═══ 1. Version Notice ═══ Third Edition (Spring 1993) It is possible that this product may contain reference to, or information about, concurrent products (machines or programs), programming or services that are not announced in your country. Such references or information must not be construed to mean that IBM will announce such IBM products, programming or services in your country. This product may contain examples of data used in daily business correspondence and operations. In these examples we use names of hypothetical businesses and persons. These names are fictitious and any similarity to names of actual businesses and persons is purely coincidental. This product could contain technical inaccuracies or typographical errors. Changes are periodically made to the information herein; these changes will be incorporated in new editions of this product. Requests for copies of this product and for technical information about the system should be made to your authorised IBM Personal Computer dealer. All rights reserved. ═══ 2. Notices ═══ References in this publication to IBM products, programs or services do not imply that IBM intends to make these available in all countries in which IBM operates. Any reference to an IBM product, program, or service is not intended to state or imply that only IBM's product, program, or service may be used. Any functionally equivalent product, program, or service that does not infringe any of IBM's intellectual property rights may be used instead of the IBM product, program, or service. Evaluation and verification of operation in conjunction with other products, except those expressly designated by IBM, is the user's responsibility. IBM may have patents or pending patent applications covering subject matter in this document. The furnishing of this document does not give you any license to these patents. You can send license inquiries, in writing, to the IBM Director of Commercial Relations, IBM Corporation, Purchase, NY 10577. ═══ 2.1. Trademarks and Service Marks ═══ The following terms, denoted by an asterisk (*), used in this publication, are trademarks or service marks of IBM Corporation in the United States or other countries: AS/400 Personal System/2 (PS/2) IBM Presentation Manager IBM Personal Computer SAA OS/2 System/370 ═══ 3. Introduction ═══ This guide is divided into an introduction and three parts. o Part 1. Introduction is a brief overview of PSnS/2. o Part 2. User's Guide covers the installation and configuration of PSnS/2 along with its most commonly used features. It is divided into four main areas: - Installing PSnS/2 - Configuring PSnS/2 - Taking Manual Backups - Restoring Data o Part 3. The Technical Reference is provided for users in need of more detailed information or system administrators in charge of a networked system on which PSnS/2 is installed. It provides a reference for all the technical information on PSnS/2, and all the available options which are not described in the User's Guide. For most purposes however, information on how to use PSnS/2 will be given in the User's Guide and the online help windows. o Part 4. Appendixes cover the following areas: c. - Outline of hardware and software requirements - Using PSnS/2 windows - Specifying patterns for file and directory matching. ═══ 4. Welcome to PSnS/2 ═══ At some stage in their use of personal computers, most people have experienced losing files and data - often through no fault of their own. Each time disaster strikes, people make resolutions to take more backups but unfortunately they hardly ever follow them through for long. The aim of PSnS/2 is to resolve this problem by backing up your files for you. PSnS/2 is designed to do the tedious job of performing backups. Once you have set up PSnS/2, most of its work will take place almost unnoticed, until you have to restore lost files. Another advantage of PSnS/2 is that it is able to manage the storage of backed up files on many different devices ranging from, for example, diskettes, fixed and optical disks to file servers and host computers connected by LANs, saving you even more time. Finally, PSnS/2 supports all the features of OS/2* 1.2 and above, including the High Performance File System (HPFS). PSnS/2 supports long file names and directory names, as well as backing up and restoring Extended Attributes (EAs). The special needs of OS/2 2.0's Workplace Shell, User and System files are likewise catered for. PSnS/2 is easy to use even if you have little experience with computers. Most of the time you do not have to deal with it directly but when you do run the main program all of the windows which you see are designed in the same way as many other OS/2 Presentation Manager* products. Thus, if you have used such products before, it should not be too difficult to get to know this one. ═══ 5. Major Features ═══ PSnS/2 has many features: It performs backups automatically, in "background" This is the main benefit of using PSnS/2. OS/2 allows more than one program or application to run at the same time; this is called multitasking. PSnS/2 takes advantage of multitasking by checking for files to back up even when you are running other programs. This makes it easy to keep your PC fixed disk files safe. You do not have to remember or discipline yourself to take backups because PSnS/2 does it automatically, at whatever intervals you set. Single, automatic daily backups are available You can use PSnS/2 to perform a backup at a specific time of day: to diskettes or a tape backup device before closing down your PC, for example, or to a central file server. In the latter case, you might like to arrange for this to happen when only a few people are using the system, such as at lunchtime or after everybody has gone home. Automatic management of backed up files Once you designate how backups are stored, PSnS/2 manages their backup and retrieval. It only backs up all those files you tell it to You do not waste valuable storage space and time on unnecessary backups. Full support for OS/2 Version 1.2 and above HPFS and Extended Attributes Disks which use the OS/2 Version 1.2 High Performance File System, and files which use the Extended Attributes introduced in OS/2 Version 1.2 are fully supported. Long file names and long directory names on files being backed up or restored are also fully supported. Files with Extended Attributes are also backed up and restored along with the file itself. It can be customised to your personal needs A great deal of customisation is possible so that you can tailor a version of PSnS/2 to your exact requirements for file checking and file restoring from backups. Some of the customisation may have to be performed by the system or network manager. Extensive online help is available on every window The help given is always relevant to the window that is displayed. It imposes standards for backing up across networks PSnS/2 has special files to control which files should be backed up. These can be shared over a network, so that you can make sure everybody's work is safeguarded. ═══ 6. How PSnS/2 Works ═══ This summary of how PSnS/2 works should be read before you install PSnS/2. If you are unsure about some of the terms used here because you do not have much computer experience, please use the glossary at the back of this manual. PSnS/2 is a continuously running task under OS/2. At intervals which you determine, it scans the directories and files on the hard disk (or disks accessible by the machine on which it is running) and checks for files which have been changed When PSnS/2 finds a file which has changed, it puts it on the "Files spotted for backup" list. After it has checked all the disks, PSnS/2 consults the "trigger level" - another parameter set by the user - to see if it should back up these files. This type of backup is called an automatic backup. ═══ 6.1. Backup Modes ═══ PSnS/2 can operate in one of two automatic backup modes: Periodic PSnS/2 checks directories for new or changed files at intervals you specify. Timed start The directories are checked at a specific time of day. In addition to automatic backups, you may back up files manually using the PSnS/2 menu system. There are three types of manual backup: Full manual backup now! All files PSnS/2 knows of, whether changed or not, will be backed up. Files spotted All the files that PSnS/2 has spotted as changed will be backed up. By pattern You can choose to backup a group of files according to your own requirements. PSnS/2 knows which files you want backed up, and where to back them up to, by means of special control files called rulebooks, which are described below. ═══ 6.2. Rulebooks ═══ There are two types of rulebook, local and global. You may have no more than one of each type in use (that is, being used by PSnS/2 to control backups) at any time. There must always be a global rulebook in use. Global rulebooks are commonly used by groups of users on networked systems to ensure that they all back up their most important files. Local rulebooks are optional and are intended for use by individual users to ensure that their important personal files are backed up. Each rulebook contains one or more rules telling PSnS/2 which files it should backup and where. Each rule is of the format:  If you are unsure about specifying files by pattern then refer to Specifying Patterns for File and Directory Matching. The