversary of the military coup that brought Leader of the Revolution Muammar Muhammad al-Qadhafi to power. Libya held the festivities in an atmosphere of ...


Description:
Fiction published in the United States during 1989 included some notable works, but in general the offerings of established novelists and short-story writers were unremarkable. Saving the year from total mediocrity was a trio of superb novels whose ...


Description:
Children's books published in 1989 included many imaginative picture books for young readers. There were fewer fantasies for older readers but a continued flow of informational books and a pleasing selection of poetry. Much humorous fiction offset the ...


Description:
The world's biggest media and entertainment company was created in July 1989 by the merger of Time Incorporated and Warner Communications Incorporated. Annual revenue of Time Warner Incorporated will likely top $10 billion.


Description:
King Hassan II of Morocco played a highly visible role in Arab affairs in 1989, being instrumental in the formation of the Arab Maghreb Union (AMU), a North African common market. In May, Morocco hosted an emergency summit conference of ...


Description:
Motion-picture box-office receipts in the United States attained a new high in 1989, even though some feature films reached video racks only six months after their release to theaters. The year-end total for 1989 topped $5 billion. Each of the ...


Description:
The Netherlands shifted slightly to the political left in 1989. Prime Minister Ruud Lubbers led his centrist Christian Democrat Party to victory in parliamentary elections on September 6. Lubbers' Party remained the biggest single party in the ...


Description:
Long one of the disadvantaged provinces of Canada, New Brunswick attempted to improve its image in May 1989 by publishing an ambitious economic plan, Toward 2000.


Description:
Liberal Party leader Clyde K. Wells was sworn in as Newfoundland's fifth premier on May 5, 1989, ending 17 years of rule by the Progressive Conservatives (PC's). Wells's predecessor, Thomas Rideout, had served as premier only since March 22, when A. ...


Description:
Newspaper competition in the United States suffered in 1989 as the number of cities with two papers continued to shrink. In two cities, the competing newspapers asked the permission of the federal government to form joint operating agreements (JOA's) ...


Description:
Nicaraguan President Daniel Ortega shocked world opinion on Oct. 27, 1989, by threatening to end a 19-month cease-fire with United States-backed contra


Description:
Scientists with the Ocean Drilling Program reported in July 1989 that they were able to record the geologic history of the Izu and Bonin islands near Japan. On board the research vessel JOIDES Resolution,


Description:
The International Olympic Committe (IOC), which expelled South Africa in 1970 because of that nation's restrictive racial policies, further isolated South Africa in 1989. The IOC voted that any athlete who competed there after August 31, the day the ...


Description:
Public opinion polls showed that most voters continued to support Premier David Peterson's Liberal government despite embarrassments it faced in 1989. Most troubling were allegations of financial ties between government officials, party fund-raisers, ...


Description:
A rebellion on the island of Bougainville created serious problems for Papua New Guinea in 1989. It was the worst threat to national unity since Papua New Guinea attained independence in 1975.


Description:
Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto struggled during 1989 to maintain control of her politically divided nation. On January 28, Bhutto's government had its first electoral test since she became prime minister in late 1988. In this by-election to fill ...


Description:
What may be one of the biggest scandals in the history of paleontology erupted in April 1989. Paleontologist John A. Talent of Macquarie University in Sydney, Australia, accused paleontologist Viswa Jit Gupta of Panjab University in Chandigarh, India, ...


Description:
Postmaster General Anthony M. Frank said on Aug. 28, 1989, that the United States Postal Service will seek an increase in mailing rates in 1991. Frank said the increase would boost the price of a first-class stamp, now 25 cents, by 3 to 7 cents. For ...


Description:
A proposal for a fixed link with mainland Canada was postponed indefinitely in January 1989 when the Canadian government decided to hold further hearings on the project's environmental impact. Federal officials remained committed to a proposed 9-mile ...


Description:
Crowding problems in United States prisons and jails reached record proportions in 1989, fueled in part by an increase in drug-related convictions. In the first six months of 1989, the number of inmates in state and federal prisons rose 7.3 per cent, ...


Description:
Protestants continued to seek improved relations with the Roman Catholic Church in 1989. Robert A. K. Runcie, the archbishop of Canterbury and head of the Anglican Communion, an international organization of 23 Episcopal churches, met with Pope John ...


Description:
Scientists in 1989 shed new light on why men tend to have better mathematical skills while women seem to have better verbal skills. Despite evidence that some of these differences result from social and environmental causes, such as boys being ...


Description:
A major dietary study concluded on March 1, 1989, that people in the United States could substantially reduce their risk of heart disease, cancer, and many other chronic diseases by changing their eating habits. The study, conducted by the National ...


Description:
Romania was torn in December 1989 by a revolution that toppled the hard-line Communist regime of President Nicolae Ceausescu and left thousands of Romanians deadincluding Ceausescu himself. Since 1965, Ceaussescu had ruled Romania as a dictator, ...


Description:
Safety in the air was a major concern during 1989. The concern centered on potential defects in aircraft parts and the possibility of structural failure due to metal fatigue in aging airliners.


Description:
Premier Grant Devine's Progressive Conservative (PC) government announced early in 1989 that it planned to turn three province-owned corporations into private companies. Bitter debate met the announcement that the government would sell a potash mining ...


Description:
Saudi Arabia in 1989 took the lead in granting diplomatic recognition to an independent Palestinian state proclaimed in 1988 by the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). According to the PLO, the state would include the Israeli-occupied West Bank ...


Description:
Vreni Schneider of Switzerland and Austrian-born Marc Girardelli of Luxembourg won world championships and the World Cup overall titles during the 1988-1989 Alpine skiing season. Tamara McKinney of Olympic Valley, Calif., won a gold and a bronze medal ...


Description:
The United States national team qualified in 1989 for the 1990 World Cup, the first time since 1950 that the United States had won a place in this prestigious championship. The accomplishment was especially important because the United States will ...


Description:
Headline-making issues on the national scenedrugs, gun control, abortion, and educationwere also prominent in state legislative debate in 1989. Many states tried various combinations of spending cuts and tax hikes to balance their budgets. ...


Description:
The year 1989 was generally a good one for investors in the United States but not for professionals in the securities business. The volume of trading and of new financing in both bond and stock markets was unusually low during 1989, causing layoffs ...


Description:
The armed forces of Sudan seized control of the government in a bloodless coup on June 30, 1989. Army leaders acted after food shortages and soaring inflation led to riots in Khartoum, Sudan's capital, and in other cities. But the officers were ...


Title:
SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES (1989)

Description:
At its last public session of the 1988-1989 term, the Supreme Court of the United States on July 3, 1989, upheld a woman's constitutional right to an abortion but gave states new authority to restrict the procedure. The decision, in a Missouri case ...


Description:
Sweden received several doses of bad news in 1989: It became unlikely that the police would ever find the individual who assassinated Prime Minister Olof Palme in 1986, a scandal involving sales of Swedish arms erupted, a popular biotechnology ...


Description:
World records were broken in 1989 in only 6 of swimming's 34 standard events, compared with 15 of 34 in 1988. Americans broke 4 of those 6 records on Aug. 20, 1989, in the Pan Pacific Championships in Tokyo, the first time four Americans had achieved ...


Description:
Stars shone on Broadway and throughout the United States in 1989. The willingness of well-known artists in other fieldsballet, music, and motion picturesto appear onstage enabled Broadway producers to present plays that would otherwise not ...


Description:
Javier Sotomayor of Cuba, Said Aouita of Morocco, and Roger Kingdom of Pittsburgh, Pa., capped a 1989 season with world records. Carl Lewis gained a world record in the 100-meter dash when the International Amateur Athletic Federation (IAAF), which ...


