- -adjoin
- join images into a single multi-image file.
- This option is useful for creating a multi-frame animation sequence within
the same file (e.g. GIF).
- -colors value
- preferred number of colors in the image.
- The actual number of colors in the image may be less
than your request, but never more. Note, this is a
color reduction option. Images with less unique colors
than specified with this option will have any duplicate
or unused colors removed.
Refer to
quantize for more details.
- Note, options -dither, -colorspace, and -treedepth
affect the color reduction algorithm.
- -colorspace value
- the type of colorspace: GRAY, OHTA, RGB,
Transparent, XYZ, YCbCr, YIQ, YPbPr,
YUV, or CMYK.
- Color reduction, by default, takes place in the RGB
color space. Empirical evidence suggests that
distances in color spaces such as YUV or YIQ correspond
to perceptual color differences more closely than do
distances in RGB space. These color spaces may give
better results when color reducing an image. Refer to
quantize for more details.
The Transparent color space behaves uniquely in that it preserves
the matte channel of the image if it exists.
- The -colors or -monochrome option is required for this
option to take effect.
- -comment string
- annotate an image with a comment.
- By default, each image is commented with its file name.
Use this option to assign a specific comment to the
image. Optionally you can include the image filename,
type, width, height, or scene number by embedding
special format characters. Embed %f for filename,
%d for directory, %e for filename extention, %t for
top of filename, %m for magick, %w for width, %h for
height, %s for scene number, or \n for newline. For example,
- -comment "%m:%f %wx%h"
- produces an image comment of MIFF:bird.miff 512x480 for
an image titled bird.miff and whose width is 512 and
height is 480.
- If the first character of string is @, the image
comment is read from a file titled by the remaining
characters in the string.
- -compose operator
- the type of image composition.
- By default, each of the composite image pixels are
replaced by the corresponding image tile pixel. You can
choose an alternate composite operation:
over
in
out
atop
xor
plus
minus
add
subtract
difference
bumpmap
replace
The operations behaves as follows:
- over
- The result will be the union of the two image shapes, with
composite image obscuring image in the region of overlap.
- in
- The result is simply composite image cut by the shape of
image. None of the image data of image will be in the
result.
- out
- The resulting image is image with the shape of
composite image cut out.
- atop
- The result is the same shape as image image, with
composite image obscuring image where the image shapes
overlap. Note this differs from over because the portion of
composite image outside image's shape does not appear in
the result.
- xor
- The result is the image data from both composite image and
image that is outside the overlap region. The overlap region will be
blank.
- plus
- The result is just the sum of the image data.
Output values are cropped to 255 (no overflow).
This operation is independent of the matte
channels.
- minus
- The result of composite image - image, with
underflow cropped to zero. The matte channel is
ignored (set to 255, full coverage).
- add
- The result of composite image + image, with overflow
wrapping around (mod 256).
- subtract
- The result of composite image - image, with underflow
wrapping around (mod 256). The add and subtract
operators can be used to perform reversible transformations.
- difference
- The result of abs(composite image - image). This is
useful for comparing two very similar images.
- bumpmap
- The result image shaded by composite image.
- replace
- The resulting image is image replaced
with composite image. Here the matte information is ignored.
- The image compositor requires an matte, or alpha
channel in the image for some operations. This
extra channel usually defines a mask which
represents a sort of a cookie-cutter for the image.
This is the case when matte is 255 (full coverage)
for pixels inside the shape, zero outside, and
between zero and 255 on the boundary. If image
does not have an matte channel, it is initialized
with 0 for any pixel matching in color to pixel
location (0,0), otherwise 255 (to work properly
borderwidth must be 0).
- -compress type
- the type of image compression: None, JPEG, LZW,
RunlengthEncoded or Zip.
- This option specifies the type of image compression for
the composite image. See miff(5) for details.
- Specify +compress to store the binary image in an
uncompressed format. The default is the compression
type of the specified image file.
- -crop <width>{%}x<height>{%}{+-}<x offset>{+-}<y offset>
- preferred size and location of the cropped image. See
X(1) for details about the geometry specification.