might, for example, be C if you are backing up to a fixed disk. It may also be set to [none] which means that PSnS/2 will not back up the specified files. By default, PSnS/2 checks the global rulebook before the local rulebook. This can, however, be changed by the user. ═══ 6.3. Help ═══ You can always get help when running the PSnS/2 program. The immediate help is always relevant to the window being displayed. You can also get more general help whenever you require it by selecting the Help pushbutton if one appears on the window you are using, or pressing the key. You can always return to this guide for more detailed information. ═══ 7. User's Guide ═══ ═══ 8. Installing PSnS/2 ═══ If you are unsure whether PSnS/2 will run on your system, see Outline of Hardware and Software Requirements. The following sections describe how to install PSnS/2 on your fixed disk. Once you have done this, you should turn to Initial Configuration of PSnS/2. To get PSnS/2 running on your computer, you must install from the installation diskette or diskettes that come with PSnS/2. There are three steps to installing PSnS/2: c. 1. Setting options and copying from diskette 2. Modifying some OS/2 system files (OS/2 v1.2 or 1.3) 3. Configuring your Backup Rulebooks, which tell PSnS/2 what to back up. ═══ 8.1. Running the Installation Program ═══ Start your computer and peripheral devices, external diskettes, LAN servers and so on, and wait for the system to finish starting up. Select a diskette drive and insert the diskette labelled PSnS/2 INSTALL. With the mouse, open the drive object for the diskette drive you wish to use (e.g. drive A) and select the PSNSINST object. With the left mouse button, double-click PSNSINST and the installation program for PSnS/2 will begin to run. PSnS/2 is now ready to start installation, and the first installation panel is displayed. The First Installation Panel ═══ 8.1.1. Setting Options and Copying from Diskette ═══ In the first installation panel select the OPTIONS button and click it with your mouse or press the letter "O" on the keyboard. This will take you into the second, Installation Options panel of the PSnS/2 INSTALL program. The Installation Options Panel It is reccommended that you accept all the default settings. In particular, you should ensure that the Sample Rulebooks checkbox has been selected. Otherwise, the rulebook you specified (GENERAL, or your company rulebook) will not be installed. Select any additional features, such as Host computer or Tape backup support, by clicking the relevant checkboxes. Here are some more notes to help you. o Paths The default will be fine for most purposes. Please ensure that the entry for Help text points to a directory included in the SET HELP statement in your current CONFIG.SYS file. o Rulebooks. Until you have created some of your own rulebooks, use the sample rulebooks provided by the Installation diskette (unless you have been provided with another one to use). If you are using PSnS/2 on a LAN, your company may have created a global rulebook for you to use, and placed it on your installation diskette. If you already know the name of the global rulebook you are going to use, you must: 1. Make sure the rulebook is present in the \SAMPLE subdirectory of the INSTALL diskette 2. Type in the Global entry field of the Rulebooks section on the Installation Options Panel. ( is the name of the rulebook you want to use). If however you do not know the name of the global rulebook you are going to use, type GENERAL in this field or accept the default. o Recovering PSnS/2 control files. If this is the first time you have installed PSnS/2, do not select this checkbox. You would only select it if, for example, you had to reinstall PSnS/2, if you lost the control files accidentally, perhaps because you had reformatted the disk on which you store PSnS/2 o Configuration-Update CONFIG.SYS This checkbox concerns users of OS/2 v1.2 or 1.3 only. Having made all your selections, click OK to accept the settings or Cancel to reject them and you will return to the first installation panel From the first installation panel select Install to proceed to the installation of the PSnS/2 program files on to your fixed disk, or Cancel to abandon the installation process altogether. ═══ 8.1.2. Modifying OS/2 System Files (OS/2 version 2.0) ═══ If you are running OS/2 v2, then you must add PSnS/2 to your STARTUP folder once the installation process is complete. The following section has instructions on how to do this. The operating system automatically remembers which applications are running when it is shut down. Therefore, if PSnS/2 is left running, it will always start when you reboot. However, if PSnS/2 is shut down and you want it to start automatically with OS/2, you must make a shadow of PSnS in your Startup folder: 1. Select the Drive which PSnS is on. 2. Select the PSS folder. 3. Select the Code folder. 4. Select the Startup folder from the OS/2 system folder. 5. Press and hold Control and Shift and the right mouse button, and drag the PSnS/2 icon to the Startup folder. ═══ 8.1.3. Modifying OS/2 System Files (OS/2 version 1.2 or 1.3) ═══ STARTUP.CMD, is a special file in OS/2 which contains commands to be executed every time the computer is started. You must modify STARTUP.CMD so PSnS/2 will run automatically, every time you start your computer. ═══ 8.1.3.1. Changing STARTUP.CMD Manually ═══ To make sure PSnS/2 starts up every time you boot-up your computer: o Add an OS/2 start command to your STARTUP.CMD file. o If your STARTUP.CMD is an OS/2 command batch file, you should add this line: 'start "PSnS/2" c:\pss\code\pss.exe' o If your STARTUP.CMD is written in REXX/2, you should add this line: 'start "PSnS/2" c:\pss\code\pss.exe' ═══ 9. Initial Configuration of PSnS/2 ═══ In order to configure PSnS/2 you must return to the desktop. The Install program will have started PSnS/2 and the PSnS/2 main menu window will appear: The PSnS/2 Main Menu Window Note: Under OS/2 v1.2 or 1.3, the panel at the bottom of the screen will say Version 2.10 for 16-bit OS/2. If the menu does not appear, refer to Diagnostics. If this is the first time you are using an OS/2 Presentation Manager menu-driven program, or you are unsure of how to use one, refer to Using PSnS/2 Windows. ═══ 9.1. Backing up control files ═══ When you have installed PSnS/2, the first thing you should consider is storage of the PSnS/2 control files. The PSnS/2 control files take a record of filenames and directories which are used for files backed up. They can be saved either on hard disk or diskette. Note: If the control files are stored on hard disk, and the disk is reformatted (or crashes), then the files will be lost. PSnS/2 will not be able to recover your files, even if they have been backed up to removable volumes. Please ensure that you either: o Back control files up to diskette. o Back up to diskette before you reformat your hard disk partitions. The default destination for backing up control files is the C drive. To change this default refer to Rulebook Configuration. ═══ 9.2. PSnS/2 Configuration ═══ When the control files have been dealt with, other aspects of PSnS/2 can be configured. All these choices are optional. Non-OS/2 supported drive configuration If a drive which you want PSnS/2 to back up files to, is a non-OS/2 supported drive, for example an optical disk, read Specifying Drive Configurations. Your drive is directly supported by OS/2 if the normal OS/2 commands such as DIR and COPY work for that drive. Removable volume configuration If you want to back up files to diskette or some other removable volume (such as an optical disk or tape drive), read Removable Volume Configuration. Rulebook configuration If you do not wish to use the rulebook which PSnS/2 is set up to use (the one you selected during installation), refer to Rulebook Configuration. Backup mode configuration When PSnS/2 is first installed it assumes that you want it to check your files at regular 15 minute intervals. If you want it to check more frequently or less frequently or if you want it to check only at a particular time of day, you should refer to Backup Mode Configuration. When you have carried out these steps, PSnS/2 will be running as you want it on your system: ready to back up the files you have chosen to the correct place. In order to ensure that everything is working correctly, read Verifying Installation. You may now wish to take an initial backup of some of the files on your disk. If you do, refer to Taking Manual Backups. With installation and configuration complete, you can now look forward to using your computer safe in the knowledge that PSnS/2 is keeping all the files you value "Safe and Sound". ═══ 10. Specifying Drive Configurations ═══ ═══ 10.1. Viewing the Disk Drive Details ═══ If you want to use another disk drive that is not supported by OS/2, (**) select the Drives option from the Setup pull-down on the PSnS/2 main menu. The Drive Letter Details window appears. ═══ 10.1.1. Drives Letter Details Window ═══ This window allows you to change and add information about the drives. The Drive Letter Details Window All the drive letters that PSnS/2 knows are shown in the Letters list box. To find information out about it, select a drive using the mouse or the cursor keys. For standard OS/2 drives, the command fields will be blank. Standard