Description:
The year 1989 brought a mix of good and bad news to transit systems in the United States. Overall, the industry carried approximately 9 billion riders, about the same as in 1988. New York City subways, however, had ridership gains of about 2 per cent ...


Description:
Turkish Prime Minister Turgut Ozal's ruling Motherland Party (ANAP) suffered a major defeat in local and municipal elections on March 26, 1989. The centrist ANAP came in third, receiving only about 22 per cent of the popular vote. It trailed both the ...


Description:
Communist Party General Secretary and Executive President Mikhail S. Gorbachev's reform policies underwent severe testing in 1989 as his revolution from above was overtakenand in many ways surpassedby a revolution from ...


Description:
The United Nations (UN) continued to work for world peace in 1989. A UN peacekeeping force went to Namibia (South West Africa) to oversee that land's transformation into an independent countrya venture that UN Secretary-General Javier Perez de ...


Description:
With winds clocked at 140 miles (225 kilometers) per hour, Hurricane Hugo battered the West Indies beginning Sept. 17, 1989, knocking out electric, water, and telephone service and leaving about 50,000 people homeless. Worst hit was tiny Montserrat, ...


Description:
Yugoslavia, for decades the Communist world's front-runner in economic and political reform, lagged far behind Poland, Hungary, East Germany, and Czechoslovakia in that respect in 1989. Yugoslav leaders endlessly debated a turn to a free market ...


Description:
Yukon Territory reelected Canada's only Socialist government on Feb. 20, 1989, when it returned the New Democratic Party (NDP) to power. Party leader Antony Penikett, a former mine union organizer who has been in power since 1985, named a five-member ...


Description:
Zoologist Brian Barnes of the University of Alaska in Fairbanks reported in June that hibernating Arctic ground squirrels can survive in their dens with air temperatures well below freezing. Previously, it was thought that hibernating squirrels must ...


Description:
Zoos and aquariums in the United States blended art, science, and advanced technology to create a broad variety of new exhibits in 1989. The St. Louis (Mo.) Zoo's Living World, which opened June 1, shows visitors how life evolved on earth and what can ...


Description:
In 1989, a controversy over the possible health risks of a chemical used on apples heightened the debate about the use of pesticides and growth regulators in agriculture and added to consumers' skepticism about the United States government's ...


Description:
Riots erupted in Nigeria in 1989 as growing dissatisfaction with President Ibrahim Babangida's economic austerity program, begun in 1986, reached the boiling point. The first signs of unrest came early in the year, when many Nigerians complained about ...


Description:
Nobel prizes in peace, literature, economics, and the sciences were awarded in 1989 by the Norwegian Storting (parliament) in Oslo and by the Royal Academy of Science, the Caroline Institute, and the Swedish Academy of Literature in Stockholm, Sweden.


Description:
The outlawed Irish Republican Army (IRA) extended its campaign of violence outside Northern Ireland in 1989. On July 2, an IRA car bomb killed a British Army corporal in Hannover, West Germany. Following the attack, the British Army ordered that the ...


Description:
The territorial government of the Northwest Territories gained three new departments in 1989: safety and public services (to enforce safety regulations at work sites); transportation; and energy, mines, and petroleum resources (to manage the energy ...


Description:
Norway struggled in 1989 to recover from a 1986 collapse in the price of oil that plunged the nation into a deep recession. Voters rebelled on Sept. 10 and 11, 1989, against three years of austerity


Description:
A seesaw contest for a legislative seat on Cape Breton Island reflected the narrowly divided state of Nova Scotia party politics in 1989. A by-election (a special election to fill a vacancy) on Aug. 22, 1989, resulted in a victory for the Progressive ...


Description:
A Maoist guerrilla movement known as Shining Path, which has been in armed rebellion for nine years, in 1989 provided evidence of its ability to disrupt Peru's political life. In the first 10 months of 1989, the rebels, who number an estimated 4,000, ...


Description:
President Corazon C. Aquino's government in December 1989 put down the fifth military uprising since she took office in 1986. An estimated 1,000 rebels seized several military bases and a government television station at about 1:30 a.m. on December 1. ...


Description:
The world's two newest particle accelerators produced evidence in 1989 that all matter is composed of only three generations, or families, of elementary particles. The discovery of a few simple particles that serve as building blocks for all matter ...


Description:
Poland saw a transformation of its domestic political scene in 1989, ending four decades of totalitarian Communist rule with the emergence of the independent labor union Solidarity as a political powerhouse. The August 24 confirmation of Solidarity ...


Description:
Vinyl album sales continued their decline in 1989 as the compact disc (CD) format grew in popularity. Vinyl singles edged closer to extinction, as record stores shifted to the cassette single format, and the WEA record label family announced that in ...


Description:
Portugal struggled with domestic economic problems in 1989 as it tried to adjust to its membership in the European Community (EC or Common Market), which it joined on Jan. 1, 1986. The EC plans to develop into a single-market economy in 1992. ...


Description:
In 1989, Puerto Ricans prepared for a possible plebiscitea direct vote of the peoplein 1991 to determine whether Puerto Rico will become the 51st state, an independent nation, or continue as a United States commonwealth but with more ...


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The Liberal government of Premier Robert Bourassa was reelected on Sept. 25, 1989, despite an uproar caused by massive strikes in the public sector and popular demonstrations against the dumping of toxic wastes. The Liberals won 92 seats in the ...


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Ronald W. Reagan, 40th President of the United States, turned over his office to President George Bush on Jan. 20, 1989. Immediately after Bush took the oath of office and gave his inaugural address, Reagan flew with his wife, Nancy, to California, ...


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A heated dispute arose in 1989 between some members of the Roman Catholic Church and the Jewish community over a convent located at the site of a Nazi concentration camp in Poland. The dispute cooled relations between the two religions.


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Lee Atwater, campaign manager for President George Bush's successful 1988 presidential race, was elected chairman of the Republican National Committee (RNC) on Jan. 18, 1989. He succeeded Frank J. Fahrenkopf, Jr.


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A convent of Carmelite nuns was the focus of an intense dispute between Roman Catholics and Jews in 1989. The convent was located in a building that overlooks the Nazi concentration camp in Auschwitz (Oswiecim) in Poland. During World War II ...


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The tax rates that 130 million American workers pay to finance the United States social security system were to increase on Jan. 1, 1990. Under a 1977 law, the payroll tax rate paid by both employers and employees was to rise to 7.65 per cent, from ...


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The African National Congress (ANC), the main black opposition group in South Africa, came closer in 1989 to receiving official recognition. Despite warnings from the government, a steady stream of white politicians, business people, lawyers, writers, ...


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The United States space probe Voyager 2 sent back dramatic photographs from Neptune in 1989, and astronauts launched spacecraft from Earth orbit to Venus and Jupiter. A Soviet probe paid a brief visit to Mars in March, and Soviet cosmonauts closed ...


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Spain held a national election on Oct. 29, 1989, its fifth since the death in 1975 of Francisco Franco, who ruled as dictator for 39 years. The Socialist Party of Prime Minister Felipe Gonzalez Marquez appeared at first to have retained its majority ...


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Controversy continued in 1989 over academic standards and regulations for American college athletes. The rules are established and enforced by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), whose members include all of the major colleges and ...


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Sri Lanka slipped into virtual civil war in 1989. In the island nation's central and southern regions, where most of the Sinhalese ethnic majority live, the Marxist People's Liberation Front tried to destroy the government through terrorism, but in ...


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Switzerland began to curtail the almost legendary strict secrecy of its banks in 1989, in a move caused by scandals implicating Swiss banks in the handling of money that was illegally obtained by depositors. Such funds included tremendous sums ...