- To specify a percentage width or height instead, append
%. For example to crop the image by ten percent on all
sides of the image, use -crop 10%.
- Use cropping to tile only a particular area of an
image. Use -crop 0x0 to remove edges that are the
background color.
- The equivalent X resource for this option is
cropGeometry (class CropGeometry). See X RESOURCES for details.
- -density <width>x<height>
- vertical and horizontal resolution in pixels of the image.
- This option specifies an image density when decoding a
Postscript or Portable Document page. The default is
72 pixels per inch in the horizontal and vertical
direction. This option is used in concert with -page.
- -display host:display[.screen]
- specifies the X server to contact; see X(1).
- Specify +display if an X server is not available. The
label font is obtained from the X server. If none is
available, the composite image will not have labels.
- -dispose method
- GIF disposal method.
- Here are the valid methods:
0 No disposal specified.
1 Do not dispose.
2 Restore to background color.
3 Restore to previous.
- -dither
- apply Floyd/Steinberg error diffusion to the image.
- The basic strategy of dithering is to trade intensity
resolution for spatial resolution by averaging the
intensities of several neighboring pixels. Images
which suffer from severe contouring when reducing
colors can be improved with this option.
- The -colors or -monochrome option is required for this
option to take effect.
- -draw string
- annotate an image with one or more graphic primitives.
- Use this option to annotate an image with one or more graphic primitives.
The primitives include
rectangle
circle
polygon
color
matte
text
image
- Rectangle, text, and image requires an upper left and
lower right coordinate. Circle requires the center coordinate and a
coordinate on the outer edge. Finally, polygon
requires three or more coordinates defining its boundaries. Coordinates are
integers separated by an optional comma. For example, to define a
circle centered at 100,100 that extends to 150,150 use:
-draw 'circle 100,100 150,150'
- Use color to change the color of a pixel. Follow the
pixel coordinate with a method:
point
replace
floodfill
reset
- Consider the target pixel as that specified by your coordinate. The
point method recolors the target pixel. The replace method
recolors any pixel that matches the color of the target pixel.
Floodfill recolors any pixel that matches the color of the target
pixel and is a neighbor. Finally, reset recolors all pixels.
- Use matte to the change the pixel matte value to transparent.
Follow the pixel coordinate with a method (see the color
primitive for a description of methods). The point method
changes the matte value of the target pixel. The replace method
changes the matte value of any pixel that matches the color of the
target pixel. Floodfill changes the matte value of any pixel
that matches the color of the target pixel and is a neighbor. Finally
reset changes the matte value of all pixels.
- Use text to annotate an image with text. Follow the
text coordinates with a string. If the string has embedded spaces,
enclose it in double quotes. Optionally you can
include the image filename, type, width, height, or scene number by
embedding special format characters. Embed %f for filename,
%d for directory, %e for filename extention, %t for
top of filename, %m for magick, %w for width, %h for
height, %s for scene number, or \n for newline. For example,
-draw 'text 100,100 "%m:%f %wx%h"'
annotates the image with MIFF:bird.miff 512x480 for an image
titled bird.miff and whose width is 512 and height is 480.
Use image to composite an image with another image. Follow the
image coordinates with the filename of an image.
- If the first character of string is @, the text is read
from a file titled by the remaining characters in the string.
You can set the primitive color, font color, and font bounding box color with
-pen, -font, and -box respectively. Options are
processed in command line order so be sure to use -pen
before the -draw option.
- -frame
- surround the image with an ornamental border.
- The color of the border is specified with the
-mattecolor command line option. If no frame is desired, use
+frame.
- -font name
- use this font when annotating the image with text.
- If the font is a fully qualified X server font name, the font is obtained
from an X server (e.g.
-*-helvetica-medium-r-*-*-12-*-*-*-*-*-iso8859-*). To
use a TrueType font, precede the TrueType filename with a @ (e.g.
@times.ttf). Otherwise, specify a Postscript font (e.g.
helvetica).
- -gamma value
- level of gamma correction.
- The same color image displayed on two different
workstations may look different due to differences in
the display monitor. Use gamma correction to adjust
for this color difference. Reasonable values extend
from 0.8 to 2.3.