OS/2 devices are, for example: c. o Fixed disk drives o Diskette drives o Network drives. Non-OS/2 supported devices such as host processor systems, some optical disk drives and tape backup systems may only send or receive data using commands that are not part of OS/2. ═══ 10.2. Adding New Backup Devices ═══ If you want to add drives that are not directly supported by OS/2, select the Add button from the Drive Letter Details window to display the Tell PSnS/2 about a new drive window. Adding A New Drive Letter Type a drive letter for the new drive, in the range A-Z. Do not choose a letter belonging to your computer's standard drives, even if it has not been used yet. To specify the type of device that you wish to back up to, select one of the radio buttons shown in the panel. Three check boxes are displayed: o The volumes in the drive can be changed by the user This tells PSnS/2 that volumes such as diskettes can be changed, if necessary. PSnS/2 then knows that it should maintain a list of the backup volumes used in this drive, diskettes used for backup in the diskette drive, for example. o Drive is directly supported by OS/2 commands drives. You must type in the commands to back up files to and restore files from this drive. The section Commands to Drives Not Directly Supported by OS/2 below describes how to compose these commands. o Files should be batched when they are backed up to this drive After adding the new drive letter, select OK and you will be returned to the Drive Letter Details window. If you decide not to add a new drive letter, select Cancel and you will be returned to the Drive Letter Details window If you want to abandon all the changes you have made, select Cancel from the Drive Letter Details window and you will be returned to the PSnS/2 main menu. ═══ 10.2.1. Commands to Drives Not Directly Supported by OS/2 ═══ These commands can be edited in the Drive Letter Details window. Commands for backing up files to and restoring files from non-OS/2 supported drives are compulsory, whereas the command for deleting a backup copy is optional. You may want to specify a delete command if the command you are using to back up files does not automatically overwrite existing versions of those files. The commands must be used for all backing up of files. Because PSnS/2 will use these commands on many different files, you must use tokens to represent parts of the command. PSnS/2 will substitute the necessary file identifiers when the commands are needed. Following is a description of the tokens: &s The full drive, path, name, and extension of the file to be backed up. This is the source file. &t The full drive, path, name, and extension for the backup copy PSnS/2 will make. This is the target file. The parts of this name are available as tokens as well. &d The drive letter of the target file (with no colon). This is the letter which you specified in the Drive letter details window. &n The file name of the target file (without a dot). This name is made up by PSnS/2 and will consist of four alpha-numeric characters in the range A-Z or 0-9. &x The file extension of the target file (without a dot). This will be two digits made up by PSnS/2 in the range 0-99. For example, a command to communicate with the non-OS/2 supported drive might be: MYCOPY [orig spec] [new spec] size=5p6. [orig spec] represents the complete file specification of the file being copied. [new spec] represents the complete file specification of the copy being made. You could type the backup command as: MYCOPY &s &t The restore command is then: MYCOPY &t &s When using the commands, PSnS/2 substitutes the file identifiers for the tokens you supplied. For example, if the original file was C:\SMP\FILE.EXE and the backup file is ABCD.01, then: &s is C:\SMP\FILE.EXE &t is X:\PSSBKP\USER\ABCD.01 &d is X &n is ABCD &x is 01 Note: Make sure that the tokens you supply will give enough information for the files to be processed as you intend. Using the above example, if you had typed: MYCOPY &s &n your file would be backed up without the extension on the target file name. PSnS/2 would not be able to recover the file. To delete backed up files, the only tokens you can use in the delete command are &t, &d, &n, and &x. You only need the delete command if the backup and restore commands do not delete the files automatically. You would use the delete command if you wanted to delete old generations of backups, for example, if you had the fourth generation and were only requested to keep three generations. The commands must either be in the current path or you must specify the complete path name, including drive, path, and file name. For example: D:\DIR1\MYCOPY Note: The path is a OS/2 environment variable which is set up in your initialisation files. For details of the use and function of path, consult your OS/2 documentation. ═══ 10.2.1.1. Example of Commands For a Non-OS/2 Supported Drive ═══ This is an example of how to specify backup and restore commands to backup files to a VM/CMS host system. You cannot use the standard SEND and RECEIVE commands, because of restrictions in the OS/2 Extended Services. Instead, use PSSSEND and PSSRECV. These are only examples, consult the documentation for your own equipment. The backup command could be: PSSSEND &s a:&n &x The restore command could then be: PSSRECV &s a:&n &x ═══ 10.3. Deleting a Drive ═══ Select the drive you want to delete from the list box by using the mouse or the cursor keys. Select the Delete button from the Drive letter details window and a dialog box will appear asking you to confirm the deletion. Note that PSnS/2 will let you delete any drive from this list box. However, if the drive you delete is used in the active rulebook or it is fundamental to the operation of the program, then it will be added back to the list automatically. ═══ 11. Removable Volume Configuration ═══ ═══ 11.1. Informing PSnS/2 about Removable Volumes ═══ If you are using removable storage media, such as diskettes for storing backups, you must tell PSnS/2. Select the option Removable volumes from the Setup pull-down on the PSnS/2 main menu to see what removable storage media are already available to PSnS/2. The List of Removable Volumes window appears. ═══ 11.1.1. The List of Removable Volumes Window ═══ This window allows you to see information about removable volumes that PSnS/2 knows about. With this window, you can: c. o Add new removable volumes and details o Delete removable volumes o Refresh removable volumes o Assign a specific number to a removable volume. The List of Removable Volumes window contains a list box showing the identifying numbers for each removable volume. One of the numbers on the list will always be highlighted. The home drive letter and the number of kilobytes of free space on the highlighted volume appears next to the volume number. Select any removable volume by scrolling up and down the list box using the mouse or cursor keys. The List of Removable Volumes Window When you are finished with the window, click on OK to save your selections and return to the PSnS/2 main menu. Select Cancel if you wish to discard what you have done and return to the PSnS/2 main menu. ═══ 11.1.1.1. Adding New Removable Storage Volumes ═══ PSnS/2 must know about any removable storage medium you intend to use for storing backup files. It must be able to identify each storage medium so it can ask you to insert a particular one when it needs it. Make sure you mark each volume you define with the identifying number you are told it has been given by PSnS/2. To update the list of removable volumes, you can: o Let PSnS/2 ask for new volumes when it needs them; for example if PSnS/2 runs out of space on the removable volumes whilst performing a backup. o Prepare some volumes in advance; for instance when you select the Add button from the List of Removable Volumes window. In either case, the Allocate a volume for PSnS/2 to use window appears (see "Figure: The Add New Removable Volume Window"). Note: You cannot prepare diskettes which are to be used for backups of PSnS/2 control files in advance. PSnS/2 will ask for these when it needs them. The Add New Removable Volume Window Type in a drive letter for the new volume. If you have several drives of the same type, each removable volume you add will only be used by the drive for which it was defined. The number PSnS/2 intends to assign to the new volume is shown immediately below the box displaying the relevant drive letter. If you are adding a volume for an OS/2-supported drive, you can either have the volume formatted by PSnS/2 or, if you have a pre-formatted volume, you can ask PSnS/2 to find out how much free space there is automatically, by selecting the relevant checkbox. If you are adding a volume for a drive that is not supported by OS/2 then you must enter the size, in kilobytes, of the removable volume that you are using. When you are ready, select OK and the new volume will be added to the list. You will be asked to place the volume in its drive if the drive is OS/2-supported. PSnS/2 will display the new identifying number and ask you to write the number on the label of that particular volume immediately. It is recommended to mark the volume as soon as PSnS/2 asks for it in order to avoid confusing your backup volumes with similar ones used by someone else on your system. ═══ 11.1.1.2. Deleting