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Syria's persistent involvement in Lebanon's escalating civil war drew international criticism in 1989 and left Syria virtually without allies in the Arab world. In March and again in August, Syria and its Lebanese Muslim allies engaged in ferocious ...


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Elections on Dec. 2, 1989, set back Taiwan's ruling party, the Kuomintang (KMT), which won only 53 per cent of the popular vote. In Taiwan's previous general election, in November 1986, the KMT won 70 per cent of the vote.


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United States President George Bush and Republicans in Congress failed in 1989 to cut taxes on capital gains


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Despite thousands of hours of entertainment programming, an earthquake in California and political upheaval in Eastern Europe provided the most memorable hours of television in the United States in 1989. On October 17, just moments after the American ...


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Twenty-year-old Steffi Graf and 21-year-old Boris Becker, childhood friends in West Germany, were named world champions in 1989 by the International Tennis Federation.


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Thailand continued its impressive economic growth in 1989. The International Monetary Fund put Thailand on its list of nations that have progressed from being poor countries preoccupied with growing food to being manufacturers and exporters. ...


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The Democratic-controlled Congress, after reaching a surprise April agreement with President George Bush on ways to shrink the ever-troublesome federal budget deficit, wrestled until the final hour of its 1989 session, on November 22, to transform the ...


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On Nov. 26, 1989, Uruguayans elected Luis Alberto Lacalle of the centrist National Party to a five-year term as president. Lacalle pledged to work in harmony with Tabare Vasquez, a doctor and a leftist, who was elected mayor of Montevideo, Uruguay's ...


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On Feb. 2, 1989, Carlos Andres Perez was sworn in as president of Venezuela for the second time. Attending his inauguration were Vice President of the United States Dan Quayle and 21 heads of state, including Cuban President Fidel Castro.


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Officials struggled over political control and economic policy in 1989 as Vietnam withdrew its troops from Cambodia (formerly Kampuchea). Vietnam hoped that ending its 11-year military occupation of Cambodiawhich had been internationally ...


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After a period of spectacular extremes  drought and record-breaking hot and cold spells  the weather over the United States had settled down by mid-1989 into a more normal pattern of rainfall and temperatures. Nevertheless, there were many ...


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The poverty rate in the United States inched downward in 1988 for the fifth straight year, according to figures released by the U.S. Bureau of the Census on Oct. 18, 1989. But the decline was so slight that family and household incomes essentially ...


Description:
The first direct presidential election in Brazil since 1960 drew a massive turnout on Nov. 15, 1989, of voters who faced a choice from among 22 candidates. As expected, none of the candidates won a majority, and a runoff between the top two ...


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Retail toy sales in the United States in 1989 increased about 5 per cent over 1988 sales. Toy industry analysts attributed the gain to the popularity of video games and to the increased profitability of medium-sized toy companies that offer more than ...


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The Soviet Union, which invaded Afghanistan in 1979, completed its withdrawal from that country on Feb. 15, 1989. Soviet officials said that despite the war's high cost$75 billion, 14, 143 killed, and 35,000 woundedthe invasion had failed ...


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Richard M. Daley, a Democrat, was elected mayor of Chicago in a special election on April 4, 1989. Daley received 56 per cent of the vote compared with 3 per cent for Republican Edward R. Vrdolyak and 41 per cent for Alderman Timothy C. Evans, the ...


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David N. Dinkins, the 62-year-old Democratic president of Manhattanone of New York City's five boroughs, or political subdivisions was elected the city's first black mayor on Nov. 7, 1989. In a bitter and close election, Dinkins defeated ...


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After nine years of construction, Dallas' new 2,066-seat symphony hall opened on Sept. 8, 1989. Designed by Chinese-born architect I. M. Pei, the limestone and glass building stands on 3 acres (1.2 hectares) of land at the edge of the city's downtown ...


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Montreal reeled in shock after a lone gunman walked into the engineering school of the University of Montreal on Dec. 6, 1989, and murdered 14 women. The gunman wounded 13 other people before killing himself.


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Decreased production of domestic crude oil and higher demand for gasoline and other petroleum products made the United States increasingly dependent on imported petroleum during 1989. On August 16, the American Petroleum Institute (API), an oil and ...


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The world's population reached approximately 5.2 billion in 1989, according to the United Nations (UN) Population Fund. The overall population growth rate remained at 1.7 per cent0.1 percentage point higher than the UN had predicted in the late ...


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Los Angeles approved two agreements in September 1989 that may end the city's decade-long disputes over using water from Owens Valley and Mono Lake. The pactshailed as a turning point from confrontation to negotiationwill limit the amount ...


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In 1989, the United States economy, along with most countries' economies in the rest of the world, continued the expansion begun in late 1982. The news was not all good for the banking industry, however. In the United States, 206 banks failed in 1989, ...


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The most closely watched construction project of 1989 was the English Channel tunnel, the first fixed link between Great Britain and France. The 31-mile (50-kilometer) tunnel, which will carry electric trains between Dover, England, and Calais, ...


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Mayor Coleman A. Young won a fifth term in office in a Nov. 7, 1989, election, defeating accountant Tom Barrow by 56 per cent to 44 per cent. It was Young's toughest campaign since 1973, when he was elected Detroit's first black mayor.


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The economy of Houston showed signs of growth in 1989, continuing an upturn that began in 1988. The unemployment rate fell to 5.5 per cent in September 1989, the lowest since 1982. Construction of new homes and sales of existing homes rose during the ...


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Mayor Thomas Bradley won an unprecedented fifth term in office on April 11, 1989, in a close nonpartisan election, but it also was a year of political troubles for Bradley as federal and city investigators probed his personal finances. City Attorney ...


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Enthusiasm for megaprojects, including a new sports stadium and bids for a world's fair and the 1996 Summer Olympic Games, were major themes during 1989 in the public life of Toronto, capital of Ontario, Canada's richest province. At the ...


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Throughout 1989, federal investigators intensified their probe of alleged drug use by Mayor Marion S. Barry, Jr. Although Barry continued to deny he had ever used drugs, he was contradicted by Charles Lewis, an admitted drug dealer. In November, ...


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The U.S. populationwhich reached 247 million at the beginning of 1989was expected to climb to 249 million by the end of the year, according to the Census Bureau. Although the rate of immigration remains high, the overall growth ...


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Many cities in the United States in 1989 continued to be plagued by illegal drugs and crime, and several were hit by violent natural disasters. Cities also continued to struggle with shrinking federal support for housing and development. Yet in spite ...


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The United States economy experienced its seventh consecutive year of growth in 1989. The gross national product (GNP)the value of all goods and services produced during the yearrose; the rate of inflation remained steady; and more ...


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There was renewed interest in alternative fuels in the United States during 1989, stemming mainly from concern about environmental pollution caused by burning coal, oil, natural gas, and other fossil fuels.


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International trade continued to be vigorous in 1989, rising by about 7 per centsomewhat slower than the 9 per cent rate of 1988. United States export volume expanded by more than 10 per cent. This was substantially less, however, than the 20 ...


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The most authoritative survey of the year's poetry was the 1989 edition of The Best American Poetry.


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Major national developers who have taken an interest in Philadelphia since the mid-1980's began to transform the city's skyline in 1989, particularly in Center City, the downtown district. The developers have been attracted to Philadelphia because its ...


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South Africa continued to dominate the news from Africa in 1990, with the white-ruled republic producing an impact throughout the southern region of the continent and on the global stage as well. The lowering of the South African flag in Windhoek, ...


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The worldwide epidemic of infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the cause of AIDS, grew substantially worse during 1990. On July 31, the World Health Organization (WHO) raised its estimate of the number of HIV-infected people, reporting ...


