1893 While working for the American Museum of Natural History, Oscar A. Peterson reports dinosaur bones from the Uinta Basin of Utah. This report is part of the basis for Earl Douglass' decision to prospect the area in 1909. Barnum Brown matriculates as a freshman at the University of Kansas, where he meets Elmer S. Riggs. They study under Samuel Wendell Williston, Marsh's former assistant, by now one of the greatest authorities on fossil reptiles. Charles H. Sternberg invents the combination of Rice goo and burlap as a field bandage for wrapping vertebrate fossils. Marsh invents plaster-of-paris as a bandage. George Baur, who works for Marsh, says Ceratosaurus has pathological metatarsals. This was known by Marsh but he deliberately didn't mention it but instead says it was normal fusion of the bones in order to justify its unique nature and make it closer to birds in morphology. This was one of the first citations of paleopathology in the literature before Roy L. Moodie's 567 page treatise, "Paleopathology," published in 1923. 1893 H. F. Osborn pioneers the modern museum concept by selling postcards and photos; using free-mounts instead of wall-mounts to exhibit fossil vertebrates; and getting rid of warehouse-style, bulky, glass-front exhibit cases. He hires Charles R. Knight (1894), Erwin S. Christman (by 1900), and others to do accurate artwork of the animals for the scientific papers and the public exhibit galleries. John Bell Hatcher leaves Yale when O. C. Marsh's federal funding dries up. William Berryman Scott, a friend of Cope's, hires Hatcher away from Marsh to collect in the Dakotas and to be Curator of Vertebrate Paleontology at Princeton. 1896 The Carnegie Museum of Natural History in Pittsburgh is founded. While a senior at Kansas, Barnum Brown meets a field party led by Jacob L. Wortman of the American Museum of Natural History. Brown made such a good impression that he was hired by the museum after he graduated in 1897. 1897 Charles R. Knight paints Dryptosaurus in a "fighting-cock" pose and it becomes the first painting famous for showing dinosaurs as fully "warm-blooded." Lawrence Lambe starts collecting dinosaurs on the Red Deer River. This is the first systematic collection of dinosaurs by a vertebrate paleontologist in Canada. Elmer S. Riggs graduates from Kansas, and enters graduate school at Princeton as William Scott Berryman's student. Edward Drinker Cope dies of kidney failure at age 57. 1898 Brown, Granger, and Wortman of the AMNH explore the Medicine Bow area of Wyoming. They decide to explore the next day "by that cabin on the hill." As they approach the cabin they realize it is made up of bones! This becomes the famous BONE CABIN quarry and it yields 490 specimens of Morrison dinosaurs. Unhappy at being passed over as the leader of museum expeditions, Jacob L. Wortman leaves the American Museum of Natural History for the newly opened Carnegie Museum of Natural History in Pittsburgh. 1899 Charles Othniel Marsh dies of pneumonia at age 67. John Bell Hatcher is Oscar Peterson's brother-in-law. Peterson leaves AMNH for Carnegie in Pittsburgh. A year later, Hatcher leaves Princeton to join Carnegie as Curator of Paleontology and Osteology. 1901 Now at the Carnegie Museum of Natural History, J. B. Hatcher takes W. H. Utterback with him to reopen the Marsh quarries at Garden Park, Colorado. On April 1, under the direction of Charles Emerson Beecher at the Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, Hugh Gibb finishes the mount of Edmontosaurus (then called "Trachodon") in a fully erect bipedal pose in full run. Like Knight's Dryptosaurus, this mount shows dinosaurs as very active, and not like "cold-blooded" living reptiles. This is the first skeleton of real dinosaur bone to be mounted in the western hemisphere, and the first dinosaur to be mounted at Yale. During O. C. Marsh's lifetime, none of the dinosaurs collected was ever mounted, and Beecher thought it was about time. 1902 Barnum Brown discovers the first Tyrannosaurus rex skeleton in the Hell Creek area of Montana. This specimen becomes the type and it is later traded to the Carnegie Museum in Pittsburgh to save it from possible bombing during World War II. It is still on exhibit in Pittsburgh. Lawrence Lambe publishes the results of his Red Deer River collections. 1904 Ground is broken for the new National Museum, Smithsonian Institution, on June 15. 1907 W. B. Sattler discovers the dinosaurs at Tendaguru, east Africa. 1908 Barnum Brown collects the second (and best) Tyrannosaurus rex skeleton in the Hell Creek area. This specimen is put on exhibit in New York and subsequently becomes the most famous exhibit mount of all the dinosaurs. Henry Fairfield Osborn is appointed President of the American Museum of Natural History. 