a Removable Volume ═══ To delete a removable volume from the list, highlight the volume you want to remove by using the mouse or the cursor keys and select the Delete button. Warning: When a volume is deleted, the backups it contains cannot be restored, because all archive records about the volume are destroyed. This includes any files only partly backed up to the volume. ═══ 11.1.1.3. Refreshing All Removable Volumes ═══ If you are using diskettes to backup many files, then several diskettes will be required to hold all the data that has been backed up. In order to avoid disruption to the user while it is backing up, PSnS/2 will avoid swapping between diskettes as far as possible. To achieve this it does not remove any old generations of backed up files during the backup process unless they happen to be on the diskette that is currently being used. It simply 'remembers' that the old generation of backup is no longer needed, and deletes it the next time the diskette the file is on is used for a backup. You can free this space manually by selecting the Refresh button from the List of Removable Volumes window. PSnS/2 will then ask for each diskette in turn, and delete any old generations of backup that are no longer needed on the diskette. When you have finished looking at or changing the removable volume list, select the OK button. ═══ 11.1.1.4. Assigning specific numbers to removable volumes ═══ By default PSnS/2 does not re-assign a number it has already used to a new removable volume even though the volume the number originally applied to has been removed from the List of Removable volumes using Delete. Instead it assigns a new number, incrementing by one the number PSnS/2 last assigned. In cases where you might wish to assign a specific number to a removable volume-wanting to replace an old diskette with a fresh one, for instance- you can assign the number of your choice by indicating it in the Next Volume Number selection box, using your mouse or cursor keys to control the arrow buttons raising or lowering the number shown. ═══ 11.2. Using Backup Diskettes ═══ PSnS/2 makes it easy to use diskettes as a storage medium because it only stores backup files on diskettes that it knows. This means that it cannot accidentally overwrite your own diskettes. PSnS/2 labels diskettes electronically and checks them when you load them. If you do insert the wrong diskette PSnS/2 displays a message to tell you to load the correct one. Although PSnS/2 makes it easy to use diskettes, it is recommended that you use fixed disks whenever possible, because: o You do not need to load and unload a fixed disk o You might accidentally use your backup diskettes for other purposes o It is faster to back up to fixed disks o You have to format the diskettes o Fixed disks are harder to lose. ═══ 11.2.1. Using System Diskettes ═══ Diskettes used to hold backups of PSnS/2 control files are called system diskettes. They can be used to control the restoring of an entire fixed disk that contains the PSnS/2 system. Make sure you keep system diskettes separate from your backup diskettes. The first time the control files are backed up to diskette, you will be asked to insert a new diskette. The control files will then be copied to it. You will be asked to write a label to identify the new diskette as a system diskette, so you can find it easily the next time it is needed. Do not use ordinary backup diskettes or any diskette containing other data as all its data will be lost. In the unlikely event that all the control file data will not fit onto a single system diskette, you will be asked to repeat the procedure for another diskette. ═══ 12. Rulebook Configuration ═══ ═══ 12.1. Introduction ═══ Rulebooks are special files which PSnS/2 uses to control backups. Each rulebook contains a list of one or more rules which tell PSnS/2 which files should be backed up and where they should be stored. There are two types of rulebooks; global and local. You may have any number of different global and local rulebooks, but only one of each may be active at any time. It is compulsory to have a global rulebook active. This chapter describes how Rulebooks can be set up to meet your personal requirements. The topics covered are: o The default rule options, and backup disk for control files o Editing a rulebook o Selecting your active rulebooks o Testing your active rulebooks o Creating a rulebook, either from scratch or from existing rulebooks o Deleting a rulebook. Select the Rulebooks option from the Setup pull-down on the PSnS/2 main menu to display the Rulebooks window, similar to the example shown in "Figure: The Rulebooks Window". The Rulebooks Window You should read the rest of this introduction if you are unsure how PSnS/2 uses rulebooks to control the backups which it performs. If you are unsure about selecting files by pattern, read Specifying Patterns for File and Directory Matching now. PSnS/2 is supplied with an example rulebook which helps you to familiarise yourself with rulebooks. Select EXAMPLE from the Available Rulebooks listbox. Choose the Open option from the Rulebook pull-down menu or double-click the rulebook name in the Available Rulebooks listbox. This will invoke the Edit rules window as shown below. This window shows the details of the EXAMPLE rulebook, including a list of the patterns used in it. The Edit Rules Window When PSnS/2 checks your files for backup, it takes each file name and compares it with the patterns in your rulebook. It starts at the first rule and works down. Once PSnS/2 finds a match, it backs up the file to the drive specified or ignores the file if the drive is [none]. The order of rulebooks is therefore important - if your first rule tells PSnS/2 to backup everything to drive C, and your second rule tells PSnS/2 not to backup any files beginning with the letter A, PSnS/2 would backup all the files, because it would never check the second rule. The EXAMPLE rulebook has three rules. The first rule tells PSnS/2 to backup all files with the extension TXT from the directory MYFILES on the C drive to drive [none]. In other words, PSnS/2 should not backup these files. This is called an exclusion rule. The next rule tells PSnS/2 to backup all the other files in the MYFILES directory to drive C. The last rule tells PSnS/2 to backup everything from the ACCOUNTS\DATA directory on any drive to drive A. To select a rule either click on it with the mouse or move to it using the cursor keys. Select the second rule. Notice that Trigger backup when files changed this many times is set to 1. This means that the files will be backed up after only one change. Notice also that PSnS/2 has been told to keep three generations of each file. Do not worry about the last field which is described in the Editing a rulebook below. The options for the third rule are the same as for the second. Select OK to return to the Rulebooks window. ═══ 12.2. Default Rule Options ═══ The default options for a rulebook, and the backup disk for control files can be displayed by selecting Change defaults from the Options pull-down on the List of Rulebooks window: The Rulebook Defaults Window Backup device used in new rules When adding a new rule, this drive will automatically be selected as the backup drive. Backup device for PSnS/2 control files PSnS/2 backs up its control files to this drive. Backup trigger level The default number of changes that must be made to a file before it is backed up. Backup generations The default number of generations of backup that will be kept. To change the value of the drive letter, select the arrows on the boxes. A drop-down box appears showing the drive values you can select. To change the values in the bottom two boxes, either click on the arrows on the right of each box, or use the Tab key until the box is highlighted and press the Up and Down cursor keys. The arrows on the other two boxes scroll up and down through the range 1-99. To search active global rulebooks before active local rulebooks, or vice versa, then choose the Select Checking Order option from the Options pull-down menu in the List of Rulebooks panel. If the Check Global before Local option is selected, then global rulebooks will be checked first. If the Check Local before Global option is selected, then local rulebooks will be checked first. Use this with caution as it could dramatically affect the way PSnS/2 will back up files. The order in which the rulebooks are searched can make a difference to which files are backed up and where they are stored because the first rule matching a file will be used. Thus, the different search orders may activate different rules. ═══ 12.3. Editing a Rulebook ═══ This mode allows you to alter the rules and options within a rulebook. It enables you to specify which groups of files PSnS/2 is to back up, and where to store them. Select the rulebook you wish to edit from the Rulebooks window, then select the Open option from the Rulebook pull-down menu. This will invoke the Edit rules window as shown in "Figure: The Edit Rules Window". The following describes how to: c. o Edit rules o Change the rulebook options for each rule o Add rules o Delete rules. ═══ 12.3.1. Editing Rules ═══ To edit rules, select the pattern that you want to change. Move the cursor to the Pattern: field and change the rule there. You can also change the description. The