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Albania departed in 1990 from the isolationism it has practiced since the Communists gained control near the end of World War II (1939-1945). It also moved away from the rigid Communist orthodoxy it has followed at home. The shifts indicated that the ...


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The Progressive Conservative government headed by Premier Donald R. Getty decided in 1990 to sell 60 per cent of province-owned Alberta Government Telephones, valued at $3 billion Canadian ($2.6 billion U.S.). An announcement on August 8 indicated ...


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Algeria's economic picture remained bleak in 1990, despite attempts by President Chadli Bendjedid and the ruling National Liberation Front (FLN) party to institute economic reforms. Bendjedid began the reform process in 1988 after riots broke out, ...


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A fossil skull found in Greece and believed to be from 9 million to 10 million years old may be the oldest known hominid skull. That conclusion was reported in June 1990 by a team led by paleontologist Louis de Bonis of the University of Poitiers in ...


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Native American tribes will be able to reclaim human remains and burial objects held by museums and other institutions under a law signed by United States President George Bush on Nov. 16, 1990. The measure is expected to end years of often-bitter ...


Description:
Prime Minister Robert Hawke and his Labor Party government retained power for a fourth consecutive term when the country went to the polls on March 24, 1990. With his reelection, Hawke became the longest-serving Labor prime minister in Australia's ...


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In 1990, Austria remained eager to join the European Community (EC or Common Market) after the formation of a single market in western Europe, scheduled for 1992. Many Austrians, as a result, began to weigh internal developments against their probable ...


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The United States automobile industry settled slowly into a sales slump as 1990 drew to an end. The Big Three domestic automakersGeneral Motors Corporation (GM), Ford Motor Company, and Chrysler Corporationannounced layoffs, production ...


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In 1990, for the second time in three years, Ayrton Senna of Brazil won a two-man battle with his bitter rival, Alain Prost of France, for the World Drivers Championship. Arie Luyendyk of the Netherlands, who lived in the United States, won the ...


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United States airlines hit hard financial times in 1990, as increases in jet fuel prices helped drive airline losses to record levels. Almost immediately after Iraq invaded Kuwait on August 2, fuel prices soared from 57 cents a gallon (3.8 liters) to ...


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Hussain Mohammad Ershad resigned the presidency on Dec. 6, 1990, after an eight-week campaign against him by opposition political parties. Elections were planned for within 90 days. Shahabuddin Ahmed, who had been the country's chief justice, became ...


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Jim Pencak, Chris Warren, Ron Palombi, Jr., and Dave Ferraro won major men's tournaments in 1990. Tish Johnson and Leanne Barrette starred on the women's tour, and Nikki Gianulias and Robin Romeo recorded memorable one-day performances.


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The heavyweight division underwent a tumultuous shakeup in 1990. In a big upset, Mike Tyson, the undisputed world champion since 1987, lost his title to James (Buster) Douglas. Eight months later, in his first defense, a flabby Douglas lost the title ...


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Troubled by controversy and scandal, Premier William N. Vander Zalm addressed British Columbia residents by television on Jan. 17, 1990, blaming his lagging popularity on what he called lies by opponents inside and outside his party. ...


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Bulgaria returned former Communists to power in free elections in June 1990. Despite the victory, the Communist Partywhich renamed itself the Bulgarian Socialist Party in Aprilstruggled for direction amid party infighting and an inability ...


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The people of Burma (also called Myanmar) decisively rejected the nation's harsh military regime in parliamentary elections on May 27, 1990. But the ruling State Law and Order Restoration Council refused to hand over power, and its army troops crushed ...


Description:
Bush, George Herbert Walker (1924- ), 41st President of the United States, rode a popularity roller coaster in 1990 as he moved the nation close to war in the Middle East, became an outspoken supporter of Soviet President Mikhail S. Gorbachev, and ...


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China drifted through 1990 without a clear sense of direction. While most other Communist countries were rejecting centralized economic controls and seeking to establish new economic systems, China's leaders, almost all of whom were men in their ...


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The Congress of the United States passed three important civil rights bills in 1990, but only two became law. In October, Congress gave its final approval to the Civil Rights Act of 1990, which was designed to overturn five rulings by the Supreme ...


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The death of conductor Leonard Bernstein and the 100th anniversary season of New York City's Carnegie Hall were two of the most notable events in the world of music in 1990. Bernstein had experienced some of his greatest successes at Carnegie Hall. ...


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Cesar Gaviria Trujillo took the oath of office for a four-year term as Colombia's president on Aug. 7, 1990, following a campaign marred by drugrelated killings. Narco-terrorism today is the principal threat to our democracy, and we will face it ...


Description:
The worldwide sales growth of computers continued to slow in 1990. According to one market research company, the International Data Corporation of Framingham, Mass., computer sales during the year rose approximately 9.7 per cent to nearly $151 ...


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The second and final session of the 101st Congress, in 1990, triggered a mounting public outcry about the way in which lawmakers go about their business. Yet the election-year session produced landmark legislation and made a start on significant ...


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Dispirited after losing three straight presidential elections, the Democratic Party found an energizing rallying cry in 1990: unfair taxation. Democrats painted Republican President George Bush as a friend of the rich who wanted to place the heaviest ...


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Danish Prime Minister Poul Schluter called for parliamentary elections in 1990 following disagreements with the opposition Social Democrats on how to boost Denmark's slumping economy. His Conservative People's Party lost 5 seats in the December 12 ...


Description:
Concerns about cocaine, including the much-publicized conviction of Washington, D.C., Mayor Marion S. Barry, Jr., for cocaine possession, dominated the news about drug abuse in 1990. The connection between drug abuse and crime remained a major ...


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Organ rejection is a major problem in the 30,000 transplants performed worldwide each year. In August 1990, however, physicians from the University of Pittsburgh in Pennsylvania reported that an experimental drug, FK506, could revolutionize organ ...


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A spiritual leader of the world's more than 250 million Eastern Orthodox Christians visited the Western Hemisphere for the first time in history in 1990. Dimitrios I, the ecumenical patriarch of Constantinople (Istanbul, Turkey), made pastoral visits ...


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A new United States secretary of education, Lamar Alexander, was named by President George Bush on Dec. 17, 1990. Alexander, a former governor of Tennessee, replaced Lauro F. Cavazos, who resignedreportedly under White House pressureon ...


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As the Cold War came to an end in 1990, Europe faced a dramatic restructuring. For more than four decades, the Cold War had split Europe into two blocs: one in western Europe allied with the United States and the other in eastern Europe backed by the ...


Description:
Fashion simmered down considerably in 1990. The shaky economic situation in Europe and North America played a major role in the avoidance of wild shapes. Fashion analysts felt that women were reluctant to spend money on clothes that would go out of ...


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A health-conscious public in the United States continued to seek out more nutritious foods in 1990. According to a survey conducted during the year by the Food Marketing Institute, a food-industry group in Washington, D.C., 90 per cent of shoppers ...


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The New York Giants became champions of the National Football League's (NFL) 1990 season, defeating the Buffalo Bills in Super Bowl XXV by a score of 20 to 19, the closest Super Bowl ever. The University of Colorado and Georgia Tech shared the ...


Description:
A number of events during 1990 called into question France's future role on the international scene. Among them were German unification, changed east-west relations, and an erosion of French prestige in Africa. French President Francois Mitterrand ...


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The discovery of a sample of what is believed to be the oldest known ocean floor was reported in January 1990 by a team of geologists working on the drillship JOIDES Resolution.


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Architecture grew increasingly international in scope in 1990. More than ever, American architects were designing buildings to be built in other countries. At the same time, architects from other places, especially Europe, were working in the United ...