1909 A rancher in Alberta tells Barnum Brown about the many dinosaurs on his ranch on the Red Deer River. Werner Janensch and the Museum of Natural History of Humboldt University, Berlin, begin to collect at Tendaguru. The museum will quarry there for four field seasons, through 1912. While prospecting for the Carnegie Museum of Natural History, on August 17 Earl Douglass finds dorsal vertebrae of Apatosaurus at Split Mountain, north of Jensen, Utah. A famous picture of the bones still encased in the rock matrix includes a white-bearded "old man" leaning on a shovel. He is George Goodrich, an Elder in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter- Day Saints, who was helping Douglass prospect and helped in the excavations the first season. This specimen is the very same Apatosaurus now on display at Carnegie. It took Douglass and his crew six years to quarry this colossal fossil and mount it at Carnegie. Another seven years was required to excavate the west half of the quarry, and six more years to do the east half. Douglass works the quarry for Carnegie from 1909 through the spring of 1923. He then spends two years working it for the Smithsonian Institution (SI) and the University of Utah. The reconstruction of Diplodocus mounted at the Smithsonian is from this time, being quarried during the 1923 field season. The excavations through 1924 touch only the top and sides of the famous hogback ridge where the quarry is now situated. The present quarry and visitor's center covers only the middle-lower-central part! Well- known workers in the "golden-age" at the "Carnegie Quarry" are Earl Douglass and George Goodrich; and then from the fifties onwards are Tobe Wilkins, Jim Adams, Ted White, Russell King, and Dan Chure. 1910-1917 Barnum Brown collects along the Red Deer River with very friendly "competition" from the Sternbergs. They all get excellent skeletons and help each other a lot. 1910 New National Museum, Smithsonian Institution, is opened to the public on March 17. Within a year of its opening, there were five mounted skeletons of dinosaurs in the public galleries, along with various odd bits and pieces like leg bones, skulls, and a papier mƒch‚ model. 1913 On April 5, Earl Douglass files a mining claim on the federal land where the dinosaur bones were being excavated at the "Carnegie Quarry" in Utah. The area had just recently been thrown open for settlement, and there was concern that a speculator might file a claim of his own, thus blocking Carnegie from further collecting. 1915 On October 14, President Woodrow Wilson declares the Earl Douglass Quarry (80 acres) as Dinosaur National Monument. This action is also designed to keep the Monument free from homesteaders and mining operations. 1921 The Museum of Paleontology at the University of California is founded. It will become a major center for research and produce some of the world's most promising vertebrate paleontologists. 1923 The Mongolian expeditions of the American Museum of Natural History find the first-known occurrence of dinosaur eggs. On July 13, George Olsen reports that he has found some fossil eggs. Walter Granger examines the three partly broken specimens and identifies them as dinosaur eggs. 1924 Earl Douglass leaves the Carnegie Museum of Natural History to teach at the University of Utah. 1927 Cleveland-Lloyd quarry found in Utah. William Diller Matthew founds the Department of Paleontology at the University of California, Berkeley. At the time, it is the only department in the world just for paleontology. 1927 Chung Chien Young becomes China's first vertebrate paleontologist. 1929 First center for vertebrate paleontology founded in China. Carl Wiman describes the first Chinese sauropod, Euhelopus. 1933 Sinclair Oil Company has six enormous dinosaurs made for the Century of Progress Exposition in Chicago. 1935 Henry Fairfield Osborn dies on November 6. 1940 Raymond B. Cowles, a professor of zoology at UCLA, proposes that dinosaurs became extinct due to OVERHEATING. He was a former student of Charles H. Bogert at the American Museum of Natural History, and helped Bogert and Edwin H. Colbert with their paper on dinosaur physiology, which appeared in 1946. 1941 Barnum Brown retires from the American Museum in New York. He is the greatest collector of dinosaurs of all time. 1942 Rudolf Zallinger begins the "Age of Reptiles" mural at the Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University. 