new pattern will appear in the list of rules when you select a different rule. You can have up to 128 characters in a Pattern field and 64 in the Description fields. To see characters in parts of a field outside a box, drag the mouse or use the Left/Right cursor keys to see the beginning or end of a box. If you edit a global rulebook you have to enter the password of the current active global rulebook (if it has one). Remember that passwords are sensitive to upper and lower case. ═══ 12.3.2. Rulebook Options for Specific Rules ═══ Trigger backup when files changed this many times This shows how many times files matching the highlighted pattern will have to be spotted before a backup is triggered. Change the values by clicking on the up and down arrows at the side of the box. Keep this many generations of backups This is the number of successive generations of files matching the highlighted pattern, that will be kept. Change the values by clicking on the Up/Down arrows at the side of the box or use your keyboard cursor keys. Compress command This is the command that PSnS/2 uses to compress files before making backup copies. If a * is shown in the box, PSnS/2 will use its own compression program. Uncompress command This is the command that PSnS/2 uses to uncompress files before retrieving them. If a * is shown in the box, PSnS/2 will use its own uncompression program. ═══ 12.3.3. Changing File Compression and Uncompression Commands ═══ The default commands that PSnS/2 uses to compress and uncompress files (designated by *) compress most files well, but some, especially files containing random data, do not. You may prefer to use your own file compression programs for these files. Enter your own commands for compressing and uncompressing files. A blank in the box indicates that file compression should not take place. Anything else will be interpreted as a compression command. The uncompress command restores the files to their original size again when you restore them from backup. Warning: File compression takes place when files are about to be backed up. Do not change compression and uncompression commands between backing up and restoring a file matching the highlighted pattern. If you do, there is a danger that a file might be uncompressed using the wrong uncompression program thus ruining your data. Furthermore, when PSnS/2 restores a file backed up using your own compression program, it needs to refer to the rulebook so it can use the correct uncompression program. You should therefore change your rulebooks with extreme caution if you are using your own compression program as you may make files previously backed up impossible to restore. The commands you enter in these fields must either reside in the current path, or you must specify the drive, path, and file name completely, as in: D:\DIR1\MYCOMP &s &t /c This single command will have to process many different files, so PSnS/2 uses tokens as a way of expressing this. The full specification of drive, path, and file name of the source file (the file to be backed up) can be represented by the token &s, and &t represents the name and extension of the compressed file. Suppose you want PSnS/2 to use a command MYCOMP, which has the form: MYCOMP < output spec> / myoption where: input spec Is the specification of the input file output spec Is the specification of the output file myoption Is c or u to indicate compress or uncompress. This is how you might specify a compress command: MYCOMP C:\DIR1\EXAMP.FIL D:\DIR2\EXAMP.COM /c to compress the file C:\DIR1\EXAMP.FIL to give the compressed file D:\DIR2\EXAMP.COM. The actual compress command you type in would be: MYCOMP &s &t /c Uncompress works in the same way but the source and compress files will be the other way around: MYCOMP &t &s /u When it needs to issue the commands, PSnS/2 will replace the tokens with the correct file identifiers. You can have 64 characters in the Compress command, and Uncompress command fields. To see characters in parts of a field outside a box, or use the Left/Right cursor keys to see the beginning or end of a box. ═══ 12.3.4. Adding Rules ═══ New rules are inserted into the rules list before the highlighted rule. Select the Add option from the Rulebook pull-down menu in the List of Rulebooks window. The Add a new rule window is displayed. Type in the file-matching pattern that you want PSnS/2 to search for and select the backup drive (or [none] if you are creating an exclusion rule). Type in the description for the rule for reference and select OK. ═══ 12.3.5. Deleting Rules ═══ To delete a rule, simply highlight it in the usual manner, and select the Delete option from the Rulebook pull-down menu on the List of Rulebooks window. ═══ 12.4. Selecting the Rulebook You Wish to Use ═══ PSnS/2 marks the rulebooks it is using with an tag on the Rulebooks window. One global rulebook is always in use but a local rulebook is optional. Select the rulebook you wish to use by clicking it with the mouse or by using the keyboard cursor keys. Then press the Use option on the Rulebook pull-down menu. If you have selected a local rulebook, the tag will appear next to it unless the rulebook was in use already in which case the tag will disappear. If the selected rulebook is a global rulebook, you will be prompted to type the password if there is one. After you have typed the password, select OK. Having entered the correct password, the tag switches to the highlighted rulebook. Note: Passwords are sensitive to upper and lower case letters. :enote. ═══ 12.5. Testing Your Active Rulebooks ═══ To test a rulebook, select the Test Active Rulebooks option from the Rulebook pull-down menu on the List of Rulebooks panel. The Testing Rulebooks screen will then be displayed. The program will scan your disks and give a list of the files that are covered by the active rulebooks. ═══ 12.6. Creating New Rulebooks ═══ There are two ways of creating new rulebooks o From scratch using the Add option from the Rulebook pull-down menu. o Copying an existing rulebook and giving it a new name using the Copy item on the Rulebook pull-down menu. Note: Passwords for global rulebooks are sensitive to upper and lower case. If you are unsure about passwords, seek advice from someone more experienced or, if your PC is connected to a network, see your system administrator. ═══ 12.6.1. Creating a Rulebook from Scratch ═══ Select New from the Rulebook pull-down in the List of Rulebooks window to invoke the Add a new rulebook window. Type in the name for the new rulebook. The radio buttons allow you to choose whether the new rulebook will be global or local. Select OK to confirm your choices and pass directly into the rulebook editing panel. To abandon creating your new rulebook select Cancel. ═══ 12.6.2. Copying a Rulebook ═══ Select a rulebook by using your mouse or the Up/Down cursor keys until the rulebook which you want to copy is highlighted. Select the Copy item in the Rulebooks pull-down menu. Press Enter or double-click to display a window which asks you to enter a name for the new rulebook. At this stage you must choose whether you want the new rulebook to be global or local by selecting the appropriate radio button. When you are satisfied with your choice, select the OK button. If you are creating a local rulebook, you will be returned to the List of Rulebooks panel. If the rulebook that you are creating is to be global, you must type in the password of the active global rulebook if it has one. (The sample rulebooks on the installation diskette don't have passwords, therefore this will not affect you if one of them is in use). A similar dialog box will appear, now requesting the password for the new global rulebook. Type in the new password (if you want one) and press Enter or select the OK button. If you want to make a global rulebook from a local rulebook and do not want to change its name, you may want to delete the local rulebook version after you have made the copy. To do this, refer to the section immediately below. ═══ 12.7. Deleting Rulebooks ═══ Select the Delete option from the Rulebooks pull-down menu if you want to delete a rulebook. You will be asked to confirm your decision. Press OK to delete the rulebook or Cancel if you decide not to delete it. If you are attempting to delete a global rulebook, you must know the password of the active global rulebook. A dialog box appears for you to type in the password. You will see the usual message window asking you to confirm the deletion. If you type the password incorrectly, you will get an error message. Note: Passwords are case sensitive. ═══ 12.8. Confirming the Changes ═══ If you are happy with the changes you have made to the list of rulebooks and the default rulebook options, select Exit from the Rulebook pull-down. You will be asked if you want to save the changes you have made. If you want to abandon the changes select No. ═══ 13. Backup Mode Configuration ═══ If you have just installed PSnS/2 as described in this guide, it will have been set to run in manual backup mode. In effect, PSnS/2's background backup activity will be suspended until you have configured the program's settings to suit your particular needs and circumstances and then have instructed PSnS/2 to run in one of its two main background backup modes. This section explains how you can: c. o Select the backup mode o Set the times