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For Argentine President Carlos Saul Menem, 1990 was a year of unrelieved economic crisis, showdowns with his labor supporters, and trouble with his wife. The last caused him both political and domestic grief.


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In August 1990, the United States undertook its most massive deployment of military forces since the Vietnam War. The deployment, dubbed Operation Desert Shield, was a response to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait on August 2 and Iraqi troop movement toward ...


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A battle over federal funding for the arts continued to rock the United States art community in 1990. At issue was the continued existence of the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA), which provides artists with federal grants. Every five years, ...


Description:
The rigid, often hostile relationships among Asia's nations began to change in 1990, as many of the countries improved their international ties. But old problemssuch as the deluge of refugees from Vietnampersisted, while a crisis in the ...


Description:
Two major telescopic satellites were launched in 1990. A space probe reached the planet Venus in August, and, in June, astronomers found two extremely hot regions on Mercury.


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Many significant stories in baseball happened on the field in 1990. The Cincinnati Reds stunned the Oakland Athletics in four consecutive games and won the World Series. Nolan Ryan continued his pitching heroics, breaking his own major league record ...


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The University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) won its first National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) men's championship in 1990 with the most one-sided victory of the 52 tournament title games played. Stanford won its first NCAA women's title, and ...


Description:
Belgium was buoyed in 1990 by its prospects for prosperity after the European Community (EC or Common Market) creates a single market in western Europe in 1992. Construction surged in Belgium's capital, Brussels, which is to become the headquarters of ...


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The first federally authorized human gene therapy was begun at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Md., in September 1990. Researchers removed white blood cells from a 4-year-old girl with a rare genetic immune system disorder. This ...


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A three-year legal struggle to decide who should possess the America's Cup ended in 1990 with victory for the United States over New Zealand. Plans then went forward for the 1992 America's Cup races.


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The discovery of ancient magnolia leaves preserved in fossil beds in Idaho was reported in April 1990 by botanist Edward M. Golenberg and his associates at the University of California at Riverside. Golenberg said the leaves, 17 million to 20 million ...


Description:
Intensive diplomacy during 1990 sought to end the warfare that has ravaged Cambodia (formerly Kampuchea) for two decades. But fighting continued between the Communist regime and an unstable coalition of three guerrilla groups. Two of the groups are ...


Description:
experienced a troubled year in 1990. The federal government, led by Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, head of the Progressive Conservative Party, found itself frustrated in achieving its principal objectives. The goal of reconciling French-speaking ...


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Short-story collections were prominent in 1990, with a new book by Alice Munro probably the strongest work of Canadian fiction of the year. Friend of My Youth


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Chemists in the United States identified the essence of body odor in 1990. George Preti of the Monell Chemical Senses Center in Philadelphia made the announcement at a meeting of the American Chemical Society in August. Preti and his colleagues ...


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World champion Gary Kasparov of the Soviet Union defended his title against former world champion and fellow countryman Anatoly Karpov in a 24-game match in 1990. The first 12 games were held in New York City from October 8 to November 7. After ...


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More than 16 years of military rule ended on March 11, 1990, when Patricio Aylwin Azocar, 72, was sworn in as Chile's president for a five-year term. A Christian Democrat, Aylwin was Chile's first popularly elected leader since a 1973 military coup.


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A bitter conflict between the timber industry and the environmental community came to a head on June 22, 1990, when the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) declared the northern spotted owl a threatened species


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A highly charged drama in a New York City courtroom ended in 1990 with the conviction of five youths for an attack on a woman jogger in the city's Central Park in April 1989. The defendants Anton McCray, 16; Yusef Salaam, 16; Raymond Santana, ...


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A grisly series of murders shocked the residents of Gainesville, Fla., in August 1990. Five college students, all but one of them women, were found stabbed to death near the campus of the University of Florida. All had suffered multiple stab wounds. ...


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Tension between Cuba and the Soviet Union grew worse in 1990. As aid from the Soviet Union was either delayed or cut back, rationing and shortages in Cuba became widespread. Even newsprint was scarce.


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The velvet revolution, which quickly and peacefully toppled Czechoslovakia's Communist government in 1989, found the road to reform difficult in 1990. Sharp conflict arose between those who wished to dismantle the old ruling structures by ...


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The largest ballet companies in the United States underwent important transitions in 1990. The most dramatic events swirled around the Joffrey Ballet and Gerald Arpino, who founded the Joffrey in 1956 with Robert Joffrey. Arpino, who became artistic ...


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Egypt began 1990 in serious financial straits amid political discontent and persistent civil violence. President Hosni Mubarak seemed unwilling or unable to reverse the economic slide.


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The midterm elections of 1990 produced modest Democratic gains in the United States Congress. Democrats won a 56 to 44 edge in the Senate, picking up 1 seat in 36 contests. Two-term Republican Rudy Boschwitz of Minnesota was upset by liberal Democrat ...


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The hottest consumer electronics product in 1990 was the palm-sized video camcorder. Sony Corporation was first with the TR-5, a miniature camcorder that offered most of the features found on older, larger models. The camcorder's small size was due in ...


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Peace talks between leftist guerrillas and the El Salvador government, sponsored by the United Nations, stalled once again in 1990. And the United States Congress seemed to grow weary of funding the longest U.S.-backed campaign against an internal ...


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The year 1990 marked the 20th anniversaries of three events of particular importance to environmentalists in the United States. In 1970, Americans celebrated the first Earth Day; the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was created; and ...


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Events during 1990 severely weakened the regime of President Mengistu Haile-Mariam. After peace talks stalled, government forces resumed civil wars with the Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF)which sought a separate state in Eritrea in the ...


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Germany was reunited on Oct. 3, 1990, ending 45 years of division that had followed World War II. For Germans, the year revolved around events that merged the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) and the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) ...


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The leading golfers of 1990 were Nick Faldo of England and Wayne Levi, Lee Trevino, and Beth Daniel of the United States. The year's leading golf story, however, was not their exploits but the uproar caused by the membership policies of certain ...


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Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher stunned Great Britain and the world when she resigned on Nov. 22, 1990, after failing to win the Conservative Party's leadership election on November 21. She had been expected to run in a second round of balloting ...


Description:
Prospects brightened in 1990 for a stable, effective government in Greece. Constantine Mitsotakis was sworn in as prime minister on April 11 after April 8 elections gave his conservative New Democracy party 150 seats in the 300-member Parliament. ...


Description:
As 1990 ended, Guatemalans faced a runoff election on Jan. 6, 1991, to pick a new civilian president. The two front-runners who emerged from the balloting on Nov. 11, 1990, were Jorge Carpio Nicolle, head of the National Centrist Union, and Jorge ...


Description:
In a landslide victory, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, a Roman Catholic priest and advocate for the poor, was elected president of Haiti on Dec. 16, 1990. Early official results gave Aristide 70.6 per cent of the vote, compared with 12.6 per cent for his ...


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The coalition government of Prime Minister Vishwanath Pratap Singh lost a confidence vote in the lower house of Parliament on Nov. 7, 1990, by 346 votes to 142. On November 10, Chandra Shekhar became prime minister at the head of a minority ...


Description:
An 11-week stand-off between armed Mohawk Indians and the Canadian Army in Oka, Que., near Montreal, ended on Sept. 26, 1990, after the Indians laid down their weapons. The confrontation erupted over plans by Oka officials to expand a golf course ...


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Indonesia had steady economic growth during 1990, spurred by soaring oil and natural gas export earnings after events in the Middle East hiked international fuel prices. Domestic and foreign investment surged, and the government encouraged more ...