- You can apply separate gamma values to the red, green,
and blue channels of the image with a gamma value list
delineated with slashes (i.e. 1.7/2.3/1.2).
- Use +gamma to set the image gamma level without actually adjusting
the image pixels. This option is useful if the image is of a known
gamma but not set as an image attribute (e.g. PNG images).
- -geometry <width>x<height>+<border width>+<border height>{!}{<}{>}
- preferred tile and border size of each tile of the composite image.
- By default, the width and height are maximum values.
That is, the image is expanded or contracted to fit the
width and height value while maintaining the aspect
ratio of the image. Append an exclamation point to the
geometry to force the image size to exactly the size
you specify. For example, if you specify 640x480! the
image width is set to 640 pixels and height to 480. If
only one factor is specified, both the width and height
assume the value.
- Use > to change the dimensions of the image
only if its size exceeds the geometry
specification. < resizes the image only
if its dimensions is less than the geometry specification.
For example, if you specify 640x480> and the image
size is 512x512, the image size does not change. However, if
the image is 1024x1024, it is resized to 640x480.
- Each image is surrounded by a border whose size in
pixels is specified as <border width> and
<border height> and whose color is the background
color. By default, the tile size is 256x256 and there is no border.
- The equivalent X resource for this option is
imageGeometry (class ImageGeometry). See
X Resources for details.
- -gravity direction
- direction image gravitates to within a tile. See X(1)
for details about the gravity specification.
- A tile of the composite image is a fixed width and
height. However, the image within the tile may not
fill it completely (see -geometry). The direction you
choose specifies where to position the image within
the tile. For example Center gravity forces the image
to be centered within the tile. By default, the image
gravity is Center.
- -interlace type
- the type of interlacing scheme: None, Line, Plane,
or Partition. The default is None.
- This option is used to specify the type of interlacing scheme for raw
image formats such as RGB or YUV. None means do not
interlace (RGBRGBRGBRGBRGBRGB...), Line uses scanline interlacing
(RRR...GGG...BBB...RRR...GGG...BBB...), and Plane uses plane
interlacing (RRRRRR...GGGGGG...BBBBBB...). Partition is like plane
except the different planes are saved to individual files (e.g. image.R,
image.G, and image.B).
- Use Line, or Plane to create an interlaced GIF
or progressive JPEG image.
- -label name
- assign a label to an image.
- By default, each image is labeled with its file name.
Use this option to assign a specific label to the
image. Optionally you can include the image filename,
type, width, height, or scene number in the label by
embedding special format characters. Embed %f for filename,
%d for directory, %e for filename extention, %t for
top of filename, %m for magick, %w for width, %h for
height, %s for scene number, or \n for newline. For example,
-label "%m:%f %wx%h"
- produces an image label of MIFF:bird.miff 512x480 for
an image titled bird.miff and whose width is 512 and
height is 480.
- If the first character of string is @, the image label
is read from a file titled by the remaining characters
in the string.
- -matte
- store matte channel if the image has one.
- -mode type
- the type of montage: Frame, Unframe, or Concatenate.
The default is Unframe.
- This option is for convenience. You can obtain the desired result by
setting individual options (e.g. Unframe is equivalent to
+frame +shadow +borderwidth).
- -monochrome
- transform the image to black and white.
- -page <width>{%}x<height>{%}{!}{<}{>}
- size and location of an image canvas.
- Use this option to specify the dimensions of the
PostScript page in dots per inch or a TEXT page in
pixels. The choices for a Postscript page are:
Letter 612x 792
Tabloid 792x1224
Ledger 1224x 792
Legal 612x1008
Statement 396x 612
Executive 540x 720
A3 842x1190
A4 595x 842
A5 420x 595
B4 729x1032
B5 516x 729
Folio 612x 936
Quarto 610x 780
10x14 720x1008
- For convenience you can specify the page size by media
(e.g. A4, Ledger, etc.). Otherwise, -page behaves much like
-geometry (e.g. -page letter+43+43>).
To position a GIF image, use -page +LEFT+TOP (e.g. -page +100+200).
- The default page dimensions for a TEXT image is 612x792.