1947 George Whitaker and Edwin H. Colbert of the American Museum of Natural History discover Coelophysis at the GHOST RANCH quarry in Arizona. It is the largest mass accumulation of well-preserved theropods anywhere in the world. Rudolf Zallinger completes the "Age of Reptiles" mural at the Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University. 1948 The two most notorious skeletons of Coelophysis are found at Ghost Ranch by George Whitaker and Carl Sorenson of the American Museum of Natural History. These skeletons have juveniles inside them suggesting that this genus was cannibalistic. 1949 Rudolf Zallinger wins a Pulitzer Award for his 110 foot mural at the Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University. 1951 First Chinese dinosaur expedition is made. They find new taxa and vast fossil deposits in the Shantung area. 1953 The Jurassic hall of dinosaurs is re-opened at the American Museum. China starts the world's first journal devoted exclusively to vertebrate paleontology - "Vertebrata Palasiatica." The Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology is founded. 1959 Osvaldo Reig (a paleontologist) and Victorino Herrera (a goat-herder) discover the second oldest-known dinosaur, Herrerasaurus, in Argentina. At the time of their find, it was the earliest-known dinosaur. 1961 R. L. Liscomb of Shell Oil Company makes the first discovery of dinosaur bones in Alaska at a site on the Colville River. The significance of Liscomb's discovery went unnoticed until 1984, when the material was sent to paleontologists of the U. S. Geological Survey. 1962 Petrified Forest National Park created. It holds many Triassic fossils. 1964 John Ostrom and Grant Meyer find Deinonychus south of Billings in the Big Horn Basin, Montana. 1968 Bones of therapsids are found in Antarctica which help to prove the theory of plate tectonics. 1969 John Ostrom says dinosaurs were warm-blooded and therefore NOT good indicators of Mesozoic climate. 1974 Robert Bakker and Peter Galton formally reunite the Saurischia and Ornithischia back into the DINOSAURIA as an official taxon. 1975 "Scientific American" publishes an article entitled "Dinosaur Renaissance." It begins a new era of dinosaur paleontology. 1977 Ghost Ranch, New Mexico, is designated a national landmark. 1978 In Teton County, northwestern Montana, John R. Horner and Robert Makela discover the first-known nest of baby dinosaurs ever found. 1979 Dinosaur Provincial Park in Alberta designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. 1980 The American Association for the Advancement of Science publishes a symposium volume, entitled "A Cold Look at the Warm-Blooded Dinosaurs." 1982 Stegosaurus stenops is named the state fossil of Colorado. 1983 In a clutch of nineteen eggs of Orodromeus makeli at Egg Mountain in Teton County, Montana, John R. Horner finds fossilized dinosaur embryos in every egg. These are the first unhatched dinosaur embryos ever found. William Walker discovers Baryonyx in southeast England, the first sickle-clawed theropod known outside North America. 1984 Liscomb's 1961 dinosaur site in Alaska is relocated and recollected by paleontologists of the U. S. Geological Survey. Their findings suggest that dinosaurs lived at high latitudes of about 70 to 85 degrees North, where there was extreme seasonal variation in temperature and food supply, and that dinosaurs lived there year-round. 1985 Tyrrell Museum of Paleontology in Drumheller, Alberta, opens on September 25. 1986 Sino-Canadian agreement is made for a five-year plan to excavate dinosaurs in both countries, and for exploration and training of paleontologists. This lasts until 1990. The first symposium devoted exclusively to dinosaur systematics is held at the Tyrrell Museum of Paleontology in Alberta. The results are published in a symposium volume in 1990. Paul Sereno publishes his landmark paper re-classifying the Ornithischia using cladistics. Jacques A. Gauthier publishes his classic paper on the reclassification of the Saurischia using cladistics. Paleontologists from the Instituto Antarctic Argentino find the first-known dinosaur in Antarctica. It is an ankylosaur. 1987 "Dinosaurs Past and Present" is the first international Art Show to tour the world with the best art on dinosaurs from all the world's leading artists. 1988 Paul Sereno discovers the complete skull and skeleton of Herrerasaurus. 1989 The Department of Paleontology at the University of California, Berkeley merges with the Biology Department to become the Department of Integrative Biology. 1992 Paul Sereno and Ricardo Martinez find the earliest-known theropod, Eoraptor. Bryan Small discovers the most complete skeleton ever found of Stegosaurus at Garden Park, Colorado. 1993 Utahraptor, a sickle-claw theropod twice the size of Deinonychus, is named.