when files are checked. Select the Timed start... option from the Setup pull-down on the PSnS/2 main menu to display the Change backup modes and times window. The Change Backup Mode and Times Window You must select one of three radio buttons: Check disks for files to backup at intervals of: In this mode, PSnS/2 will check the disks for files to back up at the intervals specified by the boxes on this option. To change the interval, use the scroll bars to alter the time shown in the boxes. Check for changed files and run backup at time: In this mode, PSnS/2 will check the disks for files to back up once a day, at the time shown in the boxes. To change the time, use the scroll bars. When PSnS/2 is in this mode, the disk(s) will be scanned as a whole before file transfers are done. The trigger level set previously, however, is ignored. Backup files on request only With this radio button selected, PSnS/2 is in effect suspended until one of the two preceding choices has been selected or Force Backup Now! from the main Backup menu has been put into force. Confirm any changes by pressing the OK button, or discard them with the Cancel button. ═══ 14. Verifying Installation ═══ This section is a simple test to ensure PSnS/2 is working correctly on your computer or networked system. It describes the backup of a single file to your C drive and its restoration. ═══ 14.1. Selecting the VERIFY rulebook ═══ Select the Rulebooks option from the Setup pull-down on the PSnS/2 main menu to display the List of Rulebooks window. Choose the VERIFY rulebook with the mouse or cursor keys and then select the Use item from the pull-down menu. If you wish to check that PSnS/2 is backing up correctly todrives other than the default, the VERIFY rulebook must be altered. To do this, select VERIFY and double-click it, or choose the Edit item from the Rulebookpull-down menu. Move to the to drive field and enter the new drive letter. You can also use a different file for the initial backup. Enter a different pattern in the Pattern field, and press OK when you are happy with your changes. You will be returned to the List of Rulebooks window. Select Cancel to discard the changes or select OK to confirm them. Either action will then return you to the PSnS/2 main menu. ═══ 14.2. Backing up DUMMY.FIL ═══ Select the By pattern item from the Backup pull-down on the PSnS/2 main menu to display the Backup selected files window. Enter C in the top entry field and DUMMY.FIL in the file names matching this pattern field. Then press OK. If everything is working correctly, PSnS/2 displays a panel telling you it is backing up the file. If this does not happen, please refer to Diagnostics. You should now erase the file by opening an OS/2 command prompt and entering ERASE C:\PSS\CODE\DUMMY.FIL. ═══ 14.3. Restoring DUMMY.FIL ═══ Return to the PSnS/2 main menu. Choose the Specific files option from the Restore pull-down on the PSnS/2 main menu. Select the C:\PSS\CODE directory, by: c. o Selecting C: from the Directories and drives box. o Select PSS. o Select CODE. o Finally, select DUMMY.FIL from the Files box and click the Restore button. PSnS/2 will ask you to confirm your choice of file. Select OK to restore the file. If all is well, PSnS/2 will tell you it is restoring the file and returns you to the Select files from backup window. You should check that the file has been restored properly. Return to the OS/2 command prompt and enter: TYPE C:\PSS\CODE\DUMMY.FIL If you get the response: This is a dummy file to be used during verification. then PSnS/2 is working correctly on your system. If not, refer to Diagnostics. ═══ 15. Taking Manual Backups ═══ On occasion you might need to back up files before the automatic backup takes place. For instance, it is a good idea to back up all the files you want protected as soon as you install PSnS/2. It is also sometimes convenient to start a backup of the files already spotted, for example when you need to shut down your computer unexpectedly, or if a large number of files are ready to be backed up and you are going to lunch. Note: Backing up a large number of files can take a long time, particularly if you are using a slow device such as a diskette. :enote. ═══ 15.1. Manually Backing Up Groups of Files ═══ This section explains how you can back up groups of files which PSnS/2 is looking after. You might wish to do this if, for example, you have just run PSnS/2 for the first time and you wish to take a backup of all your important files. Note: You can only back up files that are described in active rulebooks. Select the By pattern option from the Backup pull-down on the PSnS/2 main menu to display the Backup selected files window. Type the name of the directory you want to search using wildcards if necessary. Do not enter wildcards on the directory line. If you do, a message box appears telling you that you have entered an invalid pattern. Select OK to return to the Backup selected files window and correct the entry you made. The way of getting around specifying individual directories is to select the check box Including files found in subdirectories of this directory. Type the pattern that matches the group of files you want to back up in the entry field (see Specifying Patterns for File and Directory Matching if you are unsure). Only enter *.* if you want to backup all files in the directory you have selected, except for those excluded by your current rulebook. You can enter a date to tell PSnS/2 how recently files must have been created or changed for them to be backed up. When you select OK, PSnS/2 searches for files with the pattern you typed. If it finds files matching the patterns in your active rulebooks and these files were created or changed on or after the date you indicated, it will back them up. If you want to back up the files regardless of whether they have changed since the last backup, select the check box Including files not changed since last backup from the Backup selected files window. This is the only way of performing a selective full backup. Note: The date format used will be the date format you have selected for your OS/2 system using the OS/2 Control Panel (OS/2 v.1.2 and 1.3) and System Setup (OS/2 v2.x). The text after this entry field will give an example using the selected date format. Select Cancel to discard your choices or, once you have selected all the options you require, click OK. The message Copying files will appear and PSnS/2 now backs up the files which you have requested. It will let you know if it needs any help (for example, when it needs any new diskettes for back up). ═══ 15.2. Manually Backing Up Files Spotted as Changed ═══ To back up all the files PSnS/2 has spotted as having been created or changed since the last backup, select the Files spotted option from the Backup pull-down on the PSnS/2 main menu. A window appears, asking you to select OK when you want to start the backup. The Backup Selected Files Window When you select OK, PSnS/2 starts backing up files and a message window appears which tells you which file is currently being backed up. You can check the backup log to see if your files have been backed up successfully. See the section Viewing the Log File in the Technical reference if you want to do this. If PSnS/2 cannot backup a file (for example, because the diskette is unavailable or the drive isn't working), it remains on the files spotted list. If files were deleted before they were backed up, the number on the files spotted display may not show the actual number backed up. The PSnS/2 control files are backed up to the drive specified in the List of Rulebooks window, and can be changed in the Change defaults for new rules window. The device which the rulebooks back files up to is also shown here, and can be changed in the same way. It is possible to halt backup by pressing the Interrupt button in the Copying files panel. When the user halts a backup, PSnS/2 displays the files that have not yet been backed up in the Backup Interrupted window. The user can then remove any of these files and they will be removed from the Files spotted for backup list until they are changed again. The Backup Interrupted panel allows users to choose whether to continue backup (having removed any files they do not wish to be backed up) or to abandon the backup altogether. The Continue push button will continue backup and the removed files will disappear from the Files spotted for backup list until they are changed again. The Exit push button will cancel the backup and return you to the PSnS/2 main menu. ═══ 16. Restoring or Deleting Data from Backup ═══ The first part of this chapter tells you how to restore files from backup copies. There are two methods for restoring files: o Specific files, by individual selection from the records of files backed up. o Files by pattern, if there are groups of files to be restored. The main PSnS/2 program must be activated to restore files by either method. ═══ 16.1. Restoring Specific Files ═══ If you have only lost one or two files, or if you want to retrieve a particular generation of a file, the Restore specific files option should be used. Select the Specific files option from the Restore pull-down on the PSnS/2 main menu. The Select files from backup window appears. This window allows you to see which files have been backed up. Select the backup copy you wish