- -pen Color
- set the color of the font.
- See \fBX(1)\fP for details about the color specification.
- -pointsize value
- pointsize of the Postscript font.
- -quality value
- JPEG/MIFF/PNG compression level.
- For the JPEG image format, quality is 0 (worst) to 100 (best).
The default quality is 75.
- Quality for the MIFF and PNG image format sets the amount of image compression
(quality / 10) and filter-type (quality % 10). Compression quality
values range from 0 (worst) to 100 (best). If filter-type is 4
or less, the specified filter-type is used for all scanlines:
0: none
1: sub
2: up
3: average
4: Paeth
- If filter-type is 5, adaptive filtering is used when quality
is greater than 50 and the image does not have a color map,
otherwise no filtering is used.
- If filter-type is 6 or more, adaptive filtering with
minimum-sum-of-absolute-values is used.
- The default is quality is 75. Which means nearly the best compression
with adaptive filtering.
- For further information, see the PNG specification
(RFC 2083).
- -rotate degrees{<}{>}
- apply Paeth image rotation to the image.
- Use > to rotate the image only if its width exceeds the
height. < rotates the image only if its width is less than
the height. For example, if you specify -90> and the image size
is 480x640, the image is not rotated by the specified angle. However,
if the image is 640x480, it is rotated by -90 degrees.
- Empty triangles left over from rotating the image are
filled with the color defined as bordercolor (class
borderColor). See X(1) for details.
- -scene value
- image scene number.
- -shadow
- add a shadow beneath a tile to simulate depth.
- -size <width>{%}x<height>{%}{+offset}{!}
- width and height of the image.
- Use this option to specify the width and height of raw
images whose dimensions are unknown such as GRAY, RGB,
or CMYK. In addition to width and height, use -size to skip any header information in the image or
tell the number of colors in a MAP image file, (e.g.
-size 640x512+256).
- -texture filename
- name of texture to tile onto the image background.
- -tile <width>x<height>
- specifies how many tiles are to appear in each row and column of the
composite image.
- Specify the number of tiles per row with width and
tiles per column with height. For example if you want
1 tile in each row and a maximum of 10 tiles in the
composite image, use -tile 1x10. The default is to
have 5 tiles in each row and 4 tiles in each column of
the composite.
- -transparency color
- make this color transparent within the image.
- -treedepth value
- Normally, this integer value is zero or one. A zero or
one tells montage to choose a optimal tree depth for
the color reduction algorithm.
- An optimal depth generally allows the best
representation of the source image with the fastest
computational speed and the least amount of memory.
However, the default depth is inappropriate for some
images. To assure the best representation, try values
between 2 and 8 for this parameter. Refer to
quantize(9) for more details.
- The -colors or -monochrome option is required for this
option to take effect.
- -verbose
- print detailed information about the image.
- This information is printed: image scene number; image
name; image size; the image class (DirectClass or
PseudoClass); the total number of unique colors; and
the number of seconds to read and write the image.
In addition to those listed above, you can specify these
standard X resources as command line options: -background,
-bordercolor, -borderwidth, -font, -foreground,
-mattecolor, or -title. See X
Resources for details.
Options are processed in command line order. Any option you
specify on the command line remains in effect until it is
explicitly changed by specifying the option again with a
different effect. For example, to montage two images, the
first with 32 colors and the second with only 16 colors,
use:
montage -colors 32 cockatoo.1 -colors 16 cockatoo.2 cockatoo.miff
By default, the image format is determined by its magic
number. To specify a particular image format, precede the
filename with an image format name and a colon (i.e.
ps:image) or specify the image type as the filename suffix
(e.g. image.ps). See convert(1) for a list of valid image
formats.
When you specify X as your image type, the filename has
special meaning. It specifies an X window by id, name, or
root. If no filename is specified, the window is selected
by clicking the mouse in the desired window.
Specify file as - for standard input, output_file as - for
standard output. If file has the extension .Z or
.gz, the file is uncompressed with uncompress or
gunzip respectively.
If output_file has the extension compress or gzip
respectively. Finally, precede the image file name with |
to pipe to or from a system command.