Description:
Iran in 1990 remained largely isolated from the international community two years after agreeing to a cease-fire in the war with Iraq and a year after the death of the country's founder and supreme spiritual leader, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. ...


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Iraq's President Saddam Hussein ordered his forces into neighboring Kuwait on Aug. 2, 1990, after negotiations failed to resolve differences between the two countries. Within weeks, United States President George Bush forged an international consensus ...


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The coalition government headed by Prime Minister Charles Haughey enjoyed a relatively calm 1990 until late in the year. Political excitement stirred on November 7, when the presidential election was won for the first time by a woman, Mary Robinson. ...


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United States unemployment slowly began to increase in the last six months of 1990, as fears of a recession grew. The economy continued to show modest expansion, however, dodging the official definition of a recessionsix or more months of ...


Description:
Obtaining credit to put people to work topped the political agenda of Latin-American leaders during 1990. Country after country sought to reach terms with foreign banks and lenders and restore their credit ratings. There was a special urgency about ...


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Syria, which has 40,000 troops in Lebanon and controls about two-thirds of the country, forced the surrender of Lebanese General Michel Awn (also spelled Aoun) in October 1990, ending his 11-month rebellion against the government. On October 13, ...


Description:
President Samuel K. Doe, who took power in Liberia in a 1980 coup, was executed by rebel forces on Sept. 10, 1990. Despite Doe's death, violence continued as two competing rebel factions and the remnants of Doe's army fought for control of the ...


Description:
Public libraries in the United States reported varying success in their battle to maintain adequate funding during 1990. Voters in Portland, Ore., approved a three-year tax aimed at raising $30.9 million for the city's libraries. Michigan's state ...


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Leader of the Revolution Muammar Muhammad al-Qadhafi kept a low profile in 1990 after suffering a number of political reverses during the late 1980's.


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As the United States in 1990 stood on the brink of the last decade of the century, some of its major novelists seemed to pause for an emotional and intellectual inventory of the times.


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An estimated 43 million people in the United States with physical or mental disabilities gained sweeping protection against discrimination in private employment with the passage in July 1990 of the Americans with Disabilities Act. Provisions of the ...


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The Edmonton Oilers, in their 11th season in the National Hockey League (NHL), won the Stanley Cup for the fifth time. They did it without some key figures from their previous championship teamscenter Wayne Gretzky (traded), defenseman Paul ...


Description:
Thoroughbred racing in the United States in 1990 will be remembered not for triumphs but for tragedy. During the sport's showcasethe Breeders' Cup races on October 27 at Belmont Park near New York Citythree horses died after breakdowns ...


Description:
Hungary faced a tough winter as 1990 drew to a close and the government battled the social problems that resulted from economic reform. Mounting inflation30 per cent by Octoberand rising unemployment seriously aggravated the political ...


Description:
Jill Trenary of Colorado Springs, Colo., the United States champion, won the world women's figure-skating championship in 1990. But in August, at a time when figure-skaters normally forego competition to work on their coming year's routines, she lost ...


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Congress adopted the first big overhaul of United States immigration laws in a quarter century on Oct. 27, 1990, to take effect in 1992. The Immigration Act of 1990, signed into law on November 29, dramatically expands immigration to the United ...


Description:
Israel's coalition government collapsed on March 15, 1990, in a bitter debate over a United States-sponsored plan for holding Israeli-Palestinian peace talks. The right wing Likud bloc, headed by Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir, rejected the plan, which ...


Description:
Voicing concern about the spread of organized crime in Italy, President Francesco Cossiga said in an open letter to Parliament on Sept. 26, 1990, that the Mafia controlled whole sectors of the nation. Gang wars became increasingly violent, with 775 ...


Description:
Japan's ruling Liberal-Democratic Party (LDP), which was rocked by scandals and a tax dispute in 1989, made a comeback in 1990. After decades of prominence, the LDP had lost control of the upper house of parliament in July 1989 elections. But on Feb. ...


Description:
The Palestinian crisis in Israel, rising anti-Semitism in Europe and the Soviet Union, and massive emigration and resettlement of Soviet Jews were major issues of concern for the Jewish community in the United States during 1990.


Description:
An international economic blockade imposed on Iraq in August 1990 after that country invaded Kuwait seriously damaged Jordan's already ailing economy. During the 1980's, Jordan had developed deep economic ties to Iraq.


Description:
Kuwait was invaded by Iraqi forces on Aug. 2, 1990. On August 8, Iraq annexed Kuwait, declaring it a province of Iraq.


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Children's books published in 1990 featured many multicultural and environmental subjects in stories and illustrations. Picture books for preschoolers continued to be plentiful along with a variety of poetry books. For older children, books about ...


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Several magazines changed hands in the United States in 1990. Time Warner Incorporated bought the Lane Publishing Company for about $225-million in Marchits first major acquisition since Time and Warner Communications merged in 1989. Lane ...


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Mahathir bin Mohamad won a third term as prime minister by leading his political party, the New United Malays National Organization (UMNO), to victory in parliamentary elections on Oct. 20 and 21, 1990. For months, observers had speculated that the ...


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Premier Gary A. Filmon's two-year minority government won a narrow majority in elections on Sept. 11, 1990. The Progressive Conservative (PC) administration increased its standing from 25 to 30 members in the 57-seat Legislative Assembly. Political ...


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The eight-year-old economic expansion in the United States chugged along in 1990 but coughed and sputtered in the fourth quarter due to the effects of rising oil prices, the threat of war, and federal budget confusion. At the end of 1990, after two ...


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A long-awaited era in medicine began in the United States on Sept. 14, 1990, when a 4-year-old girl became the first human being to undergo a federally approved attempt at gene therapy.


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Gloomy prospects for the fishing industry were balanced in 1990 by hope for offshore oil development in Newfoundland, Canada's most economically troubled province. On January 2, the federal government announced a 16 per cent reduction in cod quotas ...


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Newspaper publishers worried about the future in 1990. Even before the economy soured in midyear, newspapers generally suffered from stagnant circulations and losses in advertising revenues. With the decline in advertising, such large newspapers as ...


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On April 25, 1990, Violeta Barrios de Chamorro of the National Opposition Union was inaugurated for a six-year term as Nicaragua's president. Her center-right administration replaced a leftist Sandinista regime that had left the nation deeply divided ...


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A failed coup by a group of military officers in Lagos on April 22, 1990, highlighted the serious religious and ethnic divisions afflicting Nigeria. The central issue in the rebellion was a long-standing conflict between the Muslim-dominated ...


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Nobel prizes in peace, literature, economics, and the sciences were awarded in 1990 by the Norwegian Storting (parliament) in Oslo and by the Royal Academy of Science, the Karolinska Institute, and the Swedish Academy of Literature in Stockholm, ...


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The outlawed Irish Republican Army (IRA) intensified its campaign of violence on the British mainland in 1990, attacking what it claimed were military and political targets.


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Political developments in Fiji and Papua New Guinea were the most significant events in the Pacific Islands during 1990.


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Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto lost power in 1990, and Nawaz Sharif succeeded her as prime minister on November 6. On August 6, President Ghulam Ishaq Khan had dismissed Bhutto's government, accusing the regime of corruption, abuse of power, and ...


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Some of the most ancient birds were good fliers and not gliders or land dwellers, an analysis of a 135-million-year-old bird fossil found in China has revealed. The bird, whose discovery was reported in October 1990, is 10 million years older than the ...


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Alberto Fujimori, the son of Japanese immigrants, was sworn in for a five-year term as Peru's president on July 28, 1990. An expert in farm management and a former university official, Fujimori beat the favored candidate, novelist Mario Vargas Llosa, ...