to restore. Any backup copy to be restored must be selected from files in the Files box. Note: If you are using your own compression program for backing up, you can only restore files that are described in an active rulebook. The Select Files from Backups window You can choose the drives and directories in which to search for backups. The selected directory is shown on the line Directory is: which will be blank at first. The pattern of file names to search for is shown on the line File name:. Any files in the selected directory which match that pattern will appear in the Files box. If there are any subdirectories of this directory which also contain backups, their names will appear in the Directories and drives list box. If you choose a subdirectory, the symbol for the parent directory (..) appears in the Directories and drives box. Select this to return to the parent directory. If any files have been backed up there will be at least one drive in the Directories and drives box. Select a drive name and it will be displayed on the Directory is: line. The drive's directories will appear underneath the drive name highlighted in the box. If a directory is selected, its name will also be displayed on the Directory is: line. If there are any backup copies from the directory which matches the pattern displayed on the File name line, they will appear in the Files list. ═══ 16.1.1. Restoring a Specific File ═══ If you want to restore a specific file, you should find and select the file in the list described above. Now select Restore to display the Select generation of backup to restore window. Select Generation of Backup to Restore window Select the generations of the file shown in the Date/Time list box. It can be accepted unchanged, or the name of the directory to which you want to restore the backup can be altered. Then select OK. To abandon the restore action, select Cancel. You will be returned to the Select files from Backup window. When you have finished restoring files, select OK. ═══ 16.1.2. Dropping a file from the backup store ═══ If you want to remove a file from the store of backups, select a file as though you were about to restore it. Then, select Drop on the Restore selected files from backups window and the file will be deleted from the Files list box on the PSnS/2 main menu. ═══ 16.1.3. Restoring Groups of Files ═══ To restore groups of files, select the By pattern item from the Restore pull-down on the PSnS/2 main menu. The Restore files matching a pattern window allows you to restore files which match a directory and file name pattern. You can use wildcard characters in the file name part of the pattern, including the directory part. Note: If you are using your own compression program for backing up, you can only restore those files which are described in an active rulebook. Restore Files Matching a Pattern from Backups window Move the cursor to the date entry field and type in a date. Then move the cursor to the time entry field and type in a time. The files will be restored from the generation of backup taken on or before this date and time. After completing the date and time, select OK. The files will be restored to the state they were in at the time which you specified. To abandon the restore operation, select Cancel. You will be returned to the PSnS/2 main menu in either case. If your computer is part of a network with a backup server on which PSnS/2 has been installed, additional backup copies of your file may also be available. To find out, contact your system administrator. ═══ 17. Technical Reference ═══ ═══ 18. Technical Overview ═══ This part gives you an overview of various technical aspects of PSnS/2 such as: c. o The components which make up the PSnS/2 product o Changes to PSnS/2 o The operating environment for PSnS/2. ═══ 18.1. The Components of PSnS/2 ═══ PSnS/2 is a set of programs and files. The package provided contains 5 operational programs: o PSNSINST.EXE This is the installation program, which is run once when you install PSnS/2 on your machine. o PSS.EXE This is the main PSnS/2 program that provides all the primary user functions (such as defining rulebooks and initiating backup). It also provides interaction with the extensive help facility provided with PSnS/2. The help information itself is stored in the file MAGHELP.HLP o PSSRECV.EXE A program that will download files from a host session. This is provided to save the user having to provide one of their own if they are in a standard IBM host processor and PC environment. o PSSSEND.EXE A program that will upload files to a host session. This is included to save the user having to provide one of their own if they are in a standard IBM host processor/PC environment. o UNHIDE.EXE Changes the attributes of the file PSS.PRO (the user profile) so that it is no longer hidden. This allows it to be deleted when PSnS/2 is removed from the machine. In addition to these executable files, the installation diskette (or diskettes) will contain the following files: o README This contains the latest information about PSnS/2, including any known problems with the software and the latest release information. o CPYRIGHT.DAT The copyright information for the software. o GENERAL.MPG A general purpose rulebook that users are encouraged to install as their active global rulebook when they first use PSnS/2. o CPROGS.MPG A sample rulebook that provides backup facilities for C programmers. o SPREAD.MPG A sample rulebook that provides backup facilities for spreadsheet users. o VERIFY.MPG The rulebook referred to in Verifying Installation. o EXAMPLE.MPL The example rulebook referred to in Rulebook Configuration. o DUMMY.FIL A dummy file used in Restoring or Deleting Data from Backup. This can be deleted from your fixed disk when you are sure the program has been successfully installed. ═══ 18.2. Automatic Installation ═══ The PSnS/2 installation program o Detects the version of OS/2 being used o Installs the corresponding version of PSnS/2. The 16-bit version of the code (for OS/2 v1.2 and 1.3) is in the OS/2 subdirectory on the installation diskette. The 32-bit version of the code (for OS/2 v2) is in the OS22 subdirectory on the installation diskette. ═══ 18.3. Changes to PSnS/2 ═══ The file README on the INSTALL diskette, contains details of any recent changes to PSnS/2 that may have been made. You may read it by using any editor program such as OS/2 E.EXE. ═══ 18.4. Operating Environment ═══ ═══ 18.4.1. Fixed Disk Usage ═══ Fixed disk space is required for: o The main control file with an overhead for each file and directory. o The installation of PSnS/2 o Backup copies. As a guide, a control file for two generations of 100 unique files from one directory requires about 6KB. The main control file is held on disk in 2KB blocks, plus 768 bytes. Each 2KB block is used to hold data for the generations of backed up files that are stored. This amounts to 65 bytes for the first two generations of each file, plus 8 bytes for each additional generation. If the 2KB block becomes full, another 2KB block is created with the data divided between the two blocks. ═══ 18.4.2. Main Memory Usage ═══ PSnS/2 requires a minimum of 384KB of free memory. ═══ 18.4.3. Network or Host System Attachment ═══ PSnS/2 may be used in a Local Area Network (LAN) or attached to a host computer. Three options are available: o Local Area Network rulebooks may be stored on remote disks or other devices. PSnS/2 may be used in this way on all LANs that are supported by DOS or OS/2 for remote server functions. o IBM mainframe host attachment If you are using a mainframe host, the hardware and software requirements are the same as those for IBM's Enhanced Connectivity Facility (ECF), as the host is supported through ECF. Access to the host may be provided over any of the LANs mentioned in this section. o IBM Applications System/400 (AS/400)* family host attachment c. - IBM AS/400 - IBM System/38 These hosts are supported using Personal Computer Support. PCs can be connected over an IBM Token-Ring LAN, or over remote communications lines, if used. The PC hardware requirements are the same as those for the PC support you are using and the requirements for PSnS/2 must also be met. ═══ 19. PSnS/2 Command Line Switches ═══ PSnS/2 can be started in a number of different ways, allowing greater flexibility in the way it is used. The actions the program takes when it starts can be controlled by using command line switches. The available switches are: /B PSnS/2 will perform a backup as soon as it is started, using the active rulebooks (see below). /BL= PSnS/2 will perform a backup as soon as it is started, using the specified local rulebook (see below). /BG= PSnS/2 will perform a backup as soon as it is started, using the specified global rulebook (see below). /C When used with the /B, /BL or /BG switches, /C makes PSnS/2 back up only the files which have been changed since the last back up. For example, /B /C will make PSnS/2 back up files which are covered by the active rulebooks, and which have been changed since the last back up. This switch must be used in conjunction with /B, /BL or /BG. Used alone, it does nothing. /I PSnS/2 will start iconised. Under OS/2 version 2.0, these switches can be set by opening the program settings for PSnS/2. Enter the switches in the Parameters field. Under all versions of OS/2, the command start "Personally Safe'n'Sound" PSS.EXE /I will force the program to be iconised as soon as it is started. Of the switches above, /B requires further explanation. This switch can be used in a number of ways. In its simplest form, /B will perform a standard backup as soon as PSnS is started. This backs up all files which are covered by the active rulebooks. This might be useful in a critical environment as it ensures that you have a complete set of backed up files every time the program is run. Using /BL= or /BG= performs a similar task, except that instead of using the current active rulebooks, the program will use the rulebooks specified by name Note that the switches only override the type of rulebook to which they refer, so /BL=DAILY will override any active local rulebook but will not affect the active global rulebook. Similarly /BG=ONCE will over-ride the active global rulebook but will not affect any local rulebook. One possible use of /BL= and /BG= would be to allow a daily backup to diskette by using appropriate rulebooks in the switches, combined with regular background backing up to hard drive during normal operations. This not only provides greater security but also avoids repeated interruptions for the program to backup to diskette during normal working hours. ═══ 20. Recovering Data after a Fixed Disk Format ═══ If you have had to reformat the disk on which PSnS/2 has been stored, you must reinstall the program. The control files PSnS/2 uses to keep track of your backup files and their original directories will also have been lost. If your control files were backed up to a different volume, you may restore them in the same way as you would restore other files backed up to that volume. o Insert the original PSnS/2 diskette and type the Install command as you did when initially installing PSnS/2. Use the same directory names as before. o A panel will appear asking if you wish to recover the PSnS/2 control files. Press Y. o The panel will then ask in which drive the backups of the control files can be found. Enter the drive letter of the disk drive. o If you kept the control files on diskette, insert the diskette when prompted by PSnS/2. If the files are on more than one diskette, PSnS/2 will ask you to insert any others as required. When the control files have been recovered, you can restore any of the other backed up files by using the By pattern item from the Restore pull-down on the PSnS/2 main menu. Please refer to Restoring or Deleting Data from Backup. ═══ 21. Removing PSnS/2 ═══ To remove PSnS/2 from your computer, do the following: o Terminate the main, active part of PSnS/2 by selecting the Exit option from the Backup pull-down on the PSnS/2 main menu window. PSnS/2 can still be restarted, either directly or automatically after the computer is rebooted. o Remove the extra lines in the STARTUP.CMD file. Use your usual editor or, if you are not sure, ask someone more experienced or your system administrator. Alternatively, you can erase STARTUP.CMD and rename STARTUP.PSS as STARTUP.CMD. (Take the second alternative only if you asked PSnS/2 to change STARTUP.CMD when you installed it). o Using OS/2 v2.x, open the Startup Folder and delete the PSnS/2 object by either dragging it over to the Shredder object and dropping it there, or by clicking it with your right mouse button and selecting Delete from the drop down menu. o Make the file PSS.PRO visible by opening a Command Prompt and typing C:\PSS\CODE\UNHIDE. Then type ERASE C:\PSS.PRO to delete it. o Delete all the PSnS/2 files and directories. These will be called \PSS\CODE and \PSS\SYSDATA if you used the defaults during installation. Backed up files will be stored in the directories \PSSBKP\USER and \PSSBKP\SYSTEM. ═══ 22. Using PSnS/2 on a Network ═══ A local area network (LAN) allows people using PCs to share programs, data, and devices such as printers. There are ways of using the properties of a LAN to backup effectively. The following sections give some advice on how to use PSnS/2 in different LAN situations. If you are responsible for a network of computers, you can use PSnS/2 to implement general standards for backing up files over a network and allow users some personal control over the files they want to back up. Information is given about using PSnS as a: c. o Single user on a LAN o Administrator of a group of users on a LAN. ═══ 22.1. Single LAN User ═══ If you are using your own copy of PSnS/2 on a LAN, save backup copies of your files to disks on the LAN server. LAN servers are less likely to suffer from problems that affect local machines and have larger fixed disks than your own computer. Install PSnS/2 on your own computer in the same way as described for single machines. To store your backup copies on LAN disks, the to drive: field in the rulebooks should use the drive letters assigned to the disks by OS/2. Note: Only backup your files to LAN disks to which you have exclusive access. Otherwise other users of PSnS/2 may overwrite your own backup files. ═══ 22.2. Administrator of a Large Group of Users on a LAN ═══ If you are system administrator responsible for allocating LAN disk space for a group of LAN users, follow this procedure to make the best use of the disk space. You must install PSnS/2 on every workstation on which it is going to be used. You can also install PSnS/2 on the LAN server in the same way as described for a single computer. To allow the LAN users to use LAN disk space for their backup files, allocate to each of them a separate directory on a LAN disk. Each directory should have exclusive write access; this will make sure each person's backup files are protected from other LAN users. Create a global rulebook which is to be used by everybody on the LAN. ═══ 22.3. Defining a Common Global Rulebook ═══ If you are responsible for installing PSnS/2 on many computers, you may wish to impose common standards for backup procedures. For example, if everyone in your group uses a spreadsheet, you will want to keep backups of all their spreadsheet files. You can ensure these files will be backed up by installing PSnS/2 on all computers in your group and making each use the same global rulebook. The installation program for PSnS/2 is specially designed to make this process easy. o Install PSnS/2 on your computer as described in Installing PSnS/2 of the User's Guide. Initially, you can use any rulebook. o Design the rulebook for everyone to use. You should make this your global rulebook. Rulebook Configuration explains how to do this. Note that using very general inclusion or exclusion rules (like *.*  C or C:*.* [None]) will prevent individual users of the LAN from customising the system, using their own local rulebooks. o Once you have completed designing your rulebook, exit PSnS/2 and check that the file .MPG is in your C:\PSS\SYSDATA directory (or the equivalent directory if you are storing your PSnS/2 program somewhere other than C:\PSS\CODE). o Take your group installation diskette and make sure it is not write protected. o Type COPY C:\PSS\SYSDATA\.MPG A:\SAMPLE to copy your rulebook on to the installation diskette. o Now make sure everyone knows that they should type A:\INSTALL to install PSnS/2 with your rulebook as the common global rulebook. ═══ 23. The Logged Record of Backups ═══ PSnS/2 keeps a record of all the files of which it takes backup copies. This is called the log file. Select the Logfile pull-down from the PSnS/2 main menu and you can: c. o View the log file o Choose what is recorded on the log file o Choose a logview program. ═══ 23.1. Viewing the Log File ═══ To view the log of backed-up files, select the View log option from the Logfile pull-down menu. This displays the Backup Log file which holds the date and time of all the files backed up and the drive to which they were backed up. When viewing the log file, PSnS/2 will use an editor program. Depending on the editor, you may be offered options such as File, Edit, and Options for selecting fonts, colours, and so on. The System Editor will also have a Help option. The log contains the date and time of each backup, an error number (if there has been an error), the drive to which the file was backed up and the full file specification (drive, path, and name). ═══ 23.2. Choosing Which Files Are Recorded on the Log File ═══ To select which records are written to the log file, select from the two checkmark options underneath the View log option. These options are: c. o Log successes o Log failures. You can choose to record the successful backups and the unsuccessful backups. Successful backups are ones where the file has been backed up and all the PSnS/2 control files have been updated correctly. A failed backup is one where one of these steps cannot be performed, for example, if an attempt was made to back up to an unknown drive. This is what a few lines of a log file might look like: - 03-05-90 08:30 >C C H C , or press to move the cursor to the menu bar and then the Left/Right and Up/Down cursor keys. ═══ 27.1.2. Files spotted for incremental backup ═══ This shows the number of files on the PSnS/2 list of files created or changed since the last backup that match rules in the active rulebooks. ═══ 27.1.3. Next disk check in minutes ═══ This shows when the next disk check for files which have been changed since the last backup will be. ═══ 27.1.4. Last backup was on at