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The threat of an uprising by rebellious soldiers loomed over the Philippines throughout 1990. The nation also suffered a severe earthquake and economic troubles. For many citizens, the belief that President Corazon C. Aquino was indecisive and ...


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A long-standing mystery deepened in 1990: Why does the sun seem to produce fewer neutrinos than scientists think it should? New neutrino detectors have so far uncovered few clues about these elusive subatomic particles, but they have focused attention ...


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Poland took another big stride toward democracy on Nov. 25, 1990, when it held its first popular election for president. No candidate received the 50 per cent majority needed for election, though Lech Walesa, leader of the labor union Solidarity, ...


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A legal controversy over whether the lyrics of some popular music are obscene erupted almost immediately as 1990 began. Guidelines set by the Supreme Court of the United States say an artistic work can be judged obscene if it lacks serious artistic ...


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Prime Minister Anibal Cavaco Silva shuffled his cabinet on Jan. 2, 1990. Deputy Prime Minister and Defense Minister Eurico de Melo resigned, and Cavaco Silva replaced four other ministers and appointed Fernando Ferreira Real to the newly created post ...


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The United States Postal Service on March 6, 1990, requested an increase in mailing rates in 1991. Postmaster General Anthony M. Frank called for a 5-cent hike in the price of a first-class stamp, raising it from 25 to 30 cents. For all categories of ...


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The dream of a fixed link between this island province and the Canadian mainland faded on Aug. 15, 1990, when a federal environmental review panel concluded that a proposed 13-kilometer (8-mile) bridge should not be built. The panel stressed the ...


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Crowding continued to plague federal and state prisons in the United States in 1990 as the number of inmates swelled by 42,862from 712,563 to 755,425in the first six months of the year. The inmate population of federal institutions rose by ...


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Going into 1990 from a position of strength, the Republican Party (GOP) was thrown into disarray by President George Bush's June 26 decision to abandon his winning 1988 campaign pledge of no new taxes. Bush shifted gears to fashion a ...


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Political and social changes in eastern Europe were the backdrop for many events important to the Roman Catholic Church in 1990. Throughout the region, governments relaxed restrictions imposed on the Catholic Church by Communist regimes. Formal ...


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Romania's euphoria at the December 1989 fall of Communist dictator Nicolae Ceausescu reached new heights early in 1990, as relative plenty replaced two decades of severe shortages and strict rationing. In the first post-Ceausescu weeks, the ...


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In a departure from usual patterns in the United States, safety hazards in the workplace drew more attention than motor-vehicle accidents in 1990. In August, the National Safe Workplace Institute, a research organization in Chicago, reported that ...


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Saskatchewan, which has almost 40 per cent of the farmland in Canada, faced bleak prospects during an agricultural depression in 1990. A bumper wheat crop could not be sold because of a worldwide glut and prices too low to cover production costs. ...


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Saudi Arabia began 1990 with good prospects for economic growth and a relatively quiet political environment. Then, on August 2, Iraq invaded Kuwait. United States President George Bush announced on August 8 that, at the invitation of Saudi Arabia, he ...


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The structure of major-college football conferences in the United States began to change in 1990, largely due to present and projected income from television. Teams moved from one conference to another, and more new alliances were discussed.


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A separatist guerrilla force ended its year-long cease-fire with the government on June 11, 1990, and began a savage war that raged for the rest of the year. The group, the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, was seeking an independent state in the ...


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The big issues for state governments in 1990 were schools, crime, health care, and the tax dollars needed to pay for basic services. As legislatures raised taxes to balance budgets, tax revolts began to brew in several states.


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In the summer of 1990, everything changed in the United States financial markets. Although the U.S. economy had begun to stumble after nearly eight years of expansion, the first seven months of the year were fairly good for the stock market. Most ...


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Civil war, turmoil within the central government, and famine dashed any hopes in 1990 for political stability and economic prosperity in Sudan, despite the country's rich water and oil resources.


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SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES (1990)

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The 1989-1990 term of the Supreme Court of the United States, which ended on June 28, 1990, marked the continued ascendancy of the court's conservative members. The conservative shift was especially apparent in decisions involving abortion and ...


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A major advance in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) occurred in 1990. In January, the United States Food and Drug Administration approved the use of the drug clomipramine to treat the disorder. OCD is a mental condition that ...


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President Carlos Salinas de Gortari continued to display exceptional skill in 1990 in managing Mexico's economic revival. Salinas also managed to maintain an approval rating of 70 per cent among the country's diverse voters.


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The Middle East once again became the focus of an international crisis when Iraqi forces invaded Kuwait on Aug. 2, 1990. Iraq's President Saddam Hussein ordered the attack on Kuwait after negotiations between the two countries over oil production ...


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Morocco's economy continued its downturn in 1990, threatening to destroy the political consensus that had muted opposition to the government since the mid-1980's. By late 1989, economic growth had fallen to only 20 per cent of its 1988 level, and the ...


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The two most popular films in the United States in 1990, Ghost


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The environment continued to shape political debate in the Netherlands during 1990. The year before, the government had fallen in a dispute over financing an antipollution program that was to cost $7.5 billion per year by 1994. After parliamentary ...


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Premier Frank J. McKenna and his Liberal Party continued in 1990 to control New Brunswick's Legislative Assembly, the only one-party legislature in Canada. The party has held all of the 58 seats in the Assembly since the October 1987 election. A poll ...


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Protection of the fragile Arctic environment was a main concern in the vast Northwest Territories in 1990. An environmental review panel made up of federal and Inuit (Eskimo) appointees issued a harsh indictment of the federal government's ability to ...


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In 1990, Norway debated whether to apply for membership in the European Community (EC or Common Market). The issue, which had simmered for years, boiled up during the year as the other Scandinavian countries demonstrated growing interest in seeking EC ...


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Premier John Buchanan resigned on Sept. 12, 1990, to accept an appointment to the Canadian Senate. Some political analysts said that Prime Minister Brian Mulroney gave the seat to Buchanan, a Progressive Conservative, as a reward for support of the ...


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Oceanographers launched their largest scientific effort ever in January 1990, after more than seven years of planning. The World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) will combine the efforts of scientists from some 40 nations to conduct the first ...


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After five secret ballots, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) on Sept. 18, 1990, chose Atlanta, Ga., to host the 1996 Summer Olympic Games. In previous years, the IOC selected Barcelona, Spain, for the 1992 Summer Games; Albertville, France, ...


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Ontario voters removed the Liberal Party from its majority position and elected Robert K. Rae as the province's first-ever New Democratic Party (NDP) premier on Sept. 6, 1990. The NDP increased its strength in Ontario's Legislative Assembly from 19 to ...


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Protestants sought to adjust in 1990 to the vast changes in the countries of eastern Europe. Some Protestant clergy who had taken leading roles against the Communist regime in East Germany gained high positions in the government after German ...


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Young adults have nightmares far more frequently than scientists previously thought, according to a study published in February 1990. This new study also indicates that emotionally stable people have about the same number of frightening dreams as ...


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A major United States government report, issued on Feb. 27, 1990, urged for the first time that virtually all Americans adopt low-fat, low-cholesterol diets. Previously, federal health experts believed that such diets would be of the greatest benefit ...


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Puerto Ricans focused their attention in 1990 on the United States Congress, where legislation that would permit them to vote on their future political status took a sizable step forward. On October 10, the U.S. House of Representatives approved a ...


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The failure of the Meech Lake constitutional accord in 1990 brought political difficulties to Premier Robert Bourassa and his Liberal government. Committed to a working federal system, Bourassa faced supporters of a sovereign Quebec who argued that ...


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The great political changes in the countries of eastern Europe during 1990 had implications for religion in the region. In October, the Soviet Union reversed previous restrictions on organized religion by passing a new law promising freedom of ...


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Pirmin Zurbriggen of Switzerland said farewell to competitive skiing in 1990 after winning his fourth World Cup overall championship. Petra Kronberger of Austria became the women's overall champion. It was another disappointing season for the United ...


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West Germany won the 1990 World Cup, for most nations the most important of all sports events. The United States, playing in its first World Cup finals in 40 years, was eliminated in the first round.


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The trustees of the United States Social Security Administration warned on April 8, 1990, that the Medicare trust fund will go broke sometime during the years 2003 to 2005 unless it receives additional financing. Addressing the issue in their annual ...


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In a historic policy reversal announced on Feb. 2, 1990, the white minority government of State President Frederik Willem de Klerk lifted long-standing bans on the African National Congress (ANC) and 33 other opposition groups. Even more dramatic was ...


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Fuel leaks grounded the United States space shuttle fleet for much of 1990. Nevertheless, astronauts launched the largest telescope ever put into orbit and sent a spacecraft to the polar regions of the sun. A probe launched in 1989 reached Venus in ...


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The governing Socialist Workers' Party suffered continuing blows to its popularity in 1990. The party's troubles came on the heels of its disappointing showing in October 1989 parliamentary elections.


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In 1990, Sweden's Social Democratic government began paring back the programs that have made the nation a welfare state, proposing sharp cuts in benefits and state jobs to stop the country's economic decline. Prime Minister Ingvar Carlsson emphasized ...


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The United States, preparing for the 1991 world championships, looked impressive in 1990. The best U.S. swimmers won most of the honors in the Goodwill Games, and a U.S. team missing many stars beat the best Europeans and Canadians in the League of ...


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The Kopp affair continued in 1990 to shed light on Swiss banking and police practices. Elisabeth Kopp, a former justice minister, was cleared on February 23 of charges of divulging official secrets. Kopp admitted to alerting her husband in 1988 that a ...


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Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in August 1990 gave Syria's President Hafez al-Assad an opening to improve his country's badly damaged international relations and consolidate his position in Lebanon. During the 1980's, Syria's backing of terrorist groups, ...


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President Li Teng-hui was elected without opposition to a six-year term on March 21, 1990. Li, a former vice president, had become president upon the death of Chiang Ching-kuo in 1988. Li took office on May 20, 1990, as did Vice President Li Yuan-zu.


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The United States government adopted its largest budget deficit reduction bill ever in 1990. With a majority of Republicans voting no, Congress on October 27 authorized $164.6 billion in tax increases over the next five years. The increases were part ...


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Increased cooperation between the United States and the Soviet Union and the advance of democracy in eastern Europe created serious challenges for Turkey in 1990. Turkey's strategic importance as the southern anchor of the North Atlantic Treaty ...


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Mikhail S. Gorbachev, the president of the Soviet Union and general secretary of the Communist Party, struggled through 1990 to keep his reform policies alive and hold the country together. For much of the year, he steered a middle course between ...


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The United Nations (UN) played a leading role in international diplomatic efforts to force Iraq to end its occupation of Kuwait following an invasion in August 1990. The UN also worked at preventing war between Iraq and a multinational military force ...


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The federal government's staggering budget deficits became a major issue in 1990, placing tax policy on the front burner and affecting the fortunes of the two major political parties and President George Bush. In the end, Bush and congressional ...


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Luis Alberto Lacalle of the center-right National Party, also known as the Blanco Party, was sworn to a five-year term as Uruguay's president on March 1, 1990. A lawyer and rancher, Lacalle pledged to balance the budget, to improve the efficiency of ...


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Higher oil prices resulting from the Persian Gulf crisis and new discoveries beneath old Venezuelan oil fields gave promise in 1990 of better times ahead for Venezuela. Public outrage over an austerity program imposed in 1989 waned in 1990 due to the ...


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Going against a growing democratic trend in Africa, President Robert Mugabe in August 1990 reaffirmed his plan to establish a one-party Marxist government in Zimbabwe. The near monopoly of Mugabe's political organization, the Zimbabwe African National ...


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West German primatologist Bernhard Meier reported in a scientific journal in 1990 the rediscovery of the hairy-eared dwarf lemur, a tiny primate that scientists had feared was extinct. Meier had found three of the dwarf lemurs in a burrow in April ...


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Zoos and aquariums throughout the world in 1990 opened some of the most ambitious exhibits ever conceived. Aquatic displays were among the most spectacular, especially the Osaka Aquarium, which opened in Japan in mid-July. The $133-million facility ...


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The Congress of the United States passed a five-year farm law in 1990 that set new limits on eligibility for some government subsidies, gave grain and cotton farmers more flexibility to grow crops in response to market demand, and launched major ...


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On March 15, 1990, Brazil entered a new political era with the inauguration of Fernando Collor de Mello to a five-year term as president. At 40 years of age, Collor was Brazil's youngest chief executive ever and the first popularly elected since 1960.


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Retail toy sales in the United States in 1990 mirrored the nation's economic slowdown, registering only a 3 per cent increase over 1989 sales. The video-game market was one of only a handful of toy industry segments that reported significantmore ...


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In a landmark decision that could dramatically alter Los Angeles County's political landscape, a federal judge ruled on June 4, 1990, that the county Board of Supervisors intentionally discriminated against Hispanics in 1981 when it drew new electoral ...


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One of the biggest scandals in San Diego history came to a close on Sept. 24, 1990, with the sentencing of Richard T. Silberman, a financier and onetime aide to former California Governor Edmund G. (Jerry) Brown, Jr., for Silberman's part in a ...


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In 1990, Toronto suffered twin disappointments, losing out on bids for two major international eventsthe 1996 Summer Olympic Games and a world's fair for the year 2000.


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The trial of Mayor Marion S. Barry, Jr., for cocaine possession and perjury dominated the news in Washington, D.C., in 1990. The mayor was arrested on January 18 at the Vista International Hotel in downtown Washington, D.C. Barry had gone there to ...


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The United States Bureau of the Census undertook its 21st Decennial Census of Population and Housing in 1990. In doing so, the bureau compiled statistical evidence of the nation's changing social fabric.


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Indian unrest, a mayoral election, and economic problems dominated the news in Montreal in 1990.


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The price of crude oil and of gasoline and other products made from petroleum soared after Iraq invaded Kuwait on Aug. 2, 1990, and seized control of its oil fields. Oil prices, which stood at about $22 per barrel on August 1, climbed to more than $40 ...


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The return of animated cartoons to evening programming; the introduction of an innovative, brooding, and often confusing murder-mystery soap opera; and the use of amateurs' home videos to get laughs. Those were three of the trendsetting high-lights on ...


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For teen-agers Jennifer Capriati and Pete Sampras, the 1990 tennis season produced a wonderful start to championship careers. For such veterans as Ivan Lendl, Boris Becker, Stefan Edberg, Martina Navratilova, and even Steffi Graf, it was a year of ...


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A political duel between the prime minister and a rival with ties to the military disturbed Thai political waters in 1990. After four years as army commander in chief, General Chaovalit Yongchaiyut resigned the post on March 30 to become deputy prime ...


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Two of the biggest theater events in 1990 took place off stage. The casting of the Broadway-bound musical Miss Saigon


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Randy Barnes, Leroy Burrell, and Joe Falcon became world leaders in 1990. As those young men from the United States reached the top, the East German athletes, who had long been there, made one more impressive showing before their nation unified with ...


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Transportation had a good year in 1990, with ridership in the United States up to about 9.2 billion trips from 9 billion in 1989. The legal requirement to reduce emissions from buses stimulated research for new fuels and new emission